托福听力背景知识学习之植物学
新托福听力场景汇总之Lecture篇
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody 抗体, toxin 毒素, immunity 免疫（immune system）, immunology 免疫学, vaccine 疫苗（bacterin菌苗）, fungus 真菌(fungi), bacteria 细菌（spreading disease）, fermentation 发酵, inflection 传染/ 感染（infected plant）, microorganism / microbe 微生物, virus 病毒（anti-virus 防病毒）, disinfection 消毒（disinfect vt.将…消毒）, sterilization 灭菌/消毒, biology 生物学, marine biology 海洋生物学, entomology 昆虫学, ornithology 鸟类学, microbiology 微生物学, genetics 遗传学, speciology 物种学, parasitology 寄生虫学（parasitifer 宿主, 例句：The reason that caused the patients toxic is that the seeds of Cuscuta菟丝子属japonica山茶contains the same toxic components as its parasitifer Coriaria sinica. 大菟丝子引起中毒是因为含有与寄主马桑相同的毒性成分所致。
）, paleontology 古生物学, paleontologist 古生物学家, dinosaur 恐龙, die out / extinction 灭绝, mammal 哺乳动物, carnivore 食肉动物, rodent 啮齿类动物（grinding teeth 磨牙）, underwater 水下的, marine海洋的, scuba水下呼吸器diving, 潜水/ 跳水, one-celled organism 单细胞有机体, tissu（动植物细胞的）组织, single-cell 单细胞, protective camouflage 保护色（octopus章鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, predator 捕猎者, oceanic 海洋的, snail 蜗牛（mollusk / mollusc软体动物）, animal adaptation 动物适应性, survival of the fittest 适者生存, origin of species 物种起源, wild environment 野生环境, insecticide 杀虫剂（pesticide / insectifuge / insect repellent）, prenatal care 产后护理, habitat 栖息地, tentacle 触须（palpus 触须复数–palp 单数, tentaculum (tentacula pl.), whisker胡须）, prey 捕食, navigate 导航, receptor 接收器, nerve 神经, specimen 物种, amphibian 两栖类动物（frog, toad / bufonid 蟾蜍, giant salamander大鲵俗称娃娃鱼）, decline in the number 数量减少, gene 基因, genetic 基因的，遗传的, endangered species 濒危动物（extinct species）, survival 活着的, transition 转变/过渡, microbe 微生物, yeast 酵母（菌）, catalyst 催化剂, reptile 爬行类动物（lizard蜥蜴, snake, turtle 龟, soft-shelled turtle 鳖, crocodile 鳄鱼, chameleon 变色龙, gecko 壁虎）, hatch 孵化/ incubation 孵化, (Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.切莫过于乐观) nest 巢, offspring 子孙, chew up 咀嚼, unfertilized eggs 未受精卵, nutrient 营养品, nutrition 营养, nutrilite 营养物，微量营养物, nourishment 营养品/ 食物, feed 喂养, cannibalism 同类相食, respiration 呼吸, ingestion 摄食, digestion 消化, digestive enzyme 消化酶, cell 细胞, nucleus 细胞核, cytoplasm 细胞质, plasma lemma / cell membrane 细胞膜, cell wall 细胞壁, protein 蛋白质, amino acid 氨基酸, plankton 浮游生物, heredity 遗传（inheritance 遗传，继承, inherit v.）, mutation of species 物种变异, mutation 变种, chromosome 染色体, genetic engineering 遗传工程, solitary 独居, social 群居, swamp 沼泽地、湿地, bio-diversity 生物多样性, metamorphosis 变态/变形, variation 变异, blight 枯萎, soil-borne 土壤产生的, host plant 寄主植物, parasitifer 宿主植物2. 动物学zoology 动物学, Darwinism 达尔文学说, natural selection 自然选择, phylum 门, class 纲, order 目, sub-order 亚目, family 科, genus 属, species 种,invertebrate 无脊椎动物, vertebrate 脊椎动物, aquatic life 水生动物, reptile爬行动物, amphibian/amphibious animal 两栖动物, protozoa 原生动物, rodent 啮齿动物, ruminant 反刍动物, parasitic animal 寄生动物, primate 灵长动物, plankton 浮游生物, mollusk 软体动物, coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母jellyfish、海蜇、珊瑚coral等）, herbivore 食草动物, carnivore 食肉动物, mammal 哺乳动物, homotherm 恒温动物又称为温血动物（鸟类birds：ostrich 鸵鸟, penguin 企鹅, stork 鹳, chick / chicken, duck, eagle / halk 鹰, crane 鹤, sea gull 鸥, parrot 鹦鹉, cuckoo 杜鹃, night owl 猫头鹰, sparrow 麻雀；哺乳动物mammal：kangaroo 袋鼠, hedgehog 刺猬, bat, rabbit, mouse / rat, cat, dog, whale, panda, seal 海豹, ox / cow / cattle, horse, sheep, pig, monkey, human）poikilotherm 变温动物又称cold-blooded animal 冷血动物（snake earthworm 蚯蚓, frog青蛙, giant salamander 大鲵, fishes 鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, scavenger 食腐动物, carnivorous 食肉的, herbivorous 食草的, omnivorous杂食的, camouflage 伪装, hibernate 冬眠/ 蛰伏, regeneration 再生, predatory adj. / carnivore 食肉的, predator 捕食者, prey 捕食, hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群, flock（牛、羊等）群, community 动物的群落或人的部落, population 种群, herd 兽群, hygiene 卫生（food hygiene）, sanitation 公共卫生、卫生设施, monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的, polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的, polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的, nomadic 游牧的；流浪的, trapper 诱捕动物者, niche 小生态环境, vestige退化器, fertilizer 受精媒介物, metabolism 新陈代谢, breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖, multiply / reproduce繁殖, spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵, anatomy 解剖学, appetite 食欲, creature 生物, scales 鳞, feathers 羽毛, armor 甲spinal cord 脊椎, digestive duct 消化管, esophagus 食管, stomach 胃, small intestine 小肠, large intestine 大肠, anus 肛门, digestive gland 消化腺, salivary gland唾液腺, liver 肝, gallbladder 胆, bladder 膀胱, pancreas 胰人体九大系统：digestive system 消化系统, excretory system 排泄系统, reproductive system 生殖系统, circulatory system 循环系统, respiratory system 呼吸系统, hormonal system 内分泌系统, urinary system 泌尿系统, immune system 免疫系统, nerve system 神经系统squirrel 松鼠, marten 貂, bat 蝙蝠, squeak（老鼠等）吱吱, otter 水獭, antelope 羚羊, gorilla 大猩猩, chimpanzee 黑猩猩, baboon 狒狒, hyena 鬣狗, beaver 海狸, moose 驼鹿, elk 麋鹿, reindeer 驯鹿, giraffe 长颈鹿, rhinoceros 犀牛, hippo 河马, sloth 树懒, slothful 懒惰的, frog 青蛙, tadpole 蝌蚪, salamander 蝾螈/ 大鲵, scorpion 蝎子, turtle 龟, lizard 蜥蜴, chameleon 变色龙, caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼, centipede 蜈蚣, robin 知更鸟, owl 猫头鹰, barnacle 北极鹅, canary 金丝雀（canary wharf 伦敦金丝雀码头）, chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）, vulture 秃鹫, ptarmigan 雷鸟, migrate 迁移, plumage 羽体, wing 翅膀, bill 鸟嘴, beak（鹰等的）嘴, insect 昆虫, wasp 黄蜂, hornet 大黄蜂, spider 蜘蛛, pest 害虫, worm 虫/蠕虫, cicada 蝉, mantis 螳螂, cockroach 蟑螂, antenna / tentacle 触须, larva 幼虫, mating ritual 求偶仪式, preen 洋洋得意, groom 打扮, inhibit 抑制、禁止, disinhibition抑制, displacement 取代,3. 海洋生物学jellyfish 水母, nettlefish 海蜇, coral 珊瑚, dolphin 海豚, whale 鲸鱼, shrimp 小虾, prawn 对虾, lobster 龙虾, crab螃蟹, mussel 贻贝；蚌类, clam 蛤蜊, oyster 牡蛎, sponge 海绵, starfish 海星, squid 鱿鱼；乌贼, octopus章鱼, sole 鳎；鳎目鱼, plaice / flatfish 鲽，红斑比目鱼（flounder）4. 植物学botany 植物学, botanical / botanic 植物学的, horticulture 园艺学, aquatic plant 水生植物, parasite plant寄生植物, root 根, canopy 树冠层/顶棚, foliage / leaf 叶, leaflet 小叶, rosette（叶的）丛生, stem 茎, stalk杆, leafstalk 叶柄, shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝, flower 花, bud 花蕾, petal 花瓣, peel / skin 果皮, shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶, trunk 树干, bark 树皮, branch 树枝, bough 大或者粗的树枝, twig 小树枝, jungle丛林, lawn 草坪, meadow 草地/牧场, prairie 大草原, mosses 苔藓, shrub / bush 灌木, cluster 一簇（灌木）, fern 蕨类植物, horsetails 木贼类植物, club mosses 石松类植物, herb 草, photosynthesis光合作用, chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生, symbiotic 共生的, wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢, blossom 花, pollen 花粉, pollinate 传授花粉, petal 花瓣, nectar 花蜜, tissue 组织, organ 器官, system 系统, seeds种子, everlasting永久的, crossbreed 杂交, root pressure 根压, bore 腔/肠, cohesion-tension 凝聚压力, column 花柱, necrosis坏死, barren 贫瘠的；不生育的, futile 无用的, carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）, glucose 葡萄糖, starch 淀粉, fat 脂肪, protein 蛋白质, vitamin 维他命, mal nourish ed 营养不良的（mal-不好, 坏的）, nutrition 营养, perennial 多年生的, annual 一年一生的, verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的, evergreen 常青树, conifer tree 针叶树, larch 落叶松, pine 松树, spruce 云杉, juniper 刺柏；杜松, sequoia 红杉, elm 榆树, walnut 核桃树, redwood 红木树, plum blossom 梅花, orchid 兰花, chrysanthemum 菊花, water lily 荷花/莲花, rhododendron杜鹃花, rose 玫瑰, carnation 康乃馨, lily 百合, jasmine 茉莉花, helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower 向日葵, camellia 茶花, corn / maize / mealie 玉米, pumpkin 南瓜, tomato 番茄, lettuce 莴苣, cabbage 卷心菜, wheat 小麦, rye 黑麦, barley 大麦, oats燕麦, germinate （使）发芽, 生长, remnant 剩余/ remains 剩余, dwindle 减少/ decline / decrease / dip5. 气象学meteorology 气象, meteorologist 气象学家, meteorological station 气象站, forecast / predict 预报, climate 气候, atmosphere 大气层, troposphere 对流层, stratosphere 平流层, mesosphere 中间层, ionosphere 电离层, exosphere 逸散层, cold front 冷锋, warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间, vapor 蒸汽, evaporate 蒸发, damp / moist / humid 潮湿, humidity 湿度, moisture 潮湿/ 水分, saturate 饱和, dew 露, frost 霜, fog / mist 雾, smog 烟雾, droplet 小水, condense 浓缩, crystal水晶体, sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层, downpour / torrential rain 大雨, tempest (storm) / torrential rain 暴风雨, drizzle 细雨, shower 阵雨, hail 冰雹, blizzard / snowstorm 暴风雪, avalanche / snow slide 雪崩, precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水, thunder 雷, breeze 微风, sandstorm 沙暴, monsoon 季风, gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风, hurricane 飓风, tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风, wind scale 风级, tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸, tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮,upper atmosphere 上层大气, funnel 漏斗云, disaster / calamity /catastrophe灾难, devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection 对流wind velocity 风速, wind direction 风向, long-range forecast 长期预报, numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报, nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust 地壳, mantle 地幔, core 地核, continental crust大陆地壳, oceanic crust 海洋地壳, layer / stratum 地层, stratigraphy 地层学, fault 断层, fault plane 断层面, fault zone 断层带, rift / crack / split 断裂, disintegration /decomposition 分解, erosion 腐蚀, fossil 化石, igneous rock 火成岩, sedimentary rock 沉积岩, metamorphic rock 变质岩, limestone 石灰岩, granite 花岗岩, marble 大理石, lithosphere 岩石圈, magma / molten lava 岩浆, quartz 石英, mineral 矿物, ore 矿石, deposit 矿床, rubble 碎石, debris 残骸, platinum 白金/ 铂金, silver 银, copper 黄铜, aluminum 铝tin 锡, lead 铅, zinc 锌, nickel 镍, mercury 汞/水银, sodium 钠, gem 宝石diamond 钻石, emerald 绿宝石, ruby 红宝石, glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的, glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期, glacial drift 冰渍, moraines 冰碛, iceberg 冰山volcano 火山, active volcano 活火山, extinct volcano 死火山, dormant volcano 休眠火山, (sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）, (steep-sided) cone volcano 锥状火山（陡峭）, eruption 火山喷发, crater 火山口, caldera （开口较大的）火山口, depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地, lava 火山岩浆, volcanic dust 火山尘, volcanic ash 火山灰, geyser 间歇喷泉, hot spring 温泉, earthquake / quake / tremor / seism 地震, seismic 地震的, seismology 地震学, magnitude 震级, seismic intensity scale 震烈度, seismicwave 地震波, transverse wave 横波, longitudinal wave 纵波, epicenter 震中, epicentral distance 震中距, aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变, tsunami / tidal / force 海啸, undersea landslide 海底山崩, melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖, aquifer 蓄水层, swamp 沼泽, peat bog 泥炭沼泽, Great Canyon 大峡谷, Nile River 尼罗河, Colorado river 科罗拉多河, crumples zones 地质缓冲地带, bedrock 岩床, bulge 凸起物7. 考古学archaeology 考古学, paleontology 古生物学, anthropolog 人类学, archaeologist 人类学家, pale-anthropologist古人类学家, ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家, psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家, originate起源于, ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）, homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落, clan 氏族, excavation 挖掘, excavate / unearth 挖掘, ruins 遗迹/废墟, remains 遗产/遗骸artifact 手工艺品, relic 遗物/文物, antique 古物/古董, antiquity 古代/古老, Stone Age 石器时代, Bronze Age 青铜器时代, Iron Age 铁器时代, Paleolithic 旧石器时代的, Mesolithic 中石器时代的, Neolithic 新石器时代的, morphology 形态学, skull 颅骨, cranial 颅骨的, fossil 化石, ancient civilization 古代文明, cave man 山顶洞人cultural relics 文物, rock painting 岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球, meridian 子午线/ 经线, parallel 平行圈, latitude 纬线, longitude 经线/ 经度, elevation 海拔, altitude 高度/ 海拔, horizon 地平线, equator 赤道, temperature latitudes 温带地区, tropics 热带地区, Arctic / theNorth Pole 北极, Antarctic / Antarctica 南极, the Antarctic Continent南极洲, the Antarctic Circle南极圈, the Arctic Circle 北极圈, aurora 极光, tropics of Cancer 北回归线, tropics of Capricorn 南回归线, international date line 国际日期变更线, time difference 时差, time zone 时区, topography 地形/ 地形学plain 平原plateau / highland 高地, lowland 低地, basin 盆地, oasis 绿洲, enclave 飞地, peak 山峰, cordillera /ranges 山脉, carven / cave 洞穴, terrain 地域, subterranean 地底下, coastland 沿海地区, coastline 海岸线, watershed 分水岭, upper reaches 上游, lower reaches 下游, tributary 支流, deposit 沉积, spring / fountain 泉水, iceberg 冰山, riverbed 河床, gulf / bay 海湾, waterfall 瀑布, cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁, tide 湖水, torrent 水的急流, tropical rain forest 热带雨林, continental island 大陆岛, volcanic island 火山岛, coral island 珊瑚岛, islet 小岛, peninsular 半岛, archipelago 群岛, delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff 山崖, valley 山谷, hillside / mountain slope 山坡, continental shelf 大陆架, canyon / gorge 峡谷, channel / strait 海峡, remote-sensing 遥感的, terrestrial 地球的/ 陆地的, terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热, terrestrial magnetism 地磁, continental drift 大陆漂移学, sea-floor spreading 海床扩展, evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度, ocean bottom 海床, sediment 沉积物, tropical 热带的, temperate温带的, frigid 寒带的, frost heaving 冻胀现象, tundra 苔原，冻原, fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海, the primeval forest 原始森林, Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾, coral reef 珊瑚礁, Chalk 白垩纪, cataclysm 大洪水, ridge 山脊；分水岭, abyss 深渊, territory 版图；领土地域, Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉, Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉, Vesuvius 维苏威火山, Pompeii 庞贝, precipice悬崖, eon 世；纪；代, glacier 冰河, Pangaea 盘古大陆, dune 沙丘, Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy 天文学, astronomical observatory 天文台, planetarium 天文馆, astrophysics 天文物理学, astrology 占星学, pseudoscience 伪科学, cosmos / universe 宇宙, cosmology 宇宙, infinite 无限的, cosmic 宇宙的, cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射, cosmic rays 宇宙射线, celestial 天体的, celestial body / heavenly body 天体, celestial map / sky atlas 天体图, celestial sphere 天球, dwarf / dwarf star 矮星, quasar 类星体, constellation 星座, galaxy / Milky Way 银河系, star cluster 星团, asterism 星群, solar system 太阳系, solar corona 日, 冕solar eclipse 日食, solar radiation 太阳辐射, planet 行星, planetoid / asteroid小行星, revolve 旋转, twinkle 闪烁, naked eye 肉眼, Mercury 水星Venus 金星, Earth 地球, Mars 火星, Jupiter 木星, Saturn 土星, Uranus 天王星, Neptune 海王星, Pluto 冥王星, orbit 轨道, spin 旋转, satellite卫星, lunar 月球的, meteor 流星, meteor shower 流星雨, star 恒星, meteoroid 流星体, meteorite 陨石, comet 彗星, space / outer space 太空，外层空间, spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船, space shuttle 航天飞机, space telescope 空间望远镜, astronaut / spaceman 宇航员, space suit 宇航服, stellar 恒星的, intergalactic 星系间的, interstellar 恒星间的, interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia 氨, photosphere 光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层, sunspot 太阳黑子（发生在光球层）, flare 耀斑（发生在色球层）, solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）, convection zone 对流层, vacuum 真空, infrared ray 红外线, absolute magnitude 绝对量级, emission 发射/散发, high-resolution 高清晰度, interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪, illusive object 幻影体, faint 微弱的, image影像, gravitational force 吸引力, molten 融化的, leap year 闰年, rotation 自传, revolution 公转, black hole 黑洞, ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度, light year 光年10.环保相关ecology 生态学, ecosystem 生态系统, balance of nature 自然界生态平衡, fauna 动物群, flora 植物群, rainforest 雨林, food chain 食物链, acid rain 酸雨, greenhouse 温室效应, infrared radiation 红外线辐射, ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层, ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射, pollution control 污染控制, air pollution 空气控制, water pollution 水污染, noxious / toxic 有毒的, fumes（有毒的）废气, waste 废物, solid waste 固体废物, sewage / wastewater 污水, sewage purification 污水净化, swage disposal 污水处理, decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel 矿物燃料, process of photosynthesis 光合作用, solar energy 太阳能, nonrenewable 不可再生的, energy conservation 保护能源, resource 资源, energy source 能源资源, tidal energy潮汐能, fuel-efficient 节能型的, rush hour 高峰期, zero emission 零辐射, wildness 野生/天然, preservation 保护, atmosphere 大气, carbon 碳, dioxide 二氧化物, burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧, global warming 全球变暖, greenhouse effect温室效应, rise in sea level 海平面上升, long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化, environmental recycling center 再循环利用中心, litter/trash garbage 垃圾, pollutant 污染物, desertification 沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林, drought 干旱, water shortage 水源缺乏, offshore spillage 近海岸溢出, carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放, industrial sewage 工业污水, recycling 再循环, purify 净化, deteriorate 恶化, acid rain 酸雨, sewage disposal 污水处理, environment protection 环境保护, ozone layer 臭氧层, waste disposal 废物处理, emission（汽车废气的）排放, soot 烟尘, El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist 艺术家, choreographer 舞蹈编排家, critic 批评家, satirist 讽刺作家, inventor 发明家, biographer 自传作家, sculptor 雕塑家, feminist 女权主义者, humanitarian 人道主义者, imagist 意象派诗人, philanthropist 慈善家, proprietor 业主, mortal 犯人precursor 先驱, figurehead 名誉领袖, disciple 学徒, apprentice 学徒, mechanic 机械工, minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家,avant-garde 前卫派, territory 领域, genre 风格/体裁, eccentric古怪的, odd 怪诞的/奇数的, erratic 奇怪的, weird 怪异的/不可思议的, romantic 浪漫的, innocent 天真的/无罪的, lovelorn 相思病苦的, emotional 情绪的/情感的, sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的, cheerless 无精打采的/无生命力的, patriarchal 家长的/ 族长的, rigid 僵化的, spare 简朴的, clumsy 笨拙的, zigzag 曲折的, contemporary 当代的, acclaimed 受欢迎的, preeminent 杰出的, versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的, household 家庭的/家喻户晓的, genuine 真正的, authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的, symbolic 象征性的, immortal 不朽的/神nostalgia 怀旧主义/思乡, emotive 感人的, prodigious 巨大的, classic 经典的, posthumous 死后的14.发展史文学pose 散文diary 日记, autobiography 传记, editorial 社论, narrative prose 叙述性, descriptive prose 描写性, essay 随笔, poetry诗歌, ballad 民谣, lullaby 催眠曲, fiction 小说allegory 寓言, fairy tale 童话, legend 传说, proverb 谚语, model 人物原型, leading character 主人公, main plot 主要情节, prelude 序曲, prologue 序言, epilogue 尾声, literary criticism 文学批评, literary studies 文学研究, schools of literature 文学流派, comparative literature 比较文学, realism 现实主义, surrealism 超现实主义, futurism 未来主义, modernism 现代主义, aestheticism 唯美主义音乐musical instrument 乐器, orchestra（管弦）乐队, shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓, pound dru 击鼓, foot beat 跺脚, note音符, score 乐谱, movement 乐章, fanatical狂热的, hillbilly music 乡村音乐, folk music 民间音乐, pop music 流行音乐, classical music 古典音乐, Jazz 爵士乐symphony 交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐, string 弦乐, violin 小提琴, viola 中提琴, cello 大提琴, harp 竖琴, horn 号；喇叭, clarinet单簧管, oboe 双簧管, keyboard instrument 键盘乐器, percussion 震荡/打击乐器, vocal music 声乐, concerto协奏曲, sonata 奏鸣曲, serenade 小夜曲, solo 独奏/ 独唱, duet 二重唱, conducting 指挥, podium 指挥台, accompaniment 伴奏, quality 音质, volume 音量, chord 和弦, harmony 和声, rest 休止, time 节拍, lullaby 催眠曲, prelude 序曲, epilogue 尾声政治经济subsistence 存活，生活subsistence wage 刚够养家糊口的工资, subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平, kinship 亲属关系，血缘关系, commodity 商品, check 支票；收据；账单, bank loan 银行贷款, interest 利息, withdraw 从银行账户中提款, honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑, a run on a bank 挤兑, the Great Depression大萧条, consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义, affluence富裕，富足, sophisticated 世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture 建筑学, architect 建筑学家, construct 结构, wing 辐楼/ 侧楼, design 设计, elevator 电梯, skyscraper 摩天大楼, design element 设计元素, log structure 原木结构, cabin 小木屋, beam 梁, prototype 原型, building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料, metal-frame 金属结构, repair person 修理工, planetarium 天文馆, aquarium 水族馆, archives 档案馆, office building 写字楼, cathedral 大教堂, mosque 清真寺, the statue of liberty 自由女神像, the triumphal arch 凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像, pyramid 金字塔, castle城堡美术fine arts 美术, oil painting 油画, water color 水彩画, tempera 蛋彩画, sketch 速写/素描, pastel 彩色蜡笔画, poster 海报/招贴画, charcoal drawing 木炭画, mural painting / fresco 壁画, engraving 版画, lithograph 石板画, landscape painting 风景画still life 静物画portrait 肖像画, caricature 漫画, pigment 颜色，色素, canvas油画布, brush 画笔, drawing board 画板, perspective 透视画法, original原作, copy 临本, reproduction / replica复制品, genuine 真的, fake 假的, gallery 美术馆, autograph 真迹, panorama 全景画, calligraphy 书法, paste 裱、糊, impressionistic style 印象派风格, framing 装框, sculpture 雕塑, sculptor 雕塑家, figurine 小雕像, bust半身雕塑像, statue 塑像, unique 唯一的/独特的, animator 漫画家, saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者, indigo 靛蓝, purple 紫色新托福听力经典加试完整版第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper文章回顾男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。
托福听力之学科词汇
学科词汇汇总antibody 抗体toxin 毒素immunity 免疫immunology 免疫学vaccine 疫苗fungus 真菌bacteria 细菌fermentation 发酵inflection 传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe 微生物virus 病毒disfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌biology 生物学marine biology 海洋生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology 鸟类学microbiology 微生物学genetics 遗传学speciology 物种学parasitology 寄生虫学paleontology 古生物学paleontologist 古生物学家dinosaur 恐龙die out / extinction 灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore 食肉动物rodent 啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving 潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism 单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage 保护色predator 捕猎者oceanic. 海洋的snail 蜗牛animal adaptation 动物适应性survival of the fittest 适者生存origin of species 物种起源wild environment 野生环境insecticide 杀虫剂prenatal care 产后护理habitat 栖息地tentacle 触须prey 捕食navigate 导航tiny receptor 接收器nerve / specimen 物种amphibian 两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene 基因genetic 基因的，遗传的endangered species 濒危动物survival 活着的transition 转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast 酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell 单细胞reptile 爬行类动物hatch 孵化incubation 孵化nest 巢offspring 子孙chew up 咀嚼unfertilized eggs 未受精卵nutrient 营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed 喂养cannibalism 同类相食respiration 呼吸ingestion 摄食digestion 消化digestive enzyme 消化酶cell 细胞nucleus 细胞核cytoplasm 细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane 细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein 蛋白质amino acid 核酸plankton 浮游生物heredity 遗传mutation of species 物种变异chromosome 染色体genetic engineering 遗传工程solitary 独居social 群居bio-diversity 生物多样性metamorphosis 变态/变形mutation 变种variation 变异zoology 动物学Darwinism 达尔文学说natural selection 自然选择phylum 门class 纲order 目suborder亚目family 科genus 属species种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate 脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal 两栖动物protozoa 原生动物rodent 啮齿动物ruminant 反刍动物parasitic animal 寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton 浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal 哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal 冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger 食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous 杂食的bird 鸟类camouflage['kæmuflɑ:ʒ伪装hibernate 冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator 捕食者prey 捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community 动物的群落或人的部落population 种群herd 兽群hygiene 卫生sanitation 公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic 游牧的；流浪的trapper 诱捕动物者niche 小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer 使受精metabolism 新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce 繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite 食欲creature 生物scales 鳞feathers 羽毛armor 甲spinal cord 脊椎digestive system 消化系统excretory system 排泄系统reproductive system 生殖系统circulatory system 循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system 内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagus 食管stomach 胃small intestine小肠large intestine 大肠anus 肛门digestive gland 消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver 肝gallbladder 胆pancreas 胰squirrel 松鼠marten 貂bat 蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter 水獭antelope 羚羊gorilla 大猩猩chimpanzee 黑猩猩baboon 狒狒hyena 鬣狗moose 驼鹿beaver 海狸elk 麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe 长颈鹿rhinoceros 犀牛hippo 河马sloth 树懒slothful 懒惰的frog 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪salamander 蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle 龟lizard 蜥蜴chameleon 变色龙alligator/ cayman / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede 蜈蚣robin 知更鸟owl 猫头鹰barnacle 北极鹅penguin 企鹅canary 金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture 秃鹫crane 鹤stork鹳ptarmigan 雷鸟migrate 迁移plumage 羽体camouflage 伪装wing 翅膀bill 鸟嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫:wasp 黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛pest 害虫worm 虫/蠕虫cicada 蝉mantis 螳螂cockroach 蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle 触须larva 幼虫jellyfish 水母nettle fish 海蜇coral 珊瑚dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼shrimp 小虾prawn 对虾lobster 龙虾crab螃蟹mussel 贻贝；蚌类clam 蛤蜊oyster 牡蛎sponge 海绵starfish 海星squid 鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole 鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽，红斑比目鱼botany 植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root 根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf 叶leaflet 小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk 叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud 花蕾petal 花瓣peel / skin 果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk 树干bark 树皮branch 树枝bough 大或者粗的树枝twig 小树枝jungle丛林lawn 草坪meadow 草地/牧场prairie 大草原mosses 苔藓shrub / bush 灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物horsetails 木贼类植物club mosses 石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢blossom 花pollen 花粉pollinate 传授花粉petal 花瓣nectar 花蜜tissue 组织organ 器官system 系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed 杂交root pressure 根压bore 腔/肠cohesion-tension 凝聚压力column 花柱necrosis 坏死barren 贫瘠的；不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose 葡萄糖starch 淀粉fat 脂肪protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial 多年一生的annual 一年一生的verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen 常青树conifer tree针叶树larch 落叶松pine 松树spruce 云杉juniper 刺柏；杜松sequoia 红杉elm 榆树walnut 核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom 梅花orchid 兰花chrysanthemum 菊花water lily 荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose 玫瑰carnation 康乃馨lily 百合jasmine 茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower 向日葵camellia 茶花corn / maize / mealie 玉米pumpkin 南瓜tomato 番茄lettuce 莴苣cabbage 卷心菜wheat 小麦rye 黑麦barley 大麦oats 燕麦meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家meteorological station 气象站forecast / predict 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层stratosphere 平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere 电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front 冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid 潮湿humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿/ 水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog / mist 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水condense 浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain 大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard / snowstorm 暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze 微风sandstorm 沙暴monsoon 季风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风wind scale 风级tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere 上层大气funnel 漏斗云disaster / calamity /catastrophe 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection 对流wind velocity 风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast 长期预报numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图crust 地壳mantle 地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane 断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split 断裂disintegration /decomposition 分解erosion 腐蚀fossil 化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite 花岗岩marble 大理石lithosphere 岩石圈magma / molten lava 岩浆quartz 石英mineral 矿物ore 矿石deposit 矿床rubble 碎石debris 残骸platinum 白金/ 铂金silver 银copper 黄铜aluminum 铝tin 锡lead 铅zinc 锌nickel 镍mercury 汞/水银sodium 钠gem 宝石diamond钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby 红宝石glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期glacial drift 冰渍moraines 冰碛iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano 锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava 火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash 火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism 地震seismic 地震的seismology 地震学magnitude 震级seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变tsunami / tidal / force 海啸undersea landslide海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp 沼泽peat bog 泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River 尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones 地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床bulge 凸起物archaeology 考古学paleontology 古生物学anthropology 人类学archaeologist 人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族excavation 挖掘excavate / unearth 挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains 遗产/遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity 古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的fossil 化石ancient civilization 古代文明cave man 山顶洞人cultural relics 文物rock painting 岩画hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线/ 经度elevation 海拔altitude 高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle 北极圈aurora 极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line 国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone 时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain 平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis 绿洲enclave 飞地peak 山峰cordillera /ranges 山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean 地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed 分水岭upper reaches 上游lower reaches 下游tributary 支流deposit 沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁tide 湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest 热带雨林continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff 山崖valley 山谷hillside / mountain slope 山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的/ 陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)Fjord [fjɔ:d]峡湾coral reef 珊瑚礁Chalk 白垩纪cataclysm 大洪水ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图；领土地域Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii 庞贝precipice悬崖eon 世；纪；代glacier 冰河Pangaea 盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖astronomy 天文学astronomical observatory 天文台planetarium 天文馆astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite 无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star 矮星quasar 类星体constellation 星座galaxy / Milky Way 银河系star cluster 星团asterism 星群solar system 太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse 日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet 行星planetoid / asteroid小行星revolve 旋转twinkle 闪烁naked eye 肉眼Mercury 水星Venus 金星Earth 地球Mars 火星Jupiter 木星Saturn 土星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar 月球的meteor流星meteor shower 流星雨star 恒星meteoroid 流星体meteorite 陨石comet 彗星space / outer space 太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope 空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic 星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia 氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层sunspot 太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare 耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone 对流层vacuum 真空infrared ray 红外线absolute magnitude 绝对量级emission 发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force 吸引力molten 融化的leap year闰年rotation 自传revolution 公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度light year 光年ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统balance of nature 自然界生态平衡fauna 动物群flora 植物群rain forest 雨林food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨greenhouse 温室效应infrared radiation 红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射pollution control 污染控制air pollution 空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste 废物solid waste 固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification 污水净化swage disposal 污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis 光合作用solar energy 太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation 保护能源resource 资源energy source 能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation 保护atmosphere 大气carbon 碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧global warming 全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level 海平面上升long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化environmental recycling center 再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant 污染物desertification 沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought 干旱water shortage 水源缺乏offshore spillage 近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放industrial sewage 工业污水recycling 再循环purify 净化deteriorate 恶化acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal 污水处理environment protection 环境保护ozone layer 臭氧层waste disposal 废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot 烟尘ElNiño 厄尔尼诺现象artist 艺术家choreographer 舞蹈编排家critic 批评家satirist 讽刺作家inventor 发明家biographer 自传作家sculptor 雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian 人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor 业主mortal 犯人precursor 先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice 学徒mechanic 机械工minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde 前卫派territory 领域genre 风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd 怪诞的/奇数的erratic 奇怪的weird 怪异的/不可思议的romantic 浪漫的innocent 天真的/无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional 情绪的/情感的sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless 无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/ 族长的rigid 僵化的spare 简朴的clumsy 笨拙的zigzag 曲折的contemporary 当代的acclaimed 受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household 家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine 真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic 象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia 怀旧主义/思乡emotive 感人的prodigious 巨大的classic 经典的posthumous 死后的文学pose 散文diary 日记autobiography 传记editorial 社论narrative prose 叙述性descriptive prose描写性essay 随笔poetry诗歌ballad 民谣lullaby 催眠曲fiction 小说allegory 寓言fairy tale 童话legend 传说proverb 谚语model 人物原型leading character 主人公main plot 主要情节prelude 序曲prologue 序言epilogue 尾声literary criticism 文学批评literary studies 文学研究schools of literature 文学流派comparative literature 比较文学realism 现实主义surrealism 超现实主义aestheticism 唯美主义音乐musical instrument 乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓pound dru 击鼓foot beat 跺脚note音符score 乐谱movement 乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music 乡村音乐folk music 民间音乐pop music 流行音乐classical music 古典音乐Jazz 爵士乐symphony 交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music/ wind music 管乐string 弦乐violin 小提琴viola 中提琴cello 大提琴harp 竖琴horn 号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe 双簧管keyboard instrument 键盘乐器percussion 震荡/打击乐器vocal music 声乐concerto 协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲serenade 小夜曲solo 独奏/ 独唱duet 二重唱conducting 指挥podium 指挥台accompaniment 伴奏quality 音质volume 音量chord 和弦harmony 和声rest 休止time 节拍lullaby 催眠曲prelude 序曲epilogue 尾声政治经济subsistence 存活，生活subsistence wage 刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship 亲属关系，血缘关系commodity 商品check 支票；收据；账单bank loan 银行贷款interest 利息withdraw 从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank 挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated 世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture 建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构wing 辐楼/ 侧楼design 设计elevator 电梯skyscraper 摩天大楼design element 设计元素log structure 原木结构cabin 小木屋beam 梁prototype 原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame 金属结构repair person 修理工planetarium 天文馆aquarium 水族馆archives 档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque 清真寺the statue of liberty 自由女神像the triumphal arch 凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔美术fine arts 美术oil painting 油画water color 水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch 速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster 海报/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画mural painting / fresco 壁画engraving 版画lithograph 石板画landscape painting 风景画still life 静物画portrait 肖像画caricature 漫画pigment 颜色，色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board 画板perspective 透视画法original原作copy 临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine 真的fake 假的gallery 美术馆autograph 真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy 书法paste 裱糊impressionistic style 印象派风格framing 装框sculptor 雕塑家figurine 小雕像bust半身雕塑像animator 漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo 靛蓝。
托福听力分类词汇汇总
托福听力分类词汇汇总植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的horticulture 园艺学aquatic PIaIIt 水生植物ParaSite PIant 寄生植物root 根CanOPy树冠层 /顶棚foliage / Ieaf 叶Ieaflet小叶rosette （叶的）丛生Steln 茎StaIk 杆IeafStaIk 叶柄ShOOt/ SPrOUt 嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud花蕾PetaI花瓣Peel / SkilI果皮Shen （硬）果壳husk （干）果壳/ （玉米苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林IaWll 草meadow 草地/牧场Prairie大草原InOSSeS苔W ShrUb Zbush灌木CIUSter 一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails 木贼类植物ClUb mosses石松类植物herb 草PhOtOSylltheSiS光合作用ChIOrOPhyn叶绿素SymbiOSiS 共生SynlbiotiC 共生的Wither /ShriVeI / fade 凋谢blossom 花POlIen花粉pollinate 传授(starch) 碳水larch 落叶松花粉petal 花化合物（淀粉）pine 松树瓣nectar 花蜜glucose 葡萄spruce 云杉tissue 组织糖starch 淀粉juniper 刺organ 器官fat 脂肪柏；杜松system 系统protein 蛋白sequoia 红杉seeds种子质elm 榆树everlasting 永vitamin 维他walnut 核桃树久的命redwood 红木crossbreed 杂malnourished 树交营养不良的plum blossomroot pressure nutrition 营养梅花根压perennial 多年orchid 兰花bore 腔/肠一生的chrysanthemu cohesion-tensi annual 一年一m 菊花on 凝聚压力生的water lily 荷花column 花柱verdant 嫩绿/莲花necrosis 坏死的，翠绿的rhododendron barren 贫瘠evergreen 常杜鹃花的；不生育的青树carnation 康futile 无用的conifer tree 针乃馨carbohydrate 叶树jasmine 茉莉花mealie 玉米rye 黑麦helianthus / pumpkin 南瓜barley 大麦heliotrope / tomato 番茄oats 燕麦sunflower 向lettuce 莴苣日葵cabbage 卷心camellia 茶花菜corn / maize / wheat 小麦微生物学antibody 抗体bacteria 细菌virus 病毒toxin 毒素fermentation disinfection 消immunity 免发酵毒sterilization 疫inflection 传染灭菌immunology / 感染免疫学microorganisvaccine 疫苗m / microbefungus 真菌微生物生物学biology 生物biology 海洋虫学学生物学ornithology 鸟marine entomology 昆类学microbiology 微生物学underwater 水下的survival of thefittest 适者生genetics 遗传marine 海洋的存学scuba 水下呼origin of speciology 物吸器species物种起种学diving 潜水/ 源parasitology 跳水wild寄生虫学one-celled environmentpaleontology organism 单细野生环境古生物学胞有机体insecticide 杀paleontologist tissue（动植物虫剂古生物学家细胞的）组织prenatal caredinosaur 恐龙protective 产后护理die out / camouflage 保habitat 栖息地extinction 灭护色tentacle 触须绝predator 捕猎prey 捕食mammal 哺乳者navigate 导航动物oceanic snail tiny receptor carnivore 食蜗牛a 接收器肉动物nimal nerve /rodent 啮齿类adaptation 动specimen 物种动物物适应性amphibian 两栖类动物decline in the hatch 孵化incubation 孵酶cell 细胞number 数量化nucleus 细胞减少nest 巢核gene 基因offspring 子孙cytoplasm 细genetic 基因的chew up 咀嚼胞质endangered unfertilized plasma lemma species濒危动eggs未受精卵/ cell 物nutrient 营养membrane survival 活着品细胞膜的nourishment cell wall 细胞transition 转变营养品/ 食壁/过渡物protein 蛋白microbe 微生feed 喂养质物cannibalism amino acid yeast 酵母同类相食核酸（菌）respiration 呼plankton 浮游bacteria 细菌吸生物single-cell 单ingestion 摄食heredity 遗传细胞digestion 消化mutation of reptile 爬行类digestive species 物种变动物enzyme 消化异chromosome 染色体solitary 独居social 群居s 变态/ 变形mutation 变种genetic bio-diversity variation 变异engineering 遗生物多样性传工程metamorphosi动物学zoology 动物无脊椎动物ruminant 反刍学vertebrate 脊动物Darwinism 达椎动物parasitic尔文学说aquatic life animal 寄生动natural 水生动物物selection 自然reptile 爬行动primate 灵长选择物动物phylum 门amphibian / plankton 浮游class 纲order amphibious 生物目animal 两栖动mollusk 软体suborder 亚目物动物family 科protozoa 原生coelenterate genus 属动物腔肠动物species种rodent 啮齿动（如水母、海invertebrate 物蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore 食草动物mammal 哺乳动物homotherm 恒温动物cold-blooded animal 冷血动物poikilotherm 变温动物scavenger 食腐动物carnivorous 食肉的herbivorous 食草的omnivorous 杂食的bird 鸟类camouflage 伪装hibernate 冬眠；蛰伏卫生设施regeneration monogamous 再生一夫一妻的predatory / /一雌一雄的carnivore 食polygamous 肉的一夫多妻的predator 捕食/一雄多雌的者prey 捕食polyandrous hordes / 一妻多夫的swarms（昆虫/一雌多雄的等）群nomadic 游牧flock （牛、羊的；流浪的等）群trapper 诱捕community 动动物者物的群落或人niche 小生态的部落环境population 种vestige 退化器群fertilizer 使受herd 兽群精hygiene 卫生metabolism 新sanitation 陈代谢公共卫生；breed（名词）品种；（动词）system 消化系esophagus 食繁殖统excretory 管stomach 胃multiply / system 排泄系small intestine reproduce 繁统小肠large 殖reproductive intestine 大肠spawn ( 鱼、syste生殖系统anus 肛门虾、蛙等）孵circulatory digestive anatomy 解剖system 循环系gland 消化腺学统salivary gland appetite 食欲respiratory 唾液腺creature 生物system 呼吸系liver 肝scales鳞统gallbladder 胆feathers 羽毛hormonal pancreas 胰armor 甲system 内分泌spinal cord 系脊椎digestive ductdigestive 消化管水生动物jellyfish 水母coral 珊瑚shrimp 小虾nettle fish 海dolphin 海豚prawn 对虾蜇whale 鲸鱼lobster 龙虾crab 螃蟹sponge 海绵octopus 章鱼mussel 贻贝；starfish 海星sole 鳎；鳎目蚌类squid 鱿鱼；乌鱼clam 蛤蜊贼plaice 鲽，红oyster 牡蛎burro / 斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel 松鼠猩猩牛hippo 河马marten 貂baboon 狒狒sloth 树懒bat 蝙蝠hyena 鬣狗slothful 懒惰squeak（老鼠moose 驼鹿的等）吱吱beaver 海狸otter 水獭elk 麋鹿antelope 羚羊reindeer 驯鹿gorilla 大猩猩giraffe 长颈鹿chimpanzee 黑rhinoceros 犀两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙scorpion 蝎子色龙tadpole 蝌蚪turtle 龟cay men / salamander 蝾lizard 蜥蜴crocodile 鳄鱼螈chameleon 变centipede 蜈蚣鸟类robin 知更鸟vulture 秃鹫装wing 翅膀owl 猫头鹰crane 鹤bill （鸟）嘴barnacle 北极stork 鹳beak（鹰等的）鹅ptarmigan 雷嘴penguin 企鹅鸟canary 金丝雀migrate 迁移chirp （鸟、虫plumage 羽体的叫声）camouflage 伪昆虫insect 昆虫worm 虫/蠕虫earthworm 蚯wasp 黄蜂cicada 蝉蚓hornet 大黄蜂mantis 螳螂antenna / spider 蜘蛛cockroach tentacle 触须pest 害虫蟑螂larva 幼虫生态学ecology 生态balance of flora 植物群学nature 自然界rain forest 雨ecosystem 生生态平衡林态系统fauna 动物群food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨制air pollutionwastewater 污水greenhouse 温空气控制sewage室效应water purification 污infrared pollution 水污水净化radiation 红外染swage线辐noxious / toxic disposal 污水ozone layer / 有毒的处理ozonosphere fumes ( 有毒decibe（l 噪音）臭氧层的）废气分贝ultraviolet waste 废物radiation 紫外solid waste辐pollution 固体废物control 污染控sewage /能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物solar energy 保护能源燃料太阳能resource 资源process of nonrenewable energy source photo 不可再生的能源资源synthesis 光合energy tidal energy 潮作用conservation 汐能fuel-efficient 节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission 零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation 保护atmosphere 大气carbon 碳dioxide 二氧化物burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧global warming 全球变暖greenhouse level 海平面上升long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化environmentalrecyclingcenter 再循环利用中心litter/trashgarbage 垃圾pollutant 污染物desertification沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林drought干旱offshorespillage 近海岸溢出carbondioxide release二氧化碳排放industrialsewage工业污水recycling 再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewagedisposal 污水处理environment effect 温室效water 应shortage 水源rise in sea 缺乏protection 环境保护废物处理emission（汽车尼诺现象ozone layer 臭废气的）排放氧层soot 烟尘waste disposal El Ni? o 厄尔天文学astronomy 天cosmology 宇sky atlas 天体文学宙图astronomical infinite 无限的celestialobservatory cosmic 宇宙的sphere 天球天文台cosmic dwarf / dwarfplanetarium radiation 宇宙star 矮星天文馆辐射quasar 类星体astrophysics cosmic rays 宇constellation 天文物理学宙射线星座astrology 占星celestial 天体galaxy / Milky 学的Way 银河系pseudoscience celestial body star cluster 星伪科学/ heavenly 团cosmos / body 天体asterism 星群universe 宇宙celestial map / solar system太阳系Uranus 天王飞船solar corona 星space shuttle 日冕Neptune 海王航天飞机solar eclipse 星space日食Pluto 冥王星telescope 空间solar orbit 轨道望远镜radiation 太阳spin 旋转astronaut /辐射satellite 卫星spaceman 宇planet 行星lunar 月球的航员planetoid / meteor 流星space suit 宇asteroid 小行meteor 航服星shower 流星雨stellar 恒星的revolve 旋转star 恒星intergalactic twinkle 闪烁meteoroid 流星系间的naked eye 肉星体interstellar 恒眼meteorite 陨石星间的Mercury 水星comet 彗星interplanetary Venus 金星space / outer 行星间的Earth 地球space 太空，asteroid 小行Mars 火星外层空间星nebula 星云Jupiter 木星spacecraft / space debris Saturn 土星spaceship 宇宙太空垃圾ammonia 氨日珥（发生幻影体photosphere 在色球层）faint 微弱的光球；光球层convection image 影像chromosphere zone 对流层gravitational s 色球；色球层vacuum 真空force 吸引力chromosphere infrared ray molten 融化的s-corona 红外线leap year 闰年transition absolute rotation 自传zone 色球- 日magnitude 绝revolution 公冕过渡层对量级转sunglow 日冕emission 发射/ black hole 黑sunspot 太阳散发洞黑子（发生在high-resolutio ultraviolet ray 光球层）n 高清晰度紫外线flare 耀斑（发interferomete luminosity生在色球层）r 干扰仪，干光度solar 涉仪light year 光prominence illusive object 年气象学meteorology meteorologist meteorologica 气象气象学家l station 气象站forecast / moisture 潮湿，水气torrential rain大雨predict 预报spell 某种天气tempest climate 气候持续一段时(storm) / atmosphere 大vapor 蒸汽torrential rain 气层evaporate 蒸暴风雨troposphere 发drizzle 细雨对流层damp / moist / shower 阵雨stratosphere humid 潮湿hail 冰雹平流层humidity 湿度blizzard /mesosphere中moisture 潮湿snowstorm 暴间层saturate 饱和风雪ionosphere 电dew 露avalanche / 离层frost 霜fog / snow slide雪exosphere mist 雾smog 崩逸散层烟precipitation cold front 冷droplet 小水（雨、露、雪锋condense浓缩等）降水warm air crystal 水晶体thunder 雷mass 热气团shee（t 水、冰、breeze 微风current (气)雪的）一层sandstorm 沙流downpour / 暴monsoon 季风tidal wave 潮流gale 大风汐；浪潮wind velocity whirlwind 旋upper 风速风typhoon atmosphere 上wind direction层大气funnel 风向台hurricane 飓漏斗云long-range风disaster / forecast 长期tornado / calamity / 预报twister / catastrophe 灾numerical cyclone 龙卷难weather风devastation 破prediction wind scale 风坏数值天气预级submerge 淹报tsunami / 没drought 旱nephanalysis seismic sea 灾云层分析；wave 海啸convection 对卫星云图地理学hemisphere parallel 平行/ 经度半球圈elevation meridian 子latitude 纬线海拔午线/ 经线longitude 经线altitude 高度/ 海拔aurora 极光lowland 低地basin 盆地horizon 地平tropics of线Cancer 北回oasis绿洲equator 赤道归线enclave 飞地temperature tropics of peak 山峰latitudes 温带Capricorn 南cordillera /地区回归线ranges 山脉tropics 热带地international carven / cave 区date line 国际洞穴Arctic / the 日期变更线terrain 地域North Pole time subterranean 北极difference 地底下Antarctic / 时差coastland 沿海Antarctic a 南time zone 时地区极the 区coastline 海岸Antarctic topography 线Continent 南地形/ 地watershed极洲形学分水岭the Antarctic plain 平原upper reaches Circle 南极圈plateau / 上游the Arctic highland 高lower reaches Circle 北极圈地下游tributary volcanic continental 支流island 火山岛shelf 大陆架deposit 沉积coral island canyon / spring / 珊瑚岛gorge 峡谷fountain 泉水islet 小岛channel /iceberg 冰山peninsular 半strait 海峡riverbed 河床岛remote-sensingulf / bay archipelago g 遥感的海湾群岛terrestrialwaterfall delta 三角洲地球的/ 瀑布landlocked 陆地的cascade 小瀑area 内陆terrestrial 布；喷流inland heat /reef 暗礁tide waterway 内陆geothermal 湖水河地热torrent 水的急subcontinent terrestrial流次大陆magnetism 地tropical rain cliff 山崖磁forest 热带雨valley 山谷continental林hillside / drift 大陆漂continental mountain 移学说island 大陆岛slope 山坡sea-floorspreading the primeval Pyrenees 比利海床扩展forest 原始森牛斯山脉evaporation 林Carpathians 蒸发Scandinavia 喀尔巴阡山脉salinity 含盐度斯堪的纳维Vesuvius 维苏ocean bottom 亚（半岛）（瑞威火山海床典、挪威、丹Pompeii 庞贝sediment 沉积麦、冰岛的泛precipice 悬崖物称）eon 世；纪；tropical 热带fjord 峡湾代的coral reef 珊瑚glacier 冰河temperate 礁Pangaea 盘古温带的Chalk 白垩纪大陆frigid 寒带的cataclysm dune 沙丘frost heaving 大洪水Lagoon 咸水冻胀现象ridge 山脊；湖tundra 苔原，分水岭冻原abyss 深渊fieldstone 卵石territory 版Mediterranea 图；领土；地n Sea 地中海域地质学crust 地n ore 矿石壳mantle 地幔分解deposit 矿床core 地核erosion 腐蚀rubble 碎石continental fossil 化石debris 残骸crust 大陆地igneous rock platinum 白金壳火成岩/铂金silver 银oceanic crust sedimentary copper 黄铜海洋地壳rock 沉积岩aluminum 铝layer / metamorphic tin 锡lead 铅stratum 地层rock 变质岩zinc 锌stratigraphy limestone 石nickel 镍地层学灰岩mercury 汞/ fault 断层granite 花岗岩水银fault plane 断marble 大理石sodium 钠gem层面lithosphere 岩宝石fault zone 断层石圈diamond 钻石带magma / emerald 绿宝rift / crack / molten lava 岩石split 断裂浆ruby 红宝石disintegration quartz 石英glacier 冰川/decompositio mineral 矿物glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / 锥状火山地震age / period 冰（陡峭）seismic地震的川期eruption 火山seismology glacial drift 冰喷发地震学渍crater 火山口magnitude moraines 冰碛caldera (开口震级iceberg 冰山较大）火山口seismic volcano 火山depression 洼intensity scale active volcano 地，凹陷处；震烈度活火山盆地seismic waveextinct lava 火山岩浆地震波volcano 死火volcanic dust transverse山火山尘wave 横波dormant volcanic ash longitudinal volcano 休眠火山灰wave 纵波火山geyser 间歇喷epicenter 震中(sloping) 泉epicentral shield volcano hot spring distance 震中盾状火山温泉距（平缓）earthquake / aftershock 余(steep-sided) quake / 震cone volcano tremor / seism cataclysm 灾变tsunami / tidal swamp 沼泽peat bog 泥炭crumpleszones 地质缓/ force 海啸沼泽冲地带undersea Great Canyon bedrock 岩床landslide 海底大峡谷bulge 凸起物山崩Nile River 尼melt global 罗河warming 全球Colorado逐渐变暖river 科罗拉aquifer 蓄水层多河考古学archaeology 学家ancestor 祖先考古学ecological hominid 人paleontology anthropologist （科）古生物学生态人类学家homogeneousanthropology psychological 同以种族（种人类学anthropologist 类）的archaeologist 心理人类学tribe 部落clan 人类学家家氏族pale-anthropo originate 起源excavation 挖logist 古人类于掘excavate / unearth 挖掘ruins 遗迹/ 废墟remains 遗产/ 遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物/ 文物antique 古物/ 古董antiquity 古代/古老Stone Age 石建筑学architecture 建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构青铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的wing 辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper 摩天大楼civilization 古代文明caveman 山顶洞人cultural relics文物rockpainting 岩画designelement 设计元素log structure 原木结构器时代fossil 化石Bronze Age ancientcabin 小木屋天文馆神像beam 梁aquarium 水the triumphal prototype 原型族馆arch 凯旋门building archives 档案sphinx 狮身人technique 建筑馆office 面像工艺building 写字pyramid 金字new material 楼塔新材料cathedral 大教castle 城堡metal-frame 堂金属结构mosque 清真repair person 寺修理工the statue ofplanetarium liberty 自由女政治、经济学类subsistence 存的生活水平据；账单活，生活kinship 亲属bank loan 银subsistence 关系，血缘关行贷款wage 刚够养系interest 利息家糊口的工资commodity 商withdraw 从subsistence 品银行账户中提level 收支平衡check 支票；收款人物artist 艺术家 choreographe r 舞蹈编排家honor (cheque/bill/d raft) 承兑 a runon a bank 挤兑 the Great Depression 大萧条 consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）； 保护消费者权益主义 affluence 富 裕，富足 sophisticated 世故的，老练 的；复杂的，尖端的教育学highereducation 高 等教育moralcharacter 道 德品质domain 领域 faculty 全体教treasurer 生活委员/财务大 臣 elective system 选课制 度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline 学科 /管理learn by rote 死记硬背encyclopedias 百科全书/ 专科全书员alumni 校友critic 批评家誉领袖的satirist 讽刺作disciple 学徒innocent 天真家apprentice 学的/无罪的inventor 发明徒lovelorn 相思家mechanic 机械病苦的biographer 自工emotional 情传作家minimalist 简绪的/情感的sculptor 雕塑单抽象派艺术sentimental家家感伤的/多feminist 女权avant-garde 愁善感的主义者前卫派cheerless 无精humanitarian territory 领域打采的/无生人道主义者genre 风格/ 命力的imagist 意象体裁patriarchal派诗人eccentric 古怪家长的/族philanthropist 的长的慈善家odd 怪诞的/奇rigid 僵化的proprietor 业数的spare 简朴的主mortal 犯人erratic 奇怪的clumsy 笨拙的precursor 先weird 怪异的/ zigzag 曲折的驱不可思议的contemporary figurehead 名romantic 浪漫当代的acclaimed 受欢迎的genuine 真正的emotive 感人的preeminent 杰authentic 逼真prodigious 巨出的的/原汁原味大的versatile （人）的classic 经典的多才多艺的/ symbolic 象征posthumous （物）多功能性的死后的的immortal 不朽household 的/神家庭的/家nostalgia 怀旧喻户晓的主义/思乡摄影photographer 景exposure 曝光摄影家background instantpanorama 全背景camera 拍立景照片high 得snap shot 快照definition 高camera lens相developing 清晰度机镜头冲洗close-up 特写tripod 三脚架enlarge 放大out of focus 调dark room foreground 前焦不准暗室wide angle lens 广角镜头long focus lens长镜头filter 滤色镜文学pose 散文model 人物原流派diary 日记型comparative autobiograph leading literature 比较y 传记character 主文学editorial 社论人公realism 现实narrative main plot 主主义prose 叙述性要情节surrealism descriptive prelude 序曲超现实主义prose 描写性prologue 序言futurism 未来essay 随笔epilogue 尾声主义poetry 诗歌literary modernism 现ballad 民谣criticism 文学代主义lullaby 催眠曲批评aestheticism fiction 小说literary 唯美主义allegory 寓言studies 文学研fairy tale 童话究legend 传说schools ofproverb 谚语literature 文学音乐musical pop music 流管instrument 乐行音乐oboe 双簧管器classical keyboard orchestra （管music 古典音instrument 弦）乐队乐键盘乐器shook rattle 摇Jazz 爵士乐percussion 震拨浪鼓symphony 交荡/打击乐器pound drum 响乐vocal music 击鼓rock and roll 声乐foot beat 跺脚摇滚乐concerto 协奏note 音符band music / 曲score 乐谱wind music sonata 奏鸣曲movement 乐管乐serenade 小夜章string 弦乐曲fanatical 狂热violin 小提琴solo 独奏/独唱的viola 中提琴duet 二重唱hillbilly music cello 大提琴conducting 指乡村音乐harp 竖琴挥folk music 民horn 号；喇叭podium 指挥间音乐clarinet 单簧台accompanime harmony 和声epilogue 尾声nt 伴奏rest 休止quality 音质time 节拍volume 音量lullaby 催眠曲chord 和弦prelude 序曲美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts 美术画caricatureoil painting 油mural 漫画画painting / pigment 颜色，water color fresco 壁画色素水彩画engraving 版canvas 油画布tempera 蛋彩画brush 画笔画lithograph 石drawing sketch 速写/素板画board 画板描landscape perspective pastel 彩色蜡painting 风景透视画法笔画画original 原作poster 海报/招still life 静物copy 临本贴画画reproduction / charcoal portrait 肖像replica 复制品drawing 木炭画genuine 真的fake 假的gallery 美术馆autograph真迹panorama 全景画calligraphy 书法paste 裱糊impressionisti c style 印象派风格framing 装框sculpture 雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine 小雕像bust 半身雕塑像statue 塑像unique 唯一的/独特的animator 漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo 靛蓝purple 紫色。
托福听力植物动物主题必考词汇
托福听力讲座高频词汇：植物类flora 植物区系botany植物学plant植物root根stem 干;茎stalk茎，秆leaf叶子flower 花fruit. 水果;产物seed种子shoot发芽bud萌芽;蓓蕾petal花瓣pollen花粉pollinate对...授粉trunk树干;躯干branch树枝，分枝twig小枝;嫩枝;末梢bark树皮shrub. 灌木;灌木丛nectar 花蜜fern 蕨;蕨类植物photosynthesis光合作用Aquatic plant水生植物canopy天篷foliage 植物;叶子wither 枯萎;凋谢bush灌木;矮树丛herb 香草，药草symbiosis共生blossom. 花;开花期perennial多年生植物annual一年生植物托福听力讲座高频词汇：动物类Whale鲸Fossil化石remainsHippopotamus----Hippo河马Carnivore食肉动物Herbivore食草动物Omnivore杂食动物marsupial有袋动物amphibian两栖动物reptile爬行动物Mammal哺乳动物vertebratecold-blooded animalwarm-blooded animal Metabolism 新陈代谢queen蜂王drone 雄蜂worker bees工蜂Colony种群Hive蜂巢Mate 配偶Nectar花蜜Pollen花粉gills鳃SQUID 鱿鱼;乌贼sac囊convergent evolution趋同进化Octopus章鱼Imitation 拟态Chromatophores 色素细胞sepia乌贼墨Distraction display 迷惑表演Displacement activity 换位行为Hatch 孵化Migration 飞行中的空气动力学Aerodynamics 空气动力学动物听觉器官及机理Echolocation蝙蝠Eardrum青蛙auditory canal 鸟Film 蝗虫Symbiosis共生Mutualism 互利共生Commensalism 偏利共生Parasitism寄生Klepto-parasitism偷窃寄生Cell 细胞prokaryotic cell 原核细胞eukaryotic cell 真核细胞Protozoa 原生动物Unicellular organism 单细胞生物multicellular organism 多细胞生物nucleoid 拟核Mitochondrion 线粒体Chlorophyll 叶绿素Anthocyanin 花青素cell wall 细胞壁Cytoderm 细胞壁DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)脱氧核糖核酸gene基因Chromosome 染色体Mitosis 有丝分裂Amitosiss 无丝分裂bacteria & germ 细菌fungus 真菌filaments 菌丝chitin 甲壳素Enzyme酶Penicillin 抗生素Virus 病毒amino acid 氨基酸scavenger食腐动物insect昆虫pest害虫fauna. 动物群hunting打猎foraging觅食力behavior行为genus属species物种predator捕食者prey.捕食;被捕食的动物game 猎物habitat栖息地nest巢hibernate冬眠attack攻击Defend防御mate配偶offspring后代，子孙descendant后裔;子孙larva幼体， 幼虫gene基因kingdom领域phylum门class种类order命令family家族extinction灭绝camouflage伪装，掩饰marinelife陆地生物reproduce生殖multiply繁殖breed繁殖hatch 孵化nutrition营养品muscle肌肉;力量nerve神经Bone骨头protein蛋白质fur 毛皮feather羽毛hide兽皮adaptation. 适应endangered濒临灭绝的remains遗骸feed饲料respire呼吸digest消化;吸收migrate随季节而移居plankton浮游生物heredity遗传inherit遗传而得anatomy解剖mutation突变cold-blooded animal冷血动物warm-blooded animal 温血动物metabolism新陈代谢microbe细菌，微生物organism有机体;微生物bacteria细菌germ胚芽virus病毒托福听力：加试题之拉格泰姆音乐ragtime music 在美国流行于十九世纪左右(like Rock &Roll 在某一时期一样)(有问题出现，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just don't get it，意思是要教授explain)。
托福植物学篇
absorb v. 吸收algae n.海藻alpine a.高山的amaryllis n. 喇叭花,angiosperm n.被子植物anise n. 八角anthocyanin n.<植>花青素aquatic plant 水生植物aromatic adj. 芳香的 n. 芳香物质bait n.诱饵balsa n.轻质木材bark 树皮basal adj. 基部的,基座的bean 豆类植物bed n.苗圃，花坛birch n.桦树bloom 开花blossom 花bore 腔，肠botanical (botanic) 植物的bough 大或者粗的树枝branch 树枝bud v./n.发芽，芽bud 花蕾cambium n.形成层canopy 树冠层，顶棚carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）carotenoid n.类胡萝卜素cedar n.雪松celery n. 芹菜cessation n.休止，中止chestnut tree 栗子树chlorophyll n. 叶绿素classification 分类clog v.塞满cluster 一簇（灌木）coating n.薄层coconut n.椰子column 花柱corn 玉米crops 谷物crossbreed 杂交dandelion n.蒲公英dapple n.斑纹deciduous a.落叶的epidermis n.表皮fell v.砍伐fern 蕨类植物Fahrenheit n.华氏温度flora n.植物floral 花的flourish v. 繁荣；昌盛；兴旺foliage n.植物的叶子forester n. 林务员；护林人fragrance n.发出香味fungus n.真菌futile 无用的genus n. 类数germinate v.发芽，发育gummy a.粘性的hazardous 有毒害的herb n.草本植物herbicide 除草剂herbivorous 食草的hierarchy 级别husk （干）果壳；（玉米）苞叶hydroponic a. 溶液培养的immersion n.沉浸，浸没immunity 免疫inhalant n.吸入剂jasmine n.茉莉jungle 丛林lawn n.草坪leaflet 小叶leafstalk 叶柄lichen 地衣,苔藓maize 玉米malnourished 营养不良的maple n.枫树meadow 草地，牧场mesh n.网眼，网状物microscopic adj. 极小的；微小的；需用显微镜观察的mint n.薄荷moss n.苔mustard n.芥末nausea n.过敏，恶心necrosis n.<医>坏死nectar花蜜nourish v.滋养，孕育nutrition 营养oak n.橡树orchid 兰花organ 器官organism 生物，有机物overabundance n.过多parasite plant 寄生植物parsley n. 欧芹peel(skin) 果皮peppermint n.胡椒薄荷petal 花瓣petiole n.叶柄pharmaceutical a.制药的，调药的phloem n.韧皮部phosphorus n.磷photosynthesis 光合作用phototropism n. 【植】趋光性pollen 花粉pollinate 传授花粉pollination 授粉poppy n. 罂粟prairie 大草原prolonged v.延长，伸展prone a.面向下的propagate v.繁殖，传播protein 蛋白质root pressure 根压rosette (叶的)丛生Saline a.盐的sap n.树液sapwood n.白木质seasoning n. 调料，作料seeds 种子sequoia 红杉serpentine a.像蛇一样扭动的，蜿蜒的shell (硬) 果壳shoot (sprout ) 嫩芽，抽枝shrub (bush) 灌木slender a.纤细的，苗条的squash 南瓜stalk n. 茎，秆starch 淀粉stem 茎steppe n.干草原stock n.牲畜，家畜subtropical a.亚热带的suburb n. 郊区；城外sugarcane n.甘蔗symbiosis 共生symbiotic 共生的taro n.芋头timberline n.树木线tissue 组织toehold n.攀登悬崖的小立足点trigger n. 起因，诱因 v. 发动；引起；触发trunk 树干tulip n. 郁金香tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原twig 小树枝umbel n. 伞形花序vicissitudes n.变迁兴衰vitamin 维他命waterproof adj. 防水的waxy adj. 像蜡的，蜡质的wilt v.凋谢，枯萎wither (shrivel, fade) 凋谢woody a.长满树木的，木质的xylem n.【植】木质部1.Why M ore A utumn L eaves A re Red I n A merica A nd Y ellow I n Europe: N ew T heoryWalking outdoors in the fall, the splendidly colorful leaves adorning the trees are a delight to the eye. In Europe these autumn leaves are mostly yellow, while the United States and East Asia boast lustrous red foliage. But why is it that there are such differences in autumnal hues around the world?A new theory provided by Prof. Simcha Lev-Yadun of the Department of Science Education- Biology at the University of Haifa-Oranim and Prof. Jarmo Holopainen of the University of Kuopio in Finland and published in the Journal New Phytologist proposes taking a step 35 million years back to solve the color mystery.The green color of a tree's leaves is mainly due to chlorophyll pigment. The change in color to red or yellow as autumn approaches is not the result of the leaves' dying, but is rather the result of a series of processes – which differ between the red and yellow autumn leaves. When the green chlorophyll in leaves diminishes, the yellow pigments that already exist become dominant and give their color to the leaves. Red autumn leaves result from a different process: As the chlorophyll diminishes, a red pigment, anthocyanin, which was not previously present, is produced in the leaf. These facts were only recently discovered and led to a surge of research studies attempting to explain why trees expend resources on creating red pigments just as they are about to shed their leaves.Explanations that have been offered vary and there is no agreement on this as of yet. Some research suggests that the red pigment is produced as a result of physiological functions that make the re-translocation of amino acids to the woody parts of the tree more efficient in setting up its protection against the potential damage of light and cold. Other explanations suggest that the red pigment is produced as part of the tree's strategy for protecting itself against insects that thrive on the flow of amino acids. But whatever the answer is, these explanations do not help us understand why the process of creating anthocyanin, the red pigment, does not occur in Europe. An evolutionary ecology approach infers that the strong autumn colors result from the long evolutionary war between the trees and the insects that use them as hosts. Insects tend to suck the amino acids from the leaves in the fall season, and later lay their eggs, to the detriment of the trees. Aphids are attracted to yellow leaves more than red ones. Trees that expend the energy to color their leaves red may benefit from fewer aphids and fewer aphid eggs. In this case too, the protective logic of red pigmentation may be sound, but why are there more yellow-leaved trees in fall inEurope, if red leaves are an advantage?According to the theory provided by Prof. Lev-Yadun and Prof. Holopainen, until 35 million years ago, large areas of the globe were covered with evergreen jungles or forests composed of tropical trees. During this phase, a series of ice ages and dry spells transpired and many tree species evolved to become deciduous. Many of these trees also began an evolutionary process of producing red deciduous leaves in order to ward off insects. In North America, as in East Asia, north-to-south mountain chains enabled plant and animal 'migration' to the south or north with the advance and retreat of the ice according to the climatic fluctuations. And, of course, along with them migrated their insect 'enemies' too. Thus the war for survival continued there uninterrupted.In Europe, on the other hand, the mountains – the Alps and their lateral branches – reach from east to west, and therefore no protected areas were created. Many tree species that did not survive the severe cold died, and with them the insects that depended on them for survival. At the end of the repeated ice ages, most tree species that had survived in Europe had no need to cope with many of the insects that had become extinct, and therefore no longer had to expend efforts on producing red warning leaves. According to the scientists, evidence supporting this theory can be found in the dwarf shrubs that grow in Scandinavia, which still color their leaves red in autumn. Unlike trees, dwarf shrubs have managed to survive the ice ages under a layer of snow that covered them and protected them from the extreme condition above. Under the blanket of snow, the insects that fed off the shrubs were also protected – so the battle with insects continued in these plants, making it necessary for them to color their leaves red.2.Ripe F ruit C ontains H ighly A ctive AntioxidantsFall, the season of colors: Leaves turn red, yellow, and brown. The disappearance of the color green and the simultaneous appearance of these other colors are also signs of ripening fruit.A team led by Bernhard Kräutler at the University of Innsbruck has now determined that the breakdown of chlorophyll in ripening apples and pears produces the same decomposition products as those in brightly colored leaves. As the researchers report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, these colorless decomposition products, called nonfluorescing chlorophyll catabolytes (NCC), are highly active antioxidants—making them potentially very healthy.The beautifully colored leaves of fall are a sign of leaf senescence, the programmed cell death in plants. This process causes the disappearance of chlorophyll, which is what gives leaves their green color. For a long time, no one really knew just what happens to the chlorophyll in this process. In recent years,Kräutler and his team, working with the Zurich botanists Philippe Matile and Stefan Hörtensteiner, have been able to identify the first decomposition products: colorless, polar NCCs that contain four pyrrole rings—like chlorophyll and heme. Now the Innsbruck researchers have examined the peels of apples and pears. Unripe fruits are green because of their chlorphyll. In ripe fruits, NCCs have replaced the chlorophyll, especially in the peel and the flesh immediately below it. These catabolytes are the same for apples and pears, and are also the same as those found in the leaves of the fruit trees. “There is clearly one biochemical pathway for chlorophyll decomposition in leaf senescence and fruit ripening,” concludesKräutler.When chlorophyll is released from its protein complexes in the decomposition process, it has a phototoxic effect: When irradiated with light, it absorbs energy and can transfer it to other substances. For example, it can transform oxygen into a highly reactive, destructive form. As the researchers were able to demonstrate, the NCCs have an opposite effect: They are powerful antioxidants and can thus play an important physiological role for the plant.It then became apparent that NCCs are components of the diets of humans and other higher animals, and that they could thus also play a role in their systems. Other previously identified important antioxidants in the peels of fruits include the flavonoids. Thus, the saying, “an apple a day keeps the doctor away” seems to be true, according to Kräutler.3.No S uch T hing a s a F ree L unch for V enus F lytrapsCharles Darwin described the Venus Flytrap as 'one of the most wonderful plants in the world.' It's also one of the fastest as many an unfortunate insect taking a stroll across a leaf has discovered. But what powers this speed? Dr Andrej Pavlovič of Comenius University, Slovakia, has been studying the plants with the help of some specialised equipment and a few unlucky insects.In the wild the Venus Flytrap grows in the bogs and savannahs of North and South Carolina. This is not a healthy environment for many plants as it is low in the nitrogen to needed to build proteins. The Venus Flytrap has overcome this problem by developing a taste for meat. It has convex bi-lobed leaves with three trigger hairs on each lobe. When something knocks these hairs twice an electrical signal flips the leaves into concave shapes. If the captured creature struggles to escape it continues to tickle the trigger hairs. This causes the plant's trap to close tighter and release enzymes to digest its prey.Pavlovič looked at how the Flytraps snapped their leaves around their prey and thought that it might cost the plant energy to catch its food this way. To test his idea, he set up an infrared gas analyzer and a chlorophyll fluorescence imaging camera to watch the plants. He used a wire to make a trap snap and then simulated an insect struggling in the closed trap. Then he watched what happened as the plant caught its victim.Pavlovič said: "When a trap was triggered, photosynthesis slowed down and then recovered over ten minutes after the traps stopped being stimulated. In addition, the gas analyser showed an increase in respiration from the traps. To power the trap, the Venus Flytraps converted sugars they had photosynthesized back into carbon dioxide and energy. It is like an animal which also increases breathing when it has an increased demand for energy. The measurements showed that the effects are linked not to whether or not the trap is open, but to the stimulation of the trigger hairs. The measurements are connected with electrical signals produced by trigger hair irritation. These signals are similar to the signals which spread through the animal neurons."The results mean that the plants should not been seen as entirely passive. Pavlovič added: "These results show that the plant is as active as it appears and that it has adapted to trade-off the costs of lost photosynthesis against the benefits of additional nutrients from animal prey which in turn may later stimulate photosynthesis. This agrees with my earlier studies on carnivorous plants and shows why Venus Flytraps live in sunny habitats. The energy used in eating insects means that they need a lot of opportunity for photosynthesis,otherwise they lose more than they gain."It also suggests an answer to a question posed by Darwin over a century ago. Pavlovič noticed that when the traps closed there were gaps between the 'teeth' at the edge of the trap that a small creature could escape through. He said: "This could be an adaptive trait. Victims with little useful nitrogen can escape, ensuring the plant doesn't waste energy digesting them. The Venus Flytrap is not a merciless killer."4.Direct L ink E stablished B etween Tropical T ree A nd I nsect DiversityHigher tree species diversity leads directly to higher diversity of leaf-eating insects, researchers report in the July 13, 2006 early-online version of the journal Science.Understanding the drivers of the high diversity in tropical forests has been a major question since Darwin and Wallace visited tropical forestsand even before, Smithsonian co-author Scott Miller writes, We found that higher tropical tree diversity explains why there are more leaf-eating insects in tropical than in temperate forests.It may be obvious that forests with greater numbers of tree species should support a wider variety of leaf-eating insects than do less diverse forests, but no one had ever done the experiment to rule out the major alternative explanation: that insect species in the tropics eat the leaves of a smaller number of host trees (are more host specific), which would also result in more insect species in a given area. This study presents the best experimental evidence to date to account for the latitudinal gradient in herbivorous insect biodiversity.The international effort involved a comparison of insectsTM eating habits in temperate sites in Central Europe and lowland tropical sites near Mandang, Papau New Guinea (PNG). The team of insect ecologists, taxonomists and field assistants led by Vojtech Novotny, from the University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic, includes co-authors from the SmithsonianTMs National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), National Zoological Park (NZP) and Tropical Research Institute (STRI) and the University of Minnesota in the U.S. and Comenius University in Slovakia. The team compared 850 species of leaf-eating insects from 14 tree species in temperate floodplain forest sites in Moravia and from 14 tree species in lowland tropical sites in Papua New Guinea (PNG). They also compared caterpillars from 8 trees in Slovakia, and 8 trees in PNG. Tree species were chosen such that they would have the same evolutionary relationships at each site, making the comparisons equivalent and eliminating another confounding factor.After collecting the insects, researchers ran feeding trials by presenting larval and adult insects with foliage. They gathered and analyzed a total of 26,970 feeding observations. Based on this latitudinal comparison they concluded that individual temperate and tropical tree species support similar numbers of leaf-eating insects. Host specificity did not differ significantly between temperate and tropical communities therefore, the greater number of tree species in the tropics is the best explanation for higher insect diversity.Only 2 million of the estimated 5-10 million insect species on this planet have been identified. Nearly nothing is known about the behavior or environmental impact of most insect species. The conclusion that tree diversity drives insect diversity is a great step forward in the understanding of life on earth.5.Forest C anopies H elp D etermineNatural F ertilization R atesIn the May 30 issue of Science, a team of researchers from the United States and Sweden report on a newly identified factor that controls the natural input of new nitrogen into boreal forest ecosystems. Nitrogen is the primary nutrient that dictates productivity (and thus carbon consumption) in boreal forests. In pristine boreal ecosystems, most new nitrogen enters the forest through cyanobacteria living on the shoots of feather mosses, which grows in dense cushions on the forest floor.These bacteria convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to a form that can be used by other living organisms, a process referred to as "nitrogen-fixation." The researchers showed that this natural fertilization process appears to be partially controlled by trees and shrubs that sit above the feather mosses.In the summer of 2006, the researchers placed small tubes, called resin lysimeters, in the moss layer to catch nitrogen deposited on the feather moss carpets from the above canopy and then monitored nitrogen fixation rates in the mosses. The studies revealed that when high levels of nitrogen were deposited on the moss cushion from above, a condition typical of young forests, nitrogen fixation was extremely low. In older, low-productivity forests, very little nitrogen was deposited on the moss cushion, resulting in extremely high nitrogen fixation rates.Nitrogen fixation is an energy demanding process. Thus, when mosses are exposed to high concentrations of bioavailable nitrogen, the cyanobacteria will consume this resident nitrogen rather than expending energy on fixing new nitrogen. Thus the nitrogen content of canopy throughfall acts as a regulator of newly fixed nitrogen into these boreal forests. For this same reason, elevated nitrogen deposition from pollution likely reduces moss nitrogen fixation rates. The moss would initially buffer the forest against the effect of nitrogen added as pollution or fertilizer; however, chronic elevated nitrogen inputs would ultimately eliminate this natural source of forest fertility.The feather moss-cyanobacterial association provides a unique model system in which to study nitrogen feedback mechanisms. The cyanobacteria reside on the leaves, thus the nitrogen status of the canopy throughfall directly influences nitrogen fixation in the feather mosses. This direct expression of a nutrient feedback mechanism could not be detected in other nitrogen fixing plant species, such as legumes, that house their nitrogen fixing bacteria below ground and where soils and decomposing litter intercept and modify the nitrogen from throughfall before it reaches the bacteria.BotanyThese findings are important from aglobal standpoint, because feathermosses (and associatedcyanobacteria) are the primarysource of biologically fixed nitrogenin the boreal forest biome. Thedominating feathermoss Pleuroziumschreberi is also found in arctic andtemperate biomes and thus may bethe widest distributed individualnitrogen-fixing plant species onEarth. Understanding feed backmechanisms among dominatingorganisms that regulatefundamental ecosystem processesare integral to our ability to predictlong term outcomes of global carbondynamics.JOSHUA INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION CENTER。
新托福听力之动植物场景解析
新托福听力之动植物场景解析托福听力背景知识在复习的过程中经常会遇到，店铺为同学们带来了托福听力背景知识是和动物类相关的内容，一起来学习下吧!新托福听力之动植物场景解析场景考察范围要点：种属，举例及特点首先，我们来一下zoology 动物学考察哪些呢?1. 分类：family 科;genus 属;species 种;phylum 门;class纲;order 目;suborder 亚目2. 具体类型：reptile 爬行动物;herbivore 食草动物;mammal 哺乳动物;invertebrate 无脊椎动物;vertebrate 脊椎动物;aquatic life 水生动物;amphibian /amphibious animal 两栖动物;parasitic animal 寄生动物;protozoa原生动物;rodent 啮齿动物;primate 灵长动物;plankton浮游生物;mollusk 软体动物;coelenterate 腔肠动物(如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等);homeotherms 恒温动物;cold-bloodedanimal 冷血动物等等。
3. 考察动物的特征：creature 生物;feathers 羽毛;scales 鳞;armor甲;spinal cord 脊椎;digestivesystem 消化系统;excretorysystem 排泄系统;reproductivesystem 生殖系统;circulatorysystem 循环系统;respiratorysystem呼吸系统;hormonal system内分泌系统;appetite 食欲;digestive duct 消化管;esophagus 食管;stomach 胃;small intestine小肠;large intestine大肠;anus 肛门;digestive gland消化腺;salivary gland 唾液腺;liver肝;gallbladder 胆;pancreas 胰等等。
新托福听力场景词汇大全之植物学词汇
新托福听力场景词汇大全之植物学词汇植物学场景下的托福词汇。
托福听力考试中，词汇量是取得好成绩的基础。
托福听力植物学词汇是在一定植物学听力场景下出现的词汇，考生多多积累这类词汇，这样在遇到类似场景的时候，考生可以更轻松地理解并解答。
新托福听力场景词汇大全：植物学botany 植物学botanical / botanic植物学的 horticulture 园艺学 aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette (叶的)丛生stem茎 stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower 花 bud 花蕾 petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell(硬)果壳 husk(干)果壳/(玉米)苞叶 trunk树干 bark树皮branch树枝 bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林 lawn 草坪 meadow 草地/牧场prairie 大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇(灌木) fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses 石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用 chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生 symbiotic 共生的 wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢 blossom 花pollen花粉pollinate 传授花粉 petal花瓣nectar 花蜜 tissue组织organ器官system 系统seeds 种子everlasting 永久的crossbreed 杂交root pressure 根压bore 腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱 necrosis坏死barren 贫瘠的;不生育的 futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物(淀粉)glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉 fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的 nutrition 营养 perennial 多年一生的 annual 一年一生的 verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree 针叶树larch落叶松pine 松树spruce 云杉juniper 刺柏;杜松sequoia红杉 elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum 菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron 杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation 康乃馨lily 百合 jasmine 茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope /sunflower向日葵camellia茶花 corn / maize / mealie 玉米 pumpkin南瓜 tomato 番茄 lettuce 莴苣cabbage 卷心菜 wheat 小麦rye 黑麦barley大麦 oats燕麦希望这些词汇对大家的托福听力备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。
托福听力词汇 分类词汇汇总汇总
植物学parasite 植物学botanical / botanic 植物学的水生植物horticulture园艺学aquatic plant botanystem 叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生canopyplant寄生植物root 根树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf果皮flower 花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝trunk树干bark 树皮branch树枝（硬）果壳shellhusk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶大草原prairielawn草坪meadow 草地/bough牧场大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林灌木地衣）shrub / bushcluster蕨类植物一簇（灌木）fernmoss苔藓（lichen 光合作用木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesishorsetails 花共生symbiotic共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossomchlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis 花蜜花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectarpollen 杂交seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreedtissue组织organ器官system系统坏死cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosisroot pressure根压bore腔/肠,barren贫瘠的不生育的futile无用的蛋白质starch淀粉fat 脂肪proteincarbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖营养perennial常年的;多年生植物vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition松叶conifer tree针叶树larch 落annual,一年一生的verdant嫩绿的翠绿的evergreen常青树榆树杜松sequoia红杉elm桑树,桑葚spruce云杉juniper刺柏,pine松树mulberryorchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花plum blossomwalnut核桃树redwood红木树梅花茉莉花康乃馨lily百合jasmine荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnationwater lily南茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin(helianthus / heliotrope /) sunflower向日葵camellia 大麦oats燕麦cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley番茄瓜tomatolettuce莴苣微生物学疫苗fungus真菌毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccineantibody 抗体toxin 病毒微生物virus发酵inflection传染/感染microorganism / microbe 细菌bacteriafermentationv.) 消毒灭菌(sterilize disinfection消毒sterilization生物学鸟类学entomology昆虫学ornithologybiology生物学marine biology海洋生物学寄生虫学物种学parasitologymicrobiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology 灭绝恐龙die out / extinctionpaleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur海洋的marineunderwater水下的carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物mammal哺乳动物one-celled organism单细胞有机体潜水diving / 跳水scuba水下呼吸器蜗牛oceanic snailcamouflage保护色predator捕猎者tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protectiveorigin of species物种起源动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存animal adaptation habitat栖息地杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理wild environment野生环境insecticide 物种tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimententacle触须prey捕食navigate导航遗传的,genetic基因的the in number数量减少gene基因amphibian两栖类动物decline（菌）yeast酵母过渡转变/microbe微生物endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition 巢nest孵化incubation孵化single-cellbacteria细菌单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch 营养品未受精卵nutrient产物, chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs后代offspring,子孙ingestion摄食同类相食cannibalismrespiration呼吸食物nourishment营养品/feed喂养digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质蛋白质protein细胞壁cell wall 细胞膜plasma lemma / cell membrane遗传mutation of species物种变异amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity social群居solitarychromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程独居variation变异bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/ 变形mutation变种动物学order目zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲种suborder 亚目family科genus属species 爬行动物invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile rodent 啮齿动物amphibian / amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物浮游生物primateruminant 反刍动物parasitic anima寄生动物灵长动物plankton herbivoremollusk软体动物食草动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）变温动物冷血动物poikilothermmammal哺乳动物homeotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal bird鸟类scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的食肉的camouflage 伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore （牛、羊等）群predator捕食者prey捕食hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群flock 兽群community动物的群落或人的部落population 卫生种群hygieneherd一雌一雄的monogamous一夫一妻的/公共卫生；卫生设施sanitation一雌多雄的polyandrous一妻多夫的/polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的使受精fertilizer小生态环境vestige退化器nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche multiply / reproduce breed （名词）品种；（动词）繁殖metabolism新陈代谢生物scales鳞（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy 解剖学appetite食欲creature繁殖spawn排泄系统systemsystem消化系统甲spinal cord 脊椎excretory digestive armorfeather羽毛呼吸系统循环系统respiratory system reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system胃食管stomach内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagushormonal system唾液腺salivary glanddigestive gland消化腺小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门small intestine 胰胆pancreasliver肝gallbladder水生动物prawn对虾鲸鱼shrimp 小虾水母nettlefish 海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin 海豚whalejellyfish 龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星lobstersquid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus 章鱼sole 鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽鱼，红斑比目鱼哺乳动物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer 驯鹿giraffe 长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马(hippopotamus; hippopotami(pl.)) sloth树懒slothful懒惰的lynx猞猁coyote 郊狼两栖动物、爬行动物frog 青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caiman(宽吻鳄,凯门鳄)/crocodile鳄鱼alligator 短吻鳄centipede蜈蚣鸟类robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary 金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill （鸟）嘴/喙beak（鹰等的）嘴,鹰钩鼻昆虫insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider 蜘蛛pest 害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂( (praying) mantis shrimp 皮皮虾) cockroach 蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫(lava 岩浆)生态学ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群(megafauna大型动物群) flora植物群(mega flora大型植物群) rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation 红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste 固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝能源和环境fossil fuel 矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour 高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage 垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate 恶化acid rain 酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal 废物处理emission （汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Ni?o厄尔尼诺现象天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory 天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body 天体celestial map / sky atlas 天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star 矮星quasar 类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle 闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星orbit冥王星Pluto海王星Neptune天王星Uranus土星Saturn星木Jupiter 火星Mars地球Earth轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar 月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space 太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层chromosphere-corona transition zone色球-日冕过渡层sunglow日冕sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone 对流层vacuum真空infrared ray 红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object 幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force 吸引力molten融化的leapyear 闰年rotation 自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度light year光年气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere 电离层exosphere 逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor 蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist /humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder 雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon 台hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图地理学hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线/ 经线parallel 平行圈latitude 纬线longitude 经线/ 经度elevation 海拔altitude 高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator 赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica 南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle 南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international dateline 国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis 绿洲enclave 飞地peak 山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean 地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline 海岸线watershed 分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit 沉积spring / fountain 泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed 河床gulf / bay 海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁tide 湖水torrent 水的急流火山岛volcanic island 大陆岛continental island 热带雨林tropical rain forestcoral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago 群岛delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent 次大陆cliff 山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge 峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/ 陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra 苔原，冻原fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord 峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk 白垩纪cataclysm 大洪水ridge 山脊；分水岭abyss 深渊territory 版图；领土；地域Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii 庞贝precipice 悬崖eon 世；纪；代glacier 冰河Pangaea 盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon 咸水湖地质学crust 地壳mantle地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion 腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem 宝石diamond 钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacialepoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) conevolcano 锥状火山（陡峭）eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera（开口较大的）火山口depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology 地震学magnitude 震级seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波transverse wave 横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force 海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩The Big Melt - global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床(修辞义-基础) bulge凸起物考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家originate 起源于ancestor祖先hominid原始人挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘excavation氏族clan部落tribe的（种类）同以种族homogeneous ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画建筑学architecture建筑学architect 建筑学家construct 结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque清真寺the Statue of Liberty自由女神像the Triumphal Arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid 金字塔castle 城堡政治、经济学类subsistence存活,生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest 利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft) 承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence 富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的;精密的（仪器）教育学higher education高等教育moral character 道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni校友treasurer生活委员/财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum课程（总称）discipline 学科/管理cram/ learn by rote死记硬背encyclopedia 百科全书/专科全书人物artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple门徒,弟子apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent 天真的/无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal 家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare 简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household 家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous 死后的摄影大enlarge放developing 冲洗photographer摄影家panorama全景照片snap shot快照out of focus调焦不准高清晰度close-up特写foreground前景background背景high definition室暗三脚架相机镜头tripod dark room exposure 曝光instant camera拍立得camera lens 滤色镜long focus lens 长镜头filter wide angle lens广角镜头文学prosedescriptive narrative prose叙述性pose 散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论taleallegory寓言fairy 诗歌描写性essay随笔poetryballad 民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说主人公protagonist 主角童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character 与主角对立) main plot主要情节antagonist 反派角色( literary studies文学研究序曲preludeprologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评超现实主义surrealism schools of literature 文学流派comparativeliterature比较文学realism aestheticism唯美主义现实主义futurism 未来主义modernism现代主义音乐foot beat击鼓乐器musical instrumentorchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drummusicfolk 乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐跺脚note 音符scorerock and 交响乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony民间音乐弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐string 器oboe 双簧管keyboard instrument 键盘乐竖琴harp horn号；喇叭clarinet 单簧管soloserenade 小夜曲协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲vocal music percussion震荡/打击乐器声乐concerto质音伴奏qualitypodium 独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥指挥台accompaniment曲曲prelude 序rest chord 和弦harmony 和声休止time节拍lullaby 催眠volume音量epilogue 尾声美术（绘画和雕塑）彩pastel /蛋彩画sketch速写fine arts 素描美术oil painting油画water color 水彩画tempera mural painting / fresco壁画/招贴画charcoal drawing 木炭画色蜡笔画poster海报portrait肖像画风景画still life静物画版画engravinglithograph石板画landscape painting 一笔笔画brushstroke 油画布pigment颜色，色素canvasbrush画笔stoke caricature 漫画复制品reproduction / replica原作copy临本画板perspective透视画法originaldrawing board 美术馆galleryfake假的counterfeit 赝品genuine真的impressionistic style 印象派风格calligraphy书法paste裱糊真迹autographpanorama全景画装框sculpture雕塑[sculpture泛指(一件)雕刻或雕塑品] sculptor雕塑家framingportrait sculpture 肖像雕塑relief sculpture 浮雕figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像[statue指和实物大小相仿的雕像或雕塑品] unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝[用于印染或食用,药用；也有自称可以看到灵异现象的靛蓝儿童indigo children] purple紫色。
2020托福听力背景知识学习
2020托福听力背景知识学习托福听力备考中如果大家能了解一些各类学科的背景知识，对于托福听力提升的帮助也很大。
下面就和大家分享托福听力背景知识学习，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力背景知识学习关于植物学你了解多少托福听力背景知识学习之植物结构和其他话题一样，考生对于植物学的了解并不需要多么专业，但专家提醒各位考生，至少要了解一些和植物相关的基本词汇才能理解*所要表达的内容。
以一棵树为例，其组成部分主要包括了树干(trunk)、树皮(bark)、根(root)、树枝(branch/bough)、细枝(twig)、嫩芽，幼苗(shoot)、树叶(leaves)、叶柄(stalk)等。
植物的花(flower)包括了花苞(bud)、花瓣(petal)、花蜜(nectar)、花粉(pollen)、雌蕊(pistil)、雄蕊(stamen)等。
植物的果实(fruit)包括了果皮(peel)、果肉(flesh)、种子(seed)等，有的种子外部会包裹坚硬的壳(shell)，以保护种子不受伤害。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的光和作用(photosynthesis) 不论对于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说，光和作用都是非常重要的过程。
简单来说，光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所吸收的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)和水转化为有机物(organics)，并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。
存在于叶子中的叶绿素(chlorophyll)和一些酶(enzyme)在光合作用中起到了举足轻重的作用。
在这个过程中，植物为人类消耗了我们生产、生活中所排放的二氧化碳气体，也就是通常意义上的温室气体(greenhouse gas)。
植物释放的氧气是人类生存必不可少的。
同时，植物生产储存的有机物又为动物提供能量****，因此植物被称为食物链(food chain)的生产者。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的用途除了作为果腹的食物，植物有许多其他的重要用途。
托福听力学科知识
托福听力学科知识不管关于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说，光和作用都是非常重要的过程。
简单来说，光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所汲取的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)和水转化为有机物(organics)，并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。
存在于叶子中的叶绿素(chlorophyll)和一些酶(enzyme)在光合作用中起到了举足轻重的作用。
在这个过程中，植物为人类消耗了我们生产、生活中所排放的二氧化碳气体，也就是通常意义上的温室气体(greenhouse gas)。
植物释放的氧气是人类生存必不可少的。
同时，植物生产储存的有机物又为动物提供能量来源，因此植物被称为食物链(food chain)的生产者。
2托福听力学科知识-北极光地球磁场分布在地球四周，受太阳风的吹拂而被包裹着，形成一个棒槌状的腔体，它的科学名称叫做磁层(magnetosphere) 。
为了更具体一点起见，我们可以把磁层看成是一个庞大无比的电视映像管，它将进入高空大气的太阳风粒子流汇聚成束，聚焦到地磁的极区，极区大气就是映像管的萤光幕，极光就是电视萤幕上移动的图像。
但是，这里的电视萤幕却不是20吋或是29 吋，而是直径为40000公里的极区高空大气。
通常，地面上的观众在某个地方只能见到画面的五十分之一。
在电视映像管中，电子束击中电视萤幕，因为萤幕上涂有发光物质，会发射出光，显示成图像。
同样，来自空间的电子束，打入极区高空大气层时，会激发大气中的分子与原子，导致发光，人们便见到了极光的图像显示。
在电视映像管中，是一对电极和一个电磁铁作用于电子束，产生并形成一种活动的图像。
在极光发生时，极光的显示和运动则是由于粒子束受到磁层中电场和磁场变化的作用所造成的。
3托福听力学科知识-电影20世纪初，剧院老板会请乐团或乐手依据电影情节进行配乐，人们逐渐开始追寻有声电影。
到了20世纪20年代，第一部有声电影终于出现了，但其配音只是在电影的部分，并非贯穿始终。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物学
托福听力背景知识学习之植物学托福听力背景知识学习之植物结构和其他话题一样，考生对于植物学的了解并不需要多么专业，但专家提醒XX位考生，至少要了解一些和植物相关的基本词汇才能理解文章所要表达的内容。
以一棵树为例，其组成部分主要包括了树干(trunk)、树皮(bark)、根(root)、树枝(branch/bough)、细枝(twig)、嫩芽，幼苗(shoot)、树叶(lees)、叶柄(stalk)等。
植物的花(flower)包括了花苞(bud)、花瓣(petal)、花蜜(nectar)、花粉(llen)、雌蕊(pistil)、雄蕊(stamen)等。
植物的果实(ft)包括了果皮(peel)、果肉(flesh)、种子(seed)等，有的种子外部会包裹坚硬的壳(shell)，以保护种子不受伤害。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的光和作用(photosynthesis)不论对于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说，光和作用都是非常重要的过程。
简单来说，光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所吸收的二氧化碳(carbondioxide)和水转化为有机物(orgXX)，并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。
存在于叶子中的叶绿素(chlorophyll)和一些酶(enzyme)在光合作用中起到了举足轻重的作用。
在这个过程中，植物为人类消耗了我们生产、生活中所排放的二氧化碳气体，也就是通常意义上的温室气体(greenhousegas)。
植物释放的氧气是人类生存必不可少的。
同时，植物生产储存的有机物又为动物提供能量来源，因此植物被称为食物链(food in)的生产者。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的用途除了作为果腹的食物，植物有许多其他的重要用途。
许多药物成分的提取主要是来自于植物，比如阿司匹林(asprin)的成分就源自于柳树皮(bark ofwillow trees);像(rphine)这类止痛剂(narcotic analgesics)则是从罂粟(opiumppy)中提取的。
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托福听力背景知识学习之植物学
托福听力备考中如果大家能了解一些各类学科的背景知识，对于托福听力提升的帮助也很大。
下面就和大家分享托福听力背景知识学习，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力背景知识学习关于植物学你了解多少?
托福听力背景知识学习之植物结构
和其他话题一样，考生对于植物学的了解并不需要多么专业，但专家提醒各位考生，至少要了解一些和植物相关的基本词汇才能理解*所要表达的内容。
以一棵树为例，其组成部分主要包括了树干(trunk)、树皮(bark)、根(root)、树枝(branch/bough)、细枝(twig)、嫩芽，幼苗(shoot)、树叶(leaves)、叶柄(stalk)等。
植物的花(flower)包括了花苞(bud)、花瓣(petal)、花蜜(nectar)、花粉(pollen)、雌蕊(pistil)、雄蕊(stamen)等。
植物的果实(fruit)包括了果皮(peel)、果肉(flesh)、种子(seed)等，有的种子外部会包裹坚硬的壳(shell)，以保护种子不受伤害。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的光和作用(photosynthesis) 不论对于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说，光和作用都是非常重要的过程。
简单来说，光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所吸收的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)和水转化为有机物(organics)，
并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。
存在于叶子中的叶绿素(chlorophyll)和一些酶(enzyme)在光合作用中起到了举足轻重的作用。
在这个过程中，植物为人类消耗了我们生产、生活中所排放的二氧化碳气体，也就是通常意义上的温室气体(greenhouse gas)。
植物释放的氧气是人类生存必不可少的。
同时，植物生产储存的有机物又为动物提供能量****，因此植物被称为食物链(food chain)的生产者。
托福听力背景知识学习之植物的用途
除了作为果腹的食物，植物有许多其他的重要用途。
许多药物成分的提取主要是来自于植物，比如阿司匹林(asprin)的成分就源自于柳树皮(bark of willow trees);像吗啡(morphine)这类麻醉止痛剂(narcotic analgesics)则是从罂粟(opium poppy)中提取的。
我们常常用来提神的咖啡(coffee)、巧克力(chocolate)、烟草(tobacco)和茶(tea)也是从植物中得来的。
通过发酵(ferment)如大麦(barley)、米(rice)和葡萄(grape)这些植物，我们还能得到不同口味的美酒。
生活中，植物能为我们提供棉(cotton)、麻(hemp)等织物(fabrics)，丝绸(silk)的生产也离不开桑树(mulberry tree)的存在。
有的植物还能做成绳锁(rope)，制作橡胶(rubber)，为人类生活带来便利。
作为一种方便易得的有机体，植物可以用来做各种研究基本生命过程(life process)的实验，比如细胞的分裂(cell division)，蛋白质的合成(protein synthesis)等。
而这些研究并不需要背负动物实验或人体实验的伦理包袱。
奥地利的门德尔(Gregor Mendel)通过研究豌豆形状而得出了遗传的基本原理(genetic laws of inheritance)。
托福听力背景知识学习之考题体现
在各种托福考试的参考书中都出现过关于植物学的考题，如官方真题Official中有一篇讲nightcap oak的*，从整体上介绍了这种特殊植物的生长繁殖特点。
比较有特色的是Delta中出现了介绍两种植物的生长激素(hormone)：乙烯(ethylene)和植物生长素(auxin)。
话题的切入点很小，中心名词也非常陌生，但只要能根据所描述解释的内容和实例，不难理解*所要表达的主旨，考生甚至能把实际生活与之联系。
托福听力备考既要提升听力能力也要扩充一些学科相关的背景知识，因为听力背景知识可以帮助大家了解相关学科知识，提升对材料的理解力，有利于大家把握材料重点，做对题目。
托福听力：学生丢ID和饭卡
Listen to a conversation between a student and a staff in University Service office.
女生丢了钱包wallet，里面有她的student id，meal card key 等东西，她不能进自己的寝室she cant enter her dorm。
她想到student service center 这儿来补办id card。
(考主旨题：Why does the student go to see the office worker in the university service office? mm 要补办new id 卡。
)遇到staff(口音像是一位黑人大叔)把守。
男staff：没有id card 你不能进去，这个地方只有持student id 的人才可以进去。
女生：我跟人家说我的ID 掉了，就被支到这个地方来了。
男staff：出示其它有头像的证件，比如驾照driving license、护照passport 什么的。
女生：我passport 在dorm 里。
wallet 丢了，id card 和钥匙也丢了，进不去dorm(题目：她为何拿不到passport?因为在宿舍，没有ID 卡她进不去。
Why 女生不能出示diver license?正确答案：her wallet was stolen.) 。
我和dorm 负责人说过这个问题。
他给您这儿发了email 说明。
男staff 查了查，果然如此。
男staff：如果你能正确说出你的ID number，就让你进去。
(黑人叔叔怎么确认她的身份?输入id 卡信息，通过电脑确认。
) 女生：我的ID number 是X.X.X.X。