地球科学导论(第一讲 绪论)

knowledge of the Earth? 4. What the usage of Earth Sciences to
Material Scientists 5. How to study this course?
Why we need Earth Science?
A.戈尔的
全球畅销书
• 20世纪60年代板块构造学说的出现，首先在地 球科学研究领域中建立了全球观概念。
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地球表层 Earth’s Surface
Erosion- the process that wears down and carries away rocks and soil
• Gravity acts as a force of erosion by causing a mass movement
技术革命与数字地球
• 传统地学研究方法
地质观测与调查：地质锤、罗盘、放大镜
钻探技术
• 现代技术
新3件：GPS、笔记本电脑、相机
卫星遥感实时监测
计算机与互联网技术
地球物理与地球化学（包括同位素年代学）
超深钻与深202海0/10/5探测技术
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地球系统科学 Earth System Science
• Earth system science aims to study the Earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems.
• A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.
Earth as a System
• The Earth system is powered by two sources of energy:
/sites/faculty/dfreile/Content/geos_111.asp 2 英国自然博物馆/，地球的演化，化石，矿物、岩
石标本
3 Monroe J S, Wicander R, Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth, 3rd ed., Wadsworth Publishing Co. 1998
• The rocky mantle is divided into an lower mantle下地幔 and upper mantle上地幔.
• The rock in the upper part of the upper mantle is somewhat flexible and pliable—it’s called the asthenosphere软流圈子 (weak sphere).
• Mass movement- a process that moves sediment down a hill
• There are 4 ways a mass movement may occur
当代地球科学特点
• 全球性 • 时空尺度 • 技术革命与数字地球
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时空尺度的极大差异性
• Based on differences in composition it is divided into three main regions, the core地 核, the mantle地幔, and the crust地壳.
地球内部 Geosphere Divisions
• The dense corehas two parts; a solid inner core内核 and a liquid outer core外核.
extends from the ocean floor upward several kilometers in the atmosphere.
• The geosphere consists of the solid parts of the planet and is not uniform.
• 海洋学Oceanography—the study of the Earth’s oceans
• 气象学Meteorology—the study of the Earth’s atmosphere
• 宇宙科学Astronomy—the study of the Earth’s place in the universe
the foremost geologist of his day. He is best
known as the author of Principles of
Geology, which popularised James Hutton's
concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that
3. Experiments
• Modern Experiments are being applied to verify hypothesis.
4. Theory
• The hypothesis is elevated to a Scientific Theory once it has been well tested and accepted by the scientific community as the best explanation of observable facts.
数、理、化、天、地、生六大基础自然科学
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Earth’s Major Spheres
• The hydrosphere includes all liquid water on Earth—both saltwater and fresh water.
• The atmosphere consists of the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.
• Geological Survey: field work, sampling, measurments
2. Hypothesis
• Once observations have been made and data gathered, Geoscientists try to work out a possible explanation called a scientific hypothesis.
第四纪 近代 更新世
晚第三纪 上新世 中新世
生 早第三纪 渐新世 始新世 古新世
中 白垩纪 生 侏罗纪 代 三叠纪
古 宙
生
代
二叠纪 石炭纪 泥盆纪 志留纪 奥陶纪 寒武纪
前 元古代 寒 太古代 武 冥古代entists seek knowledge?
研究方法：人们无法进入地心采集标本、测量
温度，也无法在实验室再造地球系统的真实过程
“Present is the key of past”(现在是过去的 钥匙)”成为普遍遵守的将今论古现实主义原 则和方法。
Sir Charles Lyell(14 November 1797 –
22 February 1875) was a British lawyer and
几小时到几年时间尺度变化---大气、海洋、 生物科学 研究范畴。
几十亿年至几十万年时间尺 度变化----地球和生命起源、 板块构造、冰期出现、海陆 变迁、成矿作用等。
空间尺度也可有极大的差异---局地、区域、全球。
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地质年表
要求：背诵
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代 纪(系) 世(统) 显
• The Sun– which drives external processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the surface.
• The Earth’s interior heat—which drives plate tectonics.
➢ Carbonate ➢ Diamond: 超硬切割材料 ➢ Fluorite: 氟化工原材料、光学材料
➢… 2、A wide spectrum of different material has been created
through a variety of P-T-C conditions in the Earth, which is need to be understand by materials scientists. 3、The distinguishing feature of Our specialty and most of our faculty members are focused in geomaterials.
Sciences to Material Scientists？
1、Most materials we are used is originally come from the Earth
➢ Graphite：电池阴极材料、密封材料、润滑材料 ➢ Kaolinite: 陶瓷材料的基础，药用、造纸材料 ➢ Quartz：单晶硅、多晶硅的原料
数字地球 (Digital Earth)
一种可以嵌入海量（百兆至千兆级）地理 数据的、多分辨率的、多维地球表示，将成 为管理地球的重要工具。
是一个用数字形式的关于地球的巨系统。
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GPS全球卫星定位系统
精度达到米—厘米级。可应用于军事上的灵敏炸弹
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What the usage of Earth
the earth was shaped by the same