2016年全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲

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2016年职称英语综合c级考试用书

2016年职称英语综合c级考试用书职称英语考试练习题库，点击天宇考王免费下载试用第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

1The nursery is bright and cheerful.A pleasantB cleanC peacefulD large2 This kind of material was seldom used in building houses during the Middle Ages.A neverB rarelyC oftenD only3 People from many places were drawn to the city by its growing economy.A fetchedB carriedC attractedD pushed4 The soldier displayed remarkable courage in the battle.A placedB showedC pointedD decided5How do you account for your absence from the class last Thursday?A explainB examineC chooseD expand6About one quarter of the workers in the country are employed in factoriesA thirdB fourthC tenthD fifteenth7 She was grateful to him for being so good to her.A carefulB hatefulC beautifulD thankful8 There are only five minutes left, but the outcome of the match is still in doubt.A resultB judgementC estimationD event9 He is certain that the dictionary is just what I want.A sureB angryC doubtfulD worried10 The last few weeks have been enjoyable.A closeB nearC pastD several11 What were the consequences of the decision she had made?A reasonsB resultsC causesD bases12 They didn't realize how serious the problem wasA knowB forgetC doubtD remember13 We shall keep the money in a secure placeA cleanB secretC distantD safe14 The great changes of the city astonished every visitor to that city.A attackedB surprisedC attractedD interested15 The city has decided to do away with all the old buildings in its centreA get rid ofB set upC repairD paint第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。

2016全国职称英语综合c类教材word版

Taking Pictures of the WorldMeet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer. Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world. In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet.Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality. They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world. Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan , as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England. Recently, her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America.Everywhere that Belt goes, she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language. " The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives," she has said. "The camera is like a passport, and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me ! "Knowing how to break the ice has helped to make Belt a successful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people. When people speak the same language, greeting and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other. When people don't speak the same language , a smile is very helpful. Having something in common can also help break the ice. For example , Belt has traveled with her two children , so when she takes pictures of children or their parents, they all have that family connection in common. Even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together.Belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography. You can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that can't afford to hire a professional photographer. You can also take a good, honest look at your best photographs. If you're a real photographer, your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills. Belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers.Remember, the next time you look as a beautiful photograph, you might be looking at the work of Annie Griffiths Belt. And the next time you meet a new person, don't be afraid to break the ice. the connection you make could be very rewarding.1.Belt has never traveled to England (wrong)2.Belt has never traveled to Antarctica （Right）3.Belt has worked for a number of magazines. (Not mentioned)4.petra is a very old city in Jordan (Right)5.Belt can only connect with English-speakers (Wrong)6.Peopie can connect with each other in bad weather (Right)7.V oiunteering is one way to begin a photography career. (Right)第二篇"Own" Your Children's Education"Helping them isn't about showing your kids how to do the work．It's about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what they're learning,''says J．Gary Knowles，a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education，part of the University of Toronto．Rozon has a slew of suggestions for how to get more,-involved．"Get to know the teacher．Discuss ways to tailor the assignments to your child's learning style．Spend time in the classroom．Ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find supplementary materials at the library or through videos．Read your child's textbooks：If you work a few pages ahead，you'll be able to help them with problems they encounter．''Reading is another must，says Rozon．"Even after your children can read themselves，hearing somebody else read aloud is important．We nearly always have a book on the go1; we read for at least a half hour before bedtime．The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits，adds Bruce Ami．"The evidence is clear：Parental involvement is One of the most important factors in school success．Arai cites the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth，sponsored by Human Resources Development Canada(HRDC)，which is measuring all aspects of child development．"The hours children spend in class are but2 one element of their education''，states HDC，which says parental support，along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards school．all contribute to academic success．"I see every moment of every day as a learning experience．" says Goforth．"The most satisfying part of it is seeing the，love of learning continued．I'm not squelching my children's desire to learn by insisting they learn．They learn because they want to．"Adds Jeanne Lambert，mother of Carey Graham: "Make the time3，take the time4，guide，lead，and encourage．If nothing else，your children learn you care，and that's the most important lesson you can give them．"1.According to the passage ,parents should help their children with their homework. (Not mentioned)2.You should read your child,s testbooks so that you can teach them. (Wrong)3.Childeren shiuld always take a book with them on the way back from school and read it aloud. (Notmentioned)4.If parents show a lot of interest in their children’s study ,the children will do better at school .(Right)5.It is very important that you let your children know you feel love and concern for them .(Right)6.Parents must observe classes regularly (Not mentioned )ernmental support also plsys a role in academic success. (Not mentioned)’第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water. The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower. 穿越沙漠1.Its第四篇SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.第五篇Plants and MankindBotany（植物学）, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. We don’t know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrialial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, Medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of ―knowledge‖ at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants. And the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.第三部分概括大意与完成句子第一篇The Making of a Success Story1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.译文：发迹史宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。

2016年职称英语合格标准

2016年职称英语合格标准英文回答：The passing score for the 2016 Professional Title English Examination is as follows:Level A: 60%。

Level B: 55%。

Level C: 50%。

Candidates must pass all four sections of the exam (Reading, Listening, Writing, and Translation) in order to obtain the professional title. The minimum passing score for each section is as follows:Reading: 60%。

Listening: 60%。

Writing: 50%。

Translation: 50%。

Candidates who do not meet the minimum passing score in any one section will not be awarded the professional title, even if they pass the other three sections.中文回答：2016年职称英语合格标准如下：A级， 60%。

B级， 55%。

C级， 50%。

考生必须通过考试的四个部分（阅读、听力、写作和翻译）才能获得职称。

每个部分的最低及格分为：阅读， 60%。

听力， 60%。

写作， 50%。

翻译， 50%。

任何部分未达到最低及格分的考生将不会获得职称，即使他们通过了其他三个部分。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材综合类WORD版(综合B)

文档2015年职称英语等级考试（综合类）----- word 版考试专用涂红颜色部分为2016年教材新增文章（与2015年综合教材对比）涂绿颜色部分为2015年教材新增文章（与2014年综合教材对比）目录说明：本书目录中未加符号标的文章难度相当于C 级考试水平，供报考C 级考试的学员阅读；标有“*”的文章相当于B 级考试水平；标有“+”的文章，相当于A 级考试水平。

我们希望，报考B 级的学员同时阅读未加标注的文章，报考A 级的学员同时阅读标有“*”的文章。

第一部分词汇选项词汇学习1-10 第二部分阅读判断 *第五篇 Plants and Mankind *第六篇 Brands *第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England *第八篇 Easy Learning *第九篇 WhatIs a Dream? *第十篇 The Workers' Role in Management 第三部分概括大意与完成句子 *第六篇 How We Form First Impression *第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss *第八篇 Screen Test *第九篇 Transport and Trade *第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 第四部分阅读理解 *第十七篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful 引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 *第十八篇 Goal of American Education 美国教育的目标 *第十九篇 The Family 家庭 *第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past 讲述可怕的过去 *第二十一篇 Spacing in Animals 动物的空间距离 *第二十二篇 Some Things We Know about Language 我们知道的关于语言的一些事情 *第二十三篇 The Only Way Is Up 只好向上 *第二十四篇 The Romance of Arthur （2015年新增） *第二十五篇 Income 收入*第二十六篇 Seeing the World CenturiesAgo 看许久以前的世界*第二十七篇 Importance of Services 服务业的重要性*第二十八篇 The National Park Service 国家公园的服务机构 *第二十九篇 I'll Be Bach 我是巴赫 *第三十篇 "Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead “幸运的”鲁肯伯爵一是死是活 *第三十一篇 Pool Watch 泳池监护 *第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation 柴罗基部落 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty 老妇人第五部分补全短文 *第六篇 Mobile Phones *第七篇The Apgar Test （2016年新增）*第八篇Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job （2016年新增） *第九篇 Style, Not Fashion （2015年新增） *第十篇 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change第六部分完形填空 *6第六篇 Teaching and Learning *7.第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer *8.第八篇 Look on The Bright Side *9.第九篇 The First Bicycle *10.第十篇 Working Mothers 第二部分阅读判断第八篇 Easy Learning Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they ’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep. By the time babies are a year old they can recognise a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake. To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds — one that sounds like “oo ”, another like “ee ” and a third boundaryvowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between1. EEG2 recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showedthat the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups3. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.4 When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds — so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.翻译：轻松学习学生应该嫉妒。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材

2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章 (1) 来源：第一考试网发布时间：2016-01-11 14:47:31 点击量：5999Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night —dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.Are dreams in color?Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___ Do dreams have meaning?Scientists continue to debate this issue. ___4___ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.How can I learn to understand my dreams?The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.词汇：vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的lid /lid/ n. 眼睑(=eyelid)motive /məutiv/ n. 动机stuffed /stʌft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的注释：1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。

2016年职称英语考试题库及考试信息汇总

学易网校2016年职称英语考试复习资料下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项在红为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项在中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项Ebola Outbreak1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak. Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carries of the virus.2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries you risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Specifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though, the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them aftera week of contracting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat.5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body. This causes an overstimulation of the body’s inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body's normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注）ultimately lead to organ failure and death.6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world’s most fatal viral infections. Ebola's fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.23. paragraph 2___D____24. paragraph 3____A___25. paragraph 4___C____26. paragraph 5___E____A. Am I at risk ofcontracting the virus？B. is the currentoutbreak the deadliest?C. How do know ifhave contracted the virus?D. What areas arecurrently affected?E. What exactlydoes Ebola do to the body?F. What caused theEbola outbreak?学易网校27.The initialEbola outbreak was found in___E____.28.The differencebetween SARS and Ebola viruses lies in___C____.29.The symptoms ofthe patients after being infected may first appear___F____.30.The Ebola virustransmits by contact with__A_____.A. infected bodyfluidsB. against theoutbreak severityC. the mode oftransmissionD. the initialdays of being infectedE. three countriesin West AfricaF. within a widerange of days2016年全国职称英语等级考试报名一览表北京市天津市河北省山西省内蒙古辽宁省吉林省黑龙江上海市江苏省浙江省安徽省福建省江西省山东省河南省湖北省湖南省广东省广西区海南省重庆市四川省贵州省云南省西藏区陕西省甘肃省青海省宁夏区新疆区兵团[照片审核处理工具及使用说明][全国职称外语考试合格标准][全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围]地区报名时间网报入口考务通知考培中心全国专业技术资格考试报名服务平台2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班北京市职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班天津市职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班河北省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班山西省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班内蒙古职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班辽宁省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班吉林省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班黑龙江职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班上海市职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班江苏省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班江苏省||省直职称英语考试报名时间2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班浙江省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班浙江||宁波市职称外语考试报名时间2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班安徽省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班福建省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班江西省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班学易网校山东省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班河南省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班湖北省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班湖南省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班广东省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班广西区职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班海南省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班重庆市职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班四川省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班贵州省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班云南省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班西藏区职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班陕西省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班甘肃省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班青海省职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班宁夏区职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班新疆区职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班兵团职称英语考试报名时间与入口2015年12月开始网上报名|入口2015考务通知2016培训班。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材综合类WORD版(综合B)

我们希望，报考B 级的学员同时阅读未加标注的文章，报考A 级的学员同时阅读标有“*”的文章。

2016年职称英语电子版教材

2016年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）阅读理解、完形填空Microchip Research Center CreatedA research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the country’s flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2.As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners — mainly from Japan and Singapore.Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners. 词汇: microchip / 5maIkrEJtFIp / n.微芯片marginalize /`mB:dVInLlaIz/ v.忽视，边缘化flagship /5flA^FIp/ n. (用作定语 )首位，最好 vendor /5vendC:/ n.卖主mainstream /5meInstri:m/ n.主流注释:微芯片研究中心成立为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。

职称英语考试大纲(精选3篇)

职称英语考试大纲篇1
1、全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

2、该考试根据专业技术人员使用英语的实际情况，把考试的重点放在了阅读理解上面。

3、为加强专业技术人员外语学习，提高专业技术人员队伍的整体素质，增强专业技术人员在国际经济技术合作中的竞争能力，促进经济、社会发展和科技进步，1998年7月人事部发布了《关于专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的通知》，决定自1999年开始，实行全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试。

4、通知规定，凡专业技术职务试行条例中规定专业技术人员需具备一定外语水平的，在晋升专业技术职务时应参加相应级别的职称外语统一考试。

5、职称外语统一考试由人事部统筹规划、指导并确定合格标准。

6、考试考务工作的组织与实施由人事部人事考试中心负责。

7、考试每年举行一次，时间一般安排在3月最后一个星期，一般只在地级以上城。

2016年职称英语考试考试须知

2016年职称英语考试考试须知考试介绍职称英语是全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试的一种，人事部组织全国统一标准的职称外语考试，采取统一大纲、闭卷笔试的形式进行。

考试分为分为A、B、C三个等级。

职称英语就是这样一项国家级外语考试，它规定范围、限定报名条件、确定考试时间和评价目标，最后对考试合格者颁发合格证书。

考试时间考试科目考试时间英语每个语种分为A、B、C三个等级）预计3月26日上午09:00-11:00等级划分考试按职称的系列、级别分为A、B、C三个等级，专业人员按规定的级别任选一个语种参加考试。

其中英语又按照专业不同分为分英语综合、英语理工、英语卫生三个类别。

考试主要测试专业技术人员阅读理解外文专业基础文献的能力。

报考人员可根据评审要求及自己所从事的专业工作，选择一个语种及有关类别参加考试。

考试合格由市职改办颁发人事部统一印制的《职称外语等级考试合格证书》，在全国范围有效。

综合类，理工类，卫生类考试原则上没有严格的界限。

综合类文章可以考到理工类去，理工类可以考到卫生类和综合类。

三类考试之间没有严格界限区分。

国家在每位考生评定职称的时候，到底要求是理工类成绩，卫生类成绩，基本上国家还没有明确规定。

假如你评定主任医师，卫生类职称，你可以考综合类，也可以考卫生类。

严格意义上没有很严格的要求。

到底决定报综合类，理工类，还是卫生类，有两个依据。

首先问一下自己单位的人，要定职称要报什么类比较合适。

如果单位没有明确要求和规定的话，可以根据自己的现实情况选择，如果工作中接触的文章都是理工类的文章，那就报理工类。

假如接触的文章是社会类文章，那就报综合类。

(一)A级1、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系统列申报高级;2、申请报高级国际商务师;3、其它系列申报正高级；(二)B级考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：1、工程、农业、卫生系列的县属(含县)以下单位工作人员申报高级;2、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系列申报中级;3、翻译系列申报高级第二外语;4、高级未分正副的系列(不含工程系列)审报高级;其它系列申报副高级;(三)C级1、除翻译系列外，申报高级第二外语;2、翻译系列申报中级第二外语;3、工程、农业、卫生系列在县属(含县)以下单位工作人员申报中级;4、其它系列申报中级;具体如下表所示:考试级别A级B级C级申报职称职称系列高校教师教授、副教授讲师自然科学研究与社会科学研究研究员、副研究员助理研究员社会科学研究（研究员、副研究员第二外语）卫生技术（医、药、护、技）主任医(药、护、技)师副主任医(药、护、技)师⑴主治(管)医(药、护、技)师⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报正、副主任医（药、护、技）师在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报主治（管）医（药、护、技）师工程技术高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）⑴工程师⑵在县属单位工作的人员申报高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）在县属单位工作的人员申报工程师农业技术农业技术推广研究员高级农艺师农艺师实验技术高级实验师实验师中学教师中学高级教师中等专业学校教师高级讲师讲师技工学校教师高级讲师（高级实习指导教师）讲师经济专业高级国际商务师高级经济师国际商务师经济师助理国际商务师会计专业高级会计师会计师统计专业高级统计师审计师审计专业高级审计师审计师体育教练员国家级教练高级教练一级教练播音专业播音指导主任播音员一级播音员新闻专业高级记者(高级编辑) 主任记者(主任编辑）记者（编辑）艺术（广播电视艺术）艺术一级艺术二级、主任舞台技师艺术三级、舞台技师出版专业编审副编审编辑（一级校对）文博专业、图书资料专业、档案专业研究馆员副研究馆员馆员公证员一级公证员二级公证员三级公证员律师一级律师二级律师三级律师考试要求为达到评价目标，考试对应试者的英语词汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求：（一）词汇量考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。

全国职称英语考试大纲

全国职称英语考试大纲全国职称英语考试是中国国家职称评定委员会主办的一项重要考试，旨在评估职业人员在英语能力方面的水平。

考试内容和大纲的制定对于考生来说至关重要，它不仅能够帮助考生了解考试的考点和要求，还可以为考生提供备考指南和学习参考。

一、考试结构和内容全国职称英语考试分为两个阶段：笔试和口试。

笔试部分包括听力、阅读和写作，口试部分包括口语和面试。

1. 听力部分听力部分旨在考察考生对于英语听力材料的理解能力。

考生将听到一段对话或独白，并且需要回答相关的问题。

题型包括选择题、填空题和判断正误题等。

2. 阅读部分阅读部分旨在考察考生的阅读能力和理解能力。

考生将阅读一篇文章，并回答相关的问题。

题型包括选择题、填空题和判断正误题等。

3. 写作部分写作部分旨在考察考生的写作能力。

考生需要根据题目要求，完成一篇短文或者写一封信件。

写作题目通常与职业相关，要求考生使用正确的语法、词汇和句型完成作文。

4. 口语部分口语部分旨在考察考生的口语表达能力。

考生将进行一对一的口语考试，主要包括自我介绍、描述图片或图表、回答问题等。

5. 面试部分面试部分旨在考察考生的综合能力。

考生将面对评委提出的问题，需要进行回答并展示自己的知识和能力。

二、备考建议为了更好地备考全国职称英语考试，考生可以参考以下建议：1. 熟悉考试大纲和题型仔细研究考试大纲，了解每个部分的题型和要求，掌握各个部分的考点。

这样可以有针对性地备考，提高答题的准确性和效率。

2. 扩大词汇量积累丰富的词汇是备考职称英语的重要环节。

考生可以通过背诵单词表、阅读英语材料和参加词汇培训等方式增加词汇量。

3. 培养阅读习惯阅读是提高阅读理解能力的最有效方法。

考生可以选择一些英语杂志、报纸、小说等进行阅读，增强自己的阅读技巧和理解能力。

4. 多听英语材料提高听力能力需要经常听英语材料，可以选择听英语新闻、电台节目、英语课程等。

同时，可以通过做听力练习题来巩固听力技巧。

5. 练习写作和口语写作和口语部分是考试的重要组成部分，考生可以通过模拟考试、写作练习和口语训练来提高自己的写作和口语表达能力。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材综合类CWORD版

阅读判断第一篇Taking Pictures of the WorldMeet Annie Griffiths Belt,1.Belt has never traveled to England. B. Wrong2. Belt has never traveled to Antarctica. A. Right3. Belt has worked for a number of magazines. C. Not mentioned4. Petra is a very old city in Jordan. A. Right5. Belt can only connect with English-speakers. B. Wrong6. People can connect with each other in bad weather. A. Right7. Volunteering is one way to begin a photography career. A. Right阅读判断第二篇"Own" Your Children's Education"Helping them isn't about showing your kids how to do the work．1．According to the passage，parents should help their，children with their homework．C．Not mentioned．2．You should read your child's textbooks so that、you can teach them．B. Wrong3．Children should always take a book with them 0111 the way back from school and read it aloud．C．Not mentioned．4．If parents show a lot of interest in their children's study, the children will do better at schoo1．A．Right5．It is very important that you let your children know you feel love and concern them. A．Right6．Parents must observe classes regally．C．Not mentioned．7．Governmental support also plays a role in achieving academic success. C．Not mentioned．阅读判断第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert. A. Right2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours. B. Wrong3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running. A. Right4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot. C. mentioned C. mentioned C. Mentioned A. Right5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy. A. Right6. Luckily, they never got lost. B. Wrong7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries. B. Wrong阅读判断第四篇SmokingSince 1939, 1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous. B. Wrong2. Smoking reduces one's life expectancy. A. Right3. Smoking may induce lung cancer. A. Right4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer. C. Not mentioned5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.B. Wrong6. Nicotine is poisonous. A. Right7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe；B. Wrong概括大意与完成句子第一篇The Making of a Success Story1.Paragraph 2 ____.C.The origin of IKEA2.Paragraph 3 ____.D.Specialization in selling furniture3.Paragraph 4 ____.B.Success brought by the introduction of showrooms4.Paragraph 5 ____.E.Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA5. Even when he was only a child, ____.A.IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.6. __E.here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.__, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA’s showrooms because ____.E.here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.B.it is highly welcomed by both概括大意与完成句子第二篇 The Paper Chase1. Paragraph 2 ______A. Find a Place to Work on2. Paragraph 3 __________E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things3. Paragraph 4 __________F. Dealing With Bills4. Paragraph 5 __________C. What Is a Good Filing System5. Stephanie Denton is expert __________B. in paper chase6. You can put your anywhere you like, on condition _____C. that it is easily reached7. Coupons should be thrown away because ________A. they are useless8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________D. that different people have different requirements概括大意与完成句子第三篇English and English Community1.Paragraph 2 ______F. The Definition of a Speech Community2.Paragraph 3 ______D. The Composition of the English Community3.Paragraph 4 ______A. The Wide Use of English4.Paragraph 5 ______C. The Advantages of Learning a Second Language5.Only through the shared language_____B. can a speech community be formed6. The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_____A. that of a speech community7. Speakers are classified into two groups____D. for the sake of simplicity8. An understanding of English____E. has played an important role in the field of education概括大意与完成句子第四篇：Alaska1. Paragraph 3______F）Land and population2. Paragraph 4______ D）The natives of the land3. Paragraph 5_______C）Transportation problem4. Paragraph 6_______A）Rich resources of the state5.For as long as three months of a year，the sun ___D. shines day andnight_____ on the ice-covered land of Alaska.6. According to statistics，____E. only a very small percentage_____ of the total area of Alaska has been used for farming.7. Alaska was originally part of Russia，but was bought ___C. by the United States in the 19th century____.8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth____ A. as fish does______概括大意与完成句子第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1. Paragraph 2____B US Signing of the FCTC__2. Paragraph 3____D How the FCTC Came into Bejing3. Paragraph 4____A. What the FCTC Demands_4. Paragraph 5____E What the FCTC Will Bring about5. Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward__B approving it________.6. Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, ____D restrict smoking in public places______.7. It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths_______E caused by tobacco usd8. Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that______A have ratified it____. 阅读理解第一篇 Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction,1. This passage is mostly about ___A. the characteristics of autobiographies，memoirs，and biographies2. Helen Keller wrote_____ B. an autobiography3. Autobiography .... because they_____C. want to present themselves in a good light___.4. The writer .... in the passage by___A. defining it5. Diverse means____C. varied or different阅读理解第二篇outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big DifferencePutting a bunch of college students in charge of a $300,0001. An extracurricular ..... most student leaders.D) will not take an interest in it.2. American students join campus organizations mostly for . C) building friendship.3. Who is Katie Rowley? B) She’s a senior student.4. What do student .......an activity through to a successful end? A) passion.5. The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by.C) polish. 阅读理解第三篇Shark Attack!Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard,1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark______C) swam away___.2. It is difficult for the.... why great whites_____A) often let humans escape____.3. Which of the f.....make up in line 2 of paragraph 4? B) are.4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means____B) great whites'_____.5. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? C) We now know great whites don't mistake humans for other animals.阅读理解第四篇Feast On Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving Four weeks ago US children dressed as monsters and asked for sweets．1. On Halloween, children in the United States often dress up as A)ghosts 2．When are turkey and pumpkin pie eaten? C)On Thanksgiving．3．Thanksgiving is the time for the American people to thank God for B)providing them with comfortable and happy lives?4．Many children in the United States like Thanksgiving because A)they can stay with their parents at home and eat a lot of nice food?5．The first pilgrims settled in the United States in A)1621．阅读理解第五篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta“I left Tangier,1. What is the passage mainly about?B) The adventures of Ibn Battuta.2. Which of ....in meaning to set off for in line 5?A) left to go to.3. The Sultan of .... of judge because _ C) Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca.4. Which of the ..... of this passage most likely agree with？D) Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today.5. Why did ... his home? D) The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return.阅读理解第六篇Native American PotteryThere are several American Indian groups in the Southwest that still make beautiful pottery.1.In the first .... means_____B.having to do with advertising products on TV2.The second ...... mainly through____A.steps in a process_____.3.The Sail Ildefonso pueblo is known for____A.black pottery4.Traditional methods of making pottery____B.take a lot of time5.Another ......passage would be_____D.An Old Art Still Practiced____.阅读理解第七篇Modern Sun Worshippers1. The writer .... the reason that——D) they wish to escape from the cold,dark and rainy days back at home2. In paragraph ....and Amsterdam are mentioned——A) to show that they are not good cities in terms of geography and climate3. According to the passage,which of the following countries attracts more tourists than theothers? B) Spain.4. The latter .......means____B) every year almost as many tourists visit Spain as there are people living in that country．5. According to the passage....... and beaches? D) Rainy weather.阅读理解第八篇The Changing Middle ClassThe United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation.The information ...deals with______B) a social and economic group_.2. A common .... is that_______ D) the family is very important.3. ln the years... defined as_____C) prosperous and optimistic__.4. The phrase ...is___ C) a restatement of the previous idea__.5. The word collectively means___A) as a group___.阅读理解第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best1.With which ....agree? C Two-parent families produce less attractive children.2.According to ..... of the offspring? A The young males get less care.3.What is .....paragraph 5? B Experiment and result.4.According to ....... sexual conflict? D The offspring's body size.5.According to ........is influenced by C ecological factors.阅读理解第十篇A Letter from Alan1.Why has Alan written this letter? D) To inform other people about the builders' plans.2. Why is ... opinion? C) Because it is a place near the town where people can enjoy nature.3. What will cause traffic jams? A) A building on Parson's Place.4. Alan says .... probably soon ___D) have less money__.5. Which of .... made? B) say no to houses on parson' s place阅读理解第十一篇The Development of Ballet1. This passage deals mainly with ___C) the way ballet developed__.2. An important influence in early ballet was__D) Louis XIV___.3. You can .... ballet__B) will continue to change as new people and ideas influence it___.4. The information in ...is presented___D) in chronological order__.5. The word pageants means___D) elaborate shows__.阅读理解第十二篇Smuggling1. The dog was different from others in that D) it had a very big abdomen2. How many .....o transport drugs? A) As many as a smuggler can think of.3. How many ..... United States in 1994? C) 25,7704. Which of the ...... third paragraph? C) Small smugglers5. What is this article about? C) Varied drug transportation methods阅读理解第十三篇The Barbie Dolls1. When Ruth ...... a strong desire D. to be highly successful.2. Who owned Mattel? D. Harold Mattson, Ruth and Elliot Handler.3. It can be ....... fashioned after A. Build.4. Where did ........ come from? B. Lilly.5. Which of the .....Barbie doll? A. She does not attract young men.阅读理解第十四篇Sleep1. The question.....academic one" D because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.2.According to ....work is that B your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.3.According to ... .to be C to employ people who will always work at night.4.In the second paragraph, “the third" means A the third week.5.In the last ...... means A another routine.阅读理解第十五篇Orbital Space Plane1. The orbital.....for B. carrying astronauts to the International Space Station.2. From the ......r indicates A. NASA’s determination to continue its space exploration projects.3. When did the ... to the shuttle? C. Years before the explosion of Columbia.4. Besides the..... used as D. a space ambulance.5. According to ... would B. be equally shared by the two projects under Space Launch Initiative.阅读理解第十六篇The Sahara1. This passage is mostly about ___A) life in the Sahara____.2. Rainfall in most of the Sahara is___A) less than five inches per year____.3. The Sahara can be described as_____A) a place of contrasts__.4. The phrase........of the size of___C) the Sahara____.5. In this passage caravan means ____B) group traveling together through difficult country___.补全短文第一篇What We Take from and Give to the SeaAs long as we have been on earth,ofpeople.后(1)We even use their bones for fertilizer.Evaporates.后(2)Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation. jewelry.后(3)Natural sponges become cleaning aids.oceanwater.后(4)Some of its contents may cause illness.Garbage.后(5)We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.补全短文第二篇Common Questions about DreamsDoes everyone dream?goes on后1. The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.Awake.后 2. Sometimes, though, .....day or on another day.Lives后 3. People who are ...... in their dreams.issue. 后 4.However, people .....and useful.Elephant后5. To learn to ...... you of.补全短文第三篇Baby Talk Babies normally start to talk when they are 13开头When后（1）Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.children. 后（2）They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old. months old.后（3）These babies started using signs about two months later.Babies后（4）However, research does not show this.teach ASL.后（5）It can be useful because many people understand it.补全短文第四篇The First Four Minutesfriendships：“后1、Every time you。

职称英语等级考试用书理工类(精华版含16年新增)

第四部阅读理解第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet第十八篇 Thirst for Oil第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience第二十篇 Explorer of the Extreme Deep第二十一篇 Plant Gas第二十二篇 Snowflakes第二十三篇 Powering a City? It's a Breeze.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires -- a Looming Catastrophe第二十五篇 Eat to Live第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories第二十九篇 Food Fright第三十篇 Digital Realm*第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina*第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine*第三十三篇 Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive*第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十五篇 Putting Plants to work*第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning*第三十七篇 "Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning*第三十八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第三十九篇 Clone Farm*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming+第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources+第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods+第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+第四十五篇 Small But Wise+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"+第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong+第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright+第四十九篇 U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities第一篇至第三十篇为C级，第三十一篇至第四十篇为B级，第四十一篇至第五十篇为A级第五部分补全短文第一篇 Mobile phones第一篇The World’s Longest Bridge第二篇Reinventing the Table第三篇Don’t Rely on Plankton to Save the Planet第四篇The Magic of Sound第五篇Dung to Death第六篇Time in the Animal World第七篇Watching Microcurrents Flow第八篇Heat Is killer 第九篇High Dive第十篇*Virtual Driver第十一篇*Musical Training Can Improve CommunicationSkills第十二篇+Sleeping Giant第十三篇+Robotic Highway Cones第十四篇+The Arctic Ice Is Thawing第六部分完型填空第六篇 Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely第七篇 An Intelligent Car第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures第九篇 Wonder Webs第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort FoodFights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks forUnprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food CouldNeutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, MoreLight+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of JapaneseEarthquake Damage1、Common Questions about Dreams2、Baby Talk3、The Apgar Test4、Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job5、Primer on Smell第十七篇A Sunshade for the PlanetEven with the best will1in the world, reducing ourcarbon emissions is not going prevent global warming.It has become clear that even if we take the most strongmeasures to control emissions, the uncertainties in ourclimate models still leave open the possibility ofextreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time,resistance by governments and special interest groupsmakes it quite possible that the actions suggested byclimate scientists might not be implemented soon enough./Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2,scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves3.For the most part they have strongly resisted discussingthese options for fear of inviting a sense ofcomplacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the rootof the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number ofresearchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale“geoengineering” projects that might be used tocounteract global warming. “I use the analogy ofmethadone4,” says Stephen Schnei der, a climateresearcher at Stanford University in California who wasamong the first to draw attention to global warming.“If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment ishospitalization, and a long rehab. But if theyabsolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin./Basically the idea is to apply “sunscreen” to thewhole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radicalplan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-lightdiscs into space, where they would form a vast cloud thatwould block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, butrecent studies suggest there are ways to deflect justenough of the sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface tocounteract the warming produced by the greenhouseeffect. Global climate models show that blocking just1. 8 p er cent of the incident energy in the sun’s rayswould cancel out the warming effects produced by adoubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Thatcould be crucial, because even the most severeemissions-control measures being proposed would leaveus with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of thiscentury, and that would last for at least a century more.练习: 1. According to the first two paragraphs，theauthor thinks that C despite the difficulty, scientistshave some options to prevent global warming.2.Scientists resist talking about their options becausethey don’t want people to C think the problem has beensolved.3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroinaddict and methadone? A Methadone is an effective wayto treat a hard heroin addict.4. What is StephenSchneider’s idea of preventing global warming? C Toapply sunscreen to the Earth.5. What is NOT true of theeffectiveness of “sunscreen”, according to the lastparagraph? D It decreases greenhouse gases in theatmosphere.第十八篇Thirst for OilWorldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent ofabout 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy onEarth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from theSun hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover ourneeds for an entire year, we just need to find anefficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil hasbeen cheaper and easier to get at. But as suppliesdwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure ouraddiction to oil.Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until thesteam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-densecoal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used,mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of ourenergy needs, but its use has been declining since westarted pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient,unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossilfuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are stillplentiful: its reserves are five times larger thanoil’s.Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below thesurface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, dieseloil and various other chemical substances, providesaround 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuellingautomobiles. The US consumes n quarter of all oil, andgenerates a similar proportion of greenhouse gasemissions.The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, whichhas half of known reserves. But other significantsources include Russia, North America, Norway,Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska’s Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge1could be a major new US source, to reducereliance on foreign imports. Most experts predict wewill exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years,though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reachan energy crisis in the next few decades, when demandexceeds supply. As conventional reserves become moredifficult to access, others such as oil shales and tarsands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtainedfrom coal. Since we started using fossil fuels, we havereleased 400 billion tonnes2of carbon, and burning theentire reserves could eventually raise worldtemperatures by 130 C. Among other horrors, this wouldresult in the destruction of all rainforests and themelting of all Arctic ice.练习: 1. “… we will need tocure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so?D Oil supply is decreasing. 2. Which of the followingstatements is NOT meant by the author, according to thesecond paragraph? C Coal is the most environmentallyunfriendly fuel next to oil. 3. Which country is thebiggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States.4.What do experts say about the earth’s fuel reserves?B There will soon be an energy crisis. 5. What is NOTthe result of consuming fossil fuels according to thelast paragraph? D The sea level will go up.第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances ListenerExperienceShimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’sCenter for Music Technology, recommends songs, dancesto the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listenerfeedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robotis billed as an i nteractive “musical friend”./“Shimiis designed to change the way that people enjoy and thinkabout their music，”said Professor Gil Weinberg, therobot’s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band ofthree Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing insync with music created in the lab and composedaccording to its movements./Shimi is essentially adocking station with a “brain” powered by an Androidphone. Once docked, the robot gains the sensing andmusical generation capabilities of the user’s mobiledevice. In other words, if there’s an “app” for that,Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone’scamera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow alistener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognitionfeature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user tapsa beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musicallibrary and immediately plays the song that best matchesthe suggestion. Once the music starts，Shimi dances tothe rhythm.“Many people think that robots are limited by theirprogramming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D.candidate Mason Bretan. “Shimi shows us that robots c anbe creative and interactive. ’’Future apps in theworks will allow the user to shake their head indisagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimito skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume.The robot will also have the capability to recommend newmusic based on the user’s song choices and providefeedback on the music play list./Weinberg hopes otherdevelopers will be inspired to create more apps toexpand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities.“I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution thatwill see more robots in homes.” Weinbergsaid./Weinberg is in the process of commercializingShimi through an exclusive licensing agreement withGeorgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot availableto consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots aregoing to arrive in homes, we think that they will be thiskind of machines一 small, entertaining and fun，，，Weinberg said. “They will enhance your life and pavethe way for more intelligent service robots in ourlives.”练习：1.Which of the following is NOT trueaccording to the first three paragraphs?B Shimi is thecreator of the musical companion.2.What does Shimi doif the user taps a beat?D It selects a perfectly-matchedsong and plays it in sync with that beat.3.Which of thefollowing about Shimi is true?DShimi can be creative andinteractive.4.What does the author want to tell us?A Theresearch center is developing a stronger and moreversatile Shimi.5.Which of the following is Weinberg’sassertion?B human lives will be filled with more fun ifShimi is going to arrive in homes.第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme DeepOceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Yet,just a small fraction of the underwater world has beenexplored. Now, Scientists at the Woods Hole 1 Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle that will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible orhuman-operated vehicle (HOV), will replace another onenamed Alvin 2, which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). It’s about time for an upgrade, WHOI researchers say. /Alvin was launched in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year, says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives. A newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries, Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. “We take so much for granted on land,” Fornari says. “We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are. We can see colors, special arrangements.”Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin . It’ll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin , it’ll carry a pilot and two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable. In most other ways, it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvi has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing.Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is 2 knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. It’ll reach speeds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour.练习: 1. What is Alvin? C A submersible. 2. Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin? A It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters. 3. “… a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to D Shape. 5. In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different? D Both A and B. 第二十一篇 Plant GasScientists have been studying natural sources of methane for decades hut hadn’t regarded plants as a producer, notes Frank Keppler, a geochemist at the MaxPlanck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heldelberg,Germany 1. Now Keppler and his colleagues find that plants, from grasses to trees, may also be sources of the greenhouse gas. This is really surprising, because most scientists assumed that methane production requires an oxygen-free environment.Previously, researchers had thought that it wasimpossible for plants to make significant amounts of thegas. They had assumed that microbes 2 need to be in environments without oxygen to produce methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere and contribute to global warming. In its experiments, Keppler’s team used sealed chambers that contained the same concentration of oxygen that Earth’s atmosphere has. They measured the amounts of methane that were released by both living plants and dried plant material, such as fallen leaves. /With the dried plants, the researchers tookmeasurement at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, they found,a gram of dried plant material released up to 3 nanograms of methane per hour. (One nanogram is a billionth of a gram.) With every 10-degree rise in temperature, the amount of methane released each hour roughly doubled. /Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370 nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour. Methane emissions tripled when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight. Because there was plenty of oxygen available, it’s unlikely that the types of bacteria that normally make methane were involved. Experiments on plants that were grown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions. That’s another strong sign that the gas came from the plants and not soil microbes. /The new finding is an “interesting observation,” says Jennifer Y.King, a biogeochemist at the University of Minnesota inSt. Paul 3. Because some types of soil microbes consume methane, they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching the atmosphere. Field tests will be needed to assess the plant’s influence, she notes. 练习: 1. What was scientists’ understanding of methane? C It was produced in oxygen-free environments. 2. To testwhether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created B an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has. 3. Which statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment? D The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane emissions. 4. Which of the following about methane is Not mentioned in the passage? D Microbes in plants produce methane. 5. What is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced methane? CLess methane reaches the atmosphere.第二十三篇 Powering a City? It’s a Breeze.1The graceful wooden windmills that have broken up the flat Dutch landscape for centuries — a national symbol like wooden shoes and tulips — yielded long ago to ungainly metal-pole turbines.2 Now, windmills are breaking into a new frontier. Though still in its teething stages, the “urban turbine” is a high -tech windmill designed to generate energy from the rooftopsof busy cities. Lighter, quieter, and often moreefficient than rural counterparts 3, they take advantageof the extreme turbulence 4 and rapid shifts in direction that characterize urban wind patterns. Prototypes havebeen successfully tested in several Dutch cities, andthe city government in the Hague 5 has recently agreed to begin a large-scale deployment in 2003. Current models cost US$ 8,000 to US$12,000 and can generate between 3,000 and 7,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. A typical Dutch household uses 3,500 kilowatt hours per year, while in the United States, this figure jumps to around 10,000 kilowatt hours. But so far, they are being designed more for public or commercialbuildings than for private homes. The smallest of the current models weigh roughly 200 kilograms and can be installed on a roof in a few hours without using a crane. Germany, Finland and Denmark have also been experimenting with the technology, but theever-practical Dutch are natural pioneers in urban wind power mainly because of the lack of space. TheNetherlands, with 16 million people crowded into acountry twice the size of Slovenia 6, is the most denselypopulated in Europe. Problems remain, however, forexample, public safety concerns 7, and so strict standards should be applied to any potential manufacturer. Vibrations are the main problem in skyscraper-high turbine. Peop le don’t know what it would be like to work there, in an office next to oneof the big turbines. It might be too hectic. Meanwhile,projects are under way 8 to use minimills 9 to generate power for lifeboats, streetlights, and portable generators. “I think t he thing about wind power is that you can use it in a whole range of situations,” said Corin Millais, of the European Wind Energy Association. “It’s a very local technology, and you can use it right in your backyard, I don’t think anybody wants a nuclear p ower plant in their backyard.”练习： 1. What are the symbols of the Netherlands according to the first paragraph? B Wooden shoes and wooden windmills. 2. Which statement best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph? A It is a windmill put on rooftops of buildings for energy generation. B It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people. 3. The smallest models of an urban turbine C can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane. D can he installed with a crane. 4. Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology becauseD the Netherlands is a small country with a large population. 5. According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology? D Both A and C.第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires — a Looming Catastrophe1 Coal burning deep underground in China ， India andIndonesia is threatening the environment and human life,scientists have warned.2 These large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and killsurrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases andcan even ignite forest fires, a panel 3 of scientists toldthe annual meeting of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science in Denver 4. The resulting release of poisonous elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned. “Coal fires are a global catastrophe,” said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East GeorgiaCollege in Swainsboro , USA. But surprisingly few peopleknow about them. Coal can heat up on its own 5, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous oxygen supply. The heat produced is not caused todisappear and under the right combinations of sunlightand oxygen, can trigger spontaneous 6 catching fire and burning. This can occur underground, in coalstockpiles 7, abandoned mines or even as coal istransported. Such fires in China consume 8 up to 9 200 million tones of coal per year, delegates were told. In comparison, the U. S. economy consumes about one billion tones of coal annually, said Stracher, whose analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted forpublication in the International journal of CoalEcology . Once underway,10 coal fires can burn for decades, even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes of greenhouse gases, poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere. /The members of the panel discussed the impact these fires may be having on global and regional climate change, and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to detect. One of the members of the panel, Assistant Professor Paul Van Dijk of the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation in the Netherlands, has been working with the Chinese government to detect and monitor fires in the northern regions of the country. /Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method of containing 11 the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a beat-resistant grout (athin mortar 12used to fill cracks and crevices) , whichis designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off 13 the oxygen supply.练习: 1. According to the first paragraph, one or the warnings given by the scientists is that C poisonous elements released by the underground fires can pollute water sources. 2. According to the third paragraph, what will happen when the underground heat does not disappear? A Coal heats up on its own and catches fire and burns. 3. What did Stracher analyze in his article published in the International Journal of Coat Ecology? D Coal fires can have an impact on the environment. 4. Which of the following statements about Paul Van Dijk is NOT true? B He has detected and monitored underground fires in the Netherlands. 5. According to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to control underground fires? D Cutting off the oxygen supply. 第二十五篇 Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, butit’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to 1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can he made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, butcould help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid oftoxins.2 /Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet fortheir whole lives, and fed another three onhalf-rations 3. Three more mice were switched from thenormal diet to half-feed 3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years. /The researchers checked the activity of 11, 000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age inthe normally fed mice. The changes were associated withthings like inflammation and free radical production 4 — probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted nil their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent ofthese gene changes. /“This is the first indication thatthese effects kick in 5 pretty quickly.” say Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work ,” he says. /If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug iseffective. /But Spindler isn’t sure the trade -off isworth it 6. “The mice get less disease, they live lo nger, but they’re hungry,” he says, “Even seeing what a diet does , it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only cat half of that’.” Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of caloric restriction.练习: 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? D We have to begin dieting since childhood. 2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. 3. What can he inferred about completely normally fed micementioned in the passage? D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? A The mice that started dieting in old age. 5. According 10 the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause AccidentsDifferentlyMale pilots flying general aviation 1 (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are results of a study fly researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.The study identifies difference between male and femalepilot in terms of circumstances or the crash and the typeor pilots error involved 2. “Crashes of general aviationaircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths 3in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots,as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that 4 of crashes of female pilots.” explains Susan P. B aker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. “Because pilotyouth and inexperience are established 5 contributors toaviation crashes 6, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.” The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender.The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanicalfailure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane withthe landing gear up 7 were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. /The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent ). Males, however,appeared more likely to be guilty of 8 poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness,examples of whichinclude misjudging weather and visibility 9 or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft,were generally more careful than their malecounterparts 10. 练习 : 1. What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about ？ B Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes. 2. Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph? C It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inexperienced pilots.3. How did the researchers carry out their study? A They studied the findings of several previous research projects. 4. What is the most common circumstance of crash with femalepilots? B Loss of control on landing or takeoff and stalling. 5. In the comparison of female and male pilots. D male pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making.第二十七篇 Driven to DistractionJoe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up thecar and heads 1 to town. The empty stretch of interstategives way to urban congestion 2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstratinga computerized driving simulator that is helpingresearchers at Old Dominion University 3 (ODU) examinehow in-vehicle guidance systems affect the personbehind the wheel.4 /The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, aretoo distracting — or whether any distractions areoffset 5 by the benefits drivers get from having helpfinding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 /“We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involvesmeasuring drivers reaction time and brain activity asthey respond to auditory and visual cues 7.The researchers just completed a study of the mentalworkload 8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs, light traffic.Preliminary results show that as p eople “get into more challenging driving situations, they don’t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment.” Baldwin said.But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. The next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload. /“Is it best if they seea picture… that shows their position, a map kind of display?9”Baldwin said. “Is it best if they hear it?” /Navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. “They’re very unforgiving,” Baldwin said. “If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.” /That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions. Baldwin said. Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choosethe style of directions they want, or modify systems topresent some information in a way that makes sense 10 for people who prefer the survey style, she said.Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.练习: 1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? C Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman. 2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? D All of the above. 3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? C In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else. 4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers D want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system. 5. What kind of directions do menand women prefer? B Men prefer more general directionand women prefer route directions.第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories 1To sleep. Perchance to file?2 Findings published online this week by the Proceedings 3 of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brainorganizes and stows memories formed during the day whilethe rest of the body is catching zzz’s 4. /Gyorgy Buzsakiof Rutgers University 5 and his colleagues analyzed thebrain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically,they examined the electrical activity emanating from 6the somatosensory neocortex 7 (an area that processessensory information) and the hippocampus 8, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles(bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followedtens of milliseconds 9 later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published onlinethis week by the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, links age-associated memory decline 10 to high glucose levels. /Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend toincrease with age, affect memory in healthy people aswell. The scientists administered 11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body’s tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects betterable to absorb blood sugar. /“Our study suggests thatthis impairment 12 may contribute to the memory deficits 13 that occur as people age.” Convit says. “And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucosetolerance could reverse some age-associated problems incognition.14” Exercise and weight control can help keepglucose levels in check 15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.练习： 1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? 2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University? C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation. 3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance. 4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage? B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory. 5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? D To control glucose levels. 第二十九篇 Food FrightExperiments under way in several labs aim to create beneficial types of genetically modified (GM) foods, including starchier potatoes and caffeine-free coffee beans. Genetic engineers are even trying to transfer genes from a cold-water fish to make a frost-resistant tomato. A low-sugar GM strawberry now in the works might one day allow people with health problems such as diabetes to enjoy the little delicious red fruits again. GM beans and grains supercharged with protein might helppeople at risk of developing kwashiorkor.1Kwashiorkor,a disease caused by severe lack of protein, is common in parts of the world where there are severe food shortages. /Commenting on GM foods, Jonathon Jones, aBritish researcher, said. “The future benefits will beenormous, and the best is yet to come.2” /To some people, GM foods are no different from unmodified foods. “A tomato is a tomato,” said Brian Sansoni, an American food manufacturer.Critics of GM foods challenge Sansonis opinion. They worry about the harm that GM crops might do to people, other animals, and plants. /In a recent lab study conducted at Cornell University, scientists tested pollen made by Bt corn, which makes up one-fourth of the U. S. corn crop. The scientist sprinkled the pollen onto milkweed, a plant that makes a milky juice and is the only known food source of the monarch butterfly caterpillar. Within four days of munching on the milkweed leaves, almost half of a test group of caterpillars had died. “Monarchs are considered to be a flagship species for conservation,” said Cornell researcher Linda Ray nor. “This is a warning bell.”/Some insects that are not killed by GM foods might findthemselves made stronger 3. How so? The insecticides usedto protect most of today’s crops are spra yed on thecrops when needed 4 and decay quickly in the environment. But GM plants produce a continuous level of insecticide. Insect species feeding on those crops may develop resistance to the plants and could do so in a hurry, say the critics. Insects may also develop a resistance to the insecticide Bt. At the forum on GM food held last year in Canada, GM crops that have been made resistantto the herbicide might crossbreed with wild plants,creating “super weeds”5 that could take over whole fields. So where do you stand? Should GM foods be banned in the United States, as they are in parts of Europe? Or do their benefits outweigh any of the risks they might carry?练习: 1. Paragraphs 1、2 &. 3 try to give the idea that A GM foods may bring about great benefits to humans. 2. Why is the case of the pollen-sprayed milkweed cited in Paragraph 6? C It is cited to show GM foods also have a dark side. 3. What happens to those insects when not killed by the spray of insecticide? B They may have a higher ability to adapt to the environment. 4. Which of the following statements concerning banning GM foods is true according to the passage? D The United States has not banned GM foods. 5. What is the writer’s attitude to GM foods? A We cannot tell from the passage. 第三十篇 Digital RealmIn the digital realm, the next big advance will be voicerecognition 1. The rudiments 2 are already here but in primitive form. Ask a computer to “recognize speech,”and it is likely to think you want it to “wreck a nicebeach.”3But in a decade or so we’ll be able to chat away 4 andmachines will soak it all in 5. Microchips will be truly embedded in our lives when we can talk to them. Not onlyto our computers, we’ll also be able to chat with ourautomobile navigation systems, telephone consoles 6,browsers, thermostats. VCRs, microwaves and any otherdevices we want to boss around 7.That will open the way to the next phase of the digitalage : artificial intelligence 8. By our providing so many thoughts and preferences to our machines each day, they’ll accumulate enough information about how wethink so that they’ll be able to mimic our minds andact as our agents. Scary, huh 9? But potentially quite useful. At least until they decide they don’t need us。

2016年职称英语理工A试卷及复习资料

2016年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题及参考答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The revelation of his past led to his resignation.A.imaginationB. ConfirmationC.recallD. Disclosure2. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very brutal.A.carelessB. CruelC.strongD. Hard3. You’ll have to sprint if you want to catch the train.A.jumpB.escapeC. RunD.prepare4. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.A. ChangeableB. StableC.suitableD.adaptable5. The new garment fits her perfectly.A.haircutB. PurseC. ClothesD.necklace6. The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.A.fearB. JoyC. HurtD.memory7. They have to build canals to irrigate the desert.A.decorateB. WaterC.changeD. Visit8. Her overall language proficiency remains that of a toddler.A.disabledB. PupilC.teenagerD. Baby9. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.A. WarmB.severeC.hardD.dry10. The details of the costume were totally authentic.A. RealB.outstandingC.creativeD. False11. We are aware of the potential problems.A.globalB. PossibleC.ongoingD. Central12. The idea was quite brilliant.A.positiveB. CleverC.keyD. Original13. Stock market price tumbled after rumor of a rise in interest rate.A.regulatedB. IncreasedC. FellD.maintained14. The course gives you basic instructions in car maintenance.A. CoachingB. IdeaC.termD. Aspect15. All houses within 100 metres of these as at risk of flooding.A. in dangerB. out of controlC.between equalsD. in particular第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A; 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B; 如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

2016年全国专业技术人员职称英语考试综合C真题及答案

2016年全国专业技术⼈员职称英语考试综合C真题及答案个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定 1个意义最为接近的选grasp the main points of the lecture .12.We must get to the root of the problem.A. approachB . heartC. causeD. solution15. He needs the money really2016年全国专业技术⼈员职称英语等级考试（综合类C ）第1部分：词汇选项（第 1 —— 15题，每题1分，共15 分）1. The best option would be to cancel the trip altogether A . hopeB. partC. decisionD. Estimate2. He was in credibly rich.A . relativelyB . seriouslyC. extremelyD.3. The idea was quite brillia ntA . positiveB . keyC. cleverD . origi nal4.The course gives you basic in struct ion fairlyA . idea B. term C. aspectD. coaching A . un dersta nd B . Cover C. proveD. discussA . affects B. Helps C . worriesD . In terests8 . I did n'tparticularlywant to go , but I had to . A . mai nly B . UsuallyC . especiallyD. Rapidly9 . You n eed feedback to mon itor progress.A . StopB . achieveC. accessD . check10 . Jensen is a dan gerous man , and can be very brutal. A . carelessB . strongC. cruelD. hard6.Anything to do with aero planes and flying fascinates 11.We are aware of thepote ntialproblems.A.possibleB.globalC.ongoing .D.central 14. All houses with in 100 meters of the seas are at riskof flood ing.A . in dan ger .B. out of controlC. between equals .D. in particularA . very urgentlyB . very muchC. very quicklyD. very efficientlyF ⾯每个句⼦中均有项。

2016年全.国职称英语考试大纲

2016年全.国职称英语考试大纲.2016年职称英语考试时间来源：京师财税教育网|发表时间：2015-12-0111:06全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试一般为每年3月的最后一个周末举行，考试设英语、日语、俄语、德语、法语和西班牙语6个语种，每个语种分为A、B、C三个等级，考试时间均为2小时。

根据人力资源社会保障部办公厅《关于2016年度专业技术人员资格考试计划及有关问题的通知》，2016年职称英语考试时间确定为2016年3月26日。

职称英语做题技巧全攻略之词汇选择词汇选项题一共15题，每题要求在四个词汇中选出一个最接近给出句子中的划横线单词的单词（近义词或同义词）；这部分题目由于可以带字典进入考场，它是“送分题”，所以，必须保证这部分拿到满分。

做这一部分题最好做到“又准又快”，一般做这一部分题掌握在20分钟以内，如果花的时间太多，这就说明对这部分题目的做题思路和技巧还没有一个全面的了解和掌握。

当然，做这15题，“快而不准”是很笨的做法，如果稳拿15分，就是花多点时间也是很值得的。

词汇选项题，根据近两三年的考试经验，其在《考试用书》中要求掌握的词汇中出现的单词占的比例较重，如03年8对8分、04年8对8分、05年8对两半10分，因此，这部分题目除了《考试用书》中要求掌握的8个词汇外，实际要求我们查字典的只有6个左右的单词，无论如何，在20分钟内查6个单词，掌握了方法是绝对没问题的。

所以，这种题其实就是简单的查字典题。

4题型分析编辑A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。

考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。

第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）考查应试者理解在一定语境中单词或短语意义的能力。

本部分为15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

2016年全国职称英语考试复习资料

2016年全国职称英语考试复习资料2016年全国职称英语考试复习资料职称英语等级考试及解题方法序言1．概述全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

该考试根据专业技术人员使用英语的实际情况，把考试的重点放在了阅读理解上面。

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。

每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。

每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50％。

三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。

2．职称英语等级考试的要求全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力。

考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在两小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级的人员在两小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报C级的人员在两小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语词汇量、英语语法知识和阅读理解能力的要求分别如下：词汇量考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。

对申报不同级别的应试者要求掌握的词汇量不等：● 申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；● 申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；● 申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。

需要指出的是，职称英语等级考试所涉及的词汇、短语主要根据本考试大纲所附的词汇表，在实际考试中，凡是超出大纲词汇表以外的词汇一般都给出中文意思。

第一部分2015年度全国职称英语等级考试试题、答案综合类试卷及答案综合类(A级)试题第1部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

全国职称英语等级考试大纲

职称英语等级考试阅读判断模拟试题职称英语等级考试阅读判断模拟试题第2部分：阅读判断(第16—22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。

如果该句提供的是正确信息。

请在答题卡上把A涂黑；如果该句提供的'是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。

The Ice AgeTwenty thousand years ago, the earth was held in control by relentlessly (不宽容地) probing fingers of ice that drew power from frigid strongholds in the north and crept southwestward to bury forests, fields, and mountains. Landscapes that were violated by the slowly moving glaciers(冰川)would carry the scars of this advance far into the future. Temperatures dropped deeply, and land surfaces in many parts of the world were depressed by the unrelenting weight of the thrusting ice.At the same time, so much was drawn from the oceans to form these huge glaciers that sea levels around the world fell by three hundred and fifty feet, and large areas of the continentalshelf became dry land.This period of the Earth s history had come to be called the Ice Age. In all, about eleven million square miles of land were covered with ice. The Ice Age terminated about fourteen thousand years ago when the ice sheets began to retreat. It took about seven thousand years for the ice to retreat to its present level.16 There were no human beings on the earth during the Ice Age.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 The title can be replaced by The Glacial Epoch.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 The glaciers in the passage are compared to a machine.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 According to the passage, the glaciers moved from the north directly the the south.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 According to the passage, before the Ice Age the continental shelf was submerged in water.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 It can be inferred from the passage that glaciers were primarily made up of seawater.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 The Ice Age twenty thousand years ago greatly benefits mankinds in the long term.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned。

2016年职称英语考试考条

完型填空：1.Captain Cook Arrow LegendIt was a great legend while it lasted , but DNA testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands1 in 1779.―There is no Cook2in the Australian Museum,‖ museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook，s bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum，3‖ which does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani，opu，u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain，s great explorers and is credited with discovering the ―Great South Land,‖now Australia ,in 1770.He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands,now Hawaii.The legend of Cook,s arrow began in 1824when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook，s wife,saying it was made of Cook,s bone after the fatal fight with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legendcontinued until it came face-to-face withscience.DNA testing by laboratories inAustralia and New Zealand revealed thearrow was not made of Cook,s bone butwas more likely made of animal bone,saidPhilp.However, Cook,s fans refuse to giveup hope that one Cook legend will provetrue and that part of his remains will still beuncovered,as they say there is evidence notall of Cook,s body was buried at sea in1779.―On this occasion technology haswon,4‖said Cliff Thornton, president of theCaptain Cook Society, in a statement formBritain,―But I am sure that one of thesedays… one of the Cook legends will proveto be true and it will happen one day.2.Avalanche and Its SafetyAn avalanche is a sudden and rapidflow of snow, often mixer with air andwater, down a mountainside. Avalanchesare among the biggest dangers in themountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by anover-burden of material , typicallysnowpack, that is too massive and unstablefor the slope that supports it. Determiningthe critical load, the amount of over-burdenwhich is likely to cause an avalanche, is acomplex task involving the evaluation of anumber of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees orsteeper than 60 degrees typically have alow risk of avalanche. Snow does notgather significantly on steep slopes ;also,snow does not flow easily on flatslopes. Human-triggered avalanches havethe greatest incidence when the snow,sangle of rest1 is between 35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which thehuman incidence of avalanches isgreatest ,is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb2is:A slope that is flat enough to holdsnow but steep enough to ski has thepotential to generate an avalanche,regardless of theangle,Additionally3,avalanche riskincreases with use; that is ,the more aslope is disturbed by skiers, the more likelyit is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry4isnever 100% safe. Good avalanche safety isa continuous process,including routeselection and examination of the snowpack,weather conditions,and humanfactors .Several well-known good habitscan also reduce the risk. If local authoritiesissue avalanche risk reports , they shouldbe considered and all warnings should bepaid attention to. Never follow in the tracksof others without your own evaluations ;snow conditions are almost certain to havechanged since they were made. Observe theterrain and note obvious avalanche pathswhere plants are missing or damaged. Avoidtraveling below others who might trgger anavalanche.3.Giant StructuresIt is an impossible task to select themost amazing wonders of the modem worldsince every year more _wonderful_constructions appear. Here are three giantstructures which are worthy of our_admiration__ although they may havebeen surpassed by some more recentwonders.The Petronas Twin TowersThe Petronas Towers were the tallestbuildings in the world when they werecompleted in 1999. With a __height_ of452 metres, the tall twin towers, like twothin pencils, dominate the city of KualaLumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers arelinked by a bridge, symbolizing a gatewayto the city. The American _architect_ CesarPelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-strengthconcrete, the building provides around 1，800 square metres of office space _on_every floor. And it has a shopping centreand a concert hall at the base. Other _features__ of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades. The MiUau BridgeThe Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France. _At__the time it was built，it was the world’s highest bridge, _reaching_ over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to _relieve__ Millau's congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the __most__ extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years! The Itaipu DamThe Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, _which__ forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two __countries__. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s _energy__ needs. In its construction, the _amount__ of iron and steel used was equivalent toover 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a __truly__amazing wonder of engineering.4.Animal,s “Sixth Sense”A tsunami was triggered by anearthquake in the Indian Ocean inDecember ,2004. It killed tens of thousandsof people in Asia and East Africa . Wildanimals ,however,seem to have escapedthat terrible tsunami. This phenomenonadds weight to notions that1 they possess a―sixth sense‖for disasters , experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have saidthe giant waves that killed over24,000people along the Indian Ocean island,scoast clearly missed wild beasts, with nodead animals found.―No elephants are dea d ,not even adead rabbit. I think animals can sensedisaster. They have a sixth sense. Theyknow when things arehappening ,‖H.D.Ratnayake deputydirector of Sri Lanka,s Wildlife Department.Said about one month after the tsunamiattack .The waves washed floodwaters upto 2 miles inland at Yala National Park inthe ravaged southeast , Sri Lanka,s biggestwildlife reserve and home to hundreds ofwild elephants and several leopards.―There has been a lot of apparentevidence about dogs barking or birdsmigrating before volcanic eruptions orearthquakes.But it has not beenproven,‖said Matthew van Lierop ,ananimal behavior specialist at JohannesburgZoo.―There have been no specific studiesbecause you can,t really test it in a lab orfield setting2,‖he told Reuters .Otherauthorities concurred with this assessment .―Wildlife seem to be able to pick upcertain phenomenon,especiallybirds…there are many reports of birdsdetecting impending disasters ,‖said CliveWalker ,who has written several books onAfrican wildlife.Animals certainly rely on the knownsenses such as smell or hearing to avoiddanger such as predators.The notion of an animal ―sixthsense ‖—or some other mythicalpower—is an enduring one3which theevidence on Sri Lanka,s ravaged coast islikely to add to.The Romans saw owls as omens ofimpending disaster and many ancientcultures viewed elephants as sacredanimals endowed with special powers orattributes.5.Singing Alarms Could Save the BlindIf you cannot see,you may not be ableto1 find your way out of a burning building–and that could be fatal.A company inLeeds could change all that2withdirectional sound alarms capable of guidingyou to the exit.Sound Alert .a company A run by theUniversity of Leeds,is installing the alarmsin a residential home for bling people inSommerset and a resource centre for theblind in Cumbria. The alarms produce awide range of frequencies that enable thebrain to determine where the sound iscoming from.Deborah Withington of Sound Alert saysthat the alarms use most of the frequenciesthat can be heard by humans.―It is a burst ofwhite nosie that people say sounds likestatic on the radio,‖she says.―Its life-savingpotential is great ‖She conducted an experiment in whichpeople were filmed by thermal-imagingcameras trying to find their way out of3alarge smoke-filled room . It took themnearly four minutes to find the door withouta sound alarm,but only 15 seconds with one.Withington studies how the brainprocesses sounds at the university.She saysthat the source of a wide band offrequencies can be pinpointed more easilythan the source of a narrow band.Alarmsbased on the same concept have alreadybeen installed on emergency vehicles.The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs.They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.6.Car Thieves Could Be StoppedRemotelySpeeding off in a stolen car,the thief thinks he has got a great catch2.But he is in a nasty3surprise.The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer,and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off,he will not be able to start it again.For now,such devices are only available for fleets of trucks4 and specialist vehicles used on construction sites.But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars5,and should be available to ordinary cars in the UK in two months.The idea goes like this,A control box fitted to the car incorporates6a miniature cellphone ,a microprocessor and memory,and a GPS7satellite positioning receiver. If the car is stolen,a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle,s engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted.There are even plans for immobilizers that shut down vehicles on the move ,though there are fears over thesafety implications of such a system.In the UK ,an array of technical fixes isalready making life harder for carthieves.the patterm of vehicles crime haschanged.savs martvn randall of thatcham,asacurity research organization based inberkshire that is funded in part by themotor insurance industry.He says it woruld only take him a fewminutes to teach a novice how to steal acar ,using a bare minimum of tools.butonly if the car is more than 10 years old.Moderm cars are a far tougherproposition ,as their engine managementcomputer will not allow them to startunless they receive a unique ID codebeamed out by the ignition key.in theUK,technologies like this A have helpedachieve a 31 per cent drop invehicle-related crime since 1997.But determined criminals are stillmanaging to find other ways to stealcars .often by getting hold of the owner’skeys in a burglary in 2000,12per cent ofvehicles stolen in UK were taken by usingthe owner’s keys, which doubles theprevious year's figure.Remote-controlled immobilizationsystem would put a major new obstacle inthe criminal’s way by making such theftspointless .A group that includesThatcham,the police,insurance companiesand security technology firms havedeveloped standards for a system thatcould go on the market sooner than thecustomer expects.7.An intelligent carDriving needs sharp eyes,keenears,quick brain,and coordination betweenhands and the brain,Many human drivershave all these and can control afast-moving car ,but how does anintelligent car control itself?There is a virtual driver in the smartcar,this virtual driver has eyes brains handsand feet ,too. The minicameras on eachside of the car are his eyes, which observethe road conditions ahead of it.they watchthe traffic to the car’s left and right .there isalso a hihly automatic driving system in thecar .it is the built-in computer,which is thevirtual driver’s brain his buain calculatesthe speeds of other moving cars near it andanalyzes their positions basing on thisinformation,it chooses the right path for theintelligent car ,and gives instructions to thehands and feet to act accordingly.in thisway,the virtual driver controls his car.What is the virtual driver’s beatadvantage? He reacts quickly.theminicameras are sending imagescontinuously to the brain.it completes theprocessing of the images within 100milliseconds .however,the wor ld’s bestdriver at least needs one second toreact.Besides,when he takes action ,heneeds one more second.The virtual driver is really wonderful .hecan reduce the accident rate considerably onexpressways,in this case,can we let himhave the wheel at any time and in anyplace?experts warn that we cannot do thatjust yet .his ability to recognize things isstill limited he can now only drive anintelligent car on expressways.8.Why India Needs Its Dying VulturesThe vultures in question may look uglyand threatening, but the sudden sharp__decline_ in three species of India’svultures is producing alarm rather thancelebration, and it presents the world with anew kind of environmental __problem_The dramatic decline in vulture numbers iscausing widespread disruption to peopleliving in the same areas as the _birds__ . Itis also causing serious public healthproblems _across__ the Indiansub-continent.While their reputation and appearance maybe unpleasant to many Indians，vultureshave__long__played a very important rolein keeping towns and villages all over Indiaclean. It is_because__they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are _traditionally__ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.The disappearance of the vultures has _led to__ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals. There are fears that rabies may __increase_ as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the __future__.The need for action is __urgent_, so an emergency project has been launched to __find__ a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.Large-scale vulture _deaths__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined __by__ over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs and _take_ about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.9.Wonder websSpider weds are more than homes ,andthey are ingenious traps .and the world’sbest web spinner may be the golden orbweaver spider.the female orb weaver spinsa web of fibers thin enough to be invisibleto insect prey,yet tough enough to snare aflying bird without breaking.The secret of the web’s strength? Atype of super-resilient silk calleddragline.when the female spider is ready toweave the web’s spokes and frame,she usesher legs to draw the airy thread out througha hollow nozzle in her belly .dragline isnot sticky ,so the spider can race back andforth along it to spin the web’s trademarkspiral.Unlike some spiders that weave a newweb every day, a golden orb weaver reusesher handiwork until it fallsapart ,sometimes not for two years .thesilky thread is five times stronger than steelby weight and absorbs the force of animpact three times better than kevlar ,ahigh-strength human-made material used inbullet-proof vests. And thanks to its hightensile strength, or the ability to resistbreaking under the pulling force calledtension, a single strand can stretch up to 40percent longer than its original length andsnap back as well as new . no human-madefiber even comes close.It is no wonder manufacturers areclamoring for spider silk. In the consumerpipeline: high-performance fabrics forathletes and stockings that never run . thinkparachute cords and suspension bridgecables. A steady suppiy of spider silkwould be worth billions of dollars-but howto produce it? Harvesting silk on spiderfarms does not work because the territorialarthropods have a tendency to devour theirneighbors.Now, scientists at the biotechnologycompany nexia are spinning artificial silkmodeled after golden orb dragline. The tirststep: extract silk-making genes from thespiders. Next, implant the genes into goategg cells. The nanny goats that grow fromthe eggs secrete dragline silk proteins intheir milk,the young goats pass on thesilk-making gene without any help from us,says nexia president jeffrey turner.nexia isstill perfecting the spinning process, butthey hope artificial spider silk will soon besnagging customers as fast as the real thingsnags bugs.10.Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese,may be bad for your arteries．but accordingto a study in Psychological Science, they’regood for your heart and emotions．Thestudy focuses on ―comfort food‖ and how itmakes people feel．"For me personally,food has alwaysplayed a big role in my family,‖ says JordanTroisi, a graduate student at the Universityof Buffalo, and lead author on thestudy．The study came out of the researchprogram of his co—author Shira Gabriel．Ithas looked at loonon-human things thatmay affect human emotions．Some peoplereduce loneliness by bonding with theirfavorite TV show, building virtualrelationships with a pop song singer orlooking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi andGabriel wondered if comfort food couldhave the same effect by making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In oneexperiment, in order to make participantsfeel lonely, the researchers had them writefor six minutes about a fight with someoneclose to them．Others were given anemotionally neutral writing assignment.Then, some people in each group wroteabout the experience of eating a comfortfood and others wrote about eating a newfood ,Finally, the researchers hadparticipants complete questions about theirlevels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close personmade people feel lonely．But people whowere generally secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other qu estions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．11.China to help europe develop gps rivalChina is contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by european nations. The galileo satellite system will offer a more accurate civilian alternative to the global positioning system(GPS), operated by the US military. China will provide 230m euros(USD259m)in funding and willcooperate with technical,manufacturingand market development. China will helpgalileo to become the major worldinfrastructure for the growing market forlocation services,said loyola de palacio,EUtransport commissioner. A new center thatwill coordinate co-operation was alsoannounced by the europeancommission ,the european spaceagency(ESA) and the chinese ministry ofscience and technology not long ago.thechina-europe global navigation satellitesystem technical training and cooperationcenter will be located at beijing university.China has a substantial satellite launchindustry and could potentially help launchthe galileo satellites.The US has claimed that galileo couldinterfere with the US ability to downgradethe GPS service during military conflicts.European officials say this is unfoundedand counter that US opposition is due tothe commercial challenge galileo wouldpresent to GPS. Galileo will be precise towithin a meter,while the civilian GPSservice is accurate to around 10 meters.The galileo satellite constellation willconsist of 27 operational and three reservesatellites orbiting the esrth at an altitude of23,600km. The satellites will be strungalong three medium-earth orbits at 56degrees inclination to the equator and willprovide global coverage. The systemshould be operational by 2008 and theentire project is expected to cost around 3.2billion euros (USD 3.6 billion).The european commission has saidgalileo will primarily be used fortransportation technology,scientificresearch,land management and disastermonitoring.Galileo will provide two signals: astandard civilian one and anencrypted,wide-bend signal called thepublic regulated service(prs). This secondsignal is designed to withstand localizedjamming and will be used by police andmilitary services in europe, europeancommission officials have said china willnot be given access to the PRS.The first galileo satellite is scheduled tolaunch late in 2004. clocks on board thesatellite will be synchronized through 20ground sensors stations, two commandcenters and 15 uplink stations.Receivers on the ground will use timesignals from the satellites to preciselycalculate their location . a search andrescus function will also let distress signalsbe relayed through the constellation ofsatellites.12.Smoking can increase depressivesymptoms in teensWhile some teenagers may puff oncigarettes to self-medicate against the blues,scientists at the university of toronto and theuniversity of montreal have found thatsmoking may actually increase depressivesymptoms in some teens.This observational study is one of thefew to examine the perceived emotionalbenefits of smoking among teens, says leadresearcher michael chaiton,a researchassociate at the ontario tobacco researchunit of the university of toronto.Althoughcigarettes may appear to haveself-medicating effects or to improve mood,in the long term we found that teens whostarted to smoke reported higher depressivesymptoms.As part of the study, some 662 highschool teenagers completed up to 20questionnaires about their use of cigarettesto affect mood. Secondary schools wereselected to provide a mix of french andenglish participants,urban and ruralschools,and schools located inhigh,moderate and low socioeconomicneighbourhoods.Participants were divided into threegroups: never smokers; smokers who didnot use cigarettes to self-medicate,improvemood or physical state ; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad,or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt vexed,antsy or tense; and worried too much about things.Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked,says co-researcher jennifer o’loughlin ,a professor at the university of montreal department of social and preventive medicine our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms.The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. It’s important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,says Dr chaiton.补全短文：1.Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label if they proved1 to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phonetransmitter towers should be build until thelong-term health effects of theelectromagnetic radiation they emit isscientifical ly evaluated, he said. ―Nobody’sgoing to drop dead overnight2 but weshould be asking for more scientificinformation, ‖Robert Bell said at aconference on the health effects oflow-level radiation. _If mobile phonesare found to be dangerous, they shouldcarry a warning label until propershields can be devised,” he said._A report widely circulated among thepublic says that up to now scientists do notreally know enough to guarantee there areno ill effects on humans fromelectromagnetic radiation. According toRobert Bell, there are 3. 3 million mobilephones in Australia alone and they areincreasing by3 2, 000 a day._ By the year20004 it is estimated that Australia willhave 8 million mobile phones: nearly onefor every two people _As well, there are 2, 000 transmittertowers around Australia, many in highdensity residential areas5. _ For example,Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone buildtheir towers where it is geographicallysuitable to them and disregard the needof the community._The electromagneticradiation emitted from these towers mayhave already produced some harmfuleffects on the health of the residentsnearby.Robert Bell suggests that until moreresearch is completed the Governmentshould ban construction of phone towersfrom within a 500 metre radius of schoolgrounds, child care centres, hospitals,sports playing fields and residential areaswith a high percentage of children._ He says there is emerging evidencethat children absorb low-level radiationat a rate more than three times that ofadults6._ He adds that there is alsoevidence that if cancer sufferers aresubjected to electromagnetic waves thegrowth rate of the disease accelerates._ Then who finances the research?_According to Robert Bell, it is reasonablefor the major telephone companies to fundit. Besides, he also urges the Governmentto set up a wide ranging inquiry intopossible health effects.2.Baby Talk（增）Babies normally start to talk when they are13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is onlyeight months old, but he is already―talking‖ with his parents. When lie ishungry, he opens and closes his hand. Thismeans milk. He also knows the signs forhis favorite toy and the word more.Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are notdeaf, but his mother and father are teachinghim to sign. They say a word and make asign at the same time. They repeat this againand again. When _ Ryan learns a new sign,his family is very excited._Ryan’s parentsthink that he will be a happier baby becausehe can communicate with them.Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to signbecause of a man named Joseph Garcia.Although Garcia was not from a deaf family,he decided to learn American SignLanguage (ASL). First, he took courses inASL. Then he got a job helping deaf peoplecommunicate with hearing people. In hiswork, he saw many deaf parents sign totheir infants. He noticed that these babieswere able to communicate much earlier thanhearing children.__They talked withsigns by the time they were eight monthsold._When they were one year old, theycould use as many as 50 signs.Garcia decided to try something new. Hetaught ASL to parents who were not deaf.The families started to teach signs to theirinfants when they were six or seven monthsold. _These babies started using signsabout two months later._ More and moreparents took Garcia’s ASL classes. LikeRyan’s family, they were excited abou t。