华中科技大学麻醉学2006--2017,2019年考博初试真题
华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题
华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题华中科技大学2001年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10）1、Mallory小体2、凋亡小体3、纤维素样坏死4、囊腺癌5、假结核结节6、肿瘤的异质性7、白色血栓8、区域性心肌梗死9、噬神经细胞现象10、白细胞附壁二、问答题1、试比较肥大和增生的形态学异同点（15分）2、何谓化脓性炎？可分为哪几型？各有何主要病变特点？（20分）3、发现一侧颈部肿块，有哪些可能的疾病？试述其主要病理诊断依据（25分）华中科技大学2002年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（3*10）1、凋落小体2、Biopsy3、稳定细胞4、Atypia5、逆行性栓塞6、调理素7、原癌基因8、假幽门腺化生9、Piecemeal necrosis10、噬神经细胞现象二、问答题1、举例说明梗死的类型及各型病变特点（10分）2、晚期胃癌患者，背部皮下肿块经病检证实为胃腺癌转移病灶，试分析其最可能的转移途径（10分）3、何谓化脓性炎？试比较试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别（14分）4、试述门脉性肝硬变的病理变化及其引起门脉高压的原因（16分）5、试述风湿性心脏病（风湿性全心炎）的主要病理变化及后果（20分）华中科技大学2003年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10，英文翻译为汉语并加以解释）1、R-S细胞2、inflammatory mediator3、创伤性神经瘤4、heart failure cells5、羊水栓塞6、干线型肝硬变7、肿瘤的异质化8、冠状动脉性猝死9、假膜性炎10、新月体肾炎二、问答题（一）何谓肿瘤的转移？常见的转移途径有那几种？并举例说明之（20分）（二）简要比较下列各组病变的区别（8*3）1胃良性溃疡（溃疡病）与胃恶性溃疡（溃疡型胃癌）2 良性高血压与恶性高血压的细、小动脉病变3 侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒毛膜癌（三）试比较原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病的区别（16分）华中科技大学2004年病理学（博士）一、简答题1. 简述凋亡的基本过程2 .水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 .低钾血症对机体的影响4 .心肌肥大的基本特点5 .简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 .何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 .一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 .何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
华中科技大学外科学(普外科)2019年考博真题试卷
4、门静脉高压症的病理变化。
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分外科总论（40分）
一、名词解释（5分×4）
1、低渗性脱水2、急性肾衰竭3、急性蜂窝织炎4、basic life support
二、问答（10分×2）
1、感染性休克的治疗。
2、肠外营养的适应证，阐述常见并发症。
第二部分普外科（60分）
一、名词解释（4分×5）
1、肠系膜上动脉综合征2、TACE 3、橘皮征4、直肠肛管周围脓肿5、Whipple's三联征
二、问答题（10分×4）
1、脾破裂非手术治疗的适应证。
2、急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔的诊断要点以及需要鉴别诊断的疾病。
华中科技大学2017年博士研究生入学考试(生理)真题
华中科技大学2017年博士研究生入学考试（生理）真题
一、选择题（30分，每题1分）
二、名词解释（每题2分，共10分）
1、负反馈调节
2、电紧张电位
3、通气/血流比值
4、牵涉痛
5、回返性抑制
三、简答题（每题5分共30分）
1、简述动作电位特点
2、简述影响气道阻力的重要因素
3、简述交感缩血管神经纤维兴奋后的效应
4、简述心室肌细胞动作电位分期及形成机制
5、胃酸缺乏病人消化不良的机制
6、简述腱反射的发生过程
四、论述题（每题10分，共30分）
1、家兔颈总动脉放血20%后，体液系统如何调节血压？
2、试述神经-肌肉接头处的兴奋传递过程
3、当吸入空气中CO2分压增高时，对呼吸运动有何影响，试述机制。
历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学
历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学1、大连医科大学一.名词解释1.MBT2.补偿性扩容3.Mendelson综合征4.高原脑水肿5.低流量吸入麻醉6.补偿性扩容7.芬太尼的二次高峰（二）简答题1.气道吸引的注意事项2.脑保护的药物3.呼吸道梗阻的临床表现4.肌松药的药效动力学影响（三）论述题1.非住院病人术后呕吐的引发因素及治疗2.影响机体耐受贫血和决定开始输血的情况3.低流量吸入性麻醉的优缺点4.床旁肺功能测试和意义5.影响老年人药物代谢的因素6二氧化碳气腹对于心血管系统的影响7.什么是二氧化碳排除综合征8.goldman评分9.胆道系统手术硬膜外的阻滞平面2018年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.高原脑水肿2.mendelson syndrom3.MBT4.低流量吸入麻醉5.芬太尼的二次高峰（二）简答题1.补偿性扩容2.脑保护的药物3.呼吸道梗阻的临床表现4.影响肌松药药效学的因素5.气道吸引的注意事项（三）论述题1.影响机体耐受贫血和决定开始输血的情况2.非住院病人麻醉后恶心呕吐的引发因素及治疗（四）面试题1.胆道系统手术硬膜外的阻滞平面2.影响老年人药物代谢的因素3.低流量吸入性麻醉的优缺点4.什么是二氧化碳排除综合征5.Goldman评分6.二氧化碳气腹对于心血管系统的影响7.床旁肺功能测试和意义（五）翻译题1.英译汉：和麻醉有关的翻译2.关于心血管部分的文献翻译2018年大连医科大学附二院麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.全身麻醉2.MAC3.TCI4.低流量吸入麻醉5.椎管内麻醉6.全脊麻7.大量输血8.屏气试验9.体重指数10.预充氧（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.困难气道体征3.颈丛麻醉的并发症4.吸入性麻醉药的临床评价5.给病例计算允许失血量6.局麻药中毒的原因7.mallampati分级8.硬膜外麻醉的并发症（三）论述心功能分级及临床意义2011年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.MAC2.MODS3.VAS4.TOF5.仰卧位低血压（二）简答题1.BMI的定义及其标准2.P50含义及其意义3.全麻监测指标4.休克监测指标5.硬膜外麻醉并发症6.气管插管并发症7.ASA分级8.输血并发症（三）论述题请论述《2010年心肺复苏术指南》较2005年的有何进展2007年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）简答题1.MAC2.苏醒延迟3.复合麻醉4.控制性降压5.分离麻醉6.术中知晓7.心肺复苏（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.术中用药的目的3.麻醉的风险因素4.硬膜外麻醉的常见并发症5.局麻药中毒的原因及处理6.心肺脑复苏的措施二、福建医科大学（一）名词解释1.MAC2.低氧血症3.horner综合征4.缺血再灌注损伤（二）简答题1.低钾血症2.喉痉挛3.临床输血指征4.癌痛三阶梯（三）论述题1.局麻药毒性反应2.肾上腺素药理三、贵州医科大学2019年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）选择题（50个）（二）简答题（5个）1.丙泊酚输注综合征2.2015版心肺复苏进展3.MODS发生机制4.检测气管导管在气管内的方法5.癌痛治疗的原则2017年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）简答题1.高钾血症和低钾血症的分度2.胸外按压的要点？是否复苏的评价指标？3.急性肾衰少尿期最常见的并发症及其治疗4.自体输血的禁忌症5.全身麻醉的并发症2007年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.控制性降压2.脊髓前动脉综合征3.FFP4.TIVA5.Mendlson 综合征（二）简答题1.简述异丙酚的药理作用2.琥珀酰胆碱的不良反应及并发症3.颅内压增高的的处理4.简述气管内插管的并发症（三）论述题1.试述蛛网膜下腔阻滞的术中术后并发症及防治措施2.试述麻醉期间呼吸管理的重要性及基本要点四、华北理工大学2018年华北理工大学麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.靶控输注2.套囊3.甲颏距离4.成分输血5.诱导（二）简答题1.Mallampati分级2.清醒拔管指征3.控制性降压禁忌症4.术后发生恶心呕吐不良反应的原因5.全麻低体温对机体的影响（三）论述题1.插管即时并发症2.确定导管在气管内的方法3.怎样确定神经阻滞的效果4.腰麻的并发症5.当药物剂量和浓度确定时，影响腰麻阻滞间隙的因素2017年华北理工大学麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.气管内插管2.术中知晓3.阻滞平面4.甲颏距离5.全凭静脉麻醉（二）简答题1.麻醉前用药的种类并举例2.神经定位技术3.低温对机体的影响4.心功能测定的方法（三）论述题1.ASA分级2.对气道评估的方法3.丙泊酚的适应症4.氯胺酮的并发症5.双腔支气管导管的定位方法6.腰麻引起恶心呕吐的原因7.麻醉中超声技术的应用8.影响腰麻阻滞平面的因素9.高血压的定义心功能的监测方法五、湖北医药学院2018年湖北医药学院麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.ARDS2.全凭静脉麻醉3.血气分配系数（二）简答题1.眼心反射的概念和预防2.麻醉中塑性延迟的原因（三）论述题1.影响局麻药作用的因素2.低氧血症的概念和原因3.ponv的危险因素（四）翻译1.中译英：关于宾博芬TCI对插管的作用分析目的、方法、结果、结论2.英译中：关于口腔颌面麻醉气道管理六、华中科技大学（一）简答题1.简述术中自体输血的概念、方法及意义2.简述临床疼痛评估方法3.硬膜外阻滞的并发症与处理4.麻醉期间低氧血证原因、判断及处理七、吉林大学（一）名词解释1.CPCR2.MAC3.MODS4.表面麻醉5.初级复苏6.全身麻醉7.心搏骤停8.休克9.自体输血（二）简答题1.输血的适应症和并发症2.ASA分级标准3.介绍全麻中常用的呼吸监测指标4.颈丛麻醉的常见并发症5.局麻药毒性反应及其预防6.休克的治疗原则7.硬膜外的术中术后并发症有哪些8.椎管内麻醉禁忌症（三）论述题1.硬膜外麻醉的并发症2.初级复苏的步骤3.麻醉前用药的目的及常用药物4.全麻中呼吸系统常见并发症及其预防2019年吉林大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.MAC2.心肺复苏3.局部麻醉4.全脊椎麻醉5.表面麻醉（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.全身麻醉的并发症3.蛛网膜下隙麻醉的术中并发症4.局麻药全身中毒的治疗，预防5.术前准备的目的2017年吉林大学第一医院麻醉学复试真题（一）中译英1.麻醉学2.疼痛3.血压4.硬膜外麻醉5.蛛网膜下腔出血（二）英译中1.deliberate2.first-aid and resuscitation3.nerve block4.relaxant5.unconsciousness（三）简答题1.常用的局麻方法2.肌松药的分类3.局麻药的作用机制4.麻醉前用药的目的5.麻醉学包括什么6.如何预防局麻药中毒7.腰麻穿刺为什么在L?～L?以下8.支气管痉挛可以用肌松药缓解吗？为什么八、暨南大学（一）简答题1.单肺通气如何实施全麻？有什么并发症？2.单肺通气下全肺切除的麻醉管理3.分娩阵痛的药物选择，并发症和处理措施？4.患者88岁，行硬膜外麻醉，简述出现硬膜外血肿的可能原因及如何处理5.挤压伤综合征的麻醉管理6.甲状腺肿大手术的麻醉术前准备？麻醉管理？7.局麻药中毒的原因及处理8.困难气道的诊断、处理和风险9.麻醉前评估有哪些项目？有什么意义？你在心血管系统评估中应该重视什么项目？10.气管狭窄如何实施全身麻醉？11.为什么进行单肺通气？单肺通气怎样进行肺通气?12.为什么要进行术中唤醒麻醉？怎样处理？13.围术期如何进行心肌保护？14.小儿麻醉拔管后出现喉痉挛时如何快速判断和处理15.心血管活性药物有哪些？他们在什么情况下使用？16.椎管内麻醉的并发症及其处理措施？2017年暨南大学麻醉学复试真题（一）临床技能考核1.Babinski征，Oppenheim征，Gordon征，脑膜刺激征。
华中科技大学外科学总论2012,2017年考博初试真题
file:///D|/1医学考博+++++/华中科技大学_同济医学院（热门）/外科学总论2012,2017/华中科49:41]
２０１７华中科技大学考博 外科学总论试题 外科总论４０分 一、名词解释（２．５分ｘ４） １、高渗性缺水 ２、急性峰窝织炎 ３、二期愈合 ４、心肺复苏 二、简答题 １、简述糖皮质激素在休克治疗中的作用６分 ２、简述自体输血的禁忌症，自体输血的三种方法。６分 ３、论述严重创伤引起心功能不全的机制。９分 ４、论述肠外营养的并发症。９分
file:///D|/1医学考博+++++/华中科技大学_同济医学院（热门）/外科学总论2012,2017/华中科技大学_外科总论2017.txt[2020/1/8 星期三 18:49:44]
华中科技大学神经病学2019年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页
一、名词解释（5×6＝30分） 1. Lhremiter sign 2. akinetic mutism 3. 延髓背外侧综合征 4. 大脑脚综合征 5. 感觉性失语 二、简答题（4×10分） 1. 简述视神经不同部位病变时临床表现 2. 髓内，髓外硬膜ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้，髓外硬膜外病变鉴别 3. 分水岭区脑梗死分型及临床表现 4. 重症肌无力Oserman分型 三、病例分析30分 1. 脊髓炎诊断，诊断依据，鉴别诊断，治疗措施
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华中科技大学过敏反应内科2017年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学2017年攻读来自士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：过敏反应内科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
内科总论部分（20+20分）
1.什么是精准医疗，其目的是什么？请结合本专业临床实际，举例说明。
2.休克的治疗要点，治疗休克的药物及其原理。40岁男性，腹痛腹泻2天，体温38摄氏度，血象高，血压70/mmHg，心率96bpm，心音有力，律齐。请给出即刻诊疗方案。
过敏反应部分（60分）
一、名词解释（20分）
1.变态反应
2.免疫耐受
3.变应原特异性免疫治疗
二、简答题（40分）
1.变态反应分型。
2.活化的肥大细胞释放的主要物质及其生物学效应。
3.特异性免疫治疗的禁忌症。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
华中科技大学医学免疫学2019年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷华中科技 Nhomakorabea学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学（专基） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页
一、名词解释 1克隆选择学说 2.固有免疫 3.超抗原 4.PAMP 5.GRHV 6.沉淀反应 7.先天性胸腺发育不良 8.中枢耐受 9.单克隆抗体 10.粘附因子 二、问答题 1.MHC I类抗原和II类抗原的分子结构和组织分布 2.T细胞的表面标志和作用 3.TD抗原进入机体，B细胞活化的条件有哪些？ 4.CD8Tc细胞发挥免疫应答的机制和特点 5.II型超敏反应的机制 6.肿瘤细胞如何逃逸免疫系统
(完整word版)麻醉专业题
复旦医学院和首医的麻醉题：简答、问答、病例分析、名解术中低血压、低氧血症的原因，麻醉机漏气的检查方法，画出麻醉机的呼吸回路并指出机械死腔的位置，呼吸囊向上、向下运动的优缺点，控制性降压的并发症，局麻药的机理和药理特点，低流量麻醉和快速提高肺泡药物浓度的方法，椎管内麻醉低血压的原因及防治，臂丛的方法和优缺点，肌松药的理论和肌松监测方法，心脏病人非心脏手术的危险因素和评估，COPD术前评估，MAC（吸入麻醉药）问答题（概念、意义），单肺通气时低氧血症的原因和处理，节约用血，氧疗的指征和方法病例：多发伤合并冠心病（冠心病的药物治疗），高血压合并慢性肾衰（反流误吸，水盐酸碱平衡）名解：各种通气模式，MAC,ARDS,PCA,TIVA以《现代麻醉学》为基础，结合临床这几年麻醉深度的监测，要注意面试有写英文摘要（propofol全凭静脉麻醉）和中文综述（肌松药），问困难插管的处理，中心静脉穿刺的方法和路径，过去的工作和科研，英文介绍自己等。
考硬膜外麻醉操作。
我觉得考麻醉主治医师的相关材料内容简单而全面，易于记记，可以参考北医1997麻醉硕士1低血钾的常见原因和临床表现？2、输血的并发症？3、休克的常见继发性内脏器官损害？4、什麽是MAC？例举三种常用药的MAC值？5、气管插管的优点及并发症？6、局麻药中毒的原因及临床表现？7、如何根据CVP和BP值做出临床判断？8、控制性降压的常用药？9、椎管内麻醉中低血压的原因及防治？10、全麻中钠石灰失活有哪些表现？北医1999硕士麻醉1何谓低氧血症？麻醉中低氧血症的原因？2、MAC定义？与何分配系数有关？举例说明。
3、乙醚麻醉分期的根据是什麽？4、去极化和非去极化肌松剂作用的区别？5、吸入全麻药效能（MAC）的影响因素？6应用硫喷妥钠时应注意哪些问题？7、椎管内麻醉的并发症？8、心肺复苏后期治疗问题？9、影响局麻药作用的因素有哪些？10、妊毒症剖宫产手术的麻醉原则是什麽？11、全麻快速诱导后气管插管困难时，应急处理原则是什么？2008北京协和考博麻醉学试题名词解释FRC MAC HPV 静脉输注即时半衰期简答脑组织吸入麻醉药的影响因素非去极化肌松药的特点麻醉期高血压的原因肥厚心肌病麻醉原则问答题局麻药中毒的预防和处理影响麻醉药体内分布的因素单肺通气时低氧血症的原因和处理影响心肌氧供降低和氧需增加的因素疼痛治疗的原则上海第二医科大学2002年麻醉学（硕士）名词：低流量TCI MAC TOF PEE BiPAP HPV问答：全脊麻形成机理CPR复苏步骤全麻药进展大连医科大学07级硕士研究生复试(麻醉学)部分试题一、名词解释:1、MAC2、苏醒延迟3、复合麻醉4、控制性降压5、分离麻醉6、术中知晓7、心肺复苏二、简答题：1、ASA分级2、术前用药的目的3、麻醉的风险因素4、硬膜外麻醉的常见并发症5、局麻药中毒的原因及处理6、心肺脑复苏的措施山大医学院2003年麻醉考研部分试题：脊髓前动脉综合症，PCVA,VAS,常见麻醉肌松药，全麻并发症，常见吸入麻醉药，PCA需要医生设置的参数，控制性降压首医2004年考博题：名解（英文）：diffused anoxia、MAC、TOF、BIS简答：深静脉穿刺并发症老年胸科手术麻醉注意事项单侧通气适应症2003年华中科技大学同济医学院攻读博士学位入学考试试题科目：麻醉学一、名词解释（每体5分，共25分）1、POCD 2.ischemia preconditioning 3.intraoperative awareness 4. preemptive analgesia 5. CSEA二、全身麻醉后苏醒延迟的原因有那些？（25）三、试述慢性阻塞性肺部疾病与限制性通气障碍疾病的病理生理特点及对麻醉的影响。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
华中科技大学内科学(血液内科)2006--2014,2016--2019年考博初试真题
八、急性肾功能衰竭时高K+血症的防治措施。（15分
华中科技大学同济医学院内科学（专业）试题（1999）
一、肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）
二、ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）
三、简述AMI静脉溶拴疗法的禁忌症和再通指征。（10分）
一、名词解释（选5题，每题5分，共25分）
1.Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭
3.脾功能亢进
5.Graves病
2.卓-艾综合征
4.肾病综合征
6.高血压危象
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述1985年DM诊断标准。
3.DIC的致病因素，诊断和治疗。（20分）
4.心脏骤停的识别和处理。（10分）
（二）血液科任选3题，每题20分
16、哪些症状和体征提示有甲减
17、诊断为糖尿病的患者，需要和哪些继发性和特异性糖尿病鉴别
18、慢粒急变的实验室检查表现
19、淋巴瘤的临床分期
20、多发性骨髓瘤的x线表现
21、1982年休克“三衰”会议的休克诊断标准。
华中科技大学
2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：血液内科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
华中科技大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（血液内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分（40分）
一、名词解释（5*4分）
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1.困难气道的评估？
2.术后精神症状的病因？
3.什么是血液保护？任何做到围术期的节约用血？
4.临床上麻醉深度的监测有那些？
华中科技大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目.麻醉学
注意.所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题4分）
1. TIC
5、恶性高热
6、功能残气量
7、应激反应
8、VAS,Visual Analogue Scale/Score
二、论述题（5*12分=60分）
1、用机制的学说及研究进展。
3、硬膜外阻滞的并发症。
4、麻醉期间输液的基本目的和包括的内容。
5、试述控制性降压的定义及目的和常见并发症。
3.ARDS
4.TOF
5.第二气体效应
6.Horner综合征
7.MAC
8.TCI
9.Hoffman消除
10.恶性高热
二、简答题
1.局麻药的不良反应及防治
2.输血并发症
三、问答题
1.全麻术后常见不良反应
2.全脊麻定义，预防，处理
2. allodynia
3. BIS
4. PONV
5. VAS
二、问答题（每题20分）
1.肝移植手术麻醉中管理（同手术步骤相关）
2.阿片受体分类、分布特点、内源性激动剂以及外源性激动剂
3.疼痛相关基因简述（至少例举5个以上）
4.简述自体输血方法
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（8*5分=40分）
1、全脊麻
2、困难气道
3、控制性降压
4、VAS评分
5、shock
二、问答(15*4) 1-3必答，第4、5题任选一道回答
1、全麻后苏醒延迟的原因有哪些
2、围术期血液保护的措施有哪些
3、心跳骤停的定义及诊断标准
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.2相阻滞
2.VAS评分
3.间歇指令通气（IMV）
4.前负荷
5.霍夫曼消除
6.PCA
7.CO2排除综合征
8.MODS
二、问答题
1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：
CPR Va TOF FRC
二、问答
1：举例说明什么是神经病理性疼痛
2：2010美国心肺复苏指南中关于“基础生命支持”变化有哪些要点
3：氧离曲线及其影响因素
4：试述B超引导下神经阻滞的优势有哪些
相应的生理学部分
1：“G蛋白”跨膜信号转导的具体过程
4.多模式镇痛在术后镇痛的应用。
华中科技大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4*5分=20分）
1.输血反应
2.PIS
3.POD
4.VAS
5.MAC
二、论述题（5*16分=80分）
1.冠心病病人的麻醉前评估内容。
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4分1个）
1.POD
2.OIH
3.舒适医疗
4.围术期心梗
5.big data
二、简答题（20分1个）
1.困难气道定义及处理。
2.麻醉与ERAS。
3.个体化医疗或精准医疗的概念，举例。
2：主动脉关闭不全病人血压（收缩压、舒张压、脉压）变化有什么特点，对冠脑脉血流量有什么影响？
3：吸入3%二氧化碳对呼吸深度和频率有什么影响，作用机制
4：尿为什么可以是高渗也可以是低渗（和血浆渗透压相比）？其形成机制
5：胰液主要成分及作用，为什么说胰腺是人体最重要的消化腺？
华中科技大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理
6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
华中科技大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（8分*5）
CO、BiPAP、Laseque's sign、content-sensitive half time、TOF
2.嗜铬细胞瘤的麻醉选择与管理。
3.控制性降压的适应症，禁忌症。
4.困难气道的原因。
5.术后苏醒延迟的原因。
华中科技大学同济医学院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.Mendlsen综合征
2.二氧化碳排出综合征
华中科技大学
2003年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
华中科技大学
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
华中科技大学
2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4、ARDS的柏林诊断标准是什么？治疗上有何新进展？
5、嗜铬细胞瘤切除术的麻醉选择与管理
华中科技大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（8*5分=40分）
1、射血分数
2、急性呼吸衰竭
3、生理无效腔
4、成分输血