考博真题
贵州民族大学考博英语真题
贵州民族大学考博英语真题1、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when2、It took a long time to _______ Tom to go shopping with me. [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. persuade(正确答案)D. talk3、_____he was seriously ill, I wouldn’t have told him the truth. [单选题] *A.If I knewB.Had I known(正确答案)C.Did I knowD.Were I known4、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice5、There ______ a football match and a concert this weekend.（）[单选题] *A. isB. haveC. will be(正确答案)D. will have6、We should have breakfast every day to keep ______. [单选题] *A. healthB. healthy(正确答案)C. healthilyD. the healthy7、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)D. keies8、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)9、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)10、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)11、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)12、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out13、20．Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] * A．heavyB．hardlyC．heavily(正确答案)D．strongly14、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What15、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)16、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)17、She _______ be here. [单选题] *A. is gladB. is so glad to(正确答案)C. am gladD. is to18、9．There will be a lot of activities at English Festival nest month. Which one would you like to ________? [单选题] *A．take part in (正确答案)B．joinC．attendD．go19、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known20、Lucy _______ at 7:00 every day. [单选题] *A. go to schoolB. goes to school(正确答案)C. to go to schoolD. went?to?school21、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)22、Last week they _______ in climbing the Yuelu Mountain. [单选题] *A. succeeded(正确答案)B. succeedC. successD. successful23、_______, making some DIY things is fashionable. [单选题] *A. Stand outB. In ones opinionC. In my opinion(正确答案)D. Out of fashion24、11．________ big furniture shop it is! [单选题] *A．HowB．WhatC．What a (正确答案)D．What an25、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. （）[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)26、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach27、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading28、Which animal do you like _______, a cat, a dog or a bird? [单选题] *A. very muchB. best(正确答案)C. betterD. well29、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] * A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time30、He was proud of what he had done. [单选题] *A. 对…感到自豪(正确答案)B. 对…感到满足C. 对…表示不满D. 对…表示后悔。
南京师范大学数学科学学院考博真题
南京师范大学数学科学学院考博真题070101基础数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：同调代数科目二（02方向）：一般拓扑学2005，2007，2009动力系统2009科目二（03方向）：数论导引2003，2009070102计算数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：矩阵计算2009，2011科目二（02方向）：微分方程数值解2007，2009---2011科目二（03方向）：最优化方法2003，2005，2009070104应用数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：偏微分方程2005---2011070105 运筹学与控制论（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：图论2006，2007，2009，2011071400统计学具体清单：科目一：统计综合科目二：01方向:偏微分方程2005---2011科目二：02方向:经济学科目二：03方向:随机过程009数学科学学院其它试卷：现代分析2011组合数学2005基础代数2005泛函分析2006复分析2005，2006微分方程定性理论2006---2009密码学2009智能优化2009-----------------------------------------------------------------------------。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
兰州大学文学院考博真题
兰州大学文学院考博真题1、14．下面各组词语中加点字的注音，完全正确的一项是（）[单选题] * A．渲染（xuàn）抽噎（yè）逞能（chěnɡ）自惭形秽（huì）B．迸溅（bènɡ）荣膺（yīnɡ）褶皱（zhě）气冲斗牛（dǒu）(正确答案) C．殷红（yīn）阔绰（chuò）惩戒（chéng）戛然而止（jiá）D．缄默（jiān）追溯（sù）栈桥（zhàn）鲜为人知（xiān）2、下列选项中加着重号字注音正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A、槁暴pù輮使之然róu舟楫jì舆马yúB、蛟龙jiāo跬步kuǐ骐骥jì爪牙zhǎo(正确答案)C、镂金lóu 弩马nǔ洞穴xué生非异也xìngD、跂而望qì锲而不舍qì二螯áo 参省乎己xǐng3、下列选项中加着重号字注音正确的一项是（）[单选题] *A、汗涔涔cén 伺候sì虐待nuèB、怜悯lián弥补mí谛听dì(正确答案)C、沉吟yíng惊愕è固执zhíD、仆人pú烦躁zhào 雪茄jiā4、1《荷花淀》是孙犁的散文。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错5、1《雷雨》是一部歌剧，作者是曹禺。
[判断题] *对(正确答案)错6、下列有关《红楼梦》的说明，正确的一项是( ) [单选题] *A.《红楼梦》中长着“两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目”的是王熙凤，该人最擅弄权术，例如毒设相思局、弄权铁槛寺、逼死尤二姐、破坏宝黛婚姻，最后落了个“机关算尽太聪明，反误了卿卿性命”的悲剧下场。
B.《红楼梦》中贾府的“四春”分别是：孤独的贾元春、精明的贾迎春、懦弱的贾探春、孤僻的贾惜春，取“原应叹息”之意。
山东大学考博真题
山东大学考博真题2022年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学一、名词解释1、古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较2、社会福利函数理论3、新剑桥模型理论二、计算题2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。
三、论述题1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？2022年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。
2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。
3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。
4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。
5、论述2022年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。
6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。
7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。
上述题目中1-4任选二题，5-7任选二题，每题25分。
95年一.名词解释(5某4)1边际替代率2资本边际效率3挤出效应4生产可能性曲线(边界)二.简答(15某2)1需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容三.论述(25某2)1作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比2试述LM曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM分析的意义96年一.名词解释(5某4)1规模收益2完全垄断3通货膨胀4法定准备率二.简答(15某2)1公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场三.论述(25某2)1完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)97年一.名词解释(5某4)1需求收入弹性2等产量线3投资乘数4边际消费倾向二.简答(15某2)1无差异曲线主要有那些性质2如图所示,请说明IS-LM模型中从非均衡点A到均衡点E的调整过程三.论述(25某2)1试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用98年一名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.替代效应2.机会成本3.加速原理4.边际消费倾向二简要回答下列问题（每题15分，共30分1.简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）2.西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三论述下列问题（每题25分，共50分）1.试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线。
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
英语考博试题及答案
英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
清华大学数学考博真题及答案
清华大学数学考博真题及答案
一、选择题
1．函数的定义域是（） [单选题] *
A．[-2,3]
B．[-3,3]
C．(-2,-1)∪(-1,3](正确答案)
D．(-3,3)
2．已知，则（） [单选题] *
A．有可去间断点
B．有跳跃间断点(正确答案)
C．有无穷间断点
D．没有间断点
3．设可导，且满足，则曲线在点处的切线斜率为（） [单选题] *
A．4
B．-4
C．1
D．-1(正确答案)
4．曲线的水平和垂直渐近线分别为（） [单选题] *
A．у=1,x=0
B．y=0,x=1
C．y=0,x=0(正确答案)
D．y=1,x=1
5.设（） [单选题] *
A．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)
B．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)<ƒ(1)(正确答案)
C．ƒ(1))<-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)
D．ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)<-ƒ(-1)
二、填空题
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
三、解答题
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
[上传文件题] *
四、应用题
[上传文件题] *
五、证明题
[上传文件题] *。
贵州财经大学考博英语真题
贵州财经大学考博英语真题1、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among2、I hope Tom will arrive _______ to attend the meeting. [单选题] *A. in timesB. on time(正确答案)C. at timesD. from time to time3、Galileo was ____ Italian physicist and astronomer who invented _____ telescope. [单选题] *A. a, aB. the, theC. an, aD. an, the(正确答案)4、We should _______ a hotel before we travel. [单选题] *A. book(正确答案)B. liveC. stayD. have5、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念6、The soldiers were_____of running away when the enemy attacked. [单选题] *A.chargedB.accused(正确答案)C.scoldedD.estimated7、It usually takes him about 15 minutes _______ his bike to school. [单选题] *A. ridesB. ridingC. rideD. to ride(正确答案)8、I’m so tired after _______ walk. [单选题] *A. three hour’sB. three hours’(正确答案)C. three hoursD. three hour9、I _____ of her since she left school three years ago. [单选题] *A. didn’t hearB. haven’t heard(正确答案)C. was not hearingD. shall not heard10、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of（）. [单选题] *A. dateB. shape(正确答案)C. orderD. balance11、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. How muchC. How(正确答案)D. When12、_______ your help, I passed the English exam. [单选题] *A. ThanksB. Thanks to(正确答案)C. Thank youD. Thank to13、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)14、We moved to the front row_____we could hear and see better. [单选题] *A. so asB. so that(正确答案)C. becauseD. such that15、The children ______ visiting the museum. [单选题] *A. look overB. look forward to(正确答案)C. look forD. look after16、He gathered his courage and went on writing music. [单选题] *A. 从事B. 靠······谋生C. 继续(正确答案)D. 致力于17、_______! Jack,the floor is wet. [单选题] *A. Be careful(正确答案)B. Be careful toC. Be careful forD. Be careful with18、Some people were born with a good sense of direction. [单选题] *A. 听觉B. 方向感(正确答案)C. 辨别力D. 抽象思维19、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)20、Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____. [单选题] *A. more helpfulB. extremely helpfulC. very helpfulD. the most helpful(正确答案)21、——Have you（）your friend Bill recently? ———No, he doesnt often write to me. [单选题] *A. heard aboutB. heard ofC. heard from (正确答案)D. received from22、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is（）the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how23、Wang Dong usually gets up at 6:00 _______ he can catch the early school bus. [单选题] *A. as ifB. so that(正确答案)C. untilD. after24、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are25、She is _______, but she looks young. [单选题] *A. in her fifties(正确答案)B. at her fiftyC. in her fiftyD. at her fifties26、I don’t think he will take the case seriously,_____? [单选题] *A.don’t IB.won’t heC.does heD.will he(正确答案)27、Location is the first thing customers consider when_____to buy a house. [单选题] *A.planning(正确答案)B.plannedC.having plannedD.to plan28、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it29、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.（）[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well30、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well。
博士生英语考试真题试卷
博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。
解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。
2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。
解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。
3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。
解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。
4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。
解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。
南京师范大学考博真题
南京师范大学考博真题为方便广大考南京师范大学博士的朋友，我们特地整理了近年来南京师范大的博士试卷清单，供大家参考！希望能帮助到大家！南京师范大学考博英语 2002---2013南京师范大学考博日语（或者二外日语）2001，2003---2013南京师范大学考博法语（或者二外法语）2006---2012南京师范大学考博俄语（或者二外俄语）2003，2004，2006---2013南京师范大学考博德语（或者二外德语）2009---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 001文学院， 021国际文化教育学院考博试卷050101文艺学（2001，2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：文艺理论2001，2002，2004---2011科目二：文学评论2001，2002，2004---2011050102语言学及应用语言学（2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：语音学理论与实验方法科目二（02方向）：神经语言学与认知神经科学基础2002，2004---2006，2008，2009，2011050125★对外汉语教学（国际文化教育学院）（2007---2012）具体清单：科目一：语言学理论2008---2010，2012（2007以及之前考现代语言学）现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：现代语法理论2004，2007---2011科目二（02方向）：现代汉语语法与语言习得理论2007---2011050103 汉语言文字学（2001---2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：汉语的理论与实践2002---2004，2006，2010---2012古代汉语与文献2007---2009汉语语言学综合基础（汉语言文字学）2001科目二（01，02方向）：汉语史2002---2004，2006---2012中古近代汉语2001传统语言学（古代汉语）2001科目二（03方向）：现代汉语2010，2012现代汉语与方言2001---2004，2006，2007050104 中国古典文献学（2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国古典文献学2005---2011科目二：古代汉语2004---2011050105 中国古代文学（2001，2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国古代文史知识2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（01方向）：诗词学2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（02方向）：先秦两汉魏晋南北朝文学2004，2006，2012科目二（03方向）：唐宋文学2001，2004，2006---2012050106 中国现当代文学（2001---2003，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国现当代文学思潮和流派研究2001，2002，2010---2012中国现当代文学理论批评史2003，2006---2009科目二：中国现当代文学作家作品研究2001，2002，2010----2012中国现当代文学史2003，2006---2009050108 比较文学与世界文学（2001---2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：外国文学史2002---2003，2005---2011科目二：西方文学批评史2002---2003，2005---2011中外文学综合基础200120世纪中外文学关系史2001西方文论2001050124★应用文体学（2005，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：古代文论与古代官制2005，2007---2011古代文论2001，2002，2004科目二：古代文牍学与当代实用文体学2005，2007---2011130300戏剧与影视学（02电影学，03电视艺术学）（2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：影视史论2009---2011科目二：影视理论与批评（文艺理论）2004---2011（2010年以及之前考文艺理论）130300戏剧与影视学（01中国戏剧学）（2001，2004，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国戏曲史2001，2004，2007---2011科目二：戏剧戏曲理论2007---2011050122★中国文学与文化（2004---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：中国文化史2004---2010科目二（01方向）：先秦诸子思想与文学2006---2010科目二（02方向）：先唐文化与文学2005---2010001文学院其它试卷：美学2010文学评论写作（写作学）2004，2005中国古代文论与马列文论2001，2002，2004文学原理与文艺美学2004---2006文学思想史暨学术思潮2001，2002，2004文艺学综合基础（文本解读、中外文论）2005语言学理论和应用（语义语法学，对外汉语教学与管理）2002，2004---2011（2011考对外汉语教学与管理，2010以及之前考语义语法学）（2006缺少第2页）中文信息处理2002，2004---2010（2006缺少第2页）应用语言学基础2004中外语言学史2004文字学基础2004音韵学基础2004古文献阅读基础知识2005元明清文学2001，2004---2012隋唐五代文学2001，2004，2006---2008古代文论2004古代汉语2004，2005文学理论基础2001，2002中国传统音乐文化2005---2009------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 002新闻与传播学院考博试卷050301新闻学（2007---2010）具体清单：科目一：新闻学基础2008---2010新闻传播理论与历史2007新闻实务2007科目二（01方向）：发展新闻学2008---2010科目二（02方向）：新闻史论2008---2010科目二（03方向）：新闻法学2010科目二（04方向）：新闻摄影学（含广播电视学）2009，2010广播电视学2009大众传媒与大众文化2005，2006------------------------------------------------------------------------------------南京师范大学 003公共管理学院考博试卷010105伦理学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：中外伦理思想史2007---2011科目二：伦理学理论2007---2011030203科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动（2004，2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国社会主义政治发展2004，2006---2011科目二：科学社会主义经典著作2004，2006---2011030501马克思主义基本原理（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：马克思主义基本原理2005---2011科目二：马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006030503马克思主义中国化研究（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论2011科目二（01方向）：社会主义经济理论2005---2008，2010，2011科目二（02方向）：中共党史2007---2011030505思想政治教育（2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011科目二：马克思主义思想政治教育经典著作2010，2011（2009年以及之前考马克思主义经典著作）马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006030504国外马克思主义研究（2007---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：马克思主义史2007---2010科目二：西方马克思主义概论2007---2010003公共管理学院其它试卷：马克思主义哲学2005世界社会主义（1848-1956）2004，2006---2011社会主义理论与实践2004中外近现代史2005------------------------------------------------------------------------------------南京师范大学 004法学院考博试卷030101法学理论（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：法理学2003---2011科目二：法律思想史2003---2011030102法律史（2007---2011）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：中国法制史2007---2011科目二：中外法律思想史2007---2011030103宪法学与行政法学（2007---2011）科目一：宪法学科目二：行政法学宪法学与行政法学2007---2011030104刑法学（2003---2005，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：刑法学2003---2005外国刑法学（德、日）2008---2011科目二：中国刑法与刑事政策（中国刑法学）2008---2011030105民商法学（2003---2005，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：民商法学理论科目二：比较民商法学中国民法学2007---2011民法学2003---2005中国商法学2007---2011030106诉讼法学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：诉讼法学（刑法原理与民法原理）2006---2012（2012年以及之前考刑法原理与民法原理）科目二（01方向）：民事证据制度（民事诉讼法学）2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫民事诉讼法学）科目二（02方向）：民事证据制度（刑事诉讼法学）2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫刑事诉讼法学）证据制度2004现代司法制度2004004法学院其它试卷：法学基本理论2004，2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 005商学院考博试卷120100管理科学与工程（2012新增）科目一：运筹学与管理统计学最优化理论与方法2003，2005，2009科目二（01方向）：管理经济学科目二（02方向）：管理行为研究070120★决策学（2008---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：决策学原理2008---2010科目二：管理学综合2008---2010070524★空间经济学（2007---2011）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：空间经济学原理2007---2011科目二：经济学综合（西方经济学70%+国际经济学30%）2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 006教育科学学院考博试卷040101教育学原理（2004，2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：教育原理2004，2006---2013科目二：中外教育思想史2006---2013040102课程与教学论（2002，2004，2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：教学论2002，2004，2007---2010，2012，2013科目二（01，02方向）：教育心理学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005，2007---2010，2012，2013科目二（03方向）：数学教育学2002，2004，2009---2011科目二（04方向）：语文教育学040103教育史（2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中外教育史：中国近现代教育史2009---2012中外近现代教育史2007外国教育史2009---2012科目二：史学理论与方法2009040104比较教育学（2007，2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：外国教育史2009---2012中外近现代教育史2007科目二：比较教育学2007，2009---2011040105学前教育学（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：学前教育学2003---2011科目二：儿童心理学2004---2011040106高等教育学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：高等教育学原理2002---2011科目二：高等教育的历史与比较2002---2011040107成人教育学（2012新增）具体清单：科目一：成人教育原理科目二：家庭与社会教育040108职业技术教育学（2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：技术与职业教育原理2008---2011科目二：科学技术概论2008---2011040110教育技术学（2002，2003，2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：教育技术综合基础2002，2003，2006---2011科目二（01方向）：软件基础2002，2003，2006---2011 科目二（02方向）：视觉文化与媒介素养2007---2011040121★德育学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：德育学2007---2011科目二：教育学2010，2011教育原理2004，2006---2013040127★教育领导与管理（2004，2005，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：教育管理学2004，2005，2008---2011科目二：中外教育管理史2009---2011040124★美育学（2003，2004，2006---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：教育原理2004，2006---2013科目二：审美与文化（审美心理学）2003，2007---2010中西艺术史2003，2004006教育科学学院其它试卷：课程论2008化学教育学2002，2009，2010物理教育学2002中国哲学史2009学前教育史2005教育哲学2005---2008计算机与网络应用2002，2003，2006数据库原理与应用2003教育科学研究方法2003------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 007 外国语学院考博试卷南京师范大学考博英语（或者二外英语）2002---2013南京师范大学考博日语（或者二外日语）2001，2003---2013南京师范大学考博法语（或者二外法语）2006---2012南京师范大学考博俄语（或者二外俄语）2003，2004，2006---2013南京师范大学考博德语（或者二外德语）2009---2011050201英语语言文学（2004，2005，2008---2013）具体清单：科目一：翻译与英文写作2004，2005，2008---2013翻译与外文写作（英语）2007---2011科目二（01方向）：英美文学2004，2005，2008---2013科目二（02方向）：理论语言学2005，2008---2012科目二（03方向）：神经认知语言学2008---2012050211外国语言学及应用语言学（2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：翻译与英文写作2004，2005，2008---2013翻译与外文写作（英语）2007---2011翻译与俄文写作（俄语）2007，2009---2011科目二（01方向）：应用语言学2008---2012科目二（02方向）：认知语言学2012，2013科目二（03方向）：诗学与文化符号学2007---2011050203法语语言文学具体清单：科目一：翻译与法文写作（法语）2010，2011科目二（01方向）：法国文学翻译研究科目二（02方向）：中法比较文学研究007外国语学院其它试卷：西方语言学理论2009---2011翻译与外文写作（意大利语）2010翻译与外文写作（日语）2007，2008英美文学作品阅读与评论2005西方文论2005普通语言学2005英语语言史2005翻译理论2004，2005，2007，2008------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 008社会发展学院考博试卷060100考古学具体清单：科目一：中国考古科目二（01方向）：史前考古与研究2008，2009科目二（02方向）：历史时期考古科目二（02方向）：艺术考古研究060200中国史（2004，2006，2008---2013）具体清单：科目一：中国通史2004，2006，2008---2013中外通史2004科目二（01方向）：自古社会经济史2012中国经济史2010，2011近现代经济史2006，2008，2009中国古代经济史2004，2006，2008，2009中国农村经济史2008，2009科目二（02方向）：唐代历史及文献2012科目二（03方向）：秦汉史2012科目二（04方向）：中国近现代史2012，2013其它试卷：中国历史地理2004，2006，2008经济学理论与方法2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 009数学科学学院考博试卷070101基础数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：同调代数科目二（02方向）：一般拓扑学2005，2007，2009动力系统2009科目二（03方向）：数论导引2003，2009070102计算数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：矩阵计算2009，2011科目二（02方向）：微分方程数值解2007，2009---2011科目二（03方向）：最优化方法2003，2005，2009070104应用数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：偏微分方程2005---2011070105 运筹学与控制论（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：图论2006，2007，2009，2011071400统计学具体清单：科目一：统计综合科目二：01方向:偏微分方程2005---2011科目二：02方向:经济学科目二：03方向:随机过程009数学科学学院其它试卷：现代分析2011组合数学2005基础代数2005泛函分析2006复分析2005，2006微分方程定性理论2006---2009密码学2009智能优化2009------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 010物理科学与技术学院考博试卷070201理论物理（2004---2010）具体清单：科目一：高等量子力学2004---2010科目二（01方向）：粒子物理2004，2005，2007，2010科目二（02方向）：固体物理2004---2006，2008，2009科目二（03方向）：天体物理学计算天体物理2005080901物理电子学（2005---2010）具体清单：科目一：光电技术2005---2010量子物理2007，2008，2010科目二（01方向）：数字图象处理2005---2010科目二（02方向）：材料物理2008---2010科目二（03方向）：微波技术科目二（04方向）：数字信号处理010物理科学与技术学院其它试卷：天体辐射理论2005量子场论2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 011 化学与环境科学学院考博试卷070300化学（2008---2010）具体清单：科目一：大学化学：物理化学2008---2010科目二：现代分析测试技术2008---2010------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 012 生命科学学院考博试卷071001植物学（2007，2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：植物生理学2007，2009---2011科目二：植物分子生物学2007，2009---2011071002动物学（2002---2006，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：高级生物化学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011科目二（01，04方向）：动物学2003，2005，2005答案，2006，2008---2011分子遗传学2004，2005，2006（1），2006（2），2008---2011科目二（02，03方向）：分子遗传学2004，2005，2006（1），2006（2），2008---2011071004水生生物学（2007---2010）具体清单：科目一：水域生态学2007---2010科目二：高级水生生物学浮游生物学2008，2009水生动物疾病学2009071005微生物学（2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：生物化学实验方法与技术2004---2011科目二：高级微生物学2004---2011071009细胞生物学（2002---2006，2008---2011）具体清单：科目一：分子生物学2002---2004，2006，2008---2011科目二：细胞生物学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011071010生物化学与分子生物学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：高级生物化学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011科目二：细胞生物学2002，2003，2004（1），2004（2），2005---2011071020★生物技术（2003---2011）具体清单：科目一：生物化学实验方法与技术2004---2011科目二：高级微生物学2004---2011071300生态学（2008---2010）具体清单：科目一：基础生态学2008---2010科目二：遗传学2009，2010012 生命科学学院其它试卷：基因工程技术2003---2005，2008---2011细胞工程2003发酵工程2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 013 地理科学学院考博试卷070501自然地理学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：自然地理学2002---2011科目二（01方向）：第四纪环境学2005---2007，2009，2011科目二（02方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（03方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070502人文地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：人文地理学原理2002，2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：城市地理学科目二（02方向）：区域分析与规划2008---2011城市与区域规划2002，2003，2005---2007区域经济学2002，2003，2005---2007科目二（03方向）：旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011旅游地理学2005---2007旅游规划2006，2007，2011070503地图学与地理信息系统（2001---2012）具体清单：科目一：地理信息系统原理与方法2001---2012地理信息系统原理2006---2011科目二：地理数据获取与分析遥感原理2001---2012C语言程序设计（包括数据结构）2001---2012现代自然地理学2001---2011070521★环境地理学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：环境科学2005---2011科目二（01方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（02方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070522★海洋地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：海洋学概论2002，2003，2005，2009科目二：海洋环境概论070523★遥感技术与应用（2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：遥感原理与方法2006---2011遥感原理2001---2012科目二：地理数据获取与分析地理信息系统原理2006---2011数字图像处理2006---2008，2010，2011数字摄影测量学2006---2008070905第四纪地质学（2002---2004，2009）具体清单：科目一：第四纪地质学2009地貌学与第四纪地质学2002---2004科目二：地球化学2009070525★资源科学（2005---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：自然资源学原理2009科目二：经济地理学2005，2009旅游规划2006，2007，2011旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011013 地理科学学院其它试卷：地貌学2005，2009自然地理学研究方法2003---2005非线性科学2003，2005---2009地理学基础理论2003---2005地图学2004，2005地球系统科学2002------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 014 音乐学院考博试卷130200音乐与舞蹈学（2012新增）具体清单：科目一：音乐综合理论科目二：音乐专业方向理论与实践------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 015 体育科学学院考博试卷040301体育人文社会学（2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：体育原理：体育社会学2007---2011科目二（01方向）：体育管理学2007---2011科目二（02方向）：学校体育学2002，2004，2008---2011科目二（03方向）：体育与法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 016 美术学院考博试卷130400美术学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：美术学与设计学综合基础2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫美术学综合基础）科目二：中外美术史2004，2006---2012中国美术史2004，2006---2009艺术概论2004中外美术理论2004130500设计学（2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：美术学与设计学综合基础2004，2006---2012（2012年以及之前叫美术学综合基础）科目二：中外设计史------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学 021国际文化教育学院考博试卷050125★对外汉语教学（国际文化教育学院）（2007---2012）具体清单：科目一：语言学理论2008---2010，2012（2007以及之前考现代语言学）现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：现代语法理论2004，2007---2011科目二（02方向）：现代汉语语法与语言习得理论2007---2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 南京师范大学心理学院考博试卷077101基础心理学（2003，2004，2007---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二（01方向）：心理学理论与流派2010---2012科目二（02方向）：认知神经科学2009---2011科目二（03方向）：中国文化心理学077102发展与教育心理学（2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二：教育心理研究2010---2013发展心理学与教育心理学2006---2009077102应用心理学（2006---2013）具体清单：科目一：心理学研究方法2006---2011，2013科目二（01方向）：儿童发展研究（发展心理学）2011，2012发展心理学与教育心理学2006---2009科目二（02方向）：社会心理学心理学院其它试卷：实验心理学2004，2007---2011心理学史2003，2004，2007---2011基础心理学原理2003普通心理学2004（1），2004（2）认知心理学2003000000高校思政教师专项计划具体清单：科目一：毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论2011科目二（01，02方向）：中共党史2007---2011科目二（03方向）：思想政治教育原理思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011马克思主义基本原理概论2011马克思主义基本原理2005---2011社会主义经济理论2005---2008，2010，2011中国社会主义政治发展2004，2006---2011社会主义理论与实践2004------------------------------------------------------------------------------------999999高校辅导员专项计划具体清单：科目一：思想政治教育原理与方法（辅导员专项）2010，2011思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011科目二：科研与业绩马克思主义基本原理（含原著）2010，2011思想政治教育原理与方法2005---2011马克思主义基本原理2005---2011马克思主义经典著作2007---2011马克思主义哲学原著选读2005，2006科学社会主义原著选读2005，2006马克思主义思想政治教育经典著作2010，2011------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 045171学校课程与教学（教育博士）具体清单：科目一：教育学综合2010，2011科目二：课程与教学基本理论------------------------------------------------------------------------------------045100教育领导与管理（教育博士）具体清单：科目一：教育学综合2010，2011科目二：教育管理学概论（教育博士）（张新平出题）2010，2011教育管理学（教育领导与管理）（张新平出题）2004，2005，2008---2011陆续会更新试卷库请关注！。
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析（一）厂商成本函数为C（Q）=F+0.5a Q21．求厂商的规模报酬区间2．厂商的供给函数3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q（A,b均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？【育明教育解析】1.AC=C Q=F Q+12aQ当F Q=12Aq，即Q=2F a时，AC取最小值2aF故Q在0，2F a2F a，+∞上规模不经济1.MC=dC dQ=aQ=p∴供给函数为Q=P a，（p≥2aF）0，（p<2aF）2.p=A−bQQ=P a=>p=aA a+b，Q=A a+b唯一均衡存在的条件是：p=aA a+b≥2aF（二）有a，b两人，消费物品1,2。
效用函数分别为，，a，b 的禀赋分别为（9,3）和（12,6）1．求1和2的超额需求函数，并验证瓦尔拉斯法则2．求均衡价格3．若经济禀赋为（21,9），写出契约线方程。
【育明教育解析】1.对a来说，maxx1a,x2a ln x1a+2ln x2a s.t.p1x1a+p2x2a≤9p1+3p2用lagrangean 乘子法，得：1x 1a =λP 12x 2a =λP 2=>2x 1a P 1=2x 2ap 2代入约束式并取等号解得：x 1a =3+P 2p 1，x 2a =2+6P 1p 2同理，对b 来说，解得：x 1b =4+2P 2p 1，x 2b =4+8P 1p 2∴z 1（P 1）=x 1a +x 1b−21=3P 2p 1−14；z 2（P 2）=x 2a +x 2b−9=14P 1p 2−3∴z 1（P 1）∙P 1+z 2（P 2）∙P 2=0，满足walras 法则2.令z 1（P 1）=0，得：P 2p 1=1433.在契约线上，应有两人的边际替代率相等，即∂U a∂x 1a ∂U a∂x 2a =∂U b∂x 1b ∂U b ∂x 2b ∴1x 1a 2x 2a =121−x 1a 19−x 2a =>9x 1a =21x 2a ，或写成x 2a =37x 1a（以a 的坐标轴）（三）三个小国1，2，3，其中1，2为生产国，3为消费国。
青海大学考博英语真题
青海大学考博英语真题1、What surprised me ______ was that he succeeded. [单选题] *A. most(正确答案)B. mostlyC. almostD. at most2、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that3、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *A. nice(正确答案)B. wellC. nicelyD. better4、It was _____the policeman came_____the parents knew what had happened to their son. [单选题] *A.before…asB. until…whenC. not until…that(正确答案)D.until…that5、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play6、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)7、E-mail is _______ than express mail, so I usually email my friends. [单选题] *A. fastB. faster(正确答案)C. the fastestD. more faster8、25．A watch is important in our life. It is used for ______ the time. [单选题] * A．telling (正确答案)B．sayingC．speakingD．holding9、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever10、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)11、One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but at least can help cover my living（）. [单选题] *A. billsB. expenses(正确答案)C. pricesD. charges12、What about _______ there by bike? [单选题] *A. goesB. wentC. goD. going(正确答案)13、--Jimmy, you are supposed to?_______ your toys now.--Yes, mom. [单选题] *A. put upB. put onC. put away(正确答案)D. put down14、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully15、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next16、We can see ______ stars at night if it doesn’t rain. [单选题] *A. a thousand ofB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of(正确答案)17、_______ after dinner is good for our health. [单选题] *A. WalksB. Walking(正确答案)C. WalkedD. Walk18、13．________ it rains heavily outside, Lily wants to meet her children at once. [单选题]* A．IfB．Although (正确答案)C．WhenD．Because.19、He was?very tired，so he stopped?_____ a rest. [单选题] *A. to have(正确答案)B. havingC. haveD. had20、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself21、It was（）of you to get up early to catch the first bus so that you could avoid the traffic jam. [单选题] *A. senselessB. sensible(正确答案)C. sentimentalD. sensitive22、16．We asked ______ engineer we met before to help repair the radio yesterday. [单选题] *A．aB．anC．the(正确答案)D．/23、They may not be very exciting, but you can expect ______ a lot from them.（）[单选题] *A. to learn(正确答案)B. learnC. learningD. learned24、It seems slow for children to become _____ ,while adults often feel time flies. [单选题] *A. growns-upsB. growns-upC. grown upsD. grown-ups(正确答案)25、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke26、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)27、Location is the first thing customers consider when_____to buy a house. [单选题] *A.planning(正确答案)B.plannedC.having plannedD.to plan28、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)29、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled30、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for。
考博英语模拟试题及答案
考博英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是社会进步的关键。
B. 技术发展对教育的影响是负面的。
C. 教育改革需要更多的创新思维。
D. 教育应该更加注重实践能力的培养。
答案：A2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”的概念，主要强调了什么？A. 学习是个人发展的终身任务。
B. 学习应该在学校之外进行。
C. 学习是职业发展的必要条件。
D. 学习是社会进步的驱动力。
答案：A3. 作者认为教育改革应该包括哪些方面？A. 教学方法和课程内容的更新。
B. 学校管理体制的改革。
C. 教师培训和学生评价体系的改进。
D. 所有上述选项。
答案：D4. 文章中提到的“批判性思维”在教育中的作用是什么？A. 帮助学生更好地理解知识。
B. 培养学生的独立思考能力。
C. 提高学生解决问题的能力。
D. 促进学生对知识的深入探究。
答案：B5. 根据文章，以下哪项不是教育改革的挑战？A. 资金不足。
B. 教师资源的缺乏。
C. 学生对新教学方法的抵触。
D. 社会对教育改革的误解。
答案：C二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
In recent years, the popularity of online education has been growing rapidly. It offers a convenient way for students to learn __6__ the comfort of their own homes. However, there are also some __7__ to consider.6. A. in B. at C. on D. from答案：A7. A. benefits B. drawbacks C. opportunities D. challenges答案：D8. The main advantage of online education is that it allows for __8__ flexibility in scheduling.A. personalB. individualC. uniqueD. specific答案：B9. Despite the convenience, some students may find it difficult to __9__ in an online environment.A. interactB. participateC. engageD. connect答案：B10. Online courses often require a high level of __10__ and self-discipline.A. motivationB. inspirationC. encouragementD. stimulation答案：A三、翻译（共15分，每题5分）1. 教育不仅仅是知识的传授，更是价值观和道德观的培养。
浙江大学教育学专业考博历年真题(2014-2017)
浙江大学2001-2017年《教育学》考博真题2011年考博真题1、运用人的全面发展、素质教育等相关理论分析《国家中长期教育改革与发展规划纲要》中提出的“德育优先”“注重能力”“全面发展”三大原则2、四大支柱及其要求，并说明四大支柱对我国当前教育改革的启示3、试述博雅教育理论4、试述定性分析的过程，并选一个教育问题进行设计5、“癸卯学制”的特点6、试述杜威实用主义思想，并举其中一例，谈谈它对我国教育的影响2012年考博真题1、试论述自然科学研究范式与社会科学研究范式的基本规定性及对开展教育研究的启示2、实践过程中教育工作者如何在满足社会需要与满足个人需要之间进行抉择和整合3、教育理论研究与教育实践各自的基本属性，消除教育理论与实践推进两张皮现象的措施及建议4、斐斯泰洛奇教育思想的述评5、清末废除科举的过程和影响1、试描述分析教育科学性质争论，并提出基本看法2、试论述教育“本体论”（理想主义）“工具论”关系，结合实际情况分析一种有一定社会影响的教育价值观3、近五年我国中小学教育领域中国家和地区层面开展的课程教育与管理方面的一种有一定影响的改革，重点分析这种改革的目标内容和过程4、简述西方教育思想对1904,1922学制的影响5、论述系统科学对教育研究所具有的方法论价值，并举例某一横断学科的相关概念和分析方法在教育中的运用2014年考博真题一、名词解释1.国家课程2.价值澄清3.改造主义4.鉴赏模式二、简答1.用哲学原理来分析论述教学活动的主体和客体2.论述卢梭的教育思想和实践3.论述蔡元培的教育思想和实践4.论述教育规范研究与实证研究的关系5.论述成为一个反思型教师的实施途径6.论述泰勒的课程原理7、试述课程实施的本质1、鸦片战争以后，到1949年新中国成立，中国教育经历的变革、特征和影响2、杜威教育思想及对当代教育的意义3、用教育研究方法分析元分析mata-analysis的原理和方法4、论教育目的5、列举20年来中国教育改革和发展中的两大问题，用教育理论深度分析2016年考博真题1、论教育目的2、近十年来我国基础教育改革个理念和实践3、我国古代教育有哪些优秀的传统4、近代欧美国家教育改革的理念5、教育实验研究的历史发展与方法论原则2017年考博真题1、试从孔子、孟子、荀子分析先秦教育思想的继承与发展2、论述近代英国、法国、德国教育改革的异同3、试述比较实证主义和自然主义教育研究范式的特点和局限性4、试分析近十几年来我国基础教育课程改革的理论和实践5、试述我国教育公平的理论和实践6、试分析近几十年来我国高等教育招生考试制度的改革与发展。
川大经济学院考博真题(2007-2019)
四川大学经济学院资本论考博历年真题（2007-2019）一、《资本论》第一卷1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义20072、马克思劳动价值理论基本原理20163、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义20084、马克思的价格理论及其现实意义20195、试述马克思工资理论20176、马克思工资理论及其现实意义20117、论劳动力价格是如何形成的20098、论马克思的资本积累理论20159、马克思的失业理论201810、马克思的相对人口过剩理论2019二、《资本论》第二卷1、马克思资本周转理论20162、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义20083、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义20134、资本循环周转理论及其现实意义20185、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论20106、马克思的扩大再生产理论20077、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整2014三、《资本论》第三卷1、论马克思的价格理论以及应用20122、试述马克思的平均利润和生产价格理论20173、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义20104、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义20115、论马克思货币银行学理论及其现实意义20156、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20097、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20128、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义2013四、《资本论》其他理论1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论20112、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同20133、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较20084、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008 年的全球金融危机20095、马克思收入分配理论与西方经济学收入分配理论的比较20076、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义20147、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论20108、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论20129、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济学产权理论的不同2014五、社会主义经济理论1、论述中国经济新常态20152、论述中国供给侧结构性改革20163、论实体经济与虚拟经济的关系20174、试述我国经济从高速增长转向高质量发展20185、试述国有企业与民营企业的关系2019更多资本论资料https:///thread-7057969-1-1.html 2001《资本论》与社会主义经济理论指定参考书目马克思：《资本论》1-3 卷，人民出版社，1975 年或2004 年洪远鹏：《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社，2002 年张宇等：《中国特色社会主义政治经济学》，高等教育出版社，2017 年四川大学经济学院考博西经历年真题（2007-2019）一、纯微观经济理论1、理性人假定及其局限性20072、西方经济学的均衡分析方法及其应用20183、论述消费者选择理论20084、试比较基数效用论和序数效用论及其评价20145、效用论的基本内容及评价20126、论述边际收益递减规律20077、试述企业成本理论及其现实意义20178、试述西方经济学市场结构理论及其现实意义20159、试对不同市场进行比较分析200910、简述不完全竞争市场的类型和特征11、一般均衡论201612、试论帕累托最优201113、试述纳什均衡思想201914、公平与效率的基本思想述评201315、试述市场失灵的主要原因及政府的微观经济政策201016、试述市场失灵及其微观经济政策2015二、纯宏观经济理论1、论述国民收入决定理论20082、试述总需求总供给模型及其对现实经济的解释20103、试述总需求与总供给的关系20174、通货膨胀及其经济效应20125、试论菲利普斯曲线及其评价20146、就业与通货膨胀之间的关系20167、论述宏观经济政策目标及其相关关系20078、试述经济增长、就业和通货膨胀的关系20179、试论货币政策原理及其现实意义201110、论述财政政策原理及其现实意义200911、试论财政政策与经济发展201412、论论述财政政策原理及现阶段财政政策评述201913、试论述当前我国宏观经济政策201514、简述经济周期理论201815、真实周期理论201316、论述西方经济学中对技术进步的理论观点2019三、经济发展学理论1、试述经济发展的结构主义思路20112、论述经济发展的新古典主义思路20123、试述经济发展的激进主义思路20134、反贫困理论及政策述评20165、论述新古典增长理论20086、论述经济增长阶段理论20097、试论平衡增长理论2010更多西经资料https:///thread-7058782-1-1.html 3001 西方经济学指定参考书目高鸿业：研究生用西方经济学，经济科学出版社，2004 年谭崇台：《发展经济学概论》，武汉大学出版社，2008 年。
医学考博真题
医学考博真题Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing achesand pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptom s and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children sawboth faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the pos sibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-termeffect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and econom ic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't changetheir behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lowerbirth。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
南京大学企业管理考研真题1998年1、美国通用汽车公司前总裁斯隆在其自传中曾经指出：“管理者，特别是企业高层管理者，不应在工作中与部下产生工作以外的个人间的友谊关系。
管理者如果把工作外的私人关系带到工作中来，就很难保证处理问题的公正性。
”请评价斯隆的这一观点。
2、根据西蒙的观点，人们在决策中应该运用满意的标准代替最优的标准，你是否同意这个观点？为什么？3、试分析纵向一体化战略的优势和局限性。
4、企业竞争能力是哪些因素决定的？如何提高它？1999年1、试分析企业家人力资本的特点以及这些特点对企业家行为的制约与诱导机制设计的影响。
2、简述巴纳德的社会系统理论的主要观点，分析该理论对企业管理的指导意义。
3、美国有两位学者在调查了一些企业管理实践后指出：企业如欲取得长期的成功，必须只干自己熟悉的事。
你是否同意这个观点，请说明理由。
4、请综合管理学和经济学的有关理论，分析企业组织一体化经营的原因以及可能由此产生的问题。
2000年1、何谓核心竞争力？核心竞争力有何特点？企业如何建立和运用自己的核心竞争力？试比较和分析职能制与事业部制这两种组织结果形势的特点和运用条件。
有人认为“人力资本=热情+能力”，运用领导和激励的有关理论评述上述公式。
案例：安大略电器有限公司送至：克劳德·福捷，总裁特别助理发自：伊恩·坎贝尔，总裁主题：成长的组织问题我禁不住为营销部门提出的1995―1997年销售规划所鼓舞。
然而，我们现有的生产设施太不适应实现这些目标的要求了。
我们得着手扩展我们的生产规模。
我们有两种方案可供考虑。
我们可以扩建斯卡伯勒这里的厂房。
我们有足够的地基再建造一座大厂房。
这一设施建成后，将使我们的员工从现有的1400人增加到3000人左右。
另一方案是，我们可以买下多伦多北部我们现拥有股权的一处地产，建造一个全新的、独立的工厂。
那里建成后，我们将增加1400名―1500名员工。
我想将这两个方案提交到董事会，作为下一次会议的一项提议。
我要你对这两个方案作一仔细的考察，然后交给我一份简要报告说明它们各自的有利和不利方面。
特别要注意，设两个工厂和一个工厂，它们各自在组织结构上都有些什么不同的要求。
2001年1、CE的前CEO杰克·础韦尔奇说：“你不会短期管理，怎么还可能搞好长期管理呢？说起来谁都会处理好短期事物，谁都能处理长期事物。
可是在短期和长期之间保持平衡是管理的实质。
”请回答下述问题（1）何为“短期事物”？何为“长期事物”？（2）你是如何理解“在短期和长期之间保持平衡是管理的实质”？2、试比较分析美国和日本企业管理的差别。
3、科斯认为，企业规模扩张的边界取决于边际市场交易成本与边际管理协调费用的比较。
试分析技术进步对边际市场交易成本和边际管理协调费用、从而对企业规模可能产生何种影响。
4、阅读《阶梯式用工，动态式管理》一文，回答下述问题。
（1）运用相关的激励理论来解释该用工制度的管理学原理。
（2）该用工制度可能的优点与不足是什么？（3）实施这个用工制度所需要的条件或应注意的要点是什么？阶梯式用工动态式管理鲁冠球为了促进企业生产力的不断发展．万向集团公司在用工制度、方面送行了不懈的努力，形成了“阶梯式用工，动态式管理”方法。
所谓阶梯式用工．就是用工采取多种形式，终身员工、固定工、合同工，试用工，临时工同时并存，并且实行阶梯式排列，一级比一级高．每一级的工资历收入、福利待遇都不相同。
所谓动态式管理．即是五种形式之间，实行流动式管理，可上可下，可高可低。
回顾集团三十年之所以能取得持续稳定的发展，“阶梯式用工，动态式管理”的用工制度确确实实发挥了重要作用。
阶梯用工，打破了用工全员制一刀切的惯例，终身员工、固定工、合同工、试用合同工、临时工五种形式同时并存，有效克服了全员固定工、员工吃大锅饭、没有风险、没有动力的弊端，遏止了人的惰性：也避免了全员合同制员工把个人的利益与企业对立起来；企业疑聚力难以形成等短期行为。
万向集团内实行阶梯式排列，员工看到自己，也看到别人，不得不比较，通过比较产生压力，激发动力，员工进厂一般先签定3个月的试用合同，表现好再分别签2年、3年、5年的合同，工龄满十年后，签定长期合同：长期合同不受时间、岗位等任何条仆的限制，做得好升为同定工，做得不好则随时面临下降的危险，一切取决于个人的能力和表现．同时，通过用工形式的流动，员工的收入、培训，福利、医疗、养老金等；：也都随之进行流动，用工形式升一个台阶员工的待遇就上一个档次：用工形式降一个台阶，员工待遇就减少一部分。
比如医疗费，同等工龄，固定工：每年可以拿到医疗补贴890-元．补贴．以外的医疗费报销70％：试用合同工每年可以拿医疗补贴270元，补贴之外的医疗费报销40％。
“阶梯式用工，动态式管理”，也解决了企业规模扩大以后对用工的多层次需求．比如简单的体力劳动、阶段性能任务、高科技含量的工作、对企业有重人贡献的人等，都需要在用工形式方面给予特殊考虑。
例如为发奖励对企业有特殊贡献的员工，我们在1996年设立了终身员工，终身员工作为阶梯用工的最高台阶，在退休以后仍然享受在岗人员的平均收入。
别小看终身员工的设立，对那些有特殊贡献或勤勤恳恳为企业贡献的人来说，不仅是物质上的待遇，更是精神上的鼓励。
动态管理，就是废除“一贯制”，让员工的身份永远处在变化之中，可上可下。
当然，上和下都是有条件的，并且制定条件是以调动人的积极性为依据。
条件下发到人，使员工清清楚楚地知道自己做到什么程度会得到晋升：做到什么程度要被降级。
例如我们的晋升条例规定，评上集团及上级劳动模范两次以上者，自学获得大学文凭者，有科技成果获奖者等，不受进厂时间限制，可由合同工升为固定工，反之，固定工表现不好，可能被降为临时工，直至被淘汰出局。
动态式管理，使有争先心理的人有了奔头，不断攀上新的台阶，对怀着“不求有功，但求无过”心态的人，也带来吸大的触动，因为我们还规定每年对100名相对落后的人员，进行强制服性淘汰．使他懂得，你不想有过就只能去立功。
“阶梯式用工，动态式管理”，让员工“懂得了企业的利益就是自己的利益：我们是乡镇企业，员工的工资不是上级给的，每一分钱都要靠员工自己劳动创造。
这里所说的劳动，不仅是把产品转化为商品，在市场上实观其价值。
“阶梯式用工，动态式管理”，让企业认识到了员工的利益就是企业的利益，企业要想获得好的效益，首先必须调动员工的积极性，保障员工的利益。
2002年用相关的激励理论解释“模糊工资制”（即“密薪制”。
员工的薪水或部分薪水是保密的，相互之间不许打听各自的薪水数额）。
说说它的可能存在的优点或缺点，以及它的适用条件。
比较权变理论和赫塞---布兰查德的情境理论。
波特的行业五要素分析。
请简要介绍巴纳德（C.BARNARD)的社会系统理论2003年试比较简单平均法、移动平均法以及指数平滑法异同，并简要分析时间系列预测方法的局限性。
试运用威廉姆森的有关理论分析企业一体化经营战略的可能提供的贡献和可能带来的问题。
企业在制定经营决策时应如何考虑它与市场的关系？中华英才网2002年曾发布的薪资调查数据显示，不同学历者的平均年薪：博士62132元，硕士（不含MBA）61829元，本科43680元，大专30142元，大专以下20756元。
MBA平均年薪82760元，其中高薪人士达到29.45万元。
本次调查中，认为自己收入“不错，我非常满意”的极少，只占1.02%，而博士和MBA中表示目前薪资“太少，与我们的付出相差太大”者比例最高。
试根据适当的管理理论对此现象做出你的解释。
在企业内部，要想减少员工的这种不满意感，需要做好哪些方面的工作？管理伦理的核心问题是什么？在此问题上有哪些不同的观点？为什么我们要强调管理伦理在管理理论中的重要地位？影响我国企业管理伦理水平的因素是什么？应该从哪些方面去完善？何谓领袖魅力理论？有领袖魅力的领导者的关键特征是什么？它与领导物质理论之间有何关系？你是如何看待与评价有领袖魅力的领导者的？2004年有人认为，企业在经营活动中的组织不仅应“市场导向”，而且应“导向市场”。
你是如何认识企业与市场的关系的？请介绍并论证你的观点。
有人认为“层级组织（科层组织）”是现代企业组织的基本特征，“网络”只能补充，而无法代替企业组织中的“层级”。
你是否同意这个观点？请结合对上述观点的评价，分析层级组织的特征、优点、局限性、及其克服。
关于人性的假设有两种不同观点：X假设和Y假设，请问关于人性的基本假设对领导方式可能产生什么影响？这两种人性假设通常在什么样的情况下可作为适用的管理理论？何谓工作团队？为什么越来越多企业采用工作团队？高效绩团队一般具有哪些特征？知识工作者与一般劳动者相比在哪些方面有明显差异？如何根据这些差异来有效地激励知识工作者？2005年企业文化的特点决定它是不可以被移植的，你同意吗？何谓“规模经济”？何谓“范围经济”？它们的实现对企业战略管理提出哪些要求？梅奥通过霍桑得出哪些结论？对当今企业管理有何指导意义？为何现在许多企业要建立学习型组织？其主要特征是什么？企业生命周期有哪些阶段？不同阶段有哪些特征？2006年某劳动密集型企业，雇用一批女工，因需要加班，每天工作近12小时，包括加班工资在内月收入1500元左右。
前段时期女工离职率近10%，人力资源部离职访谈表明，女工提出离职的主要原因是工作时间太长影响了家庭生活。
后来，企业调整女工工作时间为8小时/天，并提供学习和培训机会，但女工离职率反而升至30%。
请利用管理学的相关理论学说分析导致这一结果的可能原因。
彼得·德鲁克认为：“在一个现代的组织里，如果一个知识工作者能够凭借其职位和知识，对该组织负有贡献的责任，因而能够实质地影响该组织的经营能力及达成的成果，那么他就是一位管理者。
”根据德鲁克的上述观点简洁分析下列论点：（1）经理人都是管理者；（2）管理者是有下属的；（3）你认为有效管理者的最重要特点是什么？（4）有效管理者在思想上需要养成哪些习惯？机械式组织和有机式组织之间有哪些差异？哪些因素会影响组织结构的选择？有人认为，企业文化是一个历史的概念，是与企业传统联系在一起的，是对企业过去成功经验与/或失败教训的总结。
请运用这个观点分析企业文化的构建并探讨这个观点对企业管理可能提供的指示。
组织中的集权和分权总是相对的。
有学者指出，适度的分权（或集权）需要综合考虑“知识转移的成本”和“目标不相容的成本”。
你是如何认识这个观点的？试分析这个观点对组织设计及其变革可能提供的启示。
2007年法约尔说，他一生之所以能取得一些成就，主要是因为遵循了一些基本的管理原则。
请你谈谈管理原则与灵活运用的关系。
在人员管理中，常常有彼得现象出现。
为什么会出现彼得现象？如何防止彼得现象的出现？现在一些企业实行价值观为基础的管理，请你分析价值观基础管理如何能够提高员工的表现和企业的绩效。