2016李世默在清华演讲稿全文
布什总统清华大学演讲全文(中英对照).
President Bush Speaks at Tsinghua UniversityTsinghua UniversityBeijing, People's Republic of China10:35 A.M. (LocalPRESIDENT BUSH: Vice President Hu, thank you very much for your kind and generous remarks. Thank you for welcoming me and my wife, Laura, here. (Applause. I see she's keeping pretty good company, with the Secretary of State, Colin Powell. It's good to see you, Mr. Secretary. (Applause. And I see my National Security Advisor, Ms. Condoleezza Rice, who at one time was the provost at Stanford University. So she's comfortable on university campuses such as this. Thank you for being here, Condi. (Applause.I'm so grateful for the hospitality, and honored for the reception at one of China's, and the world's, great universities.This university was founded, interestingly enough, with thesupport of my country, to further ties between our two nations. I know how important this place is to your Vice President. He not only received his degree here, but more importantly, he met his gracious wife here. (Laughter. I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about my country and answer some of your questions. The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations. (Applause. I don't know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have two daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the University of Texas. One goes to Yale. They're twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like I'm sure your parents are proud of you. My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned. Thirty years ago this week, an American President arrived inChina on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion. President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on thegrounds of common interest, in the spirit of mutual respect. As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said this to President Nixon: "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world -- 25 years of no communication."During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other. And that's important. Once America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship, and honor. And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societies in the world -- as demonstrated by the knowledge and potential right here in this room. China is on a rising path, and America welcomes the emergence of a strong and peaceful and prosperous China. (Applause.As America learns more about China, I am concerned thatthe Chinese people do not always see a clear picture of my country. This happens for many reasons, and some of them of our own making. Our movies and television shows often do not portray the values of the real America I know. Our successful businesses show a strength of American commerce, but our spirit, community spirit, and contributions to each other are not always visible as monetary success.Some of the erroneous pictures of America are painted by others. My friend, the Ambassador to China, tells me some Chinese textbooks talk of Americans of "bullying the weak and repressing the poor." Another Chinese textbook, published just last year, teaches that special agents of the FBI are used to "repress the working people." Now,neither of these is true -- and while the words may be leftovers from a previous era, they are misleading and they're harmful.In fact, Americans feel a special responsibility for the weak and the poor. Our government spends billions of dollars to provide health care and food and housing for those whocannot help themselves -- and even more important, many of our citizens contribute their own money and time to help those in need. American compassion also stretches way beyond our borders. We're the number one provider of humanitarian aid to people in need throughout the world. And as for the men and women of the FBI and law enforcement, they're working people; they, themselves, are working people who devote their lives to fighting crime and corruption.My country certainly has its share of problems, no question about that. And we have our faults. Like most nations we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice. Yet there's a reason our nation shines as a beacon of hope and opportunity, a reason many throughout the world dream of coming to America. It's because we're a free nation, where men and women have the to achieve their dreams. No matter your background or your circumstance of birth, in America you can get a good education, you can start your own business, you can raise a family, you can worship freely, and helpelect the leaders of your community and your country. You can support the policies of our government, or you're free to openly disagree with them. Those who fear freedom sometimes argue it could lead to chaos, but it does not, because freedom means more than every man for himself. Liberty gives our citizens many rights, yet expects them to exercise important responsibilities. Our liberty is given direction and purpose by moral character, shaped in strong families, strong communities, and strong religious institutions, and overseen by a strong and fair legal system. My country's greatest symbol to the worldis the Statue of Liberty, and it was designed by special care. I don't know if you've ever seen the Statue of Liberty, but if you look closely, she's holding not one object, but two. In one hand is the familiar torch we call the "light of liberty." And in the other hand is a book of law.We're a nation of laws. Our courts are honest and they are independent. The President -- me -- I can't tell the courts how to rule, and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch of government. Under ourlaw, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.All political power in America is limited and it is temporary, and only given by the free vote of the people. We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the power of the three branches of our government, the judicial branch, the legislative branch, and the executive branch, of which I'm a part.Many of the values that guide our life in America are first shaped in our families, just as they are in your country. American moms and dads love their children and work hard and sacrifice for them, because we believe life can always be better for the next generation. In our families, we find love and learn responsibility and character.And many Americans voluntarily devote part of their lives to serving other people. An amazing number -- nearly half of all adults in America -- volunteer time every weekto make their communities better by mentoring children, or by visiting the sick, or caring for the elderly, or helping with thousands of other needs and causes.This is one of the great strengths of my country. People take for helping others, without being told, motivated by their good hearts and often by their faith. America is a nation guided by faith. Someone once called us "a nation with the soul of a church." This may interest you -- 95 percent of Americans say they believe in God, and I'm one of them.When I met President Jiang Zemin in Shanghai a few months ago, I had the honor of sharing with him how faith changed my life and how faith contributes to the life of my country. Faith points to a moral law beyond man's law, and calls us to duties higher than material gain. Freedom of religion is not something to be feared, it's to be welcomed, because faith gives us a moral core and teaches us to hold ourselves to high standards, to love and to serve others, and to live responsible lives.If you travel across America -- and I hope you do some day if you haven't been there -- you will find people of many different ethic backgrounds and many different faiths. We're a varied nation. We're home to 2.3 million Americansof Chinese ancestry, who can be found working in the offices of our corporations, or in the Cabinet of the President of the United States, or skating for the America Olympic team. Every immigrant, by taking an oath of allegiance to our country, becomes just as just as American as the President. America shows that a society can be vast and it can be varied, yet still one country, commanding the allegiance and love of its people.And all these qualities of America were widely on display on a single day, September the 11th, the day when terrorists, murderers, attacked my nation. American policemen and firefighters, by the hundreds, ran into burning towers in desperation to save their fellow citizens. V olunteers came from everywhere to help with rescue efforts. Americans donated blood and gave money to help the families of victims. America had prayer services all over our country, and people raised flags to show their pride and unity. And you need to know, none of this was ordered by the government; it happened spontaneously, by the initiative of free people.Life in America shows that liberty, paired with law is not to be feared. In a free society, diversity is not disorder. Debate is not strife. And dissent is not revolution. A free society trusts its citizens to seek greatness in themselves and their country.It was my honor to visit China in 1975 -- some of you weren't even born then. It shows how old I am. (Laughter. And a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress -- in openness and enterprise and economic freedom. And this progress previews China'a great potential.China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as youto China's legal system. A modern China will have a consistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people. The new China your generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges our society -- challenges society in our country, and in many successful countries. Your ancient ethic of personal and family responsibilitywill serve you well.Behind China's economic success today are talented, brilliant and energetic people. In the near future, those same men and women will play a full and active role in your government. This university is not simply turning out specialists, it is preparing citizens. And citizens are not spectators in the affairs of their country. They are participants in its future.Change is coming. China is already having secret ballot and competitive elections at the local level. Nearly 20 years ago, a great Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping, said this -- I want you to hear his words. He said that China would eventually expand democratic elections all the way to the national level. I look forward to that day.Tens of millions of Chinese today are relearning Buddhist, Taoist, and local religious traditions, or practicing Christianity, Islam, and other faiths. Regardless of where or how these believers worship, they're no threat to public order; in fact, they make good citizens. For centuries, this country has had a tradition of religious tolerance. Myprayer is that all persecution will end, so that all in China are free to gather and worship as they wish.All these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China -- a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that your generation will help create. This is one of the most exciting times in the history of your country, a time when even the grandest hopes seem within your reach. My nation offers you our respect and our friendship. Six years from now, athletes from America and around the world will come to your country for the Olympic games. And I'm confident they will find a China that is becoming a da guo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.Thank you for letting me come. (Applause.布什 :胡副主席, 非常感谢您的欢迎致辞, 非常感谢您在这里接待我和我的夫人劳拉。
布什清华大学演讲英文全文
President Bush:Vice President Hu, thank you for your words of welcome.I am grateful for your hospitality, and honored by this reception at one of China's great universities.Tsinghua University was founded, with the support of America, to further the ties between our two nations. I know how important this place is to the Vice President, who earned his degree here and even more important, met his gracious wife Liu Yongqing here.I also thank the students here for this opportunity to meet with you, to talk a little bit about my country and answer some of your questions. The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. My wife Laura and I have two daughters in college, one at Yale and the other at the University of Texas. We are proud of our daughters just like I am sure your parents are proud of you.My visit to China comes on an important anniversary. Thirty years ago this week, an American President arrived in China on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion. President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on the grounds of common interest, and in a spirit of mutual respect. As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said to President Nixon, ``Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world twenty-five years of no communication.''During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of our two countries have gradually learned more about each other.Once, America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship, and honor. And we see a China that is becoming one ofthe most dynamic and creative societies in the world as demonstrated by all the knowledge and potential right here in this room.China is on a rising path, and America welcomes the emergence of a strong, peaceful, and prosperous China. As America learns more about China, I am concerned that the Chinese people do not always see a clear picture of my country. This happens for many reasons, some of them of our own making. Our movies and television shows often do not portray the values of the real America I know. Our successful businesses show the strength of American commerce, but the community spirit and contributions of those businesses are not always as visible as their monetary success. Some of the erroneous pictures of America are painted by others. My friend, the Ambassador to China, tells me that some Chinese textbooks talk of Americans ``bullying the weak and repressing the poor.'' Another Chinese textbook, published just last year, teaches that special agents of the FBI are used to ``repress the working people.''Neither of these is true and while the books may be leftovers from a previous era, they are misleading and harmful. In fact, Americans feel a special responsibility for the poor and the weak. Our government spends billions of dollars to provide health care and food and housing for those who cannot help themselves and even more important, many of our citizens contribute their own money and time to help those in need. American compassion stretches way beyond our borders. We are the number one provider of humanitarian aid to people in need throughout the world. As for the men and women of our FBI and law enforcement, they are themselves working people who devote their lives to fighting crime and corruption.My country certainly has its share of problems and faults; like most nations we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice. Yet there is a reason our nation shines as a beacon of hope and opportunity, a reason many throughout the world dream of coming to America.We are a free nation, where men and women have the opportunity to achieve their dreams. No matter your background or circumstance of birth, in America you can get a good education, start a business, raise a family, worship freely and help elect the leaders of your community and country. You can support the policies of our government, or you are free to openly disagree with them. Those who fear freedom sometimes argue it could lead to chaos, but it does not, because freedom means more than every man for himself.Liberty gives our citizens many rights, yet expects them to exercise important responsibilities. Our liberty is given direction and purpose by moral character, shaped in strong families, strong communities, and strong religious institutions and overseen by a strong and fair legal system.My country's greatest symbol to the world, the Statue of Liberty, was designed with great care. As you look closely, you will see that she is holding not one object,but two. In one hand is the familiar torch, the light of liberty. In the other is a book of law.We are a Nation of laws. Our courts are honest and independent. The President can't tell the courts how to rule and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch. Under our law, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.All political power in America is limited and temporary, and only given by a free vote of the people. We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the powers of the three branches of our government: judicial, legislative and executive.Many of the values that guide our life in America are first shaped in our families, just as they are in your country. American Moms and Dads love their children and work hard and sacrifice for them, because we believe life can always be better for the next generation. In our families, we find love and learn responsibility and character.And many Americans voluntarily devote part of their lives to serving others. An amazing number nearly halfof all adults in America volunteer time every week to make their communities better by mentoring children visiting the sick caring for the elderly and helping with a thousand other needs and causes. This is one of the great strengths of my country. People take responsibility for helping others without being told, motivated by their good hearts and often by their faith.America is a nation guided by faith. Someone once called us ``a nation with the soul of a church.''Ninety-five percent of Americans say they believe in God, and I'm one of them.When I met with President Jiang Zemin in Shanghai a few months ago, I told him how faith has shaped my own life, and how faith contributes to the life of my country. Faith points to a moral law beyond man's law and calls us to duties higher than material gain. Freedom of religion is not something to be feared but to be welcomed,because faith gives us a moral core and teaches us to hold ourselves to high standards, to love and serve others, and to live responsible lives.If you travel across America, you will find people of many different ethic backgrounds and many different faiths. We are a varied country. We are home to 2.3 million Americans of Chinese ancestry, who can be found working in the offices of our biggest companies, serving in my own Cabinet, and skating for America at the Olympics. Every immigrant, by taking an oath of allegiance to our country, becomes just as much an American as the President of the United States. America shows that a society can be vast and varied, and yet still one country, commanding the allegiance and love of its people.All of these qualities of America were vividly displayed on a single day, September 11th, when terrorists attacked America. American policemen and firefighters, by the hundreds, ran into burning towers in the desperate hope of saving other lives. Volunteers came from everywhereto help with the rescue efforts. Americans donated blood, and gave money to help the families of victims. People went to prayer services all over America, and raised flags to show their pride and unity. None of this was ordered by the government; it happened spontaneously, by the initiative of a free people.Life in America shows that liberty, paired with law, is not to be feared. In a free society, diversity is not disorder. Debate is not strife. And dissent is not revolution. A free society trusts its citizens to seek greatness in themselves and their country.It was my honor to visit China in 1975, and a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress in openness, and enterprise, and economic freedom. And this progress previews China's great potential.China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as you live up to its obligations, they will bring changes in China's legal system. A modern China will have aconsistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people.The new China your generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges society in our country and in many successful countries. Your ancient ethic of personal and family responsibility will serve you well.Behind China's economic success today are talented, energetic people. In the near future, these same men and women will play a full and active role in your government. This university is not simply turning out specialists, it is preparing citizens. And citizens are not spectators in the affairs of their country. They are participants in its future.Change is coming. China is already having secret ballot and competitive elections at the local level. Nearly twenty years ago, Deng Xiaoping said that China would eventually expand democratic elections all the way to the national level and I look forward to that day.Tens of millions of Chinese today are relearning Buddhist, Taoist, and local religious traditions, or practicing Christianity, Islam, and other faiths. Regardless of where or how these believers worship, they are no threat to public order; in fact, they make good citizens. For centuries, this country had a tradition of religious tolerance. My prayer is that all persecution will end, so that all in China are free to gather and worship as they wish.All of these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that your generation will help create. This is one of the most exciting times in the history of your country a time when even the grandest hopes seem within your reach.My nation offers you our respect and our friendship. Six years from now, athletes from America and around the world will come to your country for the Olympic games. And I am confident they will find a China that isbecoming a da guo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.Thank you for letting me here.。
李世默--两种制度的传说
李世默--两种制度的传说第一篇：李世默--两种制度的传说Good morning, and my name is Eric Li, and I was born here.No, I wasn’t born there;this was whereI was born.Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution.My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries.When I was growing up, I was told a story that explained all I ever needed to know about humanity.It went like this.All human society develop in linear progression, beginning with primitive society, then slave society, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally, guess where we end up? Communism!Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of the culture, language, nationality, will arrive at this final stage of political and social development.The entire world’s people will be unified in this paradise on earth and live happily ever after.But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil, the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism, and the good shall triumph.That of course, was the meta-narrative distilled from the theories of Karl Marx.And the Chinese bought it.We were taught the grand story day in and day out.It became part of us, and we believed in it.The story was a bestseller.About one third of the entire world’s population lived under that meta-narrative.Then the world changed overnight.As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth, I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie.Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened.As if one big story wasn’t enough, I was told another one.This one was just as grand.It also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end.This one went as follows: all societies, regardless of culture,be a Christian, Muslim, Confucian, must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units, and all these individuals are, by definition, rational, and they all want one thing: the vote.Because they are all rational, once given the vote, they produce the good government and live happily ever after.Paradise on earth,again.Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be the only political system for all countries and all peoples, with a free market to make them all rich.But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil.The good belongs to those who are democracies and charged with a mission of spreading it around the globe, sometimes by force, against the evil of those who do not hold elections.This story also became a bestseller.According to the Freedom House, the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010.In the last 20 years, Western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus: multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on then is the only path to salvation to the long-suffering developing world.Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success.Those who do not are doomed to fail.But this time, the Chinese did not buy it.Fool me once, the rest is history.In just 30 years, China went from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to a second-largest economy.650 million people were lifted out of poverty.80% of th e entire world’s poverty alleviation during that period happened in China.In other words, all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single, one-party state did without voting.See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps.Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per month at one point.Needless to say, I ate all mygrandmother’s portions.So I ask myself, what is wrong with this picture? Here I am in my hometown, my business growing leaps and bound.Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day.Middle class is expending in speed and scale unprecedented in human history.Yet, according to the grand story, none of this should be happening.So I went and did the only thing I could.I studied it.Yes, China is a one party state run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party, and they don’t hold elections.Three assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time.Such a system is operationally rigid, politically closed, and morally illegitimate.Well, the assumptions are wrong.The opposites are true.Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of China’s one-party system.Now most political scientists will tell us that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correcti on.It won’t last long because it cannot adapt.Now here is the facts.In 64 years of running the largest country in the world, the range of the party’s policies has been wider than another country in the recent memory, from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward, then the privatization of farmland, then the Cultural revolution, then Deng Xiaoping’s market reform, then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step of opening up party membership to private businesspeople, something unimag inable during Mao’s rule.So the party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions.Institutionally, new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions.For example, term limits.Political leaders used to retain their positions for life, and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules.Mao was the father of modern China, yet his prolonged rule les to disastrous mistakes.So the party instituted term limits with mandatoryretirement age of 68 to 70.One thing we often hear is political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms and China is in dire need of political reform.But this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias.See, some have decide a priori what kinds of change they want to see, and only such changes can be called political reform.The truth is political reform have never pared with 30 years ago, 20 years ago, even 10years ago, every aspect of Chinese society how the country is governed, from the most local level to the highest center, are unrecognizable today.Now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind.Now I would venture to suggest the Party is the world’s leading expert in political reform.The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power gets concentrated in the hand of the few, and bad governance and corruption follow.Indeed, corruption is a big problem.But let’s first look at the larger context.Now this may be counterintuitive to you.The party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today.China’s highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members.In the most recent one, only five of them came from a background of privilege, so-called princelings.The other 20, including the President and the Premier, came from entirely ordinary backgrounds.In the larger central committee of 300 or more, the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was even smaller.The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the pare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, I think you will find the Party being near the top in upward mobility.The question then is, how could that be possible in a system run by one party? Now we come to a powerful politicalinstitution, little-known to Westerners: the Party’s Organization Department.The Department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations.It operates a rotating pyramid made up of three components: civil service, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations like university or community program.They form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials.They recruit college grads into entry-level positions in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom, called keyuan.Then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks: fuke, ke, fuchu, and chu.Now these are not moves from karate kids, okay? It’s serious business.The range of position is wide, from running health care in a village to foreign investment in a city distract to manger in a company.Once a year, the department reviews their performance.They interview their superiors, their peers, their subordinates.They vet their personal conduct.They conduct public opinion surveys.Then they promote the winners.Throughout their careers, these cadres can move through and out of all three tracks.Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju, and ju levels.There, they enter high officialdom.By that point, a typical assignment will be to manage a distract with population in the millions or a company with hundreds of millions of millions of dollars in revenue.Just show you how competitive the system is, in 2012, there were 900,000 fuke and ke levels, 600,000 fuchu and chu levels, and onlu 40,000 fuju and ju levels.Afer the ju levels, the best few move further up several more ranks, and eventually make it to the Central Committee.The process takes a two to three decades.Does patronage play a role? Yes, of course.But merit remains the fundamental driver.In essence, theOrganization Department runs a modernized version of China’s centuries-old mandarin system.China’s new president, Xi Jinping, is a son of a former leader, which is very unusual, first of his kind to make the top job.Even for him, the career tool a 30 years.He started as a village manager, and by the time he entered the Politburo, he had managed areas with total population of 150 million people and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion US dollars.Now, please don’t get me wrong, okay? This is not a putdown of anyone, it is just a statement of fact.George W.Bush, remember him? This is not a putdown.Before becoming Governor of Texas, or Barack Obama before running for President, could not make even a small county manager in China’s system.Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible system except for all the rest.Well, apparently he hadn’t heard of the Organization Department.Now, westerners always assume that multi-party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy.I was asked once, “the party wasn’t voted in by election.Where is the source of legitimacy?”Isaid, “how about competency?” we all know the facts.In 1949, when the party took power, China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression, average life expectancy at that time, 41 years old.Today it is the second largest economy in the world, an industrial powerhouse, and its people live in increasing prosperity.Pew research polls Chinese public attitudes and here are the numbers in recent years.Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent.Those who think they’re better off than five years ago: 70%.Those who expect the future to be better a whopping 82%.Financial Times polls global youth attitudes, and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week.93% of China’s Generation Y are optimistic about their country’sfuture.Now if this is not legitimacy, I’m not sure what is.In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance.Idon’t need to elaborate this audience how dysfunctional it is from Washington to European capitals.With a few exceptions, the vast number of the developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil ernments get elected, and then they fall below 50 percent approval in a few months and stay there and get worse until the next election.Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret.At this rate, I’m afraid it is democracy, not China’s one-party system, that is in danger of losing legitimacy.Now I don’t want to create the misimpression that China’s hunky-dory on the way to some kind of superpowerdom.The country faces enormous challenges.Social and economic problems that come with wrenching change like this are mind-boggling.Pollution is one, food safety, population issues.On the political front, the worst problem is corruption.Corruption is widespread and undermines the system and its legitimacy.But most analystmis-diagnose the disease.They say the corruption is the result of the one-party system, and therefore in order to cure it you have to do away with the entire system.But more careful look would tell us otherwise.Transparency International ranks China between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries, and it’s still moving up.India, the largest democracy in the world, is 94 and dropping.For the hundreds or so countries that are ranked below China, more than half of them are electoral democracies.So if election is the panacea for corruption, how come these countries cannot fix it? Now, I’m a venture capitalist.I make bets.It wouldn’t be fair to end this talk without putting myself on theline and making some predictions.So here they are.In the next 10 years, China will surpass the US and become the largest economy in the world;income per capital will be near the top of all developing countries.Corruption will be curbed, not eliminated and China will move up 10-20 notches to above 60 in TI ranking.Economic reform will accelerate, political reform will continue, and the one-party system will be holding firm.We live in the dust of an era.Meta-narratives that make universal claims failed us in the 20th century and are failing us in the 21st.meta-narrative is the cancer that is killing democracy from the inside.Now I want to clarify something.I’m not here to make an indictment of democracy.On the contrary, I think democracy contributed to the rise of the west and the creation of the modern world.It is the universal claim that many western elites are making about their political system, the hubris, that is the heart of the West’s current ills.If they would spend just a little less time on trying to force their way onto others, and a little bit more on political reform at home, they might give their democracy a better chance.China’s political model will never supplant electoral democracy, because unlike the latter, it doesn’t pretend to be universal.It cannot be exported.But that is the point precisely.The significa nce of China’s example is not that it provides and alternative but the demonstration that alternatives exist.Let us draw to a close this era of munism and democracy may both be laudable ideals, but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over.Let us stop telling people and our children there is only one way to govern ourselves and a singular future towards which all societies must evolve.It is wrong and it is irresponsible and worst of all, it is boring.Let universality make way for plurality.Perhaps a moreinteresting age is upon us.Are we brave enough to welcome it? Thank you.第二篇：李世默演讲观后感如果他们在台下——李世默演讲观后感白荷菲 201355003笔者总结李世默的演讲，主要有两个方面的内容：1、元叙事危害着社会的正常发展。
清华演讲词精彩语录(中英对照)
Excerpt from The Most Influential Tsinghua Speeches《影响你一生的清华演讲》Unit 1 Build international cooperation and communicationSpeech 1 Mutual Understanding between China and America——美国前总统小布什2002年在清华大学的演讲1、The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and Iknow what an achievement it is to be here.这所大学的办学标准和声望都闻名于世，我知道，能来这里学习深造就是一种成就。
2、And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creativesocieties in the world—as demonstrated by the knowledge and potential right here in this room.我们也看到中国日益成为世界上最富活力和创造力的国家之一，3、This university is not simply turning out specialists, it is preparing citizens.这所大学不仅在培养专家，也在培育公民。
4、I’m confident that they will find a China that is becoming a da guo, a leadingnation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.我相信，那是他们都将亲眼见证迈向大国行列的中国，一个走向世界前列，内部和平并与世界各国和平相处的国家。
李敖清华演讲全文
李敖清华演讲全文李敖清华演讲全文曾子墨：等了非常长的时间，今天我们终于等到了这样的机会，下面请大家用热烈的掌声来欢迎李敖先生，以及清华大学人文社会科学院院长李强先生和凤凰卫视董事局主席兼行政总裁刘长乐先生走上主席台。
从清华大学师生们的掌声中大家已经感受到非常热情的欢迎的气氛，作为主人家的代表，此时此刻清华大学人文社会科学学院院长李强先生要为我们致一段欢迎辞，有请李强先生。
李强：尊敬的李敖先生，尊敬的刘长乐先生，尊敬的各位来宾，老师们，同学们，大家上午好。
为了把更多的时间留给演讲会，我只讲三点：第一，非常欢迎李敖先生作客清华并发表演讲。
李敖先生涉猎广泛，此次，清华师生能有机会与李敖先生面对面交流，我相信，这对双方都颇有益处。
我也希望李敖先生在清华的演讲会对弘扬中华文化，对促进海峡两岸的交流和统一产生积极的影响。
第二，感谢刘长乐先生和凤凰卫视，因为他们的努力，使得本期世界大讲堂特别节目能够安排在清华。
以往清华师生只能在电视上和书本上看李敖，听李敖，读李敖，此次有了面对面直接交流的机会，这很有意义。
李敖先生阔别56年之后，重返大陆，此次神州文化之旅使得他能够有机会直接的看大陆，听大陆，读大陆。
相信，他对大陆的了解也会更加全面、准确、深刻。
最后，祝愿李敖先生的神州文化之旅取得圆满成功。
曾子墨：非常感谢李强院长的第一二三，此时此刻，各位老师，各位同学和我一样都在期待着世纪大讲堂的这期特别节目，首先请李强先生以及刘长乐先生在台下就坐，谢谢两位！今天的大讲堂我们为大家请来一位特殊的嘉宾，说他特殊，首先因为他有着多重的身份，他是历史学家、还是作家，还是台湾的立法委员。
说他特殊，还因为他阔别了大陆56年之后第一次，回到北京，他说他不希望自己被当做是一个客人，他不过是一个归队的老同志。
而且说他特殊，因为他在公众心目中的形象，最近有一个调查就显示，在大陆，有4成以上的网友都认为，他是狂人。
今天来到我们的大讲堂我们这个归队的老同志到底有什么样的话来说？下面我们用热烈的掌声欢迎李敖先生为我们演讲。
布什总统清华大学演讲全文
Vice President Hu, thank you for your words of welcome. I am grateful for your hospitality, and honored by this reception at one of China's great universities.Tsinghua University was founded, with the support of America, to further the ties between our two nations. I know how important this place is to the Vice President, who earned his degree here and even more important, met his gracious wife Liu Yongqing here.I also thank the students here for this opportunity to meet with you, to talk a little bit about my country and answer some of your questions. The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. My wife Laura and I have two daughters in college, one at Yale and the other at the University of Texas.We are proud of our daughters just like I am sure your parents are proud of you.My visit to China comes on an important anniversary. Thirty years ago this week, an American President arrived in China on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion. President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on the grounds of common interest, and in a spirit of mutual respect. As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said to President Nixon, "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world ? twenty-five years of no communication."During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of our two countries have gradually learned more about each other.Once, America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship, and honor. And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societies in the world as demonstrated by all the knowledge and potential right here in this room.China is on a rising path, and America welcomes the emergence of a strong, peaceful, and prosperous China.As America learns more about China, I am concerned that the Chinese people do not always see a clear picture of my country. This happens for many reasons, some of them of our own making. Our movies and television shows often do not portray the values of the real America I know. Our successful businesses show the strength of American commerce, but the community spirit and contributions of those businesses are not always as visible as their monetary success. Some of the erroneous pictures of America are painted by others. My friend, the Ambassador to China, tells me that some Chinese textbooks talk of Americans "bullying the weak and repressing the poor." Another Chinese textbook,published just last year, teaches that special agents of the FBI are used to "repress the working people."Neither of these is true and while the books may be leftovers from a previous era, they are misleading and harmful. In fact, Americans feel a special responsibility for the poor and theweak. Our government spends billions of dollars to provide health care and food and housing for those who cannot help themselves and even more important, many of our citizens contribute their own money and time to help those in need. American compassion stretches way beyond our borders. We are the number one provider of humanitarian aid to people in need throughout the world. As for the men and women of our FBI and law enforcement, they are themselves working people who devote their lives to fighting crime and corruption.My country certainly has its share of problems and faults; like most nations we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice. Yet there is a reason our nation shines as a beacon of hope and opportunity, a reason many throughout the world dream of coming to America.We are a free nation, where men and women have the opportunity to achieve their dreams. No matter your background or circumstance of birth, in America you can get a good education, start a business, raise a family, worship freely and help elect the leaders of your community and country. You can support the policies of our government, or you are free to openly disagree with them. Those who fear freedom sometimes argue it could lead to chaos, but it does not, because freedom means more than every man for himself.Liberty gives our citizens many rights, yet expects them to exercise important responsibilities. Our liberty is given direction and purpose by moral character, shaped in strong families, strong communities, and strong religious institutions and overseen by a strong and fair legal system.My country's greatest symbol to the world, the Statue of Liberty, was designed with great care. As you look closely, you will see that she is holding not one object, but two. In one hand is the familiar torch, the light of liberty. In the other is a book of law.We are a Nation of laws. Our courts are honest and independent. The President can't tell the courts how to rule and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch. Under our law, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.All political power in America is limited and temporary, and only given by a free vote of the people. We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the powers of the three branches of our government: judicial, legislative and executive.Many of the values that guide our life in America are first shaped in our families, just as they are in your country. American Moms and Dads love their children and work hard and sacrifice for them, because we believe life can always be better for the next generation. In our families, we find love and learn responsibility and character.And many Americans voluntarily devote part of their lives to serving others. An amazing number nearly half of all adults in America volunteer time every week to make their communities better by mentoring children visiting the sick caring for the elderly and helping with a thousand otherneeds and causes. This is one of the great strengths of my country. People take responsibility for helping others without being told, motivated by their good hearts and often by their faith.America is a nation guided by faith. Someone once called us "a nation with the soul of a church." Ninety-five percent of Americans say they believe in God, and I'm one of them.When I met with President Jiang Zemin in Shanghai a few months ago, I told him how faith has shaped my own life, and how faith contributes to the life of my country. Faith points to a moral law beyond man's law and calls us to duties higher than material gain. Freedom of religion is not something to be feared but to be welcomed, because faith gives us a moral core and teaches us to hold ourselves to high standards, to love and serve others, and to live responsible lives.If you travel across America, you will find people of many different ethic backgrounds and many different faiths. We are a varied country. We are home to 2.3 million Americans of Chinese ancestry, who can be found working in the offices of our biggest companies, serving in my own Cabinet, and skating for America at the Olympics. Every immigrant, by taking an oath of allegiance to our country, becomes just as much an American as the President of the United States.America shows that a society can be vast and varied, and yet still one country, commanding the allegiance and love of its people.All of these qualities of America were vividly displayed on a single day, September 11th, when terrorists attacked America. American policemen and firefighters, by the hundreds, ran into burning towers in the desperate hope of saving other lives. Volunteers came from everywhere to help with the rescue efforts. Americans donated blood, and gave money to help the families of victims. People went to prayer services all over America, and raised flags to show their pride and unity. None of this was ordered by the government; it happened spontaneously, by the initiative of a free people.Life in America shows that liberty, paired with law, is not to be feared. In a free society, diversity is not disorder. Debate is not strife. And dissent is not revolution. A free society trusts its citizens to seek greatness in themselves and their country.It was my honor to visit China in 1975, and a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress ? in openness, and enterprise, and economic freedom. And this progress previews China's great potential.China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as you live up to its obligations, they will bring changes in China's legal system. A modern China will have a consistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people.The new China your generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges society in our country and in many successful countries. Your ancient ethic of personal and family responsibility will serve you well.Behind China's economic success today are talented, energetic people. In the near future, these same men and women will play a full and active role in your government. This university is not simply turning out specialists, it is preparing citizens. And citizens are not spectators in the affairs of their country. They are participants in its future.Change is coming. China is already having secret ballot and competitive elections at the local level. Nearly twenty years ago, Deng Xiaoping said that China would eventually expand democratic elections all the way to the national level and I look forward to that day.Tens of millions of Chinese today are relearning Buddhist, Taoist, and local religious traditions, or practicing Christianity, Islam, and other faiths. Regardless of where or how these believers worship, they are no threat to public order; in fact, they make good citizens. For centuries, this country had a tradition of religious tolerance. My prayer is that all persecution will end, so that all in China are free to gather and worship as they wish.All of these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that your generation will help create. This is one of the most exciting times in the history of your country a time when even the grandest hopes seem within your reach.My nation offers you our respect and our friendship. Six years from now, athletes from America and around the world will come to your country for the Olympic games. And I am confident they will find a China that is becoming a da guo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.Thank you and now I look forward to answering some questions.--------------------------(注：由于布什总统在讲演中临时发挥，故英文原文同中文译稿稍有出入。
李世默ted英文演讲稿
李世默ted英文演讲稿篇一：李世默TED演讲稿(中英文)李世默TED：中国崛起与“元叙事”的终结Good morning. My name is Eric Li, and I was born here. But no, I wasn’t born there. This was where I was born: Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries. When I was growing up, I was told a story that explained all I ever needed to know that humanity. It went like this. All human societies develop in linear progression, beginning with primitive society, then slave society, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally, guess where we end up Communism! Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of culture, language, nationality, will arrive at this final stage of political and social development. The entire world’s peoples will be unified in this paradise on earth and live happily ever after. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil, the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism, and the good shall triumph. That,of course, was the meta-narrative distilled from the theories of Karl Marx. And the Chinese bought it. We were taught that grand story day in and day out. It became part of us, and we believed in it. The story was a bestseller. About on third of the entire world’s population lived under that meta narrative. Then, the world changed overnight. As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth, I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie. Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened. As if one big story wasn’t enough, I was told another one. This one was just as grand. It also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end. This one went as follows. All societies, regardless of culture, be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian, must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units, and all these individuals are, by definition, rational, and they all want one thing: the vote. Because they all rational, once given the vote, they produce good government and live happily ever after. Paradise on earth, again.Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be the only political system for all countriesand all peoples, with a free market to make them all rich. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil. The good belongs to those who are democracies and are charged with a mission of spreading it around the globe, sometimes by force, against the evil of those who do not hold elections. Now. This story also became a bestseller. According to the Freedom House, the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970 to 115 in XX. In the last 20years, Western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus: multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on them is the only path to salvation to the long-suffering developing world. Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success. Those who do not are doomed to fail. But this time, the Chinese didn’t buy it. Fool me once… The rest is history. In just 3p years, China went from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to its second-largest economy. Six hundred fifty million people were lifted out of poverty. Eighty percent ofthe entire world’s poverty alleviation during that period happened in China. In other words, all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single, one-party state did without voting. See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps. Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per month at one point. Needless to say, I ate my grandmother’s portions. So I asked myself, what’s wrong with this picture Here I am in my hometown, my business growing leaps and bounds. Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day. Middle class is expanding in speed and scale unprecedented in human history. Yet, according to the grand story, none of this should be happening. So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it. Yes, China is a one-party state run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party, and they don’t hold elections. There assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time. Such a system is operationally rigid, politically closed, and morally illegitimate. Well, the assumptions are wrong. The opposites are true. Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of China’s one-partysystem. Now, most political scientists will tell us that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction. It won’t last long because it cannot adapt. Now here are the facts. In 64 years of running the largest country in the world, the range of the party’s policieshas been wider than any other country in recent memory, from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward, then privatization of farmland, then the Cultural Revolution, then Deng Xiaoping’s market reform, then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step of opening up party membership to private businesspeople, something unimaginable during Mao’s rule. So the party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions. Institutionally, new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions. For example, term limits. Political leaders used to retain their positions for life, and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules. Mao was the father of modern China, yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes. So the party instituted term limits with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70. Onething we often hear is political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms and China is in dire need of political reform. But this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias. See, some have decided a priori what kinds of changes they want to see, and only such changes can be called political reform. The truth is, political reforms have never stopped. Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago, every aspect of Chinese society, how the country is governed, from the most local level to the highest center, are uecognizable today. Now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind. Now I would venture to suggest the Party is the world’s leading expert in political reform. The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power gets concentrated in the hands of the few, and bad governance and corruption follow. Indeed, corruption is a big problem, but let’s first look at the larger context. Now, this maybe be counterintuitive to you. The party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today. China’s highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25members. In the most recent one, only five of them came from a background of privilege, so-called Princelings. The other 20, including the President and the Premier, came from entirely ordinary backgrounds. In the larger central committee of 300 or more, the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was even smaller. The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the top. Compare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, I think you’ll find the Partybeing near the top in upward mobility. The question then is, how could that be possible in a system run by one party New we come to a powerful political institution, little-known to Westerners: the Party’s Organization Department. The Department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations. It operates a rotation pyramid made up of there components: civil service, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations like a university or a community program. The form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials. They recruitcollege grads into entry-level positions in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom, called Keyuan Then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks: fuke, ke, fuchu, and chu. Now these are not moves from karate kids, okay It’s serious business. The range of positions is wide, from running health care in a village to foreign investment in a city district to manager in a company. Once a year, the department reviews their performance. They interview their superiors, their peers, their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct. They conduct public opinion surveys. Then they promote the winners. Throughout their careers, these cadres can move through and out of all three tracks. Over time, the food ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju and ju, levels. There, they enter high, officialdom. By that point, a typical assignment will be to manage a district with population in the millions or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. Just to show you how competitive the system is, in XX, there were 900000 fuke and ke levels, 600000 fuchu and chu levels, and only 40000 fuju and ju levels. After the ju levels, the bestfew move further up several more ranks, and eventually make it to the Central Committee. The process takes two to three decades. Does patronage play a role Yes of course. But merit remains the fundamental driver. In essence, the Organization Department runs a modernizes version of China’s centuries-old mandarin system. China’s new President Xi Jinping is son of a former leader, which is very unusual, first of his kind to make the top job. Even for him, the career took 30 years. He started as a village manager, and by the time he entered the Politburo, he had managed areas with total population of 150 million people and combined GDPs of trillion dollars. Now, please don’t getme wrong, okay This is not a putdown of anyone. It’s just a statement of fact. George W. Bush, remember him This is not a putdown. Before becoming Governor of Texas, or Barack Obama before running for President, could not make even a small county manager in China’s system. Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible system except for all the rest. Well, apparently he hadn’t heard of the Organization Department. Now, Westerners always assume thatmulti-party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy. I was asked once, “The Party wasn’t voted in by election. Where is the source of Legitimacy” I said, “How about competency”: We all know the facts. In 1949, when the Party took power, China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression, average life expectancy at that time, 42 years old. Today, it’s the second largest economy in the world, an industrial powerhouse, and its people live in increasing prosperity. Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes, and here are the numbers in recent years. Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent. Those who think they’re better off than five years ago, 70%. Those who expects the future to be better, a whopping 82 percent. Financial Times polls global youth attitudes and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week. Ninety-three-percent of China’s GenerationY are optimistic about their country’s future. Now, if this is not legitimacy, I’m not sure what is. In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance. I don’t need toelaborate for this audience how dysfunctional it is from Washington to European capitals. With a few exceptions, the vast number of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil strife. Governments get elected, and then they fall below 50 percent approval in a few months and stay there and get worse until the next election. Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret. At this rate, I’m afraid it is democracy, not China’s one-party system, that is in danger of losing legitimacy. Now, I don’t want to create the misimpression that China’s hunky-dory on the way to some kind of superpowerdom. The country faces enormous challenges. Social and economic problems that come with wrenching change like this are mine-boggling. Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues. On the political front, the worst problem is篇二：李世默TED演讲稿(中英文)李世默TED：中国崛起与“元叙事”的终结Good morning. My name is Eric Li, and I was born here. But no, I wasn’t born there. This was where Iwas born: Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries. When I was growing up, I was told a story that explained all I ever needed to know that humanity. It went like this. All human societies develop in linear progression, beginning with primitive society, then slave society, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally, guess where we end up Communism! Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of culture, language, nationality, will arrive at this final stage of political and social development. The entire world’s peoples will be unified in this paradise on earth and live happily ever after. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil, the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism, and the good shall triumph. That, of course, was the meta-narrative distilled from the theories of Karl Marx. And the Chinese bought it. We were taught that grand story day in and day out. It became part of us, and we believed in it. The story was a bestseller. About on third of the entire world’s population lived under that meta narrative. Then, theworld changed overnight. As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth, I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie. Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened. As if one big story wasn’t enough, I was told another one. This one was just as grand. It also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end. This one went as follows. All societies, regardless of culture, be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian, must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units, and all these individuals are, by definition, rational, and they all want one thing: the vote. Because they all rational, once given the vote, they produce good government and live happily ever after. Paradise on earth, again. Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be the only political system for all countriesand all peoples, with a free market to make them all rich. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil. The good belongs to those who are democracies and are charged with a missionof spreading it around the globe, sometimes by force, against the evil of those who do not hold elections. Now. This story also became a bestseller. According to the Freedom House, the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970 to 115 in XX. In the last 20years, Western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus: multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on them is the only path to salvation to the long-suffering developing world. Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success. Those who do not are doomed to fail. But this time, the Chinese didn’t buy it. Fool me once… The rest is history. In just 3p years, China went from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to its second-largest economy. Six hundred fifty million people were lifted out of poverty. Eighty percent of the entire world’s poverty alleviation during that period happened in China. In other words, all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single, one-party state did without voting. See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps. Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per monthat one point. Needless to say, I ate my grandmother’s portions. So I asked myself, what’s wrong with this picture Here I am in my hometown, my business growing leaps and bounds. Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day. Middle class is expanding in speed and scale unprecedented in human history. Yet, according to the grand story, none of this should be happening. So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it. Yes, China is a one-party state run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party, and they don’t hold elections. There assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time. Such a system is operationally rigid, politically closed, and morally illegitimate. Well, the assumptions are wrong. The opposites are true. Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of China’s one-party system. Now, most political scientists will tell us that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction. It won’t last long because it cannot adapt. Now here are the facts. In 64 years of running the largest country in the world, the range of the party’s policieshas been wider than any other country in recent memory, from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward, then privatization of farmland, then the Cultural Revolution, then Deng Xiaoping’s market reform, then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step of opening up party membership to private businesspeople, something unimaginable during Mao’s rule. So the party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions. Institutionally, new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions. For example, term limits. Political leaders used to retain their positions for life, and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules. Mao was the father of modern China, yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes. So the party instituted term limits with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70. One thing we often hear is political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms and China is in dire need of political reform. But this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias. See, some have decided a priori what kinds of changes they want to see, and only such changes can be called political reform. Thetruth is, political reforms have never stopped. Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago, every aspect of Chinese society, how the country is governed, from the most local level to the highest center, are uecognizable today. Now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind. Now I would venture to suggest the Party is the world’s leading expert in political reform. The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power gets concentrated in the hands of the few, and bad governance and corruption follow. Indeed, corruption is a big problem, but let’s first look at the larger context. Now, this maybe be counterintuitive to you. The party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today. China’s highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members. In the most recent one, only five of them came from a background of privilege, so-called Princelings. The other 20, including the President and the Premier, came from entirely ordinary backgrounds. In the larger central committee of 300 or more, the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was evensmaller. The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the top. Compare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, I think you’ll find the Partybeing near the top in upward mobility. The question then is, how could that be possible in a system run by one party New we come to a powerful political institution, little-known to Westerners: the Party’s Organization Department. The Department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations. It operates a rotation pyramid made up of there components: civil service, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations like a university or a community program. The form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials. They recruit college grads into entry-level positions in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom, called Keyuan Then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks: fuke, ke, fuchu, and chu. Now these are not moves from karate kids, okay It’s serious business. The range of positions is wide, from running health carein a village to foreign investment in a city district to manager in a company. Once a year, the department reviews their performance. They interview their superiors, their peers, their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct. They conduct public opinion surveys. Then they promote the winners. Throughout their careers, these cadres can move through and out of all three tracks. Over time, the food ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju and ju, levels. There, they enter high, officialdom. By that point, a typical assignment will be to manage a district with population in the millions or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. Just to show you how competitive the system is, in XX, there were 900000 fuke and ke levels, 600000 fuchu and chu levels, and only 40000 fuju and ju levels. After the ju levels, the best few move further up several more ranks, and eventually make it to the Central Committee. The process takes two to three decades. Does patronage play a role Yes of course. But merit remains the fundamental driver. In essence, the Organization Department runs a modernizes version of China’s centuries-old mandarin system.China’s new President Xi Jinping is son of a former leader, which is very unusual, first of his kind to make the top job. Even for him, the career took 30 years. He started as a village manager, and by the time he entered the Politburo, he had managed areas with total population of 150 million people and combined GDPs of trillion dollars. Now, please don’t getme wrong, okay This is not a putdown of anyone. It’s just a statement of fact. George W. Bush, remember him This is not a putdown. Before becoming Governor of Texas, or Barack Obama before running for President, could not make even a small county manager in China’s system. Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible system except for all the rest. Well, apparently he hadn’t heard of the Organization Department. Now, Westerners always assume that multi-party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy. I was asked once, “The Party wasn’t voted in by election. Where is the source of Legitimacy” I said, “How about competency”: We all know the facts. In 1949, when the Party took power, China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreignaggression, average life expectancy at that time, 42 years old. Today, it’s the second largest economy in the world, an industrial powerhouse, and its people live in increasing prosperity. Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes, and here are the numbers in recent years. Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent. Those who think they’re better off than five years ago, 70%. Those who expects the future to be better, a whopping 82 percent. Financial Times polls global youth attitudes and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week. Ninety-three-percent of China’s GenerationY are optimistic about their country’s future. Now, if this is not legitimacy, I’m not sure what is. In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance. I don’t need to elaborate for this audience how dysfunctional it is from Washington to European capitals. With a few exceptions, the vast number of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil strife. Governments get elected, and then they fall below 50 percent approval in a fewmonths and stay there and get worse until the next election. Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret. At this rate, I’m afraid it is democracy, not China’s one-party system, that is in danger of losing legitimacy. Now, I don’t want to create the misimpression that China’s hunky-dory on the way to some kind of superpowerdom. The country faces enormous challenges. Social and economic problems that come with wrenching change like this are mine-boggling. Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues. On the political front, the worst problem is篇三：李世默TED演讲稿李世默TED演讲稿:两种制度的传说〖文字大小：大中小〗〖打印〗推荐访问：TED演讲稿演讲稿【 - 李世默TED演讲稿:两种制度的传说】下面是由出国留学整理的《李世默TED演讲稿:两种制度的传说》，提供中英文对照，欢迎阅读。
2016李健在清华大学的演讲稿
2016李健在清华大学的演讲稿李健在清华大学的演讲稿为大家整理李健回清华大学的演讲稿全文，因为我是歌手，对李健歌声的喜欢，李健，这位会唱歌的男神，曾是清华大学理工科的学长，风度翩翩中尽现幽默，下面是这篇李健在清华大学的演讲稿，为清华学子讲述他的求学经历李健在清华大学的演讲稿时隔多年，再一次来到(清华)西阶，跟过去已经完全不一样，条件好太多了。
15年前，我在这里学过信号与系统(笑声)。
当时我无论如何也想不到多年之后我会在这里讲音乐。
生活真的是太奇妙了!而且我发现，清华女同学的比例好像高了一点(笑声)，人文环境好了很多。
尤其是后面站着的朋友，非常辛苦，非常感谢你们，这么热还能过来看我讲演。
其实我一小时之前还在游泳，工作人员问："健哥，你准备得怎么样了?"我说我还没准备呢!工作人员就很惊讶。
后来我想，我天天都在从事音乐，也不用太准备，因为我觉得我是一个时刻准备着的人(掌声)。
我还看到很多我歌迷会的朋友。
每次他们都是几十公里迢迢赶来(笑声)。
(李健向歌迷会打招呼)我突然想，我是不是得重新准备一下我这个稿?因为今天来了很多学琴的人，我还是结合吉他讲起吧。
距离我上一次讲演已经26年了，我上一次讲演是在小学的时候(笑声)，我记得我的讲演题目是"如何做'四有'新人"(笑声)。
今天我要讲"吉他如何创造音乐传奇"。
我就讲一讲自己的感受吧。
我从小就喜欢唱歌。
有一天，突然觉得，如果能够自弹自唱该有多好。
因为那时候有很多关于吉他的电视剧和电影。
后来我就选择了一个最便宜的吉他班，40块钱一个月，就去学了。
当时，我就有一个想法，我只要会弹唱两首歌就OK了。
一首是《大约在冬季》，另一首是《外面的世界》。
后来学了一个月的时候，老师都教一些特别偏的歌曲。
我记得有一首歌是《兰花草》。
大家都听过哈，是一首不需要左手就可以弹唱的歌(笑声)。
另一首是《四季歌》，是日本的一首歌。
美国总统布什在清华大学的演讲全文
美国总统布什在清华大学的演讲全文（中英文对照）胡副主席，非常感谢您的欢迎致辞，非常感谢您在这里接待我和我的夫人劳拉。
我也看到我的助理赖斯女士，她曾经是斯德莫大学的校长，因此她回到校园是最适合不过的了。
非常感谢各位对我的热情的接待，很荣幸能够来到中国，甚至是世界最伟大的一座学府之一，这所大学恰好是在美国的支持下成立的，成立的目标是为了推动我们两国间的关系。
我也知道清华这所大学对于副主席先生有着十分重要的意义，他不仅在这里获得了学位，而且是在这里与他优雅的夫人相识的。
我想同时，也感谢在座的各位学生给我这个机会跟大家见面，谈一谈我自己的国家，并且回答大家的一些问题。
清华大学的治学标准和名声闻名于世，我也知道能考入这所大学本身是一个很大的成就，祝贺你们。
我和我的太太有两个女儿，像你们一样正在上大学，有一个女儿上的是德州大学，一个女儿上的是耶鲁大学，他们是双胞胎。
我们对我们的两个女儿倍感骄傲，我想你们的父母对你们的成就也是同样的引以为荣的。
我这次访华恰逢一个重要的周年纪念日，副主席刚才也谈到了，三十年前这一周，一个美国的总统来到了中国，他的访华之旅目的是为了结束长达数十年的隔阂，和长达数百年的相互猜疑，本着相互利益，本着相互尊重的精神站在一起。
那天他们离开机场的时候，周总理对尼克松总统说了这样一番话，他说，你与我的握手越过了世界上最为辽阔的海洋，这个海洋就是互不交往的25年。
自从那时以来，美国和中国已经握过多次的友谊之手和商业之手。
随着我们两国间接触的日益频繁，我们两国的国民也逐渐地加深了对彼此的了解，这是非常非常重要的。
曾经一度，美国人只知道中国是一个历史悠久的一个伟大的国家，有伟大的文明。
今天，我们仍然看到中国奉行着重视家庭、学业和荣誉的优良的传统，同时，我们所看到的中国正日益成为世界上一个最富活力和最富创造力的社会之一，这一点最佳的验证便是在座诸位所具备的知识和潜力。
中国正走在一个发展的道路上，而美国欢迎一个强大、和平与繁荣的中国的出现。
布什清华演讲
Vice President Hu,thank you very much for your kind and generous remarks. Thank you for welcoming me and my wife , laura, here.I see she is keeping pretty good company with the Secretary of State, Collin Powell.It is good to see you, Mr. Secretary.And I see my National Security Adviser, Ms.Codoleezza Rice, who once was the provost of Stanford University, so she is comfortable on the university campuses such as this.Thank you for being here ,Codin.I am so grateful for the hospitality and honored for the reception at one of China’s and the world’s great universities.The standards and the reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So congratulations.My visit to China comes an important anniversary, as the vice president mentioned.Thirty years ago this week an American president arrived in China on an trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicious. President Richard Nixon showed that two vastly different government could meet on the grounds of common interests in the spirit of mutual respect.As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou En-Lai said this to President Nixon: “y ou handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world-25years of no communication.During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other ,the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other.It was my honor to visit China in 1975.Some of you were not even born then. It shows how old I am.And a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress in openness and enterprise and economic freedom. And this progress previews China’s great potential. China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as you live up to its obligations, they inevitably will bring changes to Chinese leagal system. A morden China will have a consistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people.The new China you generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges society in our country- and in many successful countries.All these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China, a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that you generation will help create.This is one of the mose exciting times in the history of your country, a time when even the grandest hopes seem in your reach. My nation offers you our respect and our friendship.Six years from now, athletes from America and all around the world will come to you country for the Olympic Games, and I am confident they will find a China that is becoming a Daguo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.非常感谢**主席热情洋溢的欢迎致词，非常感谢您再这里接待我和我的夫人劳拉。
李世默TED演讲稿(英文)
Good morning. My name is Eric Li, and I was born here. But no, I wasn’t born there. This was where I was born: Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries. When I was growing up, I was told a story that explained all I ever needed to know that humanity. It went like this. All human societies develop in linear progression, beginning with primitive society, then slave society, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally, guess where we end up? Communism! Sooner or later, all of humanity, regardless of culture, language, nationality, will arrive at this final stage of political and social development. The entire world’s peoples will be unified in this paradise on earth and live happily ever after. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil, the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism, and the good shall triumph. That, of course, was the meta-narrative distilled from the theories of Karl Marx. And the Chinese bought it. We were taught that grand story day in and day out. It became part of us, and we believed in it. The story was a bestseller. About on third of the entire world’s population lived under that meta narrative. Then, the world changed overnight. As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth, I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie. Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened. As if one big story wasn’t enough, I was told another one. This one was just as grand. It also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end. This one went as follows. All societies, regardless of culture, be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian, must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units, and all these individuals are, by definition, rational, and they all want one thing: the vote. Because they all rational, once given the vote, they produce good government and live happily ever after. Paradise on earth, again. Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be the only political system for all countries and all peoples, with a free market to make them all rich. But before we get there, we’re engaged in a struggle between good and evil. The good belongs to those who are democracies and are charged with a mission of spreading it around the globe, sometimes by force, against the evil of those who do not hold elections. Now. This story also became a bestseller. According to the Freedom House, the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010. In the last 20years, Western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus: multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on them is the only path to salvation to the long-suffering developing world. Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success. Those who do not are doomed to fail. But this time, the Chinese didn’t buy it. Fool me once… The rest is history. In just 3p years, China went from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to its second-largest economy. Six hundred fifty million people were lifted out of poverty. Eighty percent of the entire world’s poverty alleviation during that period happened in China. In other words, all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single, one-party state did without voting. See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps. Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per month at one point. Needless to say, I ate my grandmother’s portions. So I asked myself, what’s wrong with this picture? Here I am in my hometown, my business growing leaps and bounds. Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day. Middle class is expanding in speed and scale unprecedented in human history. Yet, according to the grand story, none of this should be happening. So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it. Yes, China is a one-party state run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party, and they don’t hold elections. There assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time. Such a system is operationally rigid,politically closed, and morally illegitimate. Well, the assumptions are wrong. The opposites are true. Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of China’s one-party system. Now, most political scientists will tell us that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction. It won’t last long because it cannot adapt. Now here are the facts. In 64 years of running the largest country in the world, the range of the party’s policies has been wider than any other country in recent memory, from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward, then privatization of farmland, then the Cultural Revolution, then Deng Xiaoping’s market reform, then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step of opening up party membership to private businesspeople, something unimaginable during Mao’s rule. So the party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions. Institutionally, new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions. For example, term limits. Political leaders used to retain their positions for life, and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules. Mao was the father of modern China, yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes. So the party instituted term limits with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70. One thing we often hear is political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms and China is in dire need of political reform. But this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias. See, some have decided a priori what kinds of changes they want to see, and only such changes can be called political reform. The truth is, political reforms have never stopped. Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago, every aspect of Chinese society, how the country is governed, from the most local level to the highest center, are unrecognizable today. Now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind. Now I would venture to suggest the Party is the world’s leading expert in political reform. The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power gets concentrated in the hands of the few, and bad governance and corruption follow. Indeed, corruption is a big problem, but let’s first look at the larger context. Now, this maybe be counterintuitive to you. The party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today. China’s highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members. In the most recent one, only five of them came from a background of privilege, so-called Princelings. The other 20, including the President and the Premier, came from entirely ordinary backgrounds. In the larger central committee of 300 or more, the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was even smaller. The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the top. Compare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, I think you’ll find the Party being near the top in upward mobility. The question then is, how could that be possible in a system run by one party? New we come to a powerful political institution, little-known to Westerners: the Party’s Organization Department. The Department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations. It operates a rotation pyramid made up of there components: civil service, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations like a university or a community program. The form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials. They recruit college grads into entry-level positions in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom, called Keyuan Then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks: fuke, ke, fuchu, and chu. Now these are not moves from karate kids, okay? It’s serious business. The range of positions is wide, from running health care in a village to foreign investment in a city district to manager in a company. Once a year, the department reviews their performance. They interview their superiors, their peers, their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct. They conduct public opinion surveys. Thenthey promote the winners. Throughout their careers, these cadres can move through and out of all three tracks. Over time, the food ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju and ju, levels. There, they enter high, officialdom. By that point, a typical assignment will be to manage a district with population in the millions or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. Just to show you how competitive the system is, in 2012, there were 900000 fuke and ke levels, 600000 fuchu and chu levels, and only 40000 fuju and ju levels. After the ju levels, the best few move further up several more ranks, and eventually make it to the Central Committee. The process takes two to three decades. Does patronage play a role? Yes of course. But merit remains the fundamental driver. In essence, the Organization Department runs a modernizes version of China’s centuries-old mandarin system. China’s new President Xi Jinping is son of a former leader, which is very unusual, first of his kind to make the top job. Even for him, the career took 30 years. He started as a village manager, and by the time he entered the Politburo, he had managed areas with total population of 150 million people and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars. Now, please don’t get me wrong, okay? This is not a putdown of anyone. It’s just a statement of fact. George W. Bush, remember him? This is not a putdown. Before becoming Governor of Texas, or Barack Obama before running for President, could not make even a small county manager in China’s system. Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible system except for all the rest. Well, apparently he hadn’t heard of the Organization Department. Now, Westerners always assume that multi-party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy. I was asked once, “The Party wasn’t voted in by election. Where is the source of Legitimacy?” I said, “How about competency?”: We all know the facts. In 1949, when the Party took power, China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression, average life expectancy at that time, 42 years old. Today, it’s the second largest economy in the world, an industrial powerhouse, and its people live in increasing prosperity. Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes, and here are the numbers in recent years. Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent. Those who think they’re better off than five years ago, 70%. Those who expects the future to be better, a whopping 82 percent. Financial Times polls global youth attitudes and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week. Ninety-three-percent of China’s GenerationY are optimistic about their country’s future. Now, if this is not legitimacy, I’m not sure what is. In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance. I don’t need to elaborate for this audience how dysfunctional it is from Washington to European capitals. With a few exceptions, the vast number of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil strife. Governments get elected, and then they fall below 50 percent approval in a few months and stay there and get worse until the next election. Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret. At this rate, I’m afraid it is democracy, not China’s one-party system, that is in danger of losing legitimacy. Now, I don’t want to create the misimpression that China’s hunky-dory on the way to some kind of superpowerdom. The country faces enormous challenges. Social and economic problems that come with wrenching change like this are mine-boggling. Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues. On the political front, the worst problem is corruption. Corruption is widespread and undermines the system and its moral legitimacy. But most analysts mis-diagnose the disease. They say that corruption is the result of the one-party system, and therefore, in order to cure it, you have to do away with the entire system. But a more careful look would tell us otherwise. Transparency International ranks China between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries, and it’s been moving up. India, the largestdemocracy in the world, 94 and dropping. For the hundred or so countries that are ranked below China, more than half of them are electoral democracies. So if election is the panacea for corruption, how come these countries can’t fix it? Now, I’m a venture capitalist. I make bets. It wouldn’t be fair to end this talk without putting myself on the line and making some predictions. So here they are. In the next 10 years, China will surpass the U.S. and become the largest economy in the world. Income per capital will be near the top of all developing countries. Corruption will be curbed, but not eliminated, and China will move up 10 to 20 notches to above 60 in T.I. ranking. Economic reform will accelerate, political reform will continue, and the one-party system will hold firm. We live in the dusk of an era. Meta-narratives that make universal claims failed us in the 20th century and are failing us in the 21st. Meta-narrative is the cancer that is killing democracy from the inside. Now, I want to clarify something. I’m not here to make an indictment of democracy. On the contrary, I think democracy contributed to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world. It is the universal claim that many Western elites are making about their political system, the hubris, that is at the heart of the West’s current ills. If they would spend just a little less time on trying to force their way onto others, and a little bit more on political reform at home, they might give their democracy a better chance. China’s political model will never supplant electoral democracy, because unlike the latter, it doesn’t pretend to be universal. It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely. The significance of China’s example is not that it provides and alternative but the demonstration that alternatives exist. Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives. Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals, but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over. Let us stop telling people and our children there’s only one way to govern ourselves and a singular future towards which all societies must evolve. It is wrong. It is irresponsible. And worst of all, it is boring. Let universality make way for plurality. Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us. Are we brave enough to welcome it?。
【美联英语】李世默-李世默TED演讲稿：两种制度的传说6
两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0中国的政治模式不可能取代选举民主，因为中国从不将自己的政治制度包装成普世通用的模式，也不热衷于对外输出。
这正是关键的所在。
进一步说，中国模式的重要意义，不在于为世界各国提供了一个可以替代选举民主的新模式，而在于从实践上证明了良政的模式不是单一而是多元的，各国都有可能找到适合本国的政治制度。
China’s political model will never supplant electoral democracy, because unlike the latter, it doesn’t pretend to be universal. It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely. The significance of China’s example is not that it provides and alternative but the demonstration that alternatives exist.让我们为“元叙事”的时代画个句号吧。
共产主义和民主可能都是人类最美好的追求，但它们普世化的教条时代已经过去。
我们的下一代，不需要被灌输说，世界上只有一种政治模式，所有社会都只有一种归宿。
这是错误的，不负责任的，也是乏味的。
多元化正在取代普世化。
一个更精彩的时代正缓缓拉开帷幕，我们有没有勇气拥抱它呢?Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives. Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals, but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over. Let us stop telling people and our children there’s only one way to govern ourselves and a singular future towards which all societies must evolve. It is wrong. It is irresponsible. And worst of all, it is boring. Let universality make way for plurality.Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us. Are we brave enough to welcome it? Thank you .采访环节。
布什总统清华大学演讲稿
大家好！今天，我非常荣幸能够来到中国，来到这座世界著名的高等学府——清华大学。
在这里，我首先要向清华大学全体师生表示最诚挚的敬意和问候。
感谢你们给予我这次难得的机会，让我有机会与大家分享一些关于领导力、创新与未来的思考。
首先，我想谈谈领导力。
领导力是一种能够激励他人、引领团队向更高目标努力的能力。
作为一位曾经的总统，我深知领导力的力量。
在我的总统生涯中，我始终坚信，一个优秀的领导者应该具备以下特质：第一，坚定的信念。
一个领导者必须有自己的信仰，并且坚信自己的信念是正确的。
这种信念将指引他在困难和挑战面前保持坚定，引领团队走向成功。
第二，敢于担当。
领导者要勇于承担责任，面对困难和挫折时，要敢于站出来，带领团队共渡难关。
第三，善于沟通。
领导力离不开沟通。
一个优秀的领导者应该具备良好的沟通能力，能够倾听他人的意见，善于协调各方关系，使团队团结一致。
第四，创新思维。
在快速发展的时代，领导者要具备创新思维，敢于突破传统束缚，引领团队走向未来。
接下来，我想谈谈创新。
创新是一个国家、一个民族发展的不竭动力。
在过去的几十年里，中国取得了举世瞩目的成就，离不开创新的力量。
以下是我对创新的几点看法：首先，创新需要人才。
人才是创新的基石。
一个国家要实现创新，必须培养大量具有创新精神和能力的人才。
清华大学作为我国顶尖的高等学府，在培养创新人才方面发挥着重要作用。
其次，创新需要开放。
一个封闭的系统是无法实现创新的。
我们要打破思维定势，借鉴国外先进经验，为创新提供广阔的空间。
再次，创新需要勇气。
创新往往伴随着风险，但只有勇敢面对风险，才能实现突破。
我们要鼓励创新，为创新者提供支持和保障。
最后，创新需要合作。
创新不是孤立的，需要各领域的协同发展。
我们要加强国际间的合作，共同应对全球性挑战。
如今，我们正处在一个充满变革的时代。
面对未来，我想谈谈以下几点建议：首先，我们要关注可持续发展。
随着全球人口的增长和资源的紧张，可持续发展成为我们面临的重要课题。
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李世默TED演讲稿:两种制度的传说
下面是由整理的《李世默TED演讲稿:两种制度的传说》，提供中英文对照，欢迎阅读。
李：早上好!我叫(Eric Li)李世默，我出生在这里(图示：高楼大厦林立，街道上星光灿烂的上海)，喔，不，不是这里，是这里，我出生在“文化大革命”高潮时的上海(图示：文革期间红卫兵游行的场面)。
外婆后来告诉我，她当时抱着襁褓之中啼哭不止的我，心惊胆战地听着“武斗”的枪声。
Good morning. My name is Eric Li, and I was born here. But no, I wasn’t born there. This was where I was born: Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries.。
李世默TED演讲观后总结
李世默T E D演讲观后总结Revised on November 25, 2020The lecturer explained his birthplace and the Chinese historical background in his infancy briefly. And then he expounded the definition of a story that explained all he ever needed to know that humanity: all human societies develop in linear progression and then end up with communism. He also stated the great influence of meta-narrative on not only Chinese people but also one third of the entire world’s population. Because disillusioned by the failed religion of his youth, he attended the USA and was told another story which claimed that only electoral democracy could lead human to the paradise in adulthood. This story also became a bestseller like the former one and was spread around almost whole world except in China. In the following, he explained the rapid development of China and the China’s great contribution to the world in just 30 years without voting. So he asked himself what’s wrong and studied it. He declared that it was wrong to consider the one-party state bad, on the contrary, the China’s one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction. Then he fully discussed the reasons why China’s one-party system can keep working. He demonstrated the validity of the one-party system from the aspects of economic reform, political system and corruption by illustrating. Then he expounded the Party’s Organization Department and itsfunctions. He made predictions that China would be stronger under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. In the end, he arrived at a conclusion that communism and democracy may b o t h b e l a u d a b l e i d e a l s.。
布什总统清华大学演讲全文(中英对照)
President Bush Speaks at Tsinghua UniversityTsinghua UniversityBeijing, People's Republic of China10:35 A.M. (Local)PRESIDENT BUSH: Vice President Hu, thank you very much for your kind and generous remarks. Thank you for welcoming me and my wife, Laura, here. (Applause.) I see she's keeping pretty good company, with the Secretary of State, Colin Powell. It's good to see you, Mr. Secretary. (Applause.) And I see my National Security Advisor, Ms. Condoleezza Rice, who at one time was the provost at Stanford University. So she's comfortable on university campuses such as this. Thank you for being here, Condi. (Applause.)I'm so grateful for the hospitality, and honored for the reception at one of China's, and the world's, great universities.This university was founded, interestingly enough, with thesupport of my country, to further ties between our two nations. I know how important this place is to your Vice President. He not only received his degree here, but more importantly, he met his gracious wife here. (Laughter.)I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about my country and answer some of your questions. The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations. (Applause.) I don't know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have two daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the University of Texas. One goes to Yale. They're twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like I'm sure your parents are proud of you. My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned. Thirty years ago this week, an American President arrived in China on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion. President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on thegrounds of common interest, in the spirit of mutual respect. As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said this to President Nixon: "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world -- 25 years of no communication."During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other. And that's important. Once America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship, and honor. And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societies in the world -- as demonstrated by the knowledge and potential right here in this room. China is on a rising path, and America welcomes the emergence of a strong and peaceful and prosperous China. (Applause.)As America learns more about China, I am concerned thatthe Chinese people do not always see a clear picture of my country. This happens for many reasons, and some of them of our own making. Our movies and television shows often do not portray the values of the real America I know. Our successful businesses show a strength of American commerce, but our spirit, community spirit, and contributions to each other are not always visible as monetary success.Some of the erroneous pictures of America are painted by others. My friend, the Ambassador to China, tells me some Chinese textbooks talk of Americans of "bullying the weak and repressing the poor." Another Chinese textbook, published just last year, teaches that special agents of the FBI are used to "repress the working people." Now, neither of these is true -- and while the words may be leftovers from a previous era, they are misleading and they're harmful.In fact, Americans feel a special responsibility for the weak and the poor. Our government spends billions of dollars to provide health care and food and housing for those whocannot help themselves -- and even more important, many of our citizens contribute their own money and time to help those in need. American compassion also stretches way beyond our borders. We're the number one provider of humanitarian aid to people in need throughout the world. And as for the men and women of the FBI and law enforcement, they're working people; they, themselves, are working people who devote their lives to fighting crime and corruption.My country certainly has its share of problems, no question about that. And we have our faults. Like most nations we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice. Yet there's a reason our nation shines as a beacon of hope and opportunity, a reason many throughout the world dream of coming to America. It's because we're a free nation, where men and women have the opportunity to achieve their dreams. No matter your background or your circumstance of birth, in America you can get a good education, you can start your own business, you can raise a family, you can worship freely, and helpelect the leaders of your community and your country. You can support the policies of our government, or you're free to openly disagree with them. Those who fear freedom sometimes argue it could lead to chaos, but it does not, because freedom means more than every man for himself. Liberty gives our citizens many rights, yet expects them to exercise important responsibilities. Our liberty is given direction and purpose by moral character, shaped in strong families, strong communities, and strong religious institutions, and overseen by a strong and fair legal system. My country's greatest symbol to the world is the Statue of Liberty, and it was designed by special care. I don't know if you've ever seen the Statue of Liberty, but if you look closely, she's holding not one object, but two. In one hand is the familiar torch we call the "light of liberty." And in the other hand is a book of law.We're a nation of laws. Our courts are honest and they are independent. The President -- me -- I can't tell the courts how to rule, and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch of government. Under ourlaw, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.All political power in America is limited and it is temporary, and only given by the free vote of the people. We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the power of the three branches of our government, the judicial branch, the legislative branch, and the executive branch, of which I'm a part.Many of the values that guide our life in America are first shaped in our families, just as they are in your country. American moms and dads love their children and work hard and sacrifice for them, because we believe life can always be better for the next generation. In our families, we find love and learn responsibility and character.And many Americans voluntarily devote part of their lives to serving other people. An amazing number -- nearly half of all adults in America -- volunteer time every week to make their communities better by mentoring children, or by visiting the sick, or caring for the elderly, or helping with thousands of other needs and causes.This is one of the great strengths of my country. People take responsibility for helping others, without being told, motivated by their good hearts and often by their faith. America is a nation guided by faith. Someone once called us "a nation with the soul of a church." This may interest you -- 95 percent of Americans say they believe in God, and I'm one of them.When I met President Jiang Zemin in Shanghai a few months ago, I had the honor of sharing with him how faith changed my life and how faith contributes to the life of my country. Faith points to a moral law beyond man's law, and calls us to duties higher than material gain. Freedom of religion is not something to be feared, it's to be welcomed, because faith gives us a moral core and teaches us to hold ourselves to high standards, to love and to serve others, and to live responsible lives.If you travel across America -- and I hope you do some day if you haven't been there -- you will find people of many different ethic backgrounds and many different faiths. We're a varied nation. We're home to 2.3 million Americansof Chinese ancestry, who can be found working in the offices of our corporations, or in the Cabinet of the President of the United States, or skating for the America Olympic team. Every immigrant, by taking an oath of allegiance to our country, becomes just as just as American as the President. America shows that a society can be vast and it can be varied, yet still one country, commanding the allegiance and love of its people.And all these qualities of America were widely on display on a single day, September the 11th, the day when terrorists, murderers, attacked my nation. American policemen and firefighters, by the hundreds, ran into burning towers in desperation to save their fellow citizens. V olunteers came from everywhere to help with rescue efforts. Americans donated blood and gave money to help the families of victims. America had prayer services all over our country, and people raised flags to show their pride and unity. And you need to know, none of this was ordered by the government; it happened spontaneously, by the initiative of free people.Life in America shows that liberty, paired with law is not to be feared. In a free society, diversity is not disorder. Debate is not strife. And dissent is not revolution. A free society trusts its citizens to seek greatness in themselves and their country.It was my honor to visit China in 1975 -- some of you weren't even born then. It shows how old I am. (Laughter.) And a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress -- in openness and enterprise and economic freedom. And this progress previews China'a great potential.China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as you live up to its obligations, they inevitably will bring changes to China's legal system. A modern China will have a consistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people. The new China your generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges our society -- challenges society in our country, and in many successful countries. Your ancient ethic of personal and family responsibilitywill serve you well.Behind China's economic success today are talented, brilliant and energetic people. In the near future, those same men and women will play a full and active role in your government. This university is not simply turning out specialists, it is preparing citizens. And citizens are not spectators in the affairs of their country. They are participants in its future.Change is coming. China is already having secret ballot and competitive elections at the local level. Nearly 20 years ago, a great Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping, said this -- I want you to hear his words. He said that China would eventually expand democratic elections all the way to the national level. I look forward to that day.Tens of millions of Chinese today are relearning Buddhist, Taoist, and local religious traditions, or practicing Christianity, Islam, and other faiths. Regardless of where or how these believers worship, they're no threat to public order; in fact, they make good citizens. For centuries, this country has had a tradition of religious tolerance. Myprayer is that all persecution will end, so that all in China are free to gather and worship as they wish.All these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China -- a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that your generation will help create. This is one of the most exciting times in the history of your country, a time when even the grandest hopes seem within your reach. My nation offers you our respect and our friendship. Six years from now, athletes from America and around the world will come to your country for the Olympic games. And I'm confident they will find a China that is becoming a da guo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.Thank you for letting me come. (Applause.)布什：胡副主席，非常感谢您的欢迎致辞，非常感谢您在这里接待我和我的夫人劳拉。
清华大学生励志演讲——永远不要说你尽力了
永远不要说你已经尽力了----一位清华大学学生的演讲各位同学好：今天，我站在这里给大家做一个关于高中学习方面的报告，下面我将结合自己在高中三年和大学三年的所见所感所想，通过一些事例向大家说明我们将会在高中遇到的一些问题和处理办法。
我希望大家从我的报告中吸取经验教训，少走弯路，并且为自己树立目标，坚定信心，最终走进理想的大学。
第一部分，简单谈一谈我们如何确定目标，树立理想我们中学每年考上重点大学的人数六七百，所以一年后你们都有可能进入一流的重点大学或者一流的名牌大学。
我在高一的时候有这样一种困惑：我的目标是考上好大学，但是要考好大学为了什么，我们为什么一定要走求学这条路？江泽民的答案是“为了中华民族的伟大复兴”，好多家长的答案是“为了光宗耀祖”，比尔·盖茨说“大学退学也能世界首富”。
经过了三年的清华的磨练，我现在的答案是：“求学这条路是我们通向成功的捷径”。
这里我举几个例子证明这个观点：我在清华电子系的一个师兄刘自鸿，他自己一年的钻研，在去年全国大学生挑战杯科技竞赛上获得特等奖第一名，他的专利“人体生物传感芯片”，被一家企业以300万元买走。
看看吧，一名大四的本科生就已经身份百万了，这样的例子在清华很多。
邓小平说：“科学技术是第一生产力。
”不错。
再给大家举一个个例子：我们都玩过的那种红光激光笔，我前几天在市场上看到最低的一款售价是3元人民币。
我们系信息光电子所做的一个项目“绿光半导体激光笔”，现在在美国买一支200美元。
事实上成本也就10元人民币，但是我们做来了。
别人没有，我们就可以决定一切。
我查阅了一下福布斯《财富》杂志，中国大陆35岁以下的白手起家的亿万富豪100％都是靠科学技术起家的。
说到这里文科生可能有点不高兴了，都是靠理工科的科技，我们文科生怎么办啊？别急，我这里还有一个例子：这位同学是清华经管学院朱镕基教授的博士生——一文科生，现在是中国招商银行的副行长，今年只有29岁。
他因为在一个月时间内解决了河北一个城市建行的十几年的呆帐坏帐，被朱镕基院长破格提拔。
做一位内外兼顾的知识人——清华大学毕业典礼致词
做一位内外兼顾的知识人——清华大学毕业典礼致词1954年（五十八年前）我参加大学联招时，台湾只有一所大学、三所学院。
新竹清大在我读大三的时候创办，避掉了「我没考上」清大的失望。
今天首先要向1426位清大同学取得学士学位表达道贺。
当你们获得了一所卓越大学的文凭，你已经比大多数的年轻人领先出发了。
以后的路程、以后的速度，就要靠你们自己的选择。
我一生的工作，就是读书、教书、写书。
每当有机会要和毕业同学讲话时，我当然会先做一些功课。
美国媒体告诉我：近年来有两篇「毕业致词」被认为是特别杰出的。
一篇是贾伯斯在2006年史丹福大学讲话。
结尾中的二句话大家一定很熟悉。
Stay hungry（求知若渴）、Stay foolish（虚心若愚）。
另一篇是《哈利波特》作者罗琳（J. K. Rowling）女士在2008年6月的哈佛演讲，她细述「失败」带来的好处以及「想象力」的重要。
担任毕业典礼讲话的人，深怕讲错了话，会影响年轻学子的一生。
罗琳女士坦率地承认：「不要担心，我根本记不得我毕业典礼中致词者讲的任何一句话！」这给我很大的勇气，向大家继续讲下去。
一、三种可能的答复今天的题目是「内外兼顾的知识人」。
如果要问聪敏的清大同学，「内外兼顾」是指什么？我想可能会有三种有趣的答复：「内外」兼顾是指：内心思维要与外在世界和谐相处。
「内」是指要家庭美满，「外」是指事业有成，二者要同时并进。
「内」是指对本国的事很关心，所谓本土化、在地化；「外」是对外国的事很注意，所谓全球化、国际化；也就是本土与国际连接。
这三个解释都很合情合理，但因为我的题目是指「内外兼顾」的「知识人」，我所要讲的是，我希望清大毕业生都能够做到：专业内要「内」行专业外不「外」行我就是希望每位清大人是兼具专业与通识的知识人。
也就是陈校长勉励大家要「具备科学与人文素养的清华人」。
这样的勉励也早融入你们在清华四年的教育规画中，如跨领域学程、通识课程、不分系双专长计划、国际志工、国际交流学习等。
【精品】李健在清华的演讲
【关键字】精品【演讲】时隔多年，再一次来到（清华）西阶，跟过去已经完全不一样，条件好太多了。
15年前，我在这里学过信号与系统（笑声）。
当时我无论如何也想不到多年之后我会在这里讲音乐。
生活真的是太奇妙了！而且我发现，清华女同学的比例好像高了一点（笑声），人文环境好了很多。
尤其是后面站着的朋友，非常辛苦，非常感谢你们，这么热还能过来看我讲演。
其实我一小时之前还在游泳，工作人员问：“健哥，你准备得怎么样了？”我说我还没准备呢！工作人员就很惊讶。
后来我想，我天天都在从事音乐，也不用太准备，因为我觉得我是一个时刻准备着的人（掌声）。
我还看到很多我歌迷会的朋友。
每次他们都是几十公里迢迢赶来（笑声）。
（李健向歌迷会打招呼）我突然想，我是不是得重新准备一下我这个稿？因为今天来了很多学琴的人，我还是结合吉他讲起吧。
距离我上一次讲演已经26年了，我上一次讲演是在小学的时候（笑声），我记得我的讲演题目是“如何做‘四有’新人”（笑声）。
今天我要讲“吉他如何创造音乐传奇”。
我就讲一讲自己的感受吧。
我从小就喜欢唱歌。
有一天，突然觉得，如果能够自弹自唱该有多好。
因为那时候有很多关于吉他的电视剧和电影。
后来我就选择了一个最便宜的吉他班，40块钱一个月，就去学了。
当时，我就有一个想法，我只要会弹唱两首歌就OK了。
一首是《大约在冬季》，另一首是《外面的世界》。
后来学了一个月的时候，老师都教一些特别偏的歌曲。
我记得有一首歌是《兰花草》。
大家都听过哈，是一首不需要左手就可以弹唱的歌（笑声）。
另一首是《四季歌》，是日本的一首歌。
但老师非常会做生意，在初级班要结束的时候，有一天忽然停电了，我也不知道这是他故意的，还是真的停电了。
他就点了一支蜡烛，坐在桌子上，用一把古典吉他弹奏了《爱的罗曼史》一，这是很多朋友都听过的一首比较通俗易懂的独奏曲。
然后，我一下子就被深深吸引了。
我觉得，那个比弹唱更吸引我。
然后我就又交了15块钱，学下一个班。
学了三个月，老师又弹奏了一个更好听的乐曲，我就继续学，继续交更多的钱。
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2016李世默在清华演讲稿全文李世默在清华演讲稿全文，2016年，李世默在清华大学时事大讲堂上，借用五位政治学学者的理论，分析认为21世纪是靠改革竞争的世纪，中国共产党领导的中国必将在此竞争中脱颖而出，因为正处在少年期的中国政治体制在全世界大国中最具有改革能力。
在演讲中一起上了一堂"从全球政治学视野看中国共产党与改革"的公开课从全球政治学视野看中国共产党与改革"为题从全球政治学视野看中国共产党与改革"为题李世默在清华演讲稿全文大家下午好，很开心来清华和同学们交流。
我不是老师，我是生意人，但赚钱以外，我的业余爱好是研究中国共产党。
首先，我要声明我不是中国共产党党员，小时候试过，但可能因为生活作风有问题，被拒绝了(笑)。
后来入党未成，一不小心当上了资本家。
我平时是周一到周五做资本家，周六周日研究中国共产党。
今天我跟大家分享我这些年研究中共的一点——不能说是学问——只是一些心得，希望大家能够对我的心得提出意见和批判。
我要讲的题目是《从全球政治学视野看中国共产党与改革》。
政治学，英语叫politicalscience，就是政治科学，但政治学是一门软科学，就是用科学的方式来研究社会，研究政治，研究软的东西那么科学的方式是什么呢?一般的科学方式是：第一步是要设立一个假定，拿这个假定到实验室里去验证，有的假定被验证出是对的，有的假定被验证出是错的。
验证了对的假定可能成为理论。
过一段时间又有人有新的假定，新的假定被验证以后就推翻以前的理论，成为新的理论。
科学就是这样发展的。
我今天讲的所有内容都只是假定。
今天的假定是：全世界都需要改革。
21世纪是一个在改革中竞争的时代。
能成功改革的国家将是赢家，改革失败的国家将是输家。
在这场改革竞争中，中国共产党领导的中国将在全球大国中脱颖而出。
所以，21世纪是中国的世纪。
全世界几乎所有国家都面临治理危机，从发达国家到发展中国家，都在说"我们需要改革，不改革不行了"。
可是几乎在所有国家，改革都陷入了巨大的困境，举步维艰，四面楚歌，为什么?我想借用五位世界一流的政治学学者的眼光来讲这个题目。
塞缪尔·亨廷顿：政治衰败塞缪尔·亨廷顿《变化社会中的政治秩序》第一位叫塞缪尔·亨廷顿，大家都知道他写的《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，但在政治学里我觉得他最好的著作是《变化社会中的政治秩序》。
亨廷顿发明了一个概念叫"政治衰败"(politicaldecay)，这是近代政治学里很重要的一个概念。
亨廷顿在《变化社会中的政治秩序》里研究了二战以后新独立的国家，这些国家的大环境在发生巨大的变迁，可是他们的政治制度不能相应地改变，去适应新的环境。
这种情况下，就发生了政治衰败。
他还说在体制很稳定、很成功的情况下也会发生政治衰败。
意思就是说，现有政治体制发生了所谓的固化，固化到一定程度，环境发生了变化，社会发生了变化，世界变了，可是政治体制没有办法去推动质的变化来适应外部环境和社会内在的变化，那么这个政治体制就发生了政治衰败。
曼瑟尔·奥尔森《国家兴衰探源》第二位叫曼瑟尔·奥尔森，他的代表作是《国家兴衰探源》。
他创造的概念叫"分利联盟"(distributivecoalition)。
奥尔森在《国家兴衰探源》里研究民主体制，他说民主体制里边必然出现利益集团，这些利益集团通过多年不断积累权力，形成分利联盟。
意思就是利益集团权力强大到一定程度，他们可以寻租，他们可以俘获甚至操控政治体制，使政治体制为分利联盟的利益服务，而不是为整体利益服务，甚至以损害整体利益为代价来维护分利联盟的利益。
奥尔森说在民主体制里，分利联盟俘获政治体制这个问题是一个无解的困境。
只有两种东西可以打破这个困境，一个是革命，一个是外部的冲击。
如战争。
这是非常悲观的一个角度，无解。
弗朗西斯·福山：否决制弗朗西斯·福山《政治秩序的起源》、《政治秩序和政治衰败》第三位叫弗朗西斯·福山，最近两/fanwen/1545本书叫《政治秩序的起源》与《政治秩序和政治衰败》。
福山把前两个人所创造的概念——"政治衰败"和"分利联盟"——组合起来讨论政治衰败。
第一，他说政治衰败在任何政治体制内部都可能发生，无论是威权体制还是民主体制。
福山说，现代治理需要三大要素：一是强政府，二是法治，三是民主问责。
福山说美国现在正处于政治衰败中，原因之一是当代美国是强法治、强民主、弱政府。
而这个局面使得美国无法推进急需的改革。
福山还提到两种问责制，一种叫自下而上的问责制，一种叫自上而下的问责制，两种制度各有优劣。
自下而上的问责制即通常说的民主制度，你不好老百姓把你选下去。
它的优势在于有一个自动回应机制，你做的不好老百姓可以选另外一位。
它的劣势在于分利联盟，福山又创造了一个新词叫"否决制"——"Vetocracy"，就是分利联盟把持政治体制，为了维护自己的利益，损害集体的利益。
"Vetocracy"其实就是中国人说的，成事不足败事有余。
自上而下的问责制，也许中国是自上而下的问责制，私人企业也是自上而下的问责制，它有强大的执行力，这来自于政治独立性，就是福山说的"politicalautonomy"。
它的困境和弊端，第一是信息的困境，底下的人不把正确的信息给老板，老板摸不清楚下面到底怎么回事，导致决策错误。
第二是福山说的所谓的"坏皇帝"的风险，老板出问题了怎么办?福山说改革在美国正在失败，美国没有办法改革。
为什么?他举了一些原因。
第一，民主和透明成了美国改革的绊脚石。
美国太多的公众参与，太多的透明，也就是说太多的民主，使这个国家的改革寸步难行。
第二，公民社会在某种程度上也不利于美国的改革。
公民社会孵化了利益集团的形成，利益集团积累权力形成分利联盟，分利联盟导致否决制。
在这样的公民社会里，只要有一个分利联盟不喜欢一件事，它就能把这件事给黄了。
要所有人都觉得没问题才能做，结果是什么事都做不成，改革更做不成。
第三，是法治。
美国的法治出现了治理的司法化。
就是说所有的政治、所有治理都要通过立法。
立法的过程遭到分利联盟的俘获，即便立了法，分利联盟再通过司法程序百般阻挠它的执行。
最后，是自由。
福山说自由和特权是一步之遥，一不小心自由就变成了特权。
美国最高法院今年判决说政治献金没有上限，这是宪法说的言论自由。
就是说我自己合法赚来的钱，为什么不能在电视上买广告，说某某政客好，说哪些政策好，哪些政策不好?给政治献金设上限是违反言论自由的。
而维护言论自由的后果是什么呢?当然是越有钱越牛，所以自由与特权是一步之遥。
王绍光：中国式共识型决策王绍光《中国式共识型决策》第四位政治学学者，是王绍光，他是香港中文大学的教授。
他研究国家能力和国家建设。
他近期的著作叫《中国式共识型决策》。
王老师用中国在2016年启动的医保改革为案例，仔细阐述了当代中国的政治体制如何超越利益集团，成功推动改革。
中国治理模式的三大要素我认为中国的治理模式有三大核心要素。
一是贤能治理。
这是理想状态，贤能治理也会出问题。
中国选贤任能的模式，就是中国的官员来自于草根，最有能耐的人通过这个体系一步步往上爬，最终进入中国的最高治理阶层。
二是实验治理。
中国几十年来推/fanwen/1545行很多政策，都是从小地方先试起来。
失败了就算了。
成功了就让各个地方学，再成功了就全国推广。
失败的成本较低。
这样的实验治理只能在中央集权的国家才能实现，在美国不可能，你在旧金山实验一个东西成了，然后华盛顿让麻省也试，做不到的。
三是回应治理。
有没有能力回应人民的需求，回应制度到底健康不健康。
据我了解，中共其实有非常复杂和有效及时的反应机制。
三中全会是政治改革的又一个里程碑中国30多年的改革开放，取得巨大的成就，也面临巨大挑战。
经济挑战非常严峻，中国经济模式走到现在创造了巨大的财富，但这个模式要改。
环境变了，经济结构变了，所以要改变这个经济结构，可是在改变过程中增长率就会下降，又会引发其他问题。
这个平衡怎么掌握，很难。
腐败是一个巨大的挑战。
环境也是巨大的挑战。
这么大规模，这么快速工业化，人类历史上前所未有，造成的环境问题是巨大的。
三中全会好像有600多条改革的政策，国企改革、土地改革、法律改革、经济改革。
三中全会开完后，很多学者、媒体都说中国开始实施大胆的经济改革，可是政治改革停滞不前甚至开倒车。
我觉得这是一个误读。
我觉得三中全会启动了中国几十年来最大胆的政治改革。
很多人把政治改革的定义定死了，认为只有往某种方向去改变的政策才叫政治改革，朝其他方向作的改变，再巨大也不叫政治改革。
但如果把政治改革作为一个中性词，就是对政治体制动刀，对政治体制做质的改变，我想三中全会是一个里程碑。
为什么是里程碑?我认为有三方面。
一是中央和地方政府权力分配发生了巨大变化。
三中全会比较重要的一点就是国家预算，以前中国的国家税收只有一半在中央政府手里，这次把它变成了全国的预算，这是巨大的权力再分配。
二是党纪和国法的权力分配发生了巨大变化。
三中全会对中纪委进行了重组，把地方纪委的决策权力从地方党委那里抽出来。
这又是一个巨大的权力再分配。
三是党和国家的关系发生了巨大变化。
1949年建国时引进的苏联模式"三驾马车"——人大对应最高苏维埃、党中央对应苏共党中央、国务院对应苏联的部长联席会。
三中全会——我认为——把三驾马车的格局打破了。
国家成立了很多领导小组和委员会，都是党中央在领导。
比如，中央国家安全委员会，负责国内国外的安全;深化改革领导小组，负责经济改革政策。
这是一个惊人的权力再分配，是一个巨大的政治改革。
中国共产党走到了中国国家治理的前台中央。
所以，我觉得三中全会是中国改革历程中一个巨大的里程碑，很多人把新中国的60多年分成两个30年，我觉得三中全会启动了第三个30年。
第三个30年最重要的两个方向：一是政治治理的完善，一是全方位民族复兴。
中国政治体制改革的原动力近些年来，政治学里流行的说法是，选举民主制国家最善于自我纠正，也就是改革，因为能够通过选举更换执政党。
但是现实却恰恰相反。
民主国家普遍陷入治理危机和改革困境。
而中国呢?回顾中华人民共和国的65年历史，在中共的一党领导下，中国经历的政治、经济变革，幅度和深度是近代史上罕见的，远远超出几乎所有其他国家，包括所有民主选举制的国家。
为什么?我认为这是中国政治体制的独特性质的结果。
在中国，核心是中国共产党，中共本身就是中国的政治体制。
中国是世界上大国中唯一的一个拥有这么一个独立于社会又同时来自于社会的政治力量，正如福山所说的，politicalautonomy。