托福阅读之修辞目的题的解题思路与技巧

technological advances, sea trade Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.
longitude
The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.
Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass? A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe
By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into 文中对 use the magnetic 应点 compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars.
Summary
Technological advances enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.
第三步：定位题干与各选项信息
题干 选项A 选项B 选项C 选项D
定位词
the magnetic compass
caravels
astrolabe
The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood.
The topic sentence
Examples to illustrate the topic sentence
The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century). By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.
第二步：分析段落框架
分析线索：时间顺序 in the eleventh century (the astrolabe) by the early thirteenth century (the magnetic compass) beginning in the thirteenth century (new maps and the reports of sailors) in the fourteenth century (certain institutional and practical norms) by about 1400 (the key elements were in place) 确定主题句的关键词 thus (表示结论), the key elements (对以上所有信息的概括)
四步法解题
审题
分析段Hale Waihona Puke 落框架定位题干 与各选项 信息
分析信 息，确 定答案
第一步：审题
Q: Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass?
无
第四步：分析信息，确定答案
原文中每个与选项信息相 对应的句子在段落整体框 架中的地位是怎样的？是 example？是细节？还是 段落主题？
A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.
修辞目的题考察什么？
考察单词，短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，句子与整 体段落的联系，或段与段之间的联系 考查是否理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊方式陈 述一个特别信息
常见的提问方式有哪些？
The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to ... Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of … In paragraph X, the author explains the concept of X by … What is the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X ? What is the purpose of paragraph X? In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other ?
如何解答修辞目的题？
在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及 段落的结构（解题过程中最核心、最关键的部分） 平时可加强练习，学会分析句子之间的逻辑关系，概括文章的构架
For example:
My life of summer vacation is full of variety. During the summer vacation, I watched 5 movies. I went to the beach with my good friends. I also visited places of historic interest.
关键词：why, author, include
分析：why表示目的，与author一起出现，表明该题在问作者的写作目的，而 include则表明作者把题干所给信息包含到段落中的原因必定与写作目的有关 联。由此判断出该题的类型属于修辞目的题，题干所给信息很可能是对写作 目的进行论证。通常，作者会在主题句中阐明自己的观点和写作意图，只要 我们能找到段落主题句，就能获得答案。所以接下来，我们应对段落的框架 有所了解。