2003年全国医学考博英语试题及答案详解(含听力原文)
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力题目：全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力部分一般包括以下内容：听力理解、听力填空、听力选择、听力排序、听力匹配等。
下面是一些可能出现的试题：听力理解1. What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The progress of modern medical technologyB. The causes of cancer and its treatmentC. The importance of healthy lifestyle and regular check-ups2. Why did the man visit the the hospital?A. He had a minor injury from a sports activityB. He needed to get some blood tests doneC. He was experiencing symptoms of a serious illness听力填空3. The speaker mentioned that the new drug has shown to reduce the occurrence of ____ by 50%.4. According to the speaker, the main function of a pacemaker is to ____.听力选择5. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?A. SmokingB. Lack of exerciseC. Vegetarian dietD. High blood pressure6. What is the main cause of type 2 diabetes?A. Genetic factorsB. Excessive sugar intakeC. Lack of insulin productionD. Autoimmune disorders听力排序7. Put the following steps for conducting a clinical trial in the correct order:A. Obtain informed consent from participantsB. Analyze resultsC. Recruit participantsD. Randomize participants into experimental and control groupsE. Administer treatment听力匹配8. Match the medical terms with their corresponding definitions:A. AtherosclerosisB. HypertensionC. OsteoporosisD. AsthmaE. Malaria1) A respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways2) A condition in which bones become thin and fragile3) A disease caused by a parasitic infection transmitted through mosquito bites4) A condition in which the arteries become narrow due to buildup of fatty deposits5) High blood pressure。
#2003年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛赛卷听力录音原文及参考答案(B级)#
2003年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛赛卷听力录音原文及参考答案(B级)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 points) Section A Dialogues (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short dialogues. At the end of each dialogue, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. W: The library is closed for repairs from the 1st of July until Monday the 6th of August.M: Oh, my! My library books are due on August 1st.Q: When will the library re-open? (B)2． M: Excuse me, could you explain how to get to the express bus terminal, please? I have to pick up my grandparents there.W: Sure, you need to take a right turn at the third traffic light at the Peach Corner Street, and then go straight half a mile. It's right next to the subway station. You won't miss it.M: Oh, thank you. It's easier than I thought it would be.Q: Where will the man meet his grandparents? (D)3. M: I need to buy something for my wife. Tomorrow she turns 32.W: Have you decided what you're going to give her?M: I think I'll bring 32 red roses, one for each year.Q: What will the man celebrate? (D)4. W: I suppose we could walk or cycle to the pool—it's not that far.M: Yes, but it's so hot we'll be exhausted by the time we get there. How about getting a number 38 bus? It stops right outside.W: Good idea!Q: How will they get to the swimming pool? (A)5. M: I really hate my work!W: Why not look for a different job?M: It's not that easy for me.Q: What does the woman suggest? (B)6. M: Hello! This is John Smith calling to confirm my reservation of the table at 5 p.m.W: Mmm, let me see. I'm sorry. I can't find any reservation under that name.M: No, it can't be true! I made that reservation only an hour ago. Would you please double-check the list, please?Q: Why did the man call the woman? (D)7. M: My wife had a car accident on her way out of the city with her mother two days ago. She wasn't able to come here to have her car repaired because she didn't dare to drive a car. This was the first accident since she has been driving. Can you examine the car for me, please? And when can I come for it?W: Well, the technician will take a look at the car, and then he'll tell you the details.M: Ok, thank you.Q: Who came to have the car repaired the car? (A)8. M: Excuse me, do you know the phone number of the lawyer named Foley in our town?W: I'm not sure. I just moved here several weeks ago. You should look it up in the telephone book.M: What a fool I am! That'll probably be better than asking everyone.Q: How will the man find the phone number? (B)9. M: Are there any seats available for tonight's show?W: Yes, we still have a few left.M: How much are the tickets?W: They are eight dollars each for adults, but student tickets are half price.M: Two adults and one student, please.Q: How much will the man pay for the tickets?(B)10. M: What one thing do you hate most of all? I think maybe you'll answer, “Monday mornings,” right?W: No way! The thing I hate the most is going to visit dentist!M: Really? I don't mind dentists at all. In fact, I like to visit dentist. And when I do go there, I always feel that my dental condition will improve.W: Wow! You're kidding! I have a lot of problems with my teeth, but I can't stand dentists!Q: Which of the following statements is true about the man and the woman? (D)Section B News Items (10 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short pieces of news from BBC or VOA. After each news item and question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.11. In the battle of the Hollywood veterans, the undoubted winner was Clint Eastwood. His “Million Dollar Baby” was voted best film by the Academy while he also won the coveted Oscar for Best Director for the second time. The film won four Oscars in total with Hilary Swank picking up Best Actress for her portrayal of a female boxer and Morgan Freeman named Best Supporting Actor.Question: What award did Clint Eastwood receive? (C)12. The London conference has generated new international support for President Abbas to clean up the corruption and ineffective rule that plagued the Palestinian authorities under Yasser Arafat.Senior officials from 23 countries and 6 international organizations have thrown their weight behind a Palestinian work plan to overhaul the Palestinians' government, economy and security forces.Question: What do the officials from 23 countries and 6 international organizations do? (B)13. The European Commission will spend about ninety five million dollars over the next four years trying to preventchildren and young adults from smoking. That's a big increase on the twenty five million dollars it spend on its lastanti-smoking campaign.Question:What is the increase between the two anti-smoking campaigns? (B)14. Hunter S. Thompson is credited with developing a new form of fictional journalism, sometimes called Gonzo journalism, in which the writer made himself an essential element of the story. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas became a psychedelic classic telling the story of Thompson's drug hazed road trip across the western US in search of the American Dream. The story was eventually made into a movie starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro.Question: Is Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas a psychedelic classic or a piece of science fiction? (A)15. Afghanistan has appointed its first female provincial governor in keeping with the new government's policy of promoting women to positions of power.Interior Minister Ali Jalali announced the appointment Thursday of Habiba Sarobi as Afghanistan's first ever female governor.Her appointment is part of a national initiative to place more women in positions of power. Afghan President Hamid Karzai and others in his administration have urged a wider political role for women.Question: Who was appointed as the first female governor in Afghanistan? (B)16. It only took 10 minutes to auction off the mainoil-pumping division of Russia's largest oil company, Yukos.There were only two bidders, including the large state natural gas company Gazprom, which was widely expected to be the winner.But in a surprise, a virtually unknown company called the Baikal Finance Group won, paying just over $9 billion.Question: Which company won the auction at last? (A)17. From baseball superstar to aging rock star, 2003 was the year Elvis Costello had his share of the jazz spotlight,in more ways than one. With the release of his number one jazz album North, Costello proved why he's considered one of today's best ballad singers and songwriters. He describes North as an album about “melody, harmony, mood and emotion, mostly emotion”. An emotional Elvis also made news when he married jazz singer Diana Krall in December, a match some say was made in musical heaven.Question: What is Elvis Costello? (A)18. The world's first treaty aimed at cuttingtobacco-related deaths has come into force. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control becomes legally binding upon countries that have ratified the landmark agreement.The WHO estimates that nearly five million people die prematurely every year from tobacco-related diseases. If current smoking trends are not reversed, the WHO warns by 2020, tobacco will kill 10 million people a year, 70 per cent of them in developing countries.Question: By 2020, how many people will probably die from tobacco-related diseases each year in developing countries?(B)19. In Iraq, the FBI is involved in trying to secure the release of civilians from 12 countries who have been taken hostage by Iraqi insurgents. Four Italian security guards are the latest foreigners to be reported abducted, while nine Americans still remain unaccounted for.Question: What is the nationality of the four security guards? (C)20. When Margaret Thatcher came to power in May 1979, Britain was a very different place to today. The trade unions were a political force to be reckoned with, government was involved in everything from generating power to making cars, and many people looked to the state to provide their every need. Much of that changed during her eleven years in power. She neutered the labour movement, oversaw the privatization of large swathes of the economy, and encouraged people to take more responsibility for their own lives. Much of this was fiercely resisted but is now political orthodoxy in Britain.Question: When did Margaret Thatcher resign from office?(B)Section C Passages (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear 5 questions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneWhat's it like to be a gold medal winner at the Olympic Games? This is what Sarah Hughes writes about how her life has changed since winning an Olympic gold medal in 2002.“In the months since the Olympics, I've received the key to New York City, met President Bush and had my photograph put on a cereal box. I've met so many amazing people, including Britney Spears, Leonardo Dicaprio and practically everyboy-band member you can think of. But through it all I've tried hard to stay same person: a normal 17-year-old girl from Great Neck, New York, who loves e-mail, baking, and anything with sparkles.”“It's funny, but when I stepped on the ice at the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, I did not think about winning.I felt proud just to have made it that far. Figure skating competition consists of a two-and-a-half-minute short program and a four-minute long program. Going into the long program, I was in fourth place. However, I was also ahead of most of the world's best skaters. Yet I knew I could do better.”“You need a lot of luck to go from fourth place to first.I guess February 21, 2002, was my lucky night. I seemed to gain energy as my program went on, getting every spin, landing every jump. I landed back-to-back triple jumps, the first woman ever to do that in competition. Backstage, when coach, Robin Wagner, found out that I'd won, she screamed and fell out of her chair.I sat there in disbelief, thinking, ‘Wow’！”“After winning, I got so little sleep that I got sick and had to miss the closing ceremonies. I was heartbroken. But it wasn't until I left Salt Lake City a few days later that I realized how much my life had changed. For instance, I got to fly to Los Angeles to present a prize at the Grammy Awards with the Backstreet Boys.”“One of the biggest things that has happened since winning is that now I can support programs and causes I am very interested in, especially breast cancer. My mom, Amy, had breast cancer when I was 12. She was courageous and strong. She always had a positive outlook. Today she's been cancer-free for four years.”“I learned from my mom that you can't be afraid to live.I love taking risks. Champions on Ice, the touring figure skating show that I was in during the summer, is much more relaxed than the Olympics. However, once in a while I did a triple-triple combination, just to test myself. Sometimes I fell, but landing well after every jump is not the point. It is the attempt. It is the effort. I will continue to compete and try for the Olympics. I might lose or I might win. But whatever happens, I will never lose my passion.”Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.21. When did Sarah Hughes get the Olympic gold medal? (C)22. What has remained the same in Sarah Hughes' life since the Olympic Games? (A)23. Why did Sarah Hughes think she was lucky at the Olympic Games? (D)24. Why did Sarah Hughes miss the closing ceremonies at the Olympic Games? (A)25. What did she learn from her mother? (D)Passage TwoHand-held fans began in China some 5,000 years ago. Of course, there is a story about the invention of the hand-held fan. The story says that one day, while the daughter of a famous official was at a festival, she felt suddenly sick from the heat. She took off the mask she was wearing at the time and did the obvious: She held it close to her face and moved it back and forth to create a slight breeze. The other women saw her example and immediately began to do the same. Is this truth or fiction? Believe what you want.The original fans were made of leaves, tied grasses, or feathers fixed to a wood or bone handle. They were used to cool the face, start fires, and for many other purposes. Eventually the technique of stretching silk and later paper across a hardframe to create a flat, round fan was developed. Screen fans soon replaced feather fans.Chinese fans were first introduced to Japan during the Nara period (AD 710—794). Less than a century later, the Japanese had improved on the Chinese original design by inventing the folding fan. This was a folded, decorated piece of paper. The paper was then stuck on a semicircular frame of thin flat sticks. The idea of how to make this new kind of fan went back to China, and it soon became very popular. In the 14th century, the fan traveled from China to Europe. Thanks to the Portuguese traders who brought fans from China to Europe in the 15th century, fans were used in many countries. People in Europe could not buy enough fans. To make fans more quickly, the parts were often imported from China and then put together in Europe.By the 17th and 18th centuries, France became the leading center for making fans. Fans had become an important accessory for anyone who wanted to be fashionable. They had also become more complicated and expensive. Many different kinds of materials were used, including materials such as silk and lace. Designs on the fans were printed or hand-colored. Fashionable fan handles were most often covered with precious stones orpearls. The folding-fan skeletons were made from ivory, mother-of-pearl, or expensive wood, and held together with silk ribbons or sewing thread.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. Where were hand-held fans first used according to the passage? (C)27. What were hand-held fans originally made of? (B)28. How were folding fans first developed? (A)29. When did fans travel from China to Europe? (A)30. Why was France important in the history of fans? (B)Part II Vocabulary and Structure (5 minutes, 10 points)31. C 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. C 37. A 38. C 39. B 40.BPart III Situational Dialogues (5 minutes, 10 points)41. A 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D 50.CPart IV IQ Test (5 minutes, 5 points）51. D 52. C 53. D 54. C 55. CPart V Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 35 points) Section A Multiple Choice (5 points)56. C 57. B 58. A 59. B 60. ASection B Short Answer Questions (20 points)61. decreasing62. irrigation, increased population63. fish and plant life64. In the 1980s.65. twenty-five66. they are living in a foreign country67. improve with age68. better at judging people's honesty and intelligence69. as well70. unimportant to themSection C True (T) or False (F) (10 points)71. F 72. T 73. F 74. T 75. F 76. T 77. T 78. T 79. F 80.FPart VI Cloze (10 minutes, 10 points)81. from 82. cover 83. first 84. suddenly 85. famous 86. Despite 87. next 88. happened 89. built 90. story Part VII Translation (15 minutes, 20 points)Section A English-Chinese Translation (10 points)91．例如，在接受别人第二天早晨让他搭便车上班的邀请之后，他或她将不能在双方约定好的时间到达乘车地点。
医学考博英语真题及解析整理2003年-育明考博
医学考博英语真题及解析整理2003年part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicatewith someone in English.A.frustrated失败的, 落空的B.depressed 沮丧的, 降低的C.approved被认可的D.distracted心烦意乱的32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmitted commit oneself to委身于， 专心致志于C.attributed attribute sth. to认为某事物是...的属性; 把某事物归功于; 认为某事物是(某人)创造的D.converted33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine against polio.A.accomplishment（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）a girl of many accomplishments多才多艺的姑娘Among her accomplishments were sewing,cooking,playing the piano and dancing.她的才能包括缝纫、烹调、弹钢琴和跳舞。
B.qualification admission qualification入学资格physical qualifications身体条件C.eminence win [reach] eminence as an inventor成为卓越的发明家a man of eminence名人D.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailed vt.使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给entail great expense on sb.使某人承担大笔费用 entail ... on sb.使某人负担...把...遗留给某人D.accustomed be accustomed to习惯于accustom oneself to使自己习惯于; 养成...的习惯36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcybut a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____A.in circulation流通者;传播者B.under consideration在考虑之中C.on hand在手头, 即将发生, 在场;在手头, 在手边;现有D.at stake危如累卵, 危险37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesome卫生的, 有益的, 健康的, 有益健康的wholesome air新鲜空气a wholesome food有益健康的食品B.dietC.tastefulD.edible edible fat食用油脂38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown up揭露, 露出, 露面B.piled up 堆积, 积累, 搁浅, 撞毁C.put onD.taken on披上, 呈现, 具有, 雇用, 承担, 盛气凌人, 接纳, 流行39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegible难辨认的, 字迹模糊的illegal .违法的, 不合规定的D.irrational 无理性的, 失去理性的40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denoting指示, 表示 quick pulse often denotes fever.脉搏跳得快常表示发烧。
2003清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解真题及其答案
2003清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解真题及其答案Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves。
There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protest ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerADNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.D.The math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.Say no to your teen when necessary.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of th e National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要⼈),voluptuous nudes, ormiddle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,” says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get itWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed. Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering(争吵).81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see .A. the integration of theory with practiceB. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledgeC. the rapid division of traditional disciplinesD. the confrontation between specialists and generalists82. The commentator would say that the totality of the sculpture of knowledge .A. is mainly composed of two elementsB. presents two different points of viewC. cannot be perceived from one perspective。
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant.B. A physician.C. A pediatrician.D. An ophthalmologist.【答案】D【解析】通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
2003年英语真题及答案（全国卷）
2003年英语真题及答案（全国卷）绝密★启⽤前2003年普通⾼等学校招⽣全国统⼀考试英语第⼆部分：英语知识运⽤（共两节，满分45分）第⼀节：单项填空（共15⼩题：每⼩题1分，满分15分）21．Don’t be afraid of asking for help it is needed.A．unless B．since C．although D．when22．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen.A．smoke B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked23．Allen had to call a taxi because the box was to carry all the way home.A．much too heavy B．too much heavy C．heavy too much D．too heavy much24．—Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to…—Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr Parker to you, and you forget it!A．do B．didn’t C．did D．don’t25．If anybody calls, tell them I’m out, and ask them to their name and address.A．pass B．write C．take D．leave26．The sign reads “In case of fire, break the glass and push red button.”A．不填；a B．不填；the C．the; the D．a;a27．All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervouseness .A．has grown B．is growing C．grew D．had grown28．A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A．should B．can C．must D．will29．We’re going to the bookstore in John’s car. You can come with us you can meet us there later.A．but B．and C．or D．then30．Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will fresh for several days.A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed31．News reports say peace talks between the two countries with no agreement reached.A．have broken down B．have broken out C．have broken in D．have broken up 32．—There’s coffee and tea: you can have .—Thanks.A．either B．each C．one D．it33．—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.—Why ? John is sitting there doing nothing.A．him B．he C．I D．me34．The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once with each other.A．they had quarreled B．they have quarreledC．have they quarreled D．had they quarreled35．—I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.— .It was her fault.A．No way B．Not possible C．No chance D．Not at all第⼆节：完形填空（共20⼩题：每⼩题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下⾯短⽂，掌握其⼤意，然后从36—55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
2003医博统考听力题解析原文
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example. You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant. B. A physician. C. A pediatrician. D. An ophthalmologist.2. A. To make a call to the hospital. B. To go to the man’s house immediately.C. To expect the doctor’s call.D. To take a message.3. A. There’s only one point he doesn’t understand.B. He refuses to take any help.C. These q uestions won’t be on the exam.D. He would like some help.4. A. Dr. Smith isn’t a good choice.B. She’s never been treated by Dr. Smith.C. She’s been sitting in the waiting room for too long.D. She’d like to recommend a magazine t o the man.5. A. The man has seen the fungi for three times.B. The man is not careful enough.C. The man has been watching it for three days.D. The man is the woman’s teacher.6. A. He was fired. B. He was blamed for bad service.C. He was promoted.D. He was warned not to be late again.7. A. People enjoy shopping in the drug store.B. People spend little time in the drug store.C. People who spent shorter time in the store are more likely to buy something there.D. People spend too much time reading articles about quick cures sold there.8. A. His computer doesn’t work.B. He doesn’t understand his stuff working on computer.C. He registered for the wrong course.D. He doesn’t know how to apply the computer theories.9. A. It is easy to take care of her three teenage boys.B. Nancy’s life is easy compared with the woman’s.C. Nancy lives a more difficult life.D. Nancy would like to take care of her three boys.10. A. New York. B. San Francisco. C. Seattle. D. San Diego.11. A. Sunny bought a new computer. B. Sunny got a bargain.C. Mike bought a new computer.D. Mike got a bargain.12. A. The patient is ringing a bell. B. Her name sounds beautiful.C. Nancy Johnson is ringing the bell now.D. Her name sounds familiar.13. A. The woman doesn’t like orange juice. B. The woman forgot to buy orange juice.C. The man was in a car crash this morning.D. The man broke the container of juice.14. A. John is a plumber.B. John was too busy to come.C. John was not at home when the woman called.D. The woman dialed the wrong number.15. A. His luck ha sn’t been good. B. He is a lucky man.C. He decided not to do the lottery again.D. He doesn’t care about money.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. Bridge-building experts. B. Washington Roebling.C. John Roebling.D. The Roeblings.17. A. Only the Roeblings had confidence in it.B. It came up against financial problems.C. Experts showed great interest.D. It took John Roeblings 13 years to complete the project.18. A. He was killed at the building site. B. He was injured in a traffic accident.C. He was seriously eyesight-damaged.D. He was seriously brain-damaged.19. A. His language. B. His limbs. C. His brain. D. His mind.20. A. Because the project was spectacular.B. Because the project seemed impossible.C. Because the building instructions were given with one finger.D. All of the above.Passage Two21. A. The American population increased by 40 percent.B. So many school children died of polio in the nation.C. A polio plague swept the nation.D. A polio vaccine was developed.22. A. A vaccine for polio. B. A rare form of cancer.C. A disease similar to AIDS.D. A virus from monkeys.23. A. They were at risk of getting cancer.B. They became victims of poliomyelitis.C. They were involved in a medical investigation.D. They were injected with tainted vaccines.24. A. 30 percent. B. 40 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 60 percent.25. A. All the injections given 40 years ago were contaminated.B. The contaminated vaccines may cause cancer in humans.C. Vaccines are responsible for brain tumors.D. Brain tumors had increased by 40%.Passage Three26. A. 1969. B. 1977. C. 1997. D. 2000.27. A. To help answer parents’ questions about children’s growth.B. To separate fat babies from normal ones.C. To rev ise the familiar children’s growth chart.D. To identify whether a person is overweight.28. A. It can differentiate between fat babies and thin.B. It can identify a child’s possibility of growing fat from babyhood.C. It can give par ents some advice on children’s diet.D. It can remind parents of something they neglected in their childhood.29. A. When his BMI is at 23rd percentile or above.B. When his BMI is at 75th percentile or above.C. When his BMI is at 95th percentile or above.D. When his BMI is at 97th percentile or above.30. A. Setting a good example for their children.B. Disciplining their children.C. Reflecting the nature of modem-day life.D. Changing their children’s hea lth behavior.2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. D 通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
2003华东师大考博英语阅读及答案
2003华东师大考博英语阅读及答案Passage 1Birds sometimes exhibit benevolent feelings; they will feed the deserted young ones even of distinct species, but this perhaps ought to be considered as a mistaken instinct. They will feed, as shown in an earlier part of this work, adult birds of their own species which have become blind. Mr. Buxton gives a curious account of a parrot which took care of a frost-bitten and crippled bird of a distinct species, cleansed her feathers and defended her from the attacks of the other parrots which roamed freely about his garden. It is a still more curious fact that these birds apparently evince some sympathy for the pleasures of their fellows. When a pair of cockatoos made a nest in an acacia tree "it was ridiculous to see the extravagant interest taken in the matter by the others of the same species." These parrots also evinced unbounded curiosity and clearly had "the idea of property and possession." They have good memories, for in the Zoological Gardens they have plainly recognized their former masters after an interval of some months.Birds possess acute powers of observation. Every mated bird, of course, recognizes its fellow. Audubon states that a certain number of mating thrushes (Mimus polyglottus) remain all the year round in Louisiana, while others migrate to the Eastern States; these latter on their return are instantly recognized and always attacked by their southern brethren. Birds under confinement distinguish different persons, as is proved by the strong and permanent antipath or affection which they show without any apparent cause toward certain individuals. I have heard of numerous instances with jays, partridges, canaries, and especially bullfinches. Mr. Husscy has described in how extraordinary a manner a tamed partidge recognized everybody; and its likes and dislikes were very strong This bird seemed "fond of gay colors, and no new gown or cap could be put on without catching his attention." Mr. Hcwitt has described the habits of some ducks (recenfiy descended from wild birds) which at the approach of a strange dog or cat would rush headlong into the water and exhaust themselves in their attempts to escape; but they knew Mr. Hewitt''s own dogs and cats so well that they would lie down and bask in the sun close to them. They always moved away from a strange man, and so they would from the lady who attended them if she made any great change in her dress. Audubon relates that he reared and tamed a wild turkey which always ran away from any strange dog; this bird escaped into the woods, and some days afterward Audubon saw, as he thought, a wild turkey and made his dog chase it; but to his astonishment the bird did not nm away, and the dog when he came up did not attack the bird, for they mutually recognized each other as old friends.Mr. Jenner Weir is convinced that birds pay particular attention to the colors of other birds, sometimes out of jealousy and sometimes as a sign of kinship. Thus he turned a reed-bunting (Emberiza sehoeniculus), which had acquired its black headdress, into his aviary, and the newcomer was not noticed by any bird except by a bullfinch, which is likewise black-headed_ This bullfinch was a very quiet bird, and had never before quarreled with any of its comrades, including another reed-bunting, which had not as yet become black-headed; but the reed-bunting with a black head was so unmercifully treated that it had to be removed.61. Why does Darwin cite Mr. Buxton?A. To support his theory about birds'' powers of observation.B. To support his statement about birds'' benevolence.C. To contrast with his own observations of birds,D. Both A and B.62. Why does Darwin mention jays, partridges, canaries, and bullfinches?A. To explain why some birds cannot be trained.B. To educate his reader on types of local birds.C. To contrast with a later discussion of shore birds.D. To support his discussion of birds'' memories.63. What does Darwin mean by "a sign of kinship"A. Mark of common parentage.B. Premonition of future union.C. Symbol of compatibility.D. Evidence of family relationship.64. A good title for paragraph 3 might beA. "Different-Colored Birds"B. "Bullfinches and Their Colors"C. "An Example of Color Recognitiion in Birds"D. "Captive Birds"65. The main purpose of this passage is toA. compare three species of birdsB. review current studies of birdsC. compare wild birds to confined birdsD. discuss some traits of birdsPassage 2At the end of what seemed a tedious while, I had managed to pack my head full of islands, towns, bars, "points," and bends; and a curiously inanimate mass of lamber it was, too. However, inasmuch as I could shut my eyes and reel off a good long string of these names without leaving out more than ten miles of river in every filly, I began to feel that I could make her skip those little gaps. But of course my complacency could hardly get start enough to lift my nose a trifle into the air, before Mr. Bixby would think of something to fetch it down again. One day he turned on me suddenly with this settler:"What is the shape of Walnut Bend?"He might as well have asked me my grandmother''s opinion ofprotoplasm( 原生质)。
全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of theconditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easyC. need a new way of thinking about natureD. need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage FiveHumanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050, 70% are projected to do so – most of them in poorer。
2003年考博英语题
历年考博英语题2003年一、Directions:21. ____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving.A. Had it not beenB. Be it notC. Were it notD. Should it not be答案：A. Had it not been22. There have been numerous novel _____ in the curriculum of the university this semester.A. inspirationB. innovationC. intersectionD. irrigation答案：B. innovation23. The teacher said the most important thing is to construct a_____ argument in writing a paper.A. colonialB. closetC. coherentD. cautious答案：C. coherent24. In the early times, people had the_____ that the sun moved round the earth.A. notationB. notionC. junctionD. inflation答案：B. notion25. It’s difficult to break down the ______ which separates different classes.A. badgeB. bandageC. bronzeD. bruise答案：A. badge26. Having no job and no children, the old woman had to live on the _____ allowance.A. miseryB. misfortuneC. militantD. miserly答案：D. miserly27. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ____his arguments in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. to base on whichC. on which to baseD. which to be based on答案：C. on which to base28. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ____a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. should be thereC. there wasD. there having been答案：B. should be there29. The monument is ____ to the memory of soldier killed in the defence of the countryA. dedicatedB. delegatedC. degeneratedD. degraded答案：A. dedicated30. As long as we maintain independence and keep the ___in our own hands, we may be successful.A. narrativeB. initiativeC. authoritativeD. cumulative答案：B. initiative31. An urgent social challenge in the future will be to ensure that science and technology develop ____ in this direction.A. inclusivelyB. cohesivelyC. exclusivelyD. emperically答案：C. exclusively32. They lose their way in the forest, and ____ made matter worse was that night began to fall.A. thatB. whatC. itD. which答案：B. what33. The success of some of the most important concepts in physics was_____ to these mathematical systems.A. obligedB. distributedC. contributedD. attributed答案：D. attributed34. The western culture has pervaded every aspect of our daily life, and this ____ will change our outlook and way of life.A. by turnsB. at every turnC. in turnD. in return答案：D. in return35. Ocean don’t ____ divide the world____ unite it ; they serve to unite countries rather than to divide them.A. as much…asB. so much…asC. as many…asD. as well…as答案：B. so much…as36. It will be safer to walk on the streets without carrying large amounts of cash; virtually all financial___ will be conducted by computer.A. transmissionsB. transformationsC. transactionsD. transitions答案：C. transactions37. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ____ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A. skillfullyB. safelyC. obedientlyD. currently答案：C. obediently38. The rive is already ___ its banks of excessive rainfall, and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A. flush withB. level inC. flat onD. parallel to答案：A. flush with39. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable____ to the total cost of the product.A. connectionB. correspondenceC. correlationD. proportion答案：D. proportion40. The survival____ of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A. rateB. degreeC. ratioD. scale答案：A. rate二、Reading comprehension41. Carnegie was able to develop his vast industrial fortune_____.A. with the act of five enterprise system.B. through large loans from the American government.C. because the American government had special tariffs to protect the American steel and iron industry.D. because he had relatives in the English steel industry.答案：C. because the American government had special tariffs to protect the American steel and iron industry.42. Carnegie followed his ancestors’ footsteps______.A. by developing a large industrial company.B. in caring for and improving benefits for the worker and the poor.C. by furthering Spencer’s Philosophy.D. by being a follower of social Darwinism.答案：B. in caring for and improving benefits for the worker and the poor.43. The industry Carnegie was not concerned with was______.A. the manufacturing steelB. the transporting of the finished product.C. the movement of raw materialsD. the lumber business答案：D. the lumber business44. Carnegie’s trips to England_____.A. were poorly for pleasure and visiting relatives.B. introduced him to charitist ideals which would influence his life.C. helped him gain steel contracts with the British industrialists.D. led him to believe that the industrial future would be with steel.答案：D. led him to believe that the industrial future would be with steel.45. which happened first?A. The foundation of the Carnegie Steel Co.B. the introduction of charitist idealsC. the foundation of the J.Edgar Thomson Steel Mills.D. Andrew Carnegie’s trips to Great Britain.答案：B. the introduction of charitist ideals46. we may conclude from the passage that a painting by an artist who has been influenced by other artists______.A. might be called an example of craft , not art.B. must be considered an imitation ,not an original work.C. might still be considered an original work.D. cannot properly be rated on an “originality scale”答案：C. might still be considered an original work.47. The author specifically mentions his dissatisfaction with the fail of dictionaries to______.A. distinguish clearly between art and craft.B. indicate that originality is a matter of degreeC. recognize that a reproduction may be true artD. mention that a work of art must be original答案：B. indicate that originality is a matter of degree48. The author suggests that an “originality scale” might be used to_____.A. distinguish an original work from a copy.B. determine the artistic greatness of a workC. show that originality is always relativeD. explain the difference between art and craft答案：C. show that originality is always relative49. According to the author, the aim of the artist and the aim of the craftsman are ____.A. quite different from one anotherB. more or less practical in natureC. both basically artisticD. difficult to define答案：D. difficult to define50.which of the following statement would the author be least likely to make in talking about a great painting?A. the painter is more than a good craftsmanB. the painting has considerable artistic significanceC. the painting has a strange, unusual qualityD. the painters owe nothing to other painters答案：D. the painters owe nothing to other painters51. people turn their eyes eagerly to the sea____.A. to look for cheap oilB. with a strong wish to take out more oil out of it bottomC. to enjoy their artificial islandsD. to try to find the best site for storing their oil products答案：B. with a strong wish to take out more oil out of it bottom52. the distinguishing feature of the Selmer method is______.A. that the concrete platform legs are cast at an angleB. that the mold is raised on jacksC. that the jack will be built in the concrete and form part of the leg being castD.that the mold can be constructed at an incline of up to 15 degrees答案：C. that the jack will be built in the concrete and form part of the leg being cast53. in order to increase the stability of a deep sea production platform each of its reinforced concrete legs should be made____.A. inclined outwards at an angle of up to 15degrees with the vertical lineB. inclined outwards at an angle of up to the sea levelC. inclined inwards at an angle of up to 15degrees with the vertical lineD. inclined inwards at an angle of up to the sea level答案：D. inclined inwards at an angle of up to the sea level54. slip casting is a construction technique______.A. which is invented by Ingenior F.Selmer A/S of OsloB. which is otherwise called the Selmer methodC. which is used to solely to produce large-scale tripod-legged platformsD. which is widely used in reinforced concrete work答案：B. which is otherwise called the Selmer method55. the advantage of the Selmer method over other methods in building oil production platform is ______.A. that the construction work can be cheaper and easierB. that the platform can last safely through the severest ocean stormsC. that the platform can operate at a greater depthD. both B and C答案：A. that the construction work can be cheaper and easier56. this article ______.A. describes the origin of a concept which is a part of our hesitage.B. explains the reasons behind the loyalty oathC. opposes the law which requires a witness to tell the truthD. explains why a man should be forced to testify against himself.答案：A. describes the origin of a concept which is a part of our hesitage.57. Lilburne refused to testify at his own trial because he______.A. was unwilling to testify on matter s of which he was accusedB. believe he would be forced to testify about crimes not charged against him.C. was really guiltyD. was innocent of the charge答案：B. believe he would be forced to testify about crimes not charged against him.58. the immunity from testifying against oneself_____A. did not become law until the Bill of Right was writtenB. became law in the nineteenth centuryC. was common in England before the end of seventeenth centuryD. is a universally accepted law答案：C. was common in England before the end of seventeenth century59. as a result of Lilburne’s claim_______A. a man cannot testify in his own defenseB. a man is protected from furnishing evidence against himselfC. a man is considered guilty until he is proven innocentD. the accused cannot be tried twice for the same crime答案：B. a man is protected from furnishing evidence against himself60. which of the following is implied in the passage?A. the oath which one takes to tell the truth was used against the accused with devastating effectB. the Fifth Amendment is a hindrance to law enforcementC. we owe some of our liberties to the courage of unknown men.D. Lilburne was guilty.答案：C. we owe some of our liberties to the courage of unknown men.61. the languages of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limited in ______.A. sound patternsB. vocabulariesC. grammatical structuresD. both B and C答案：B. vocabularies62.The author says that professional linguists recognize that_______.A. western languages are superior to Eastern languagesB. all languages came from grunts and groansC. the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD. there is no hierarchy of languages答案：D. there is no hierarchy of languages63. the article states that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found____.A. nowhere todayB. among the Australian aboriginesC. among Eastern culturesD. among people speaking “backward” languages答案：A. nowhere today64. According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _____.A. the potential for expanding vocabularyB. their own sound patternsC. an ability to transfer idealsD. grammatical structure答案：A. the potential for expanding vocabulary65.which of the following is implied in the passage?A. the study of languages has discredited anthropological studiesB. the study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultureC. the study of language is the same as the study of anthropologistsD. the study of language casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists答案：B. the study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among culture66. by diverting some or all of the money spent on preparations for war to peaceful purpose, all of the following would occur EXCEPT____A. taxes would be reduceB. education could be improvedC. science could be focused on improving human welfareD. the population explosion could be controlled答案：D. the population explosion could be controlled67. Schools at present time often have to make use of_____A. untrained teachersB. poor buildingsC. lies to promote hatred of possible enemiesD. a tiny fraction of the missiles答案：C. lies to promote hatred of possible enemies68. the problem of undernourishment will become more critical because______.A. there is inadequate shippingB. of the population explosionC. of lack of irrigationD. the American surplus will be used up in the relief of famine答案：B. of the population explosion69. in the first paragraph, “predicament”means_____.A. predictionB. expenditureC. difficultyD. investment答案：C. difficulty70. the adjective that best describes this author is ______A. pessimisticB. pragmaticC. utopianD. radical答案：B. pragmatic71. this piece of writing is ____-.A. preface to a course bookB. a professor’s advice to teachersC. the record of an introductory speechD. from a school announcement答案：A. preface to a course book72. to read this book______.A. previous courses in chemistry are necessaryB. a good mastery of biochemistry is essentialC. one needn’t have studied chemistry beforeD. one must first review his high school courses答案：C. one needn’t have studied chemistry before73. the author feels that previous books for a similar course_____A. are too simpleB. are unbalancedC. are full of mistakesD. are too difficult答案：B. are unbalanced74. in the author’s experience, the students are most interested in______A. inorganic chemistryB. organic chemistryC. biochemistryD. chemistry as a whole答案：C. biochemistry75. paragraph 4 suggests that one thing characteristic of this book is its____A. simplicity in presentationB. vividness of the languageC. thoroughness in the fieldD. adaptation to various needs答案：D. adaptation to various needs三、translation1. I give my boss a printout of the data I have entered so that he can check for errors。
全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension （30% ）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ’ t had a bite all day.Question: What’ s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ’ s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B.About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD.About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work.B.Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D.Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about thedoctor.B.He won’ t complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn’ t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do’nt always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals. Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, aftereach of which, you will hear five questions. After each question,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on theA NSWERSHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C.A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health–remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Direction: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Thenmark your answer on theA NSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying,produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico leftmy mind in such a __ that I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high bloodpressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then _ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical , even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time mayweaken the immune system, aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’ s personality traits, being modest and generous,people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has astrong _t o a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablyDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ’ success is a process of long-term accumulation,in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’ s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks receptionat Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growingchildren in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbatedt heir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate theoriginal composition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored theconstruction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards ofmarital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving hima full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on theright side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is badfor your health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positiverather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducteda study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect theonset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped thatfurther study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51.A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,e ach of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answersmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medicalmasks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery ona tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottomprices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the9 / 18word.conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improvetheir manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should beextended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recentlyinstituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy thetools of their trade, they should .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going tohelp humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend orinvest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged withindexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims arehard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure ofgreenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue.In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is notthe same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products.Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green ElectronicsCouncil shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclosedata. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legalrequirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clearmessage that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then marketforces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy –and it ’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then toindividual products, the author argues that .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for .A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in thehighly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of _.A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightlytaxed one73.When she says that ⋯that can’ t be the only thing going on in the mind , Cosmides most probably implies that .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-makingsystemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favoredevolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens andenvironmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene （人类世）–an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet ’snatural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. Wecannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden,and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work intoa list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where theboundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about ourrelationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims inthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society __________ .A.a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC.a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, .A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC.a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that .A.they made the first classification of Earth systems。
2003-2005年北京大学博士研究生入学英语考试真题解析
北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2003年3月Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET.（20%）1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working motherssometimes take ______ in the concept of “quality time”.A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goalof immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the _______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to _______ the high-school graduates who deserve a collegeeducation.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to _______ students’enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. adopt5. The robber tried to _______the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but wascaught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has _______ pollution andimproved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like_______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with _______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. _______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles it’s seen in a longtime.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _______ over anything else, the government isextending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income hadincreased_______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China’s economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It hasbeen implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs _______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially _______ to restore oldbuildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape theirproblem, _______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _______, we must have some vision of what we areaiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _______ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancientstory of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _______ to work, such as fathers with children, thechance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. ______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivalingthose used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is ______, and it was established in the 1930’s.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country’s second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country’s homeD. the home to the second country’s large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ “man’s best friend.”A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Two Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （10%）Passage One（1）Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that “everything possible will eventually be accomplished.”Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at. Feinberg, for one, thought that “they’d succeed even there.”（2）It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had alreadybeen done or soon would be. What greater cliché was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn’t-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars’chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 that dreams of controlled nuclear fission were “moonshine.” And those weren’t even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn’t-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distance, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.（3）There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke’s Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.”（4）Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as: “A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”（Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.）Or:“It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed.”（Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.）（5）Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. “I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz,” offered Milton Rothman, a physicist,“no matter how hard I try.”Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer; “Everest on roller skates.”21. The false it-couldn’t-be-dones in science are comic because ______ .A. they are clichés, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two（1）Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time wasamong the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers, ” after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”.（2）There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.（3）Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil.”（4）So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposés published in the early 1970’s. The most celebrated of these exposés were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refersto __________.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt’s comparison of investigative reporters to“muckrakers”shows his view that thesereporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word “folklore”, the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three（1）Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflecta fairly even glow, Earth would put on a little show. Earth’s light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds－which are all too small to be seen from such a distance－reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth’s reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.（2）“If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique is by looking at the light curve,” said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. “Earth has by far the most complicated light curve,” The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet’s atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. “Earth would put on a little show” means: as it spins, __________.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don’tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet _________.A. can tell us the components of that planet’s atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth’s light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（31）A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film—which means children under 17 cannot see it—not because of sex or violence of profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title, Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skitsabout the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick.（32）All this is because of what the authorities deemed “excessive use of Singlish.”（33）Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it’s one of Singapore’s best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs.（34）Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It’s inventive, witty and colorful.（35）Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh—at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn’t like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore’s image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf—or vice versa—and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite _____（36）every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde’s fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever ______（37）while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the sea,_____（38）away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity’s only means of survival. Today’s elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world ______（39）about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will _____（40）of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some potions even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have _____（41）to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests ______（42）, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable ______（43）under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most _____（44）out before even _____（45）catalogued by scientist.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, write the missing word with a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing wordwith a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete aword, cross it out with a slash（\）. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）eg. 1.（46）The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWET SHEET: （46） begun beganeg.2. （47）Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（47）（Scarcely）had （they）eg.3. （48）Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（48）not（46）Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.（47）As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success.（48）All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life.（49）Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans.（50）The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being.（51）But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing.（52）Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases.（53）Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. （54）The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby.（55）Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five: WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.（15%）Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题详解Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A take refuge in求助于…；take pride in以…为傲；take place in在（某处）发生；take action采取行动。
考博复习中科院考博2003年英语试题
助力考博复习真题及解析THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXA MINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points) Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations betwee n two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be as feed about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Ch oose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corre sponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your M achine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A, She is sick.B. She is hungry.C. She was bitten by an ant.D. She had a long bicycle ride.2. A. He's outgoing.B. He's considerate.C- He's successful.D. He's nice to all,3. A. 30 minutesB. 25 minutesC. 20 minutesD. 15 minutes4. A. take the airB. park the carC. fill in the formD. work on a text5. A. apply for a credit cardB. get a driver's licenseC. buy an insuranceD. rent a vehicle6. A, Crime needs to be treated as a disease.B. Primitive punishment will do no good.C. Severe punishment is necessary to stop crime.D. Primitive people had trouble with crime treatment.7. A, the sale of the old housesB. the pulling down of the gas companyC. the proposal of the councilD. the building of the office blocks8. A. He will not be able to many Cindy.B. He has financial problems.C. He has yet to buy furniture.D. He may not be recovered until the wedding.9. A. Both are having a cold.B. Both are on holidays.C. The woman feels sorry for the man.D. The woman hopes to see the man in the school.10. A. He felt sympathy for the Vietnamese.B. He used to come to the U.S. unlawfully.C. He aided illegal immigration to the U.S.D. He dealt with 7,000 immigration cases.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In ihis section, you will hear three short passages. At the e nd of each passage, there will be a few questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, t here will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best ans wer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter wit h a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. A. to make children grow tall and strongB. to keep the soul in the bodyC. to prevent someone from saying evil thingsD. to protect someone against catching a cold12. A. They think a good spirit may help the child grow,B. They want to drive away the devil "sneeze."C. They say it as a curse for the child to stop sneezing.D. They consider a sneeze an obstacle to the child's growth.13. A. the GermanB. the ItalianC. the JapaneseD. the Hindus14. A. All peoples are afraid of sneezing.B. Some people never sneeze in their lives.C. The moment of sneezing is very dangerous.D. Many people say prayers when they sneeze.15. A. a lack of available flightsB. long delays at the airportC. boredom on long flightsD. long trips to and from the airport16. A. on short tripsB. on long tripsC. when flying over citiesD. when flying at high altitudes17. A. It fuels with nuclear energy.B. It rests on a cushion of pressurized air.C. It flies above magnetically activated tracks.D. It uses a device similar to a jet engine-18. A. She is poor in school grade.B, Her major is thought to be useless.C, Her job expectation is too high.D, There is now an economic recession.19. A, undergraduatesB. experienced M.B.A.sC. laid-off workersD. liberal-arts majors20. A. Unemployment rate will get still higher.B. There will be no multiple job offers.C. 2 million job seekers will compete for jobs.D. First-time job requirements will be lowered.(THIS IS THE END OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION.)PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence shot b est completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scaring Answer Sheet,21. His trick convinced none but the mostA. credulousB. plausibleC. trustworthyD. feasible22. Many people proposed that a national committee be formed to disc uss toexisting mass transit systems.A. substitutesB. measuresC, duplicates D. alternatives23. He is a hypocrite, a liar, a thief— , he is the greatest devil I ever know.A. as a consequenceB. as a ruleC, as a matter of fact D. as a matter of routine24. Since she was alone, she opened the door . leaving the chain lock fastened.A. warilyB. consciouslyC. audaciouslyD. recklessly25. In the last few minutes the conversation has become seemingly as ifthe discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival its elf,A. crucialB. centralC. casualD. causal26. I didn't listen to Mom and 1 was not surprised at the look of on her face.A. indifferenceB. complimentC, negligence D. reproach27. The victims of drunken driving in America over the past decade___ __ anincredible 250,000, with three killed every hour of every day on averag e.A. Sake upB. add up toC, count for D. turn out to28. He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in for the shooti ngslast week.A. revenge B, reserveC. reverseD. remedial29. These pollutants can be hundreds and even thousands of kilometer s bylarge air masses.A. containedB. conveyedC. contaminatedD. conserved30. There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but _ i t'svery enjoyable.A. all at onceB. once and for allC. so much asD. by and large31. In a divorce, the mother usually is granted___________ of her chil dren.A. supportB. retentionC. perseveranceD. custody32. What he had in mind to nothing less than a total reversal of the tr aditional role of the executive.A. contributedB. dedicatedC. amountedD. added33. Some Heads of Government now fear that negotiations will beforea settlement is reached.A. wear outB. come alongC. break offD. end up34. A of soap and two brightly colored towels were left beside the bat h, then the women smiled politely at Nicole and withdrew carefully from the room.A. loaf B, barC. stick D, block35. Of the 1200 million people who call themselves Chinese, a very s mallnumber speak what is referred to as standard Chinese.A. none butB. but forC. all butD. but then36.___________ recent brain and behavioral research. Dr. Goleman wr ote a fascinating book entitled "Emotional Intelligence."A. Drawing upB. Drawing onC. Putting upD. Putting on37. Many people think of deserts as regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there,A. remoteB. irginC. alienD. barren38. Attempts to persuade her stay after she felt insulted were __,A, of no avail B. out of focusC. at a loss D, in no way39. Scientists are certain that there is a cancer-inhibiting agent in theblood of the shark.A. dubiouslyB. virtuallyC. queerlyD. randomly40. The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of i deas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff .________ ,A. moral B, mortalC. moraleD. moresPART III CLOZE TEST (IS minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the pa ssage through-Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresp onding tetter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across she square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.It is appropriate on an anniversary of the founding of a university to re mind ourselves of its purposes. It is equally appropriate at such time fo r students to 4j why they have been chosen to attend and to consider how they can best 42.__ the privilege of attending.At the least you 95 students can hope to become 43 in subject matter which may be useful to you in later life. There is, 44 , much more to be gained. It is now that you must learn to exercise your mind suffici ently __45_ learning becomes a joy and you thereby become a student for life. 46 this may require an effort of will and a period of self-discip line. Certainly it is not 47 without hard work. Teachers can guide and encourage you, but learning is not done passively. To learn is your48. There is 49 the trained mind satisfaction to be derived from exploring the ideas of others, mastering them and evaluating them. But there is 5 0 level of inquiry which I hope that some of you will choose. If your st udy takes you to the 51 of understanding of a subject and, you have r eached so far, you find that you can penetrate to 52 no one has been before, you experience an exhilaration which can't be denied and whic h commits you to a life of research.Commit mem to a life of scholarship or research is 53 many other lau dable goals. It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even 54 other facets of life prove disappointing. I strongly 55 it,41.A. count42. A, benefit from43. A. efficient44. A. however45. A. if46. A. Of late47. A. acquired48. A. ambition49. A. to50.A. any51.A. ends52. A. elsewhere53. A. compatible with54. A. shall55. A. declareB. reflect t B.ake over B.excellent t B.herefore B.because B.Consequently B.accomplished B.conscience B.onB. oneB.limitsB.whatB. responsible forB. willB. recommendC. depend C.apply for C.professional C.indeedC. so that C.Afterwards C.approached C.responsibility C. in C. another C, bordersC. whicheverC. followed byC. wouldC, adviseD. comment D. go hrough D. proficient D. after all D.before D. At first D.assuredD.challenge D. byD. noD. edgesD. relevant toD.whereD. shouldD. contendPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directio ns: Be low each of the following passages you will find some question s or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices market! A, B, C. end D. Read each passage carefully, an d then select (he choice that bear answers the question or completes (he statement Mark (fie teller of your choice with a single bar across (he square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage ISmall, pink and very ugly. Hardly the qualities of a star, but they descr ibe the deformed mouse that was the media darling at a recent scienc e exhibition in Beijing. With a complex tissue structure in the shape of a human ear grafted on to its back, the rosy rodent was a stunning sy mbol of the serious strides China is making in the field of biotechnology.China is fast applying the latest life-science techniques learned from th e West to aggressively pursue genome research. It's establishing its ow n centers of technical excellence to build a scientific base to compete directly with the United States and Europe. With a plentiful supply of s mart young scientists at home and lots of interest abroad biotechnology is on the brick of a boom in China. And in the view of foreign scienti sts, Beijing is playing a clever hand, maximizing the opportunities open to them.For the moment, the cooperation exists mostly with Europe and the U. S. But Asia's other biotech leaders, Japan, Singapore and Korea, also are recognizing China's potential as an attractive low-cost base to cond uct research. These partnerships—and China's advancement in the field of biotechnology—could help benefit the rest of Asia: China's rapid pro gress in improving crop yields will address food-security concerns in the region, In addition, China is more likely to focus on developing chea p technology that its predominantly poor population—and those of other Asian countries—-can afford.There remain, however, serious barriers to the development qf a strong biotech industry. Among them are a poor domestic legal framework, w eak enforcement of intellectual-property rights and loose adherence to i nternational standards, China is a signatory of the International Bio Saf ety Protocol, which should mean adherence to global standards governi ng the conduct of field trials. But some observers are skeptical. 'The re gulations look good, but I haven't met one scientist who believes they are being fully adhered to," says a European science analyst.If shortcuts are taken, then some of the recent scientific achievements trumpeted in the official press may never make it to market. But no m atter how strict lab tests are. other problems lie in waii. For example, t here is a number of tasks it would take years :o fulfill in the patents of fice, says one lawyer, leaving innovators with little protection if they tak e a product to market in China.56, The mouse on display is most significant in that _ _.A. it has an ear in the shape of a human earB. it is unusually small and ugly as a starC. it is the focus of the media at the exhibitionD. it indicates China's progress in biotechnology57. The phrase "on the brink of a boom" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) i n the contextmeans .A. having an edge in competitionB. in great demandC. on the way to successD. preparing for challenge58. In the field of biotechnology China is thought to .A. have been making an utmost effort learning from the WestB. have become a country among the advancedC. have been able to rival the United Sates and EuropeD. have launched a biotechnological revolution59. Japan, Singapore, and Korea will also be interested in cooperating with China in biotechnology because________ .A. it has made extraordinary contributions to the worldB. it has large supplies of talents and advanced research centersC. its research focuses on the benefits of all Asian countriesD. its cooperation with the US and Europe proves profitable60. Science analysts are worried that China, in the course of biotech d evelopment,A. might refuse to join efforts to adhere to global standardsB. may put too much emphasis on developing cheap technologyC. cannot afford to fulfill years of tasks in assessing patentsD. may not seriously follow the International Bio Safety Protocol61. As implied in the context, the shortcuts that might be taken include ___________ .A. publicizing recent achievements in the official pressB. the protection of innovators with their productsC. the violation of intellectual-property rightsD. making lab tests as strict as possiblePassage 2The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down o n the crisp green schoolyard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it.Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day, decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As Jimmy started walking ov er to the store, Clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden p itch dark meant no trouble, On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the bo ys ran over the street to where he was."Hey Negro, what's up?" one of the white boys said,"Did your mamma pack you enough to eat today? "another hooted. "Ju st leave me alone," Little Jimmy said." Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?" the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered.It is like this everyday, everywhere, and every time, people suffer discri mination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Differe nt beliefs, different cultures, different skin colors, all of these act like b uilding blocks to help construct what we know as Racism.Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural w orlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but the term racism has been u sed too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that ii co uld be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse fo r neglecting.Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter c urse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at sch ool. 1 would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play to gether. Everywhere that 1 went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the some polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever t hey're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me.People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst peo ple that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our tho ughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are ome ns. Amongst smaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all pl ay together, Their thoughts are not totally corrupted as others. Probably the demon has no time to bother with smaller children.62. With the description of the weather and Jimmy's teeling about it the author intends to show that_________ .A. what a happy world it is for humansB. what an innocent boy Jimmy wasC. what an unusual thing that was to happen to JimmyD. what a wonderful world that people have ignored63. From the conversation with the three white boys, we learn that Jim myA. must have offended them beforeB. was a pleasant boy to be talked toC. was being humiliated for being blackD. must have got used to their behaviors64, According to the author, RacismA. leads to a world with no varietyB. does not see the differences between culturesC. hinders rhe world's economic developmentD. does not tolerate coexistence of different cultures65. By saying ''No doubt, we are alt racist" (in boldface in Paragraph3) the author admits that .A. we are all warlike by natureB. we all discriminate against other peoplesC. we are all proud of our own race and nationD. we all focus on the difference between races66, To be continued, the passage would probably be followed by a par agraph that deals withA. how children's thoughts are corrupted by racism as they growB. the author's far more miserable experience of being neglectedC. how the black people should unite to fight against the WhitesD. the education of smaller children to behave pleasantly to each other67. Which of the following can best describe the tone of the passage?A. provocativeB. indignantC. sentimentalD. sarcasticPassage 3This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in whic h many American consumers were driven into a panic following the rel ease of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) camp aign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introdu ced to the American public by CBS' "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from th eir school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents t rying to develop good eating habits for their children.Last month, Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently cont ained '"unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed. Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Cons umers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and th e public's first exposure to it was through news coverage.Not only does such reporting potentially drive children from consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a mislea ding interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefl y, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of s afety. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this av erage amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is c lear, as the report points out. that there are days on which kids may b e exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days wh en exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to app ly, there would have been no risks and no warnings.Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and veg etables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such f oods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dr amatically overwhelm the theoretical risks oftiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, a pples, spinach, squash, grapes and pears.68. In the Alar apple scare, many Americans were frightened because ,A. scientists warned that apples were dangerousB. many school children became ill after eating applesC. it was reported that apples were harmful to healthD. apples were discovered to have too much pesticide69. The warning message about the Alar apple was given .A. by Consumers UnionB. by a health centerC. through an news agencyD. through the government70. The last month report parallels that on the Alar apple scare in that .A. neither really caused worry among the publicB. neither underwent a scientific peer reviewC. neither provided statistical supportsD. neither aimed for the public good71. The ''chronic reference doses" (in boldface in Paragraph 3) refer to .A, the safe levels of pesticide exposureB. the amount of fruits one can safely eatC, one's digestive capacity for fruitsD. health values of fruits and vegetables72. With regard to the pesticides in food, this passage seems to argue thatA. parents should keep their children from the food with pesticidesB. they should be applied to fruits and vegetables with cautionC. more research needs to be done on their harmfulness to healthD. they are not as threatening as said to children most of the time73, The primary purpose of this passage is to explain that___A. not all reports on food are scientifically soundB. it is important for the public to know the risks of pesticidesC. vegetables and fruits can be harmful to children's healthD. there should be no public concern over pesticidesPassage 4Abortion. The word alone causes civil conversation to flee the room. Th is is largely because the pro-choice and pro-life positions are being defi ned by their extremes, by those who scream accusations instead of ar guments.More reasonable voices and concerns, on both sides of the fence, are given little attention.For example, prolife extremists seem unwilling to draw distinctions betw een some abortions and others, such as those resulting from rape with an underage child. They would make no exception in the recent real-li fe case of a woman who discovered in her fifth month that her baby w ould be bom dead due to severe disabilities.On the other hand, pro-choice extremists within feminism insist on holdi ng inconsistent positions. The pregnant woman has an unquestionable r ight to abort, they claim. Yet if the biological father has no say whatso ever over the woman's choice, is it reasonable to impose legal obligati ons upon him for child support? Can absolute legal obligation adhere without some son of corresponding legal rights?The only hope for progress in the abortion dialogue lies in the great ex cluded middle, in the voices of average people who see something wro ng with a young girl forced to bear the baby of a rapist.Any commentary on abortion should include a statement of the writer'sposition, I represent what seems to be a growing "middle ground" in pr o-choice opinion. Legally, 1 believe in the right of every human being t o medically control everything under his or her own skin. Many things people have a legal right to do, however, seem clearly wrong to me: a dultery, lying to friends, walking past someone who is bleeding on the street. Some forms of abortion fall into that category. Morally speaking, my doubts have become so extreme that I could not undergo the pro cedure past the first three months and 1 would attempt to dissuade frie nds from doing so.Partial-birth abortion has thrown many pro-choice advocates into moral chaos. I find it impossible to view photos of late-term abortion—the fetu s's contorted features, the tiny fully formed hands, the limbs ripped apa rt—without experiencing nausea. This reaction makes me ineffectual in advocating the absolute right to abortion. 1 stand bytlie principle, "a woman's body, a woman's right" but I don't always like myself for do ing so.Fanatics on both sides are using reprehensible and deceitful tactics. An honest dialogue on abortion must start by re-setting the stage, by den ouncing the approaches that block communication.74. According to the passage, the pro-life and pro-choice positions on abortion areA. complementary to each otherB. opposed to each otherC. similar in natureD. reconcilable in a way75. To a pro-life extremist, .A. all babies should be carried to termB. babies resulting from rape should not be bomC. deformed babies can be aborted when detectedD. an underage girl has no right to give birth76. According to the pro-choice position,_____A. a pregnant woman cannot abort her baby if its father agrees to kee p itB. a pregnant woman has an absolute right of choice over an abortionC. the baby's father also has a say over its mother's choice of abortio nD. the baby's father has an unalienable obligation to support the baby 77, Who would insist that the baby be born whether or not it is the chi ld of a rapist?A. the authorB. average peopleC. a pro-choice advocateD. a pro-life extremist78. The author doubts the legal right to lie to friends as well as the one toA. abort a fetus in its fifth monthB. view the photos of late-term abortionC. give birth to a baby in one's teenageD. dispose of whatever under one's skin79. The author, as a "middle ground" person,___________ .A. actually holds a mild pro-life opinionB. proposes that a rapist's baby never be bornC. advocates a serious dialogue on abortionD. denies the principle "a woman's body, a woman's right"Passage 5In the absence of optimism, we are left with nothing but critics, naysay ers, and prophets of doom. When a nation expects the worst from its people and institutions, and its experts focus exclusively on faults, hope dies. Too many people spend too much time looting down rather than up, Finding fault with their country's political institutions, economic syst em, educational establishment, religious organizations, and—worst of all —with each other.Faultfinding expends so much negative energy that nothing is left over for positive action. It takes courage and strength to solve the genuine problems that afflict every society. Sure, there will always be things tha t need fixing. But the question is, Do you want to spend your time and energy tearing things down or building them up?The staging of a Broadway show could illustrate my point. Let's say a new production is about to open, A playwright has polished the script, i nvestors have put up the money, and the theater has been rented, A director has been chosen, actors have been auditioned and selected, a nd the cast has been rehearsing for weeks. Set, lighting, and sound e ngineers have been hard at work. By the time opening night arrives, n early a hundred people have labored tirelessly—all working long hours t o make magic for iheir audience.On opening night, four or five critics sit in the audience, [f they pan it, the play will probably close in a matter of days or weeks. If they prai se it, the production could go on for a long and successful run. In the end, success or failure might hinge on the opinion of a single person—someone who might be in a bad mood on opening night! What's wrong with this scene? In one sense, nothing. Critics have a legitimate role. The problem arises when we make critics our heroes or put them in c ontrol of our fate. When we empower the critic more than the playwrig ht, something is wrong. It is much easier to criticize than to create. Wh en we revere the critics of society, we eventually become a society of critics, and when that happens, there is no room left for constructive o ptimism.。
2003医学博士英语考试真题听力及解析
题型
Medical
重点词汇短语
ring the bell
听到某件事或者某 个人，觉得耳熟
Script & Analysis
13. W: I’ve just made up a quart of orange juice this morning. And now I can’t find it anywhere. Do you know what happened to it? M: Did you hear a crash earlier. That was it. I’m just as clumsy as ever.
题型
Medical
重点词汇短语
up-and-coming overcome obstacle finance the project under way brain-damaged 有前途的，崭露头角的 克服困难 为项目提供资金 开始进行 损坏大脑
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
题型
Non-Medical
重点词汇短语
faucet out of order plumber
水龙头 有故障 管子工
Script & Analysis
15. M: I’m sorry to hear that John has lost some money in the lottery again. W: What he needs now is a change of luck.
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
Script & Analysis – Long Conversations / Passages
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力题一：题目：How does the woman feel about her new job?听力材料：Woman: I really wonder what my new job is going to be like. I mean, I'm excited about it, but nervous too, you know? I mean, I've never worked in a place like this before.参考内容：The woman is excited but nervous about her new job. 听力题二：题目：What is the man's suggestion about the paper?听力材料：Man: You should probably add some more evidence to support your argument. Maybe you could include some statistics, or even an example or two.参考内容：The man suggests adding more evidence to the paper, such as statistics or examples.听力题三：题目：What does the woman say about the cake?听力材料：Woman: This cake is delicious! Is it a family recipe or something?参考内容：The woman thinks the cake is delicious and wonders if it is a family recipe.听力题四：题目：What will the woman probably do with the vase?听力材料：Man: I got this vase in China a few years ago. You can have it if you like. Woman: Oh, I don't know. It's really pretty, but I don't really have any use for it.参考内容：The woman thinks the vase is pretty but may not have any use for it.听力题五：题目：What does the man say about the essay?听力材料：Man: Your essay was very well-written. You could have expanded on some of your points a bit more, but overall, I thought it was great.参考内容：The man thinks the essay was well-written but suggests expanding on some points.听力题六：题目：What does the man imply about the woman's painting?听力材料：Woman: I don't know if I like this painting or not. Man: Well, it's definitely unique. I don't think I've ever seen anything quite like it before.参考内容：The man implies that the woman's painting is unique and unlike anything he has seen before.听力题七：题目：What does the woman say about her suitcase?听力材料：Woman: Excuse me, could you help me lift my suitcase into the overhead compartment? It's really heavy.参考内容：The woman asks for help lifting her heavy suitcase into the overhead compartment.听力题八：题目：What does the man say about the traffic?听力材料：Man: I don't think we're going to make it in time. The traffic is really bad today.参考内容：The man thinks they may be late because the traffic is bad.听力题九：题目：What does the woman think about the movie?听力材料：Man: So, did you like the movie? Woman: Yeah, I thought it was pretty good. Definitely not one of my favorites, but it was enjoyable.参考内容：The woman thinks the movie was pretty good but not one of her favorites.听力题十：题目：What does the man say about the weather?听力材料：Man: It's such a nice day today! I don't think we could have asked for better weather.参考内容：The man thinks it's a nice day and couldn't have asked for better weather.。
2001-2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案
PART 1SECTION A 1-5ACDBA 6-10ACADCSECTION B 1.far exceed those 2.devoted to research 3.applied aspects 4.drive out basic reasearch 5.invariably be undertaken 6.major scientific discoveries 7.pure 8.degradePART 2作文：在冬天锻炼身体PAPER TWO 1-5CCABC 6-10DBDCD 11-15DAABB 16-20CCADD 21-25DCACC 26-30CABAA 31-35CABAA 36-40BCCDB 41-45CCABB 46-50CDBDA 51-55CAADD 56-60CAACC 61-65DABDD 66-70CAADD 71-75CACDA2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5BCCAD 6-10BCCBC 11-15CDDCB 16-20ACBBA 21-25DDCCC 26-30ADACB 31-35BCACD 36-40CCCDD 41-45BDDBC 46-50DABAB 51-55BCDAC 56-60CCCAA 61-65ADDBA 66-70DDACC 71-75BAAAA 76-80BCBCD 81-85CBDDD 86-90ABCAD作文：如何保持充沛的精力2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DDBAB 6-10DCDBD 11-15BDDAA 16-20CADDD 21-25CDDAC 26-30DDBCD 31-35ABDCA 36-40DACCA 41-45ACCDD 46-50BDDCA 51-55BACAC 56-60BACBA 61-65CBCBC 66-70CBDAB 71-75DADCD 76-80BDCCA 81-85AADCB 86-90BCADB作文：健康从早餐开始2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5ABCCC 6-10BDADD 11-15ABCCD 16-20DACBA 21-25ABDCD 26-30ADCBC 31-35BADAB 36-40BABCB 41-45ACBDC 46-50DCADA 51-55ABDAB 56-60CAABC 61-65DCBDC 66-70DDCDB 71-75BDBCB 76-80BADAB 81-85BDCCA 86-90BDAAD作文：入世后看病如何挑医院2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1 -5 CACDA 6-10CDBCB 11-15CADBA 16-20DDBCB 21-25ABCBD 26-30CCDAD 31-35CABAA 36-40CADAD 41-45BACBA 46-50ABDCC 51-55BBABD 56-60ACACB 61-65BCB,B,C 66-70BDABC 71-75CACAB 76-80AADBD 81-85CBAAA 86-90DDDCB作文：艾滋病是全社会的威胁2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5 CBCDA 6-10BDDDC 11-15BAADB 16-20DDACD 21-25BCBAB 26-30BBDCC 31-35CDCCB 36-40BCBDA 41-45ACACA 46-50ACDDB 51-55BCACA 56-60BADBC 61-65DDDDA 66-70ACABD 71-75ACCCC 76-80BBAAD 81-86DBDBD 86-90DDB,B,C作文：走路与健康2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DBBAD 6-10ABDCB 11-15ADACC 16-20BADDA 21-25CBDAC 26-30ACACC 31-35ADBAA 36-40BCDAC 41-45ACBDD 46-50ABCDB 51-55BADBC 56-60CACAD 61-65BCBAD 66-70CACCC 71-75BBBDA 76-80B,B,CDC 81-85CDCAA 86-90DDAAD作文：手术与害怕2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CBACC 6-10CADBA 11-15CDBCD 16-20ADDCA 21-25ADBAB 26-30BDCDA 31-35ACCDB 36-40CBCCB 41-45BCDDB 46-50ADCBD 51-55BACDB 56-60CADCA 61-66DBCBD 66-70DBDDC 71-75CCDBD 76-80BCCBA 81-85ADBCD 86-90AACAA作文：珍爱生命从护心开始1-5DBCCB 6-10CBDAB 11-15DABAB 16-20DABCD 21-25B,B,CDD 26-30CCADB 31-35ACBBA 36-40DCBAB 41-45BACDB 46-50ADDDC 51-55BBAAC 56-60BBACC 61-65DCBDB 66-70ADDAD 71-75DACAC 76-80DCBBB 81-85CDDBA 86-90CCDCB作文：水果是否可吃可不吃。
全国医学考博英语试题
全国医学考博英语试题文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end ofeach conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once,After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the bestanswers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget allher troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day beforebreakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a dayafter meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hearfive questions. After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see ifhe has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see ifhe has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in SanFrancisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part ofthe Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of theviruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .aregiven beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’semptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD.consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulfof Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’tget to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD.mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with highblood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and inthose _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD.subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD.relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ atthe lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD.vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical_______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD.endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for along time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest andgenerous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD.pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health,Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD.implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be_______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD.favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrasesbeneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart, Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-termaccumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to thedrinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD.emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest ingrowing children in the form of mental and physicalretardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD.insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself todifferent distances has been applied to automatic camera,which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was thepressure of religious persecution that exacerbated theirconflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried toobliterate the original composition by painting over it oncanvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deploredthe construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD.decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strictstandards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD.stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent innot giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD.brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for awhole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walkingaround with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of yourhead is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving upthat part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain.__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if theradiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset ofAlzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are amarker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to theelectro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The luckythings.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease ifexposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to themice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phoneradiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the factthat the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones__60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’ssure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each ofwhich is followed by five questions. For each questionthere are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probablygive little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offerrock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paidThis is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods isnot the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, accordingto the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy westbuy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, someof dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, butlittle scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraphrefers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred thatin many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from thelast paragraphA. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does notinvolve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then”statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook.This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play wellwith mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like itor not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institutein Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on howEarth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies,___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable。