英国开端计划

合集下载

开端计划的由来

开端计划的由来

— &’ —
!"#!# $%&" ()*)+,- !"##$%
比较教育研究 ."/0,+,123) 4567,12"* 8)32)9
’&&" 年第 ! 期 ( 总第 #$% 期)
先提出对贫困线以 下 的 儿 童 进 行 教 育 的 问 题 。 1964 年约翰逊总统颁布 《经济机会法》 (The Eco- nomic Opportunity Act) 。1965 年秋, 美国联邦教育 总署根据 《经济机会法》 , 制订 “开端计划” , 要求对 经济处境不利家庭的子女进行 “补偿教育” 。1965 年美国政府开始实施面向 3 ̄4 岁处境不利儿童的 “开端计划” , 这被认为是 “向贫困宣战” 的有效举 措之一。 “开端” (head start) 是一个赛马用语, 表示 “并驾齐驱” ,就是希望处境不利的儿童能够和那 些中产阶级家庭的同伴在进入小学时站在同一起 跑线上。 (一) 早期教育成为国家安全与社会和谐发展 的重要保证 在美国,一项教育政策的出台往往是立法先 行。1965 年 《初等和中等教育法案》 (Elementary and Secondary Education Act, ESEA) 的出 台 为 “开 端计划” 的诞生奠定了法律基础。 《初等和中等教 育法案》 中第一条款 (Title I) 就规定 “为低收入家庭 儿童提供教育的地方教育机构提供财政援助” 。 1970 年, 《初等教育和中等教育法案》 “第一条款” 个别学生资助计划的预算每年超过 10 亿,占 125 亿联邦教育预算中的 10.5%。 1998 年, “第一条款” 个别学生资助计划 (曾经简称为 “第一章” , 后改名 占 760 亿预算中 为 “第一条款” ) 花费达到 78 亿, [2] 的 10%左右。 1965 年 “开端计划” 所服务的幼儿人 [3] 数只有 1997 年人数的 40!。 截至到 2003 年, “开 端计划”已经为超过 2, 100 万名儿童提供服务。 2002 年, 有超过 90 万名儿童入读 “开端计划” 所开 [4] 设的儿童服务机构。 1994 年, 克林顿政府设立了 “早期开端计划” (Early Head Start) , 为处境不利的 3 岁以下儿童以 及他们的家庭提供服务。美国小布什政府在推出 《不让一个儿童落后》 法案 (NCLB) 后, 2002 年又在 早期教育专门推行“良好的开端,聪明地成长” (Good Start, Grow Smart) 行动计划, 务求在早期教 育领域进一步强化 “开端计划” , 同时还与各州加 强合作, 提高早期教育质量, 为教师、 服务机构和 [5] 父母提供更多的信息来源。 至此,美国政府为 0 ̄5 岁前义务教育阶段处境不利的儿童提供了全 方位的 “开端计划” , 务求所有儿童在进入义务教 育阶段时能够有一个公平的起点。

英国确保开端计划

英国确保开端计划

英国:确保开端计划简介确保开端计划(Sure Start),由英国政府发起的、面向4岁以下婴幼儿,并主要针对低收家庭。

计划旨在改善包括出生前在内的儿童及其家庭的健康和福利状况,使他们做好入学准备。

主要措施如下:1、创建地方开端计划,以改善为当地四岁以下的婴幼儿家庭提供的服务。

2、向所有为儿童服务的人员宣传地方计划中的实践经验。

借助于这个项目的实施,地方计划将和父母及准父母一起,促进婴幼儿身体、智力和社会性发展,尤其是那些处于不利地位的儿童(儿童中的弱势群体),使他们在家庭中和进入学校后能够健康成长,从而打破不利处境的恶性循环。

宗旨1:促进社会性和情感发展通过增进亲子依恋,来加强家庭的维系。

同时对儿童的情感和行为困难给予鉴定,并提供相应的支持。

目标:到2004年,500项计划覆盖内、每年再进行儿童保护登记的0-3儿童的比率减少20%。

实施目标:1、所有地方确保开始计划都达成共识,对患产后抑郁的母亲给予关心和支持。

2、100%的婴幼儿家庭都能在孩子出生后2个月以内接触到计划。

宗旨2:促进健康发展通过父母对孩子的抚育来促进儿童出生前后的健康。

目标:到2004年计划内的吸烟孕妇减少10%。

实施目标:1、计划内所有父母都能得到相关的服务和信息。

2、有计划都对母乳喂养、卫生和安全给予指导。

3、计划内婴幼儿因胃肠炎、呼吸道感染或严重伤害在医院接受诊治的比率降低10%。

宗旨3:促进儿童的学习能力发展通过提供高质量的环境和儿童教养来促进早期学习,还提供适宜刺激性的、愉快的游戏,并对有特殊需要的孩子提供早期鉴定和支持。

目标:到2004年,使计划内、因语言问题而需要在4岁时得到早期干预的0-3岁婴幼儿的比率降低5个百分点。

实施目标:1、有计划内儿童都应得到高质量的游戏和学习机会,使他们入学时在早期学习目标上取得较大进步。

2、加婴幼儿家庭对图书馆的利用。

宗旨4:加强家庭和社区建设使家庭参与到社区建设中,以保证计划的延续,同时也创造了摆脱贫困的途径。

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端英国工业革命是现代工业化的开端,其对世界历史产生了深远的影响。

在18世纪末至19世纪初的英国,一系列重大的技术突破和经济变革极大地推动了工业化进程。

本文将探讨工业革命的起源、推动因素以及其影响。

一、工业革命的起源工业革命起源于英国,可以追溯到18世纪末。

其中最重要的因素是人口增长和农业改革。

人口的增加刺激了市场需求的增长,而农业改革提高了农业生产率。

这些因素使得农民有闲暇时间从事其他行业。

二、推动工业革命的因素1. 科技创新:英国工业革命始于纺织工业的发展,其中最重要的发明是约翰·凯伊发明的织布机。

这一发明大大提高了纺织品的生产效率,推动了纺织工业的发展。

此外,蒸汽机的发明也是工业革命的重要推动力。

2. 政治和法律环境:英国采取了一系列鼓励工业发展的政策和法律措施。

例如,《工厂法》的实施保护了工人权益,鼓励了工业生产的发展。

此外,政府的政策还推动了铁路和运输网络的建设,促进了商品的流通。

3. 资本和市场:英国在工业革命前已经形成了较为完善的资本市场和金融体系。

这为企业家提供了资金支持和投资机会,推动了新工厂和企业的建立。

同时,英国作为一个帝国,其殖民地带来了丰富的资源和市场,进一步促进了工业化。

三、工业革命的影响1. 经济变革:工业革命使得英国从传统的手工业经济转变为机械化和工厂化的经济体系。

生产效率的提高使得商品价格下降,人们的生活水平得到提升。

同时,工业化也带动了其他行业的发展,促进了信息技术、交通运输、金融业等领域的进步。

2. 社会变革:工业革命导致了城市化的进程,大量农民涌向城市从事工业工作。

工厂制度下的无序竞争导致了劳工问题的出现,工人的生活状况恶劣。

然而,工业革命也激发了工人阶级的觉醒,他们开始组织工会,并争取劳动权益的保护。

3. 政治影响:工业革命推动了民主和平等的思想传播。

随着资本主义经济的发展,资产阶级的利益代表逐渐取得了政治上的地位。

这一进程促使了对权力分配和政治参与的重新思考,为民主政治的发展奠定了基础。

英国“确保开端”项目的发展近况及启示

英国“确保开端”项目的发展近况及启示

三 、启 示
“ 确保 开 端 ”项 目从 提 出 到施 行 过 程都 给 我 国
Hale Waihona Puke 提供保育以及健康 和养育意见 。预计到 2 1 00年将
达到 3 0 5 0所 。 [ 4 3
学,2 0 ( ). 00 3 (6 3 ]刘新 民. 精神发 育迟滞 学生与正常学生家庭背景的 比较研 究 []. J 中国行 为医学科 学,19 ( ). 98 7 [9 3 ]郭瑞 萍. 弱智儿童的 父母心理状 况调查 []. J 健康心理 学
杂 志 ,20 ( ) . 00 5
目主要 有 以下三个 特点 :扩 展服 务对 象 ;向 “ 处境
不利 ”儿童 的家庭 和地 区倾 斜 ;社 区多种 服务 内容 的整 合 。 [ 这 种论 坛式 早 期儿 童 服务 机构 强调 平 ) 等的 、 自上而 下 的人 本 化服 务 ,强调更 多地 了解 教
育服务对象的实际需求 ,并根据需求提供优质的服
儿 童 。该项 目为家 庭 提供 的服 务 主要 包 括 :家访 咨
其 目的是 为 了确 保 每 个 婴 幼 儿 都 有 一 个 良好 的 开 询 ,帮 助家 长理 解 和支 持 幼儿 的游戏 .分享 儿童 保
国 儿 童保 健 杂 志 , 19 ( ) . 99 6
[0 4 ]张 宁生,荣卉. 疾儿童的 父母如何调 适心路 历程 []. 残 J
要 组成部 分 .被 有 些学 者誉 为英 国学 前 教 育发 展 的 质 量 。
“ 希望工 程 ” ,它 的一些 思 想 和做 法值 得 我们 学 习 和 借 鉴
“ 保 开 端 ”项 目是英 国实 现 “ 2 确 在 0年 之 内
彻底 根 除儿 童贫 穷 现象 ”承诺 的中心 环节 .不仅 强 调 在尊 重 家庭 文化 背 景 的基础 上 帮助 家庭 营 造 良好

国外儿童早期教育相关网站

国外儿童早期教育相关网站

国外儿童早期教育相关网站1.国际经济合作组织教育委员会网站:(有幼儿教育与看护主页,关于强势开端计划的材料,各个国家早教相关材料及网站)/document/3/0, 3343,en_2649_39263231_27000067_1_1_1_1,00.html;2.澳大利亚维多利亚玩具图书馆[/B]网.au/services.ht m;3.英国开端计划早教中心:/surestartservices/settings/sur estartchildrenscentres/4.加拿大安大略早期教育中心网:.on.ca/children/oeyc/en/index.htm l5.联合国教科文组织早期教育相关材料:/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis. pl?database=&mode=e&set=4A1FB29D_1_98&look=new&sc1=1&sc2=1&ref=http:/ //en/early-childhood/ecce-country-profiles/&lin=1&nl=1&gp=1&ll= 1&text=early%20childhood%20country%20profiles&text_p=inc&req=2&by=2&hist =0&scroll=16.英国婴儿抚养网:/?once=true&7.日本教育网(英文):/sub1.html8.新西兰普卢凯特(早期教育与看护)网:/plunket-you/ putting-children-first/littlies-lobby/9.儿童发展程序:/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/charts. htm10.今日课程:/armstrong_curriculum/11.新西兰教育部早期教育科:/Playgroups/default.htm12.美国小奇迹托儿中心:/About%20Us.htm13.英国0-3岁儿童everydaystories网:/stories.ht m14.英国儿童早期基础阶段网(一种教育方案): /eyfs/15.儿童信息网(可以搜索,材料较多):/search.php?q=i taly16.英国教师网:/teachingandlearning/EYFS/17.英国/每个儿童都很重要网:/deliveringservi ces/multiagencyworking/。

幼教理论家园社区从“开端计划”到“确保开端计划”:美英两国促进幼儿教育家长参与的不懈努力

幼教理论家园社区从“开端计划”到“确保开端计划”:美英两国促进幼儿教育家长参与的不懈努力

幼教理论家园社区《从“开端计划”到“确保开端计划”:美英两国促进幼儿教育家长参与的不懈努力》幼儿园教育是学前教育的重要组成部分,除此之外,还应把家长的参与纳入进来,使之形成一个有机的整体。

作为幼儿的第一任老师,并且也是最持久和最具影响力的老师,家长的参与对幼儿在认知、语言、情感、行为、态度以及社会交往等方方面面的发展都会产生长远而深刻的影响。

此外,家长的参与还能有效地保障家长受教育的权利,促进家长的发展。

1999年召开的"21世纪国际幼儿教育研讨会"上通过的《全球幼儿教育大纲》中明确指出:"儿童的发展是家庭、教师、保育人员和社区共同的责任。

"因此,幼儿园和家庭合作也由此成为世界许多国家和地区幼儿教育改革的一个重要方向。

美国的"开端计划"和英国的"确保开端计划"都将努力促进家长的参与、积极开展家园合作作为其重要的项目内容。

一、美国的"开端计划"20世纪60年代,美国长期积累的种族歧视和贫富悬殊等社会矛盾日益尖锐,迫使联邦政府积极探求解决的途径。

1964年1月8日约翰逊总统提出"向贫困宣战"的口号,同时,关于儿童发展理论的研究表明,贫困产生的根源在于幼儿阶段教育的缺失以及生活环境的恶劣。

由此,"开端计划"作为反贫困斗争的一个综合性服务计划便应运而生。

其目的是通过对处境不利的儿童提供"补偿教育",使他们能够有一个良好的开端,并为其日后在学校的成功做好准备。

(一)吸收家长参与教育、管理和服务作为"开端计划"的管理专家,波利·格林伯格认为:"相比学校、其他机构和个人对幼儿的影响,家长的参与对幼儿的自信心、热情以及精神等方面的影响要持久和深刻得多。

""开端计划"第一次明确提出要"让家长与幼儿一起参加活动,并为其提供适当的社会服务"。

英国学前教育概况

英国学前教育概况

三、“儿童保育十年战略”(A Ten-year Strategy for Childcare, 2004) 目标: 1. 确保每个儿童的生活与发展都有尽可能好的开端 2. 在应对就业模式转变需求的过程中,确保家长就业并在其职业生 涯中取得持续进展 3. 确保家庭在其平衡工作与家庭生活过程中做出自由选择的合法性 意义: 明确并加强政府在发展学前教育与保育、促进家庭生活与工作间 平衡,以及则政投入中的贡任,以此促进英国学前教育发展,社 会安定与经济繁荣。
英国学前教育师资
一、按工作时间分类: 1. 全日教师 2. 部分时间教师 二、按所持证书分类 1. NNEB(Nursery Nurse Examination Board),即0-8岁儿童健康和教育的两年 课程的毕业证书 2. PLA (Pre-School Learning Alliance),相当于DPP (Diploma in Pre-School Practice)即2-5岁儿童发展和教育的1年课程证书 3. CERT ED.(Certificate in Educ in Child Care and Education),相当于NVQ(National Vocational Qualifications )level 2(初级),即0-8岁儿童保育和教育的1年学院课 程证书 5. DCE (Diploma in Child Care and Education),相当于NVQ (National Vocational Qualifications )level 3(中级),即0-8岁儿童保育和教育的两年学院 课程毕业证书。
英国学前教育机构
特点一: 类型多样化 (如表1、表二)
特点二: 根据幼儿在园时间长短,英国现有幼教机构可分为 寄宿制、全日制、半日制、计时制等多种类型。 此外,在地广人稀的乡村农场还有季节性、流动性 的幼教服务机构。英国政府还充分运用现代科技, 为不在幼教机构服务区的幼儿及其家长提供丰富、 灵活的网上保教服务。

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化的开端工业革命是指18世纪中叶至19世纪初期,英国以及其他西方国家由传统手工业向机械工业转变的一系列历史事件。

在这一时期,英国发生了一场全面的社会、经济和技术变革,这场变革不仅是英国历史上的重要事件,也是现代工业化的开端。

一、背景及起因1. 农业革命:18世纪初,英国农业生产出现了一系列的改革和进步。

具体来说,农业生产方式的改变、农业生产工具和耕作技术的进步,以及农田的合理利用,有效地提高了农业产出。

这为工业革命后的农业资源提供了强有力的支持。

2. 商业和贸易的发展:英国提倡自由贸易政策,通过扩大与殖民地的贸易以及开放国际贸易,促进了国内市场的扩大。

由于市场的发展和经济的增长,需要更高效的生产方式来满足商品需求。

3. 资本积累和投资:在工业革命前,商人和企业家开始积累大量的财富,并将这些财富投资于日益发展的工厂、设备和技术。

资本的积累为工业化提供了可靠的经济支持。

二、科学与技术的进步1. 蒸汽机的发明:蒸汽机的发明是工业革命中的里程碑事件。

该发明由詹姆斯·瓦特完成,通过将燃烧煤炭产生的热能转化为动力,进一步推动了机械化生产的发展。

蒸汽机的广泛应用使得工厂可以独立于自然力源(如水力)进行生产。

2. 纺织业的技术改革:在工业革命初期,纺织行业是英国最重要的工业部门之一。

约翰·凯文的织布机和埃德蒙·卡特莱特的自动纺纱机等技术的发展,使得纺织行业的生产效率大幅提高。

3. 铁制品生产技术的改进:在工业革命初期,铁是工业生产的基础材料。

亨利·贝塞莫尔的炼铁技术改革和约瑟夫·布兰肯船舶的发明,极大地提高了铁矿石的生产和使用效率。

三、出现的社会和经济变化1. 人口增长:随着农业生产的改进和医疗技术的进步,英国的人口迅速增长。

这为工业革命提供了大量的劳动力。

2. 城市化的进程:由于工业化,大量人口从农村迁移到城市,从事工厂生产工作。

城市化导致了城市人口的爆炸增长,城市基础设施、住房和卫生条件等问题日益凸显。

【案例】新城规划:英国伦敦地区的发展历程

【案例】新城规划:英国伦敦地区的发展历程

【案例】新城规划:英国伦敦地区的发展历程第一代新城霍华德提出的“田园城市”思想不仅是现代城市规划的开端,也是新城建设运动的思想起源。

第二次世界大战结束后,大量退役军人返回家中迅速激化了住房紧缺矛盾,城市外围区开始出现大量随意布置的住宅,导致城市建成区向外无序蔓延。

1945年,英国政府启动大伦敦地区重建规划,提出在伦敦周围建设7个新城,以解决伦敦市区住房问题为根本目的,以疏散伦敦市区过分拥挤的人口为主要目标,并依托1946年通过的《新城法》和1952年通过的《新城开发法》推动城市中心地区人口向新城迁移。

图:英国第一代新城分布图英国第一代新城通过相对较低的住宅价格、良好的自然环境等,吸引了从伦敦疏解出来的部分人口,对于缓解伦敦中心区的城市拥挤问题和战争导致的城市无需发展问题起到了一定积极作用,是政府实施经济社会政策的重要手段,普遍具有以下特征:(1)主要用以满足“改善住房条件”的社会急切需求,建设目的较单一;(2)规划规模较小,初始规划人口基本约3-6万,修正后的规划人口规模亦不超过15万;(3)采取低密度发展模式,平均居住密度约75人/公顷,工作时段的工业区人口密度约125人/公顷;(4)居住区和工业区严格分离,居住区以“邻里单位”布局,“邻里单位”之间以大片绿地相隔,且各设中心;(5)道路网络呈“环+射”布局,环路连接各邻里中心,射线道路连接新城中心和各邻里中心。

但随着英国战后经济的恢复,人们对生活质量的要求也逐渐提高,第一代新城的缺点也逐渐显露,主要包括:(1)开发密度过低,一方面增加了市政投资负担、不利营造城市生活氛围,另一方面也导致居民出行过度依赖小汽车;(2)人口规模偏小,不利引入优良的医院、学校、影院等公共配套设施,不利新城维持长久吸引力;(3)工作岗位基本限于工业区,岗位性质单一、就业限制较多,对于急待解决住房问题的人群的服务面较有限。

图:第一代新城汉莫尔现貌第二代新城针对第一代新城发展过程中逐步暴露出来的问题,1955-1966年,英国于伯明翰地区、利物浦地区开始建设第二代新城,在“疏散中心城区拥挤人口”的主要建设目的基础上,开始综合考虑地区经济发展问题,把新城作为地区经济的新增长点。

开端计划与确保开端计划的异同

开端计划与确保开端计划的异同

确保开端计划
• “确保开端”英国联邦政府在1998年开 始投资实施的一项依靠社区而向学前儿童和 父母的学前教育综合性计划,此计划采取提 供均等的学前教育、更完善儿童保育、家庭 支持和医疗卫生等方式为儿童提供一生发展 提供适当的条件,旨在确保每个儿童都有一 个良好的开端并为儿童及其他家庭创造更美 好的生活。
相同点
• 一、项目基本特征的共性
• 1)、对处境不利儿童的关注;
• 2)、重视对学前儿童认知、语言及社会方 面的发展;
• 3)、支持家长参与与家长培训;
• 4)、充分利用社区资源; • 5)、重视对计划实施质量的评估; • 6)、政府对实施学前教育计划项目的支持;
• 1、政府重视对学前教育计划项目的资金投 入; • 2、出台相关政策法规来促进计划项目的顺 利开展;
不同点
一、
• 开端计划
对象是3—6岁处境不利的家庭儿童 • 确保开端计划 • 对象是4岁以下的婴幼儿,有专门针对 处境不利儿童的计划
二、
• 开端计划 • 实施方式是包括家庭、托幼机构为主型 和混合型。 • 确保开端计划 • 全都是在家庭中实施。

• 开端计划 • 重视幼儿认知发展 • 确保开端计划 • 强调社会性和情感的发展
• “开端计划”(Head Start)与“确保开端” (前教育和健康服务的综合性 计划,在两国学前教育的发展与改革中有着重 要的地位。
开端计划
• “开端计划”是美国联邦政府在1965年正 式开始实施的,其最初目的是为处境不利 儿童提供良好的开端以为他们一生的发展 打下坚实的基础。
确保开端计划确保开端英国联邦政府在1998年开始投资实施的一项依靠社区而向学前儿童和父母的学前教育综合性计划此计划采取提供均等的学前教育更完善儿童保育家庭支持和医疗卫生等方式为儿童提供一生发展提供适当的条件旨在确保每个儿童都有一个良好的开端并为儿童及其他家庭创造更美好的生活

英国工业革命现代工业文明的开端

英国工业革命现代工业文明的开端

英国工业革命现代工业文明的开端英国工业革命:现代工业文明的开端工业革命是指从18世纪末到19世纪中叶,英国发生的一系列技术、经济和社会转变的时期。

在这个时期,英国迅速发展成为世界上第一个工业化国家,奠定了现代工业文明的基础。

这场革命对世界历史的发展产生了深远的影响,下面将从几个方面对其原因、影响和成果进行探讨。

一、背景和原因1. 农业革命的推动:18世纪中叶,英国经历了一场农业革命,农业生产效率显著提高。

新的农业技术和方法,如转种制和围场制度,使得农民能够生产更多的粮食,解放了大量劳动力。

2. 商业革命的催化:英国的贸易和商业迅速发展,创造了一批富有的商人和企业家。

这些商人投资于制造业和矿业,为工业革命提供了资金和市场。

3. 科技创新的突破:英国在科学和技术方面取得了重大突破。

蒸汽机的发明和改良,马克思·瓦特和詹姆斯·瓦特的贡献,极大地改变了能源和机械工业的生产方式。

二、工业革命的影响1. 经济变革:工业革命极大地改变了英国的经济结构。

传统的手工业生产方式被机械化的大规模生产所取代,工厂成为主要的生产单位。

商品的生产和流通更加高效,极大地推动了经济的增长。

2. 城市化和人口增长:工业革命导致了农民向城市迁移的浪潮,促进了城市的快速发展和人口的增长。

城市化带来了空前的社会转变,由此衍生出许多社会问题,如拥挤、疾病、贫困等。

3. 社会结构的变革:随着工厂制度的出现,劳动力从农村转移到工厂,形成了工人阶级的兴起。

工人们组织工会,争取自己的权益,劳资关系逐渐发展成为社会的重要问题。

4. 科学技术的进步:工业革命催生了一系列科学技术的进步,极大地推动了人类文明的发展。

除了蒸汽机之外,铁路、电力、化学、冶金等行业都取得了突破,为工业和社会的进步提供了强大的动力。

三、工业革命的成果1. 工业基础的建立:工业革命奠定了现代工业文明的基础。

英国成为首个工业化国家,并逐渐建立起强大的工业系统。

2. 技术发展的推动:工业革命使科学技术得到巨大的推进,进一步加速了全球的现代化进程。

开端计划Sure Start

开端计划Sure Start

开端计划Sure Start英国政府的“开端方案”是在全国范围中为孩子、父母和社团而实行的一项行动。

它支持着从孕妇家庭到儿童年龄在14岁的家庭,其中也包括了有特殊教育需求的家庭和那些年龄始终到16岁还有残疾儿童的家庭,为生活在有缺陷领域里的孩子带来了早期教育、儿童关怀、健康和家庭支持,为家庭带来了欢快,让孩子从小建立自信念,认为健康的生活以及对生活的健康的态度是很重要的。

在Portman Centre四周内,有3个Sure Start小组,共24人. Sure Star 有许多服务项目,只举几列。

1)特殊孩子的送教上门KIDS Home Learning这是一个建立于1970年的类似慈善机构的组织,它支持、关怀有残疾孩子的家庭或者不良行为习惯的孩子,如何进一步进展他或她的潜能,已达到确定的水平,他们的职责是通过和家长及其他人的共同合作,探究残疾孩子和有特殊需要的孩子如何进展他们的技能和力气,充分发挥它们潜在的力气和他们的强力愿望。

他们规定每星期一次,每次一小时进行家访,每次加方必需有详细地记录。

让这些家长知道她的孩子是最棒的,观看孩子他或她的爱好所在。

每个学习要进行对这个部门的工作要进行专家评价和家长评价。

Ruth是这个部门的负责人,她负责4个特别严峻的孩子,由于她还要培训她的员工,而她的员工要负责8—10个这样的孩子。

每个星期五,我都和Ruth一起家访,有些孩子可以说是我从来都没有看到过的。

操作过程:首先从健康卫生部门去了解这些孩子,许多家长都会主动打电话到办公室寻求关怀;第一次家访填写最初的表格。

记录下孩子的全部信息、状况,内容特殊齐全;依据0—6岁的幼儿行为进展表格,制定这个孩子的相关的进展方案;再次家访,带上相关的玩具和家长一起陪着孩子玩,共同争辩怎么培育孩子某一方面的力气;填写活动表格,包括写上本次家访的目标是什么; 在家访中你做了什么;搞了什么活动;家长签字;下周家访时间等。

再对比幼儿行为进展表格,确定达到了哪个程度,何时达到的。

英国的学前教育

英国的学前教育

英国的学前教育英国是欧洲西部大洋中的一个岛国,属温带海洋性气候。

其中包括英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰几个部分。

总面积为244108平方公里。

官方语言为英语,信封基督教。

英国学前教育历史悠久,它在一百多年的发展历程中,形成了自己的特点—既保留传统,又有所变革。

英国政府很重视5岁以下孩子的学前早期教育,为有孩子的家庭提供了很多的服务,出生到五岁,宝宝可以加入各个社区儿童中心的活动,妈妈也可以参加各种育儿的论坛和培训,解决教育孩子过程中的问题,如果三岁前需要送孩子上幼儿园,就要自己付费,一个月大约一千多英镑。

英国的学校入学的生日是以八月三十一日来算,到八月三十一日满三岁开始,宝宝就可以选择同年九月上幼儿园,否则就要等到下一年,一般要在宝宝满两岁时报名。

关于幼儿园的幼儿教育,基本上都很一致,都是依照英国政府的学前教育的标准,原则上让宝宝在玩儿中学,游戏多于严肃的学习。

我们参观的很多公立幼儿园都是不按年龄分班,孩子混和分班,从三岁到五岁,利于宝宝互相学习和照顾。

先是注意培养幼儿的独立性,自己的事情自己做,即使有困难也不急于帮他,让他自己试着解决,特别是在独立如厕和自己吃饭能力的培养上就更是下功夫,只要有进展就会及时表扬和鼓励里。

英国很多的学校都不光教学生文化知识,还会有手工和生活课,教宝宝如何做家务和其他生活技能,很多有条件的学校都会教宝宝切菜、做饭和烘培,参加的一些儿童活动中心就曾教小宝宝如何做饭,儿童电视节目也会有很多做饭的节目,让宝宝从小就掌握生活技能,也能帮助家里分担家务,这些技能其实对宝宝的一生重要。

以上所讲的就是英国学前教育的基本情况,下面我在从历史沿革、教育现状、教育制度、课程与教学等几个方面具体阐述下英国学前教育。

一、学前教育历史沿革在封建社会里,英国没有专门的幼教机构,受教育的只限于封建统治阶级,而且完全是家庭教育。

18世纪末19世纪初欧洲发生革命后,随着大机器生产的产生与发展,英国的早期教育也应运而生。

英国工业革命开始现代化与经济进步的开端

英国工业革命开始现代化与经济进步的开端

英国工业革命开始现代化与经济进步的开端英国工业革命(Industrial Revolution)是人类历史上的一次重大变革,它标志着工业化与技术进步的爆发。

这次革命从18世纪末开始,持续到19世纪中叶,对世界产生了巨大的影响,尤其是对英国自身的现代化与经济进步做出了决定性贡献。

一、背景与触发因素英国工业革命的发生并非偶然。

它背后存在着一系列的背景因素和触发因素。

首先,英国拥有丰富的自然资源,如煤炭和铁矿石。

这些资源的存在为工业化提供了必要的原材料,在工业生产中发挥了重要作用。

其次,英国的农业革命为城市化和产业化奠定了基础。

农业革命使农业生产技术得到了改进,并提高了农业产量。

这样,农业人口的剩余劳动力就可以转移到城市进行工业生产,从而推动了工业革命的发展。

最后,英国政府和商人对商业和工业的发展给予了积极的支持。

政府通过立法和政策来保护制造业,降低税收和关税,促进商业和工业的繁荣。

商人也积极投资和创新,推动了技术进步和生产力的提高。

二、技术革新与工业化英国工业革命的核心是技术革新与工业化的推进。

在这一时期,一系列重要的发明和创新浮现出来,极大地改变了生产方式和社会结构。

1. 纺织工业的革新英国工业革命以纺织工业的发展为主导。

最具代表性的发明是斯密特(James Hargreaves)的纺纱机和阿肯赛德(Edmund Cartwright)的力矩织机。

这些机器的问世使得纺织生产的效率大大提高,从而满足了不断增长的市场需求。

2. 煤炭与铁路的兴起煤炭作为主要能源,在英国工业革命中起到了至关重要的作用。

煤矿的开采和运输技术革新,使得煤炭的产量大幅度增加,从而为工业生产提供了充足的能源。

同时,铁路交通的兴起也为工业革命注入了新的动力。

蒸汽机的应用和铁路建设的推进,使得商品的流通更加便捷,促进了市场的扩大和经济的发展。

三、工业化带来的经济进步英国工业革命导致了巨大的经济进步,给社会带来了深远的影响。

首先,工业化促进了生产力的提高和生产效率的增加。

美英“开端计划”对我国贫困儿童学前教育的启示

美英“开端计划”对我国贫困儿童学前教育的启示

(Project Head Start),是美 国联 邦政府 资助 的重要 早 保 育和教 育服务 。虽然美英 两 国早 已成为 “富国俱
期儿 童教育项 目,主要 用 于 为低 收 入 家庭 3—5岁 乐部 ”的 当然 成 员 ,但 两 国 的贫 困问 题 依 然严 重 ,
的儿 童提供 有效 的教育 服务 。从 2O世 纪 60年代 如 ,1965年美 国有 3千 万贫 困人 口,其 中 50%以上
至今 ,虽然在 20世 纪 7O年 代 至 80年代 经 历 了一 是儿 童 ,12岁 以下儿童 占大 多数 ;引㈣’英 国在 1998
段较 为艰难 的低谷期 ,但它始终 是美 国早期 教育历 年有 420万贫 困儿 童 ,占儿童 总 数 的 33%。 由于
史上 “最大众 化 和最成 功 的联 邦 项 目之 一 ”。[1](P193) 无力 支付孩子 的学前保 育与教 育费用 ,在 进入小 学
摘 要 :美英 两 国“开 端 计 划”对 我 国 贫 困 家庭 儿 童 学 前 教 育 的 发 展 提 供 了有 益 的 思路 :应 重 视 贫 困儿
童的学前教育 ,设 立专项教 育基金 ,确保 贫困儿童拥有同等的受教育权 利;更加重视对婴儿的看护 ,采取
切 实有效措施提 高幼儿教 育质量 ;制定相应的法律政 策确保贫 困幼儿的平等受教 育权利 ,体现贫 困幼儿
的“稳 固开端计划”,其理论基础都是试图通过施加 向社 会 “大教育 ”的发 展趋势 。
适 当的教 育影 响 ,改变 贫 困的“代 际循 环 ”现象 。两 5、两个 “开 端计 划 ”均重 视 儿童 出生前 的教 育
国政府 均认为 贫 困具有 “代 际循 环 ”的特点 ,而对 贫 服务 。

英国工业革命现代工业化社 会的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化社 会的开端

英国工业革命现代工业化社会的开端英国工业革命:现代工业化社会的开端在人类历史的长河中,英国工业革命无疑是一个具有划时代意义的重大事件。

它就像一把神奇的钥匙,开启了现代工业化社会的大门,从此改变了人类社会的发展轨迹和生活方式。

在工业革命之前,英国乃至整个世界的经济主要依赖农业。

大多数人生活在农村,以耕种土地为生,生产方式相对简单和落后。

手工劳动是生产的主要方式,效率低下,产量有限。

然而,随着时间的推移,一系列的因素逐渐汇聚,为工业革命的爆发创造了条件。

首先,英国在 18 世纪时拥有相对稳定的政治环境。

君主立宪制的确立为经济发展提供了保障,减少了政治动荡对商业和工业的干扰。

同时,英国的法律体系也在不断完善,保护了产权和商业利益,鼓励了人们的投资和创新。

海外贸易的扩张也是一个重要的推动因素。

英国通过殖民扩张和海上霸权,建立了庞大的海外市场。

对商品的需求急剧增加,传统的手工生产方式已经无法满足。

这就迫使生产者寻求更高效的生产方式,为工业革命的兴起提供了强大的动力。

在18 世纪中叶,一系列的技术创新成为了工业革命的核心驱动力。

其中,最具代表性的就是纺织业的变革。

珍妮纺纱机的发明大大提高了纺纱的效率,使得纱线的产量大幅增加。

而后来的水力纺纱机和骡机则进一步完善了纺纱技术,实现了机械化生产。

蒸汽机的发明和应用则是工业革命的标志性成就。

詹姆斯·瓦特对蒸汽机的改良,使其成为一种强大而可靠的动力源。

蒸汽机被广泛应用于工厂、矿山、交通等各个领域,彻底改变了生产和运输的方式。

工厂不再依赖于水力和畜力,可以建在任何地方,从而促进了工业的集中和规模化发展。

随着工业革命的推进,制造业发生了翻天覆地的变化。

工厂制度逐渐取代了手工工场,生产过程变得更加专业化和标准化。

工人被组织起来,按照严格的分工进行工作,大大提高了生产效率。

同时,新的生产管理方法也应运而生,为现代企业管理奠定了基础。

钢铁工业也得到了迅猛的发展。

焦炭炼铁法的发明使得钢铁产量大幅提高,质量也不断改进。

开端计划

开端计划

Putting the National Head Start Impact Study into a Proper PerspectiveEdward ZiglerYale UniversityThe release of the very brief (kindergarten and first grade) longitudinal follow-up to the National Head Start Impact Study has renewed questioning about the effectiveness of this 45-year-old program that has served over 25 million poor children and their families. Head Start’s friends and foes alike do not appear to fully recognize what this study is and what it is not. Contrary to popular belief, the results were never meant to provide a definitive answer to the long-standing question of whether Head Start works. And while the random assignment design has been heralded as better than all Head Start research that has gone before, it turns out that this design actually confounded understanding of the study’s results.Head Start’s many critics have interpreted this study as being a classic medical random assignment design in which the treatment group receives the medicine and the control group receives a placebo. This design characterized evaluations of older experimental programs such as the Perry Preschool that compared participating children’s progress to that of children who stayed home until they reached school age. These programs were compensatory interventions meant to offset the negative results of spending the critical early years in deprived circumstances. Today, relatively few poor children stay at home until they are old enough to enter kindergarten or first grade. The majority of states offer preschool classes to at least some at-risk children. Further, welfare assistance is not as easily available as it was decade or so ago. Poor mothers are in the workforce and their children are in substitute care. Head Start is no longer the only game in town.If the National Impact Study is not a classic evaluation of Head Start vs. no intervention or an assumed negative environment, what exactly is it? The authors make clear that the study is a comparison of Head Start with a wide variety of other formal programs as well as parent care. Unfortunately, comparing Head Start with “everything else” can tell us very little. It would be fair to predict that Head Start’s impact on school readiness is probably superior to home rearing, as many studies have shown, but not markedly better than state preschool programs. This is an empirical issue worthy of further study. However, the Impact Study sheds little light on the matter. The value of the study would have been greatly enhanced if the control group was not treated as a hodge-podge of “everything else” but was divided into subgroups including parent care, state preschool programs, and child care. Instead, the evaluators erroneously assert that the evaluation addresses the “overall average impact of the program” (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p. xv). This would only be true if every single program (or non-program) the control children received had absolutely no impact. This assumption is erroneous on its face.The Impact Study is obviously not an effectiveness study of Head Start but is rather a value-added comparison, as the author admits. In essence, the study is meant to assess whether Head Start has greater value than that of a variety of other treatments. Brooks-Gunn argues that this design of comparing one treatment to a collection of other treatments “is the likely explanation for the lack of sustained effects in the National Impact Study,” noting that this type of comparison “in general has not shown impacts” (2010). (See also Camilli, Vargas, Ryan, & Barnett, 2010, on this same point.) She assumes as I do that the 60% of the children in the control group who were in programs experienced adequate quality. The Abecedarian investigators reported that children in their control group who attended quality child careprograms showed better scores on preschool measures of intellectual development than those reared mostly at home (Burchinal, Lee, & Ramey, 1989). A model program that used a broader value-added design was the Chicago Child-Parent Centers, which makes its findings more impressive than those of the Perry Preschool, where the control group had no intervention at all.Complicating the matter further is that the groups in the Impact Study were badly contaminated. The intent-to-treat design included a relatively large number of children in the Head Start group who never attended the program (17% of the 3 year olds and 14% of the 4 year olds). The intended design for the control group was that children could experience any intervention but Head Start in the first year (although the 3-year-olds controls could enroll in Head Start in the second year, which many did). However, many of their parents voted with their feet and enrolled their children in another Head Start center that was not part of the study. Thus 18% of the 3 year olds and 14% of the 4 year olds in the supposed control group actually attended Head Start. Those implementing the study attempted to correct for both the crossovers in the control group and the no-shows in the Head Start group through statistical procedures, never a totally satisfactory course of action. For example, parents motivated enough to hike across town to enroll their child in another Head Start center might be much more committed to their child’s education.Another factor that may have contributed to group contamination has received no attention. The author served on the oversight committee for the National Impact Study, a position that gave him the opportunity to speak directly with the contractors. He learned that they were hampered by having fewer children on the waiting lists than had been anticipated. (Wait-listed children were assigned to the control group.) One obvious reason is that the Head Start recruiters were understandably reluctant to beat the bushes to recruit more families thanthey knew they could serve. The contractors also complained that some Head Start directors were finding ways to circumvent the random assignment. We must remember that Head Start providers do not serve as scientists but real people with real needs. For decades Head Start has been charged with enrolling the children and families with the highest risks. This mandate may have lead to a higher proportion of children at high risk being in the treatment group than was planned and a resulting “less needy” control group who were placed on the wait lists. Countering this is Russ Whitehurst’s view that only the better Head Start centers were used in the study, so the children who attended should have had more robust outcomes even if they were at higher risk (personal communication, April 8, 2010). He reasons that only Head Start centers with expected sizable waiting lists were used, and better centers have a greater likelihood of having long waiting lists.Differences within and between the Head Start and control groups are just one reason why the longitudinal follow-up of the Impact Study should not be treated as a test of the value of Head Start. The program’s value should only be assessed against the goals that have been set for it. Since its inception Head Start’s purpose has been to prepare poor children for school. Over the years scientists, policymakers, and the public have developed unreasonable expectations that Head Start should raise IQ scores, lift children and families out of poverty, and close the achievement gap between poor and more affluent children. Congress tried to quell this practice in 1998 by mandating the singular goal of improved school readiness. Measured against this outcome, Head Start is certainly a success. Although the initial findings of the Impact Study were not as robust as hoped, they clearly indicated that by the end of the Head Start experience children were more ready for school entry than those in the control group (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007; Yoshikawa, 2005).Of course, although there are positive post-Head Start effects, they are not nearly of the magnitude found for such programs as the Chicago Child-Parent Centers, the New Jersey Abbott Centers, and the Oklahoma state prekindergarten. It makes sense that the greater the immediate post-preschool effects, the greater the size of sustained effects. We should not ignore the repeated finding that the benefits of any preschool intervention are never completely maintained once a child has entered formal schooling. Barnett (2010) has reasoned this is not so much a “fade-out” phenomenon as it is a “catch-up” phenomenon in which the control group children catch up to the intervention group once they enter school and are exposed to academic training. Brooks-Gunn (2010) presents confirmatory evidence on this point. Given the widely found but modest impact immediately after the Head Start year, the standard diminution of this benefit as children progress through school generates the prediction that the kindergarten and first-grade results of the National Impact Study will be positive but small in size. This is exactly what was found.There is another obvious reason why the Head Start children in the Impact Study displayed few sustained effects during kindergarten and first grade. Even the strongest optimist would not expect the benefits of preschool to be permanent. Head Start can only prepare children for school. Once the schools take over it is their responsibility to keep the momentum going. There is considerable evidence that following Head Start poor children go on to poor quality schools (Lee, Loeb, & Lubeck, 1998). Kate Walsh, president of the National Council on Teacher Quality, called it “a scandal of monumental proportions that there were two distinct school systems in the U.S., one for the middle class and one for the poor” (quoted in Thomas & Wingert, 2010, p. 26). There is a body of evidence that the benefits that accrue to Head Start children are indeed more lasting when they attend high-quality elementary schools (Magnuson,Ruhm, & Waldfogel, 2007; Reynolds & Hayakawa, 2010). Examining the same issue, Holod, Gardner, and Brooks-Gunn (2010) found sustained effects through the third grade with the effects being more pronounced for poor children who attended more affluent schools. (A few Head Start children in the National Impact Study did go on to better schools, and their data should be examined.) Findings from the Chicago Child-Parent Centers also provide convincing evidence of enhanced preschool effects when treatment is followed by good quality schooling (Reynolds & Hayakawa, 2010). Evidence that poor schools attenuate the gains accrued from preschool intervention was provided by Zigler, Pfannenstiel, and Seitz (2008). In this study poor children whose parents had received 3 years of home visitation and who then attended a 2-year preschool program were found to be equivalent to middle-class children on a comprehensive school readiness measure. However, 3 years after school entry the poor children had fallen behind. It would be unfair to hold Head Start responsible when its graduates lose their advantage once they attend failing schools. It is also unreasonable to expect that a brief preschool experience will have more power over children’s academic fate than their experiences in elementary schools, which have them a lot longer than Head Start does.A related issue concerns the length of treatment. The Impact Study assessed outcomes after less than 9 months of Head Start enrollment (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Reynolds and Hayakawa (2010) pointed out that no one should expect enduring effects from a program that is less than 9 to 12 months in length. After the initial year of the Impact Study, all the 3 year olds in the Impact Study were given access to Head Start. Thus in the 3-year-old cohort half of the control group attended Head Start when they turned 4 years old, and over 70% of the children in the Head Start group returned for a second year. Yet the investigators did not assess the value of having 2 years of Head Start. Instead they assessed thevalue of having access to the program at a younger age. This research question somewhat defies interpretation, but at least the data on 2 years of attendance exist and can be mined in the future.Beyond the Impact StudyThe National Impact Study was widely heralded as the best longitudinal study of the effects of Head Start to date. It is certainly better than much earlier work, but, as we have seen, it is far from a perfect assessment. And even if it was, it would be wrong to treat the results in isolation. Barnett wisely reasons that “New studies don’t simply obviate everything that has gone before” (2010). He correctly argues that the National Impact Study must be interpreted within the context of the entire 45 years of research that have now been conducted on preschool intervention.Countering the weak effects found in the longitudinal follow-up of the National Impact Study, much evidence exists of the benefits of Head Start. Indeed, some of this evidence is provided by the original findings of the Impact Study itself, when the children were tested immediately following Head Start. These results are harmonious with Currie’s (2001) description of the literature as clearly showing that the school readiness achieved by Head Start children is greater than that achieved by children attending more typical child care centers or family day care homes. At a congressional Science and Public Policy briefing, Steve Barnett (2002) also summarized the data and concluded that Head Start children have higher achievement test scores and that the program has favorable long-term effects on grade repetition, special education, and high school graduation. Consistent with Barnett’s conclusions, Garces, Thomas, and Currie (2002) found that Head Start graduates not only had less grade retention and greater educational achievements, but they exhibited less criminal behavior when they were young adults. Specifically, Head Start was associated with a reduction in the chance of beingarrested by approximately 12 percentage points. This results in huge dollar savings. A great deal of the cost benefits reported for model programs such as the Perry Preschool were due to less criminal justice and victim costs. There is enough evidence to date to indicate that Head Start too is a cost-effective program. On the basis of the findings of the National Impact Study immediately after Head Start, Ludwig and Phillips concluded that the small positive effects found at the end of Head Start would be “large enough to generate long-term money value benefits that outweigh program costs” (2007, p. 6).Further evidence that Head Start is a sound program when assessed by its dollar benefits vs. its dollar costs came in a report by the Harvard economist David Deming. He concluded that Head Start’s benefits were “about 80% as large as model programs such as the Perry Preschool (2009, p. 111). (In a personal communication, Barnett, April 6 2010, has questioned Deming’s conclusions.) The point is that Head Start produces benefits that more than cover its costs. It may not have huge returns like the Perry Preschool and the Chicago Child-Parent Centers, but it costs considerably less. A reasonable conclusion is that Head Start is not as good a program as the models, nor can it be at its current level of funding. However, it still produces a fair bang for the buck.This conclusion too has some support from the Impact Study. A broad consensus among scholars now exists that high-quality preschool interventions result in improved performance both in school and later in life (National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs, 2010; Resnick & Zurawsky, 2005; Zigler, Gilliam, & Barnett, 2010). The National Impact Study makes clear that Head Start is simply not a high-quality program, but this same evidence also indicates that neither is it a low-quality program. The original findings of the study show that Head Start is superior to the alternatives available to poor children in America. For example, thegap in reading skills between Head Start attendees and the national norm was only half as great as that found for the control group. Barnett too notes that “While the Head Start program is not of the quality of the model programs” it is better than many other programs poor children attend (2010).One choice that is increasingly available to poor children is state prekindergarten programs. Barnett and the author agree that Head Start is superior to some state programs but inferior to others, e.g., Oklahoma and New Jersey. This calls into doubt the recommendation of Haskins and Sawhill (2010) who used the National Impact Study to argue that Head Start should be transferred to the states (an effort that was pursued by the George W. Bush administration). Another weakness in this proposal is that roughly some dozen states have never taken the initiative to mount preschool programs for at-risk children. This lack of commitment does not hold promise that they will suddenly roll out programs better than Head Start should devolution take place.The critics have also ignored the one area where the Impact Study follow-up discovered clear benefits of Head Start. Children in the program had markedly better dental health and less robust but important other health benefits. The nation has never fully appreciated the benefits accruing to children just from the health component of Head Start. For example, Nisbett (2010) reported that during the early school years graduates of the Head Start program die at dramatically lower rates than comparison children. This is consistent with the findings of Ludwig and Miller (2007), who discovered lower mortality rates for Head Start children ages five to nine from causes that could be ameliorated through the program’s health services. Love, Tarullo, Raikes, and Chazan-Cohen (2006) also emphasized the poor health of entering Head Start children and the program’s value in improving their health status. One aspect of health isnutrition, and Head Start’s nutrition component has clearly lead to less obesity in participating children (Frisvold, 2007). This finding led the noted authority on the current epidemic of obesity, Kelly Brownell, to comment, “It looks like being in Head Start might be a more powerful means of reducing obesity than any other program specifically designed for that purpose.” (personal communication, May 7, 2008). Obesity was not examined in the Impact Study.Also overlooked by critics is the fact that approximately 12% of the children enrolled in Head Start are children with disabilities who often have special health needs. The Harvard group’s evaluation of the National Impact Study notes that the subgroups of special needs children and children living in rural areas had more robust outcomes than the average for the total group (National Forum, 2010). Many other scholars have now documented the many accomplishments of Head Start in regard to physical health, dental health, and nutrition (Hale, Seitz, & Zigler, 1990; O’Brien, Connell, & Griffin, 2004; Zigler, Piotrkowski, & Collins, 1994). It is sad but somewhat traditional that the Impact Study’s findings of health benefits were overshadowed by the disappointingly smaller effects on cognitive skills.The Real Lessons of the National Impact StudyThe longitudinal findings of the Impact Study read against the total literature on early intervention provide real direction that decision makers must take if Head Start is to fulfill its potential. The critics of Head Start who have focused on the study’s findings of weak effects have chosen to ignore one of the major purposes of the project. Quoted in the follow-up report is the directive from the advisory committee that developed the blueprint for the study: “The research and findings should be used in combination with the rest of the Head Start researcheffort to improve the effectiveness of Head Start programs for children and families” (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p. xvi).The “rest of the Head Start research effort” shows that quality matters. If policymakers want larger and more sustained effects than those found in the Impact Study, they must improve quality so that children leave Head Start at the school readiness levels attained by graduates of the famous models. The Obama administration is already moving in this direction with a comprehensive roadmap containing a number of specific actions directed at improving school readiness and promoting long-term success of graduating Head Start children (Administration for Children and Families, 2010).It is now abundantly clear that the single most important factor in children’s classroom performance is the quality of the lead teacher and his/her daily teaching practices. Much attention is given to this in the current quality improvement roadmap. Unfortunately, the present stewards of Head Start are burdened by history. From the very beginning, Head Start’s education component was weak (Barnett, 2002; Omwake, 1997; Zigler & Styfco, 2010). Part of the reason is that as a War on Poverty program, Head Start was designed to offer opportunities to poor adults. Many were hired as teachers even though they did not have any level of professional education and had no experience. Policymakers got used to the cheap labor and never provided the funds to hire more well-equipped staff. This is not to imply that Head Start has no highly qualified teachers. It has many dedicated professionals who resist the lure of better paying jobs in the public schools because they truly want to help poor children and their families get ready for school.Congress is certainly aware of the need to improve the quality of teaching in Head Start. The 2007 reauthorization mandates that by 2013, 50% of lead teachers must have a BA degree.But why only 50%? Every lead teacher in Head Start should have a BA, and their sorry salaries must give way to salaries that match those of teachers in public schools. Only then will Head Start centers be able to compete in the current market for trained early childhood professionals.The value of such a policy is affirmed by data from the Oklahoma universal preschool (Gormley, Phillips, & Gayer, 2008). Head Start is part of this program, so all the lead teachers must have BA degrees just like those in the rest of the public school system. The performance of the Oklahoma Head Start children was markedly better than that found for Head Start nationwide. Another way to enhance the effectiveness of teachers concerns group size. When Head Start began in 1965, we were proud of the 5:1 ratio of students to teachers. This is now 10:1. We have much evidence that indicates that a Head Start classroom should consist of approximately 17 children with one BA-level teacher trained in early childhood education and one assistant teacher who holds either an associate’s degree or a CDA certificate.There is no free lunch here. Quality improvement costs money, and Congress must decide whether Head Start should be a truly model program and “the pride of the nation,” as it was once called, or a less than optimal program which it is now. In addition to quality issues, Head Start has many other problems that only Congress can resolve by legislative action. The most glaring is the fact that after 45 years of operation, Head Start serves only about half of eligible children. This situation will worsen now that Congress has mandated that entry into Head Start will be permitted up to 133% of the poverty level rather than at or below poverty level. This change was a long time coming, but it will increase the size of the eligible population. Unfortunately, the mandate to serve the near-poor, like the one calling for BA-level teachers, is empty because it is largely unfunded.Other changes are likewise long overdue. The evidence is clear that the more intense an intervention is, the stronger and more lasting the benefits. Head Start would certainly be more effective if it was a 2-year program, which it still is in a few sites, rather than a single academic-year program. Yet this would be a hard change to make because it is difficult to argue that we should give some poor children 2 years of Head Start while so many others are receiving none.The new realities of the American family suggest another structural change for Head Start. With the end of welfare Head Start parents must work. Head Start centers must move to full-day, full-year programs that provide parents the child care they need while at the same time providing their children with a longer period of preschool education. Head Start has been slowly evolving in this direction since the Clinton administration, and this movement should be accelerated.Head Start pioneered parent involvement, and this component must be beefed-up. The program has always invited parents to be part of their child’s education because they have the most influence over their child’s development. In this age of the working parent, Head Start must adjust its parent involvement activities to account for this new reality. The Chicago Child-Parent Centers also operate on the premise that parent involvement is important to promoting the child’s school readiness and has in place a modern parent involvement component that could easily be copied by Head Start. Another way to strengthen the parent component is to increase the number of home visits from the current two a year—a far cry from the weekly visits that helped produce the impressive outcomes of the Perry Preschool project.The Obama administration should be commended for viewing Head Start as one segment of a birth-to eight-system (a view the author has long espoused, e.g., Zigler & Styfco, 1998). We now know just how terribly ravaging growing up in poverty is to children’s development. Tooffset the huge negative effects we must get away from 1-year inoculation thinking. A range of interventions is needed to alter the life chances of poor children. We should begin with a birth-to-three intervention (like Early Head Start), dovetailed with a 2-year preschool intervention, which in turn is dovetailed with a program through the first three grades of elementary school. The Department of Health and Human Services must work closely with the Department of Education to make such a spectrum of interventions possible.The National Impact Study was originally conceptualized to be a catalyst for moving Head Start in directions that would be beneficial to the children and parents the program serves. The naysayers focus on the lack of robust outcomes in the array of findings. This array, however, holds many insights into what Head Start needs to do better to achieve the desired results. Since the study has already prompted a quality improvement roadmap, we can only conclude that the National Impact Study has achieved its purpose.ReferencesAdministration for Children & Families. (2010). Improving school readiness & promoting long-term success: The Head Start roadmap to excellence. Retrieved from/hslc/Head%20Start%20Program/Director/Head_Start_Road map_to_Excellence.pdfBarnett, W. S. (2002, September 13). The battle over Head Start: What the research shows.Presented at a Science and Public Policy briefing, Washington, DC. Retrieved from/resources/research/BattleHeadStart.pdfBarnett, W. S. (2010, January 15). Change we need: Responding responsibly to the results of the Head Start Impact Study. Preschool Matters Today. Retrieved from/2010/01/Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Early childhood education: The likelihood of sustained effects. In E Zigler, W. S. Gilliam, & W. S. Barnett (Eds.), Current debates and issues inprekindergarten education. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Manuscript inpreparation.Burchinal, M., Lee, M., & Ramey, C. (1989). Type of day-care and preschool intellectual development in disadvantaged children. Child Development, 60, 128-137.Camilli, G., Vargas, S., Ryan, S., & Barnett, W. S. (2010). Meta-analysis of the effects of early education interventions on cognitive and social development. Teachers College Record, 112(3).Currie, J. (2001). Early childhood education programs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 213-238.。

英国确保开端计划

英国确保开端计划

五、针对残疾儿童的“参与计划”
“参与计划”就是让残疾儿童像正常儿 童一样参与一切生活、游戏和学习。“参 与计划”的具体内容有:1、采用更先进的 残疾儿童鉴定技术,提高对残疾儿童鉴定 的准确性。2、“确保开端”项目的每一个 活动都要创造条件让残疾儿童参加。3、家 长交流协会。
六、男性公民参与计划
男性公民是学前儿童社交技能提高的 重要源泉。项目鼓励更多的男性公民参与 其中,贴海报,做宣传,让男性们认识到 参与“确保开端”项目的必要性,让人们 知道男性参与学前教育对儿童发展的好处。
三、与有关部门和社区合作
英国政府重视提高教育服务的质量, 成立了独立于教育部和劳动技能部之外的 “教育标准办公室”,负责制定全国统一 标准的服务质量规范,并注册和督导,检 查工作。还与各个社区积极合作建立了学 习联合会,定期开展活动。
四、建立流动的玩具图书馆
为了解决处境不利儿童缺少图书的问题, 项目购买了大型汽车,把图书和玩具送到 偏远地区,这些大型的公共汽车被人们称 为流动的图书馆。
“确保开端计划”的背景
1、消除社会排斥,建构全纳社会的需要; 2、知识经济的发展要求强化学前教育; 3、受美国“提前开端计划的影响”。
政府投资建立整合各种服务内容的社区 服务中心和服务网络,通过网络或专门的人 员来协调现有的服务设施,如医院、小学, 托幼机构等,在现有的服务基础上加强彼此 之间的联系和整合,为儿童及其家庭提供更 整合的服务。具体地说这些服务可以分成四 个方面:学前教育、儿童保育、家庭支持、 医疗卫生。
பைடு நூலகம்
一、儿童语言发展计划
计划首先要对所有八个月大的学前儿 童进行一个语言发展测试,通过测试评估 学前儿童语言发展的情况,这些测试就是 在两分钟时间内向被测儿童提出几个问题, 然后通过他们的反应来判断他们的听力和 说话能力。

近代前期英国崛起的历史逻辑_计秋枫

近代前期英国崛起的历史逻辑_计秋枫
o r o D i l o m a c i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o e n t o y y f p y pm f , , : , E u r o e v o l . I I I N e w Y o r k H o w a r d F e r t i c1 9 6 7. p
中国社会科学 2 0 1 3 年第 9 期
在 世 界 各 国 的 眼 中, 英 国 只 不 过 是 一 个 毫 不 起 眼 的 民 族, 1 6 4 0年 威 尼 斯 大 使 称, “
① 。 因而无足轻重 ”
经过清教革命 和 内 战 的 洗 礼 , 英 国 突 然 再 度 崛 起 , 令 欧 洲 其 他 国 家 震 惊 不 已 。 ) , 英吉利共和国一统英伦三岛 , 并在第一 奥利弗 · 克伦威尔当政时期 ( 1 6 5 3—1 6 5 8 ) 中击 败 素 有 “ 海 上 马 车 夫” 之 称 的 荷 兰 共 和 国, 取 得 在 次英荷战争 ( 1 6 5 1—1 6 5 4 北海 、 英吉利海峡乃至整个大 西 洋 上 的 优 势 ; 随 后 英 国 又 派 舰 队 远 征 西 印 度 群 岛 , 夺取了加勒比海的牙买加和北 美 的 阿 卡 迪 亚 等 殖 民 地 ; 接 着 , 克 伦 威 尔 一 改 几 十 年 来英国置身大陆事务之外的态 势 , 积 极 参 与 法 西 之 间 的 战 争 , 最 终 从 西 班 牙 手 中 夺 ,取 得 前 往 欧 洲 大 陆 的 钥 匙。在 宗 教 事 务 方 面, 克 取敦刻尔克要塞 ( 1 6 5 8 年 6 月) 伦威尔力图充当全欧洲新教徒 的 保 护 者 , 他 凭 借 英 国 强 大 的 陆 海 军 , 对 欧 洲 大 陆 那 些试图迫害新教徒臣民的天主教 君 主 大 行 威 逼 恐 吓 之 事 。 克 伦 威 尔 极 力 提 高 英 国 的 我要人像从前尊敬罗马共和国那样尊敬英吉利共和 国际威望 , 如他自己 所 称 , “ 。 ② 他的确做到了这一点 , 在他当政时期 , 英国赢得了前所未有的尊重 , 以致克 国” ) 也不得不承 伦威尔的反对派 、 保皇党历史学家克拉伦敦 ( E d w a r d H d e C l a r e n d o n y
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

英国确保开端计划——英国支持学前教
育的综合措施
【内容摘要】“确保开端”项目是英国政府从1998年开始投资的一项以家庭为切入口,以社区为依托,面向学前儿童及其父母的综合服务项目。

它旨在通过医疗保健、免费学前教育,儿童保育、家庭支持等服务为儿童及其父母提供更好的生活,提高学前教育的质量。

【关键字】确保开端、儿童保育、学前教育、评估、最好开端
一、“确保开端”项目出台的背景和理论基础
(一)、背景
1、消除社会排斥,建构全纳社会的需要
2、知识经济的发展要求强化学前教育
3、受美国“提前开端计划的影响”
4、对“确保开端”项目的前期试验研究和论证
(二)、理论基础
1、全纳教育思想
2、儿童心理发展的有关理论
二、早期“确保开端”的具体内容
政府投资建立整合各种服务内容的社区服务中心和服务网络,通过网络或专门的人员来协调现有的服务设施,如医院、妇幼保健中心、小学,托幼机构、图书馆、志愿者组织等,在现有的服务基础上加强彼此之间的联系和整合,为儿童及其家庭提供更整合的服务。

具体地说这些服务可以分成四个方面:学前教育、儿童保育、家庭支持、医
疗卫生。

这里我只说学前教育方面。

(一)、儿童语言发展计划
该计划首先要对所有八个月大的学前儿童进行一个语言发展测试,通过测试评估学前儿童语言发展的情况,这些测试就是在两分钟时间内向被测儿童提出几个问题,然后通过他们的反应来判断他们的听力和说话能力。

通过语言测试把儿童分成两类,语言能力发展正常儿童和语言发展障碍儿童。

并针对不同儿童的情况进行加强巩固与矫正治疗。

(二)、向处境不利儿童提供免费的高质量的学前教育
“确保开端”项目力争提供高质量的学前教育,他们的提供的学前教育遵循以下原则:1、通过游戏快乐学习。

2、发展孩子们健康的社会情感。

3、与家长形成一种教育伙伴关系。

4、研究发现式的教学方法。

“确保开端”项目的学前教育内容涵盖六大领域。

1、身体健康与发展领域。

2、心理健康与发展领域。

3、与人合作的团队精神。

4、读写算的能力。

5、获取信息认识世界的能力。

6、创造能力。

(三)、与有关部门和社区合作,共同监督和改善学前教育质量英国政府重视提高教育服务的质量,成立了独立于教育部和劳动技能部之外的“教育标准办公室”,负责制定全国统一标准的服务质量规范,并注册和督导,检查工作。

还与各个社区积极合作建立了学习联合会,定期开展活动。

(四)、建立流动的玩具图书馆
为了解决处境不利儿童缺少图书的问题,项目购买了大型汽车,把图书和玩具送到偏远地区,这些大型的公共汽车被人们称为流动的图书馆。

(五)、针对残疾儿童的“参与计划”
“参与计划”就是让残疾儿童像正常儿童一样参与一切生活、游戏和学习。

“参与计划”的具体内容有:1、采用更先进的残疾儿童鉴定技术,提高对残疾儿童鉴定的准确性。

2、“确保开端”项目的每一个活动都要创造条件让残疾儿童参加。

3、家长交流协会。

(六)、男性公民参与计划
男性公民是学前儿童社交技能提高的重要源泉。

项目鼓励更多的男性公民参与其中,贴海报,做宣传,让男性们认识到参与“确保开端”项目的必要性,让人们知道男性参与学前教育对儿童发展的好处。

相关文档
最新文档