英美文学黑色幽默论文

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英美文学里“黑色幽默”赏析

英美文学里“黑色幽默”赏析英美文学里“黑色幽默”赏析本文对英美文学中的“黑色幽默”进行深入探讨研究，欢迎各位英美文学专业的同学借鉴!摘要：“黑色幽默”是西方文学流派中的重要组成部分，它是反理性的哲学思想与社会思想相互融合的结果，具有明显的时代背景，是作品所处社会生活的一种真实反映。

为了能够有效解决理论分析与实验结果的一致性问题。

关键词：英美文学;黑色幽默;艺术价值;赏析“黑色幽默”又被称为“绞刑架下的幽默”，作为西方文学作品中的一个十分重要的流派，“黑色幽默”对现代世界文学有着非常深刻而又广泛的影响，主要的代表作品包括《第二十二条军规》、《第五号屠宰场》、《万有引力之虹》以及《等待戈多》等。

“黑色幽默”小说突出的往往是人物以及其周围环境的荒谬和压迫，以一种无可奈何的嘲讽态度来表现环境和个人之间的互不协调，并且通过放大、扭曲这种互不协调的现象，呈现畸形状态，使它们显得更加荒诞不经、滑稽可笑，但同时又令人感到沉重和苦闷。

本文主要通过列举以上其中三部具有典型代表性的英美文学作品，对文章中“黑色幽默”的创作风格进行细致分析。

首先要评析的是美国后现代主义小说家约瑟夫・海勒的名作《第二十二条军规》。

这部作品曾被西方评论界誉为第二次世界大战以来美国人最重要的作品之一，同时也是二十世纪六十年代最好的一部小说。

小说以第二次世界大战作为创作背景，描写的是一个美国空军大队驻守在地中海“皮亚诺扎岛”上所发生的一系列事情。

作品中的主人公飞行员轰炸手约翰・尤索林，这是一位满怀正义、具有爱国热情投身战场，并屡立战功后被提拔为上尉的人物。

但是驻守大队的司令官卡斯卡特上校却扮演着一个急功近利、阿谀奉承的角色。

卡斯卡特上校一心想当将军，为此，一次次的给部下增加轰炸飞行任务，甚至不惜用部下的生命帮助自己晋升。

而约翰・尤索林则亲身经历着这一虚伪、荒诞、残酷的现实，他逐渐感觉到这一切只不过是当权者升官发财的把戏，而自己则身处于一个极其凶险的环境之中。

关于黑色幽默论文

幽默我们都懂，但什么是黑色幽默呢？“黑色幽默”西方评论家又称之为“绞刑架下的幽默”，从文学上讲，“黑色幽默”是一种用喜剧的形式来表现悲剧的内容的文学方法。

通俗的说即“含着眼泪讲笑话”。

约瑟夫·海勒被公认为“黑色幽默”的代表作家。

他赢得这样的地位是因为他的《第二十二条军规》开创了人们后来称之为“黑色幽默”文学流派的先河。

在美国“第二十二条军规”也成了“无法摆脱的困境”的代名词进入了美国人的日常语言。

“黑色幽默”在《第二十二条军规》这部小说是作者刻意反映的东西，主人公约塞连是美国在地中海空军基地的一名轰炸手，他的生活唯一的就是逃避作战飞行，而不愿意卷入这场“卑鄙龌龊的战争”用开小差来以此来与这个世界作微弱的抗争。

在这个空军基地里的小小世界，这里一切都是不可理喻，令人绝望。

这里发生的荒唐事一个接一个，关于作战飞行次数的规定没有一点严肃性，可以被任意增加；一个大活人被宣布已经死了，而一个明明已死的人在官方的名单却还活着；那个梅杰少校只有当自己不在屋子里的时候才允许部下进屋去见他；根据规定，只有从来不提问题的人才可以在开会时提问。

关于第二十二条军规是这部小说的最大的幽默，它的实质，约塞连和丹尼卡医生进行的一次谈话对它作了一个很好的解释，约塞连问丹尼卡医生：“奥尔是不是疯子”“他当然是疯子”，丹尼卡医生说。

“你能让他停飞吗？”“当然可以。

不过，先得由他自己来问我提出这个要求．规定中有这一条。

”“那他干嘛不来找你？”“因为他是疯子”，丹尼卡医生说。

他好多次死里逃生，可还是一个劲地上天执行作战飞行任务，他要是疯子，那才怪呢。

当然，我可以让奥尔停飞。

但，他首先得自己来找我提这个要求。

“难道他只要跟你提出要求，就可以停飞？”“没错。

让他来找我。

”“那样你就能让他停飞”，约塞连问。

“不能。

这样我就不能让他停飞。

”“你是说这其中有个圈套？”“那当然。

”丹尼卡医生答道。

“这就是第二十二条军规。

凡是想逃脱作战任务的人，绝不会是真正的疯子。

论黑色幽默的美学意蕴-精选文档

论黑色幽默的美学意蕴一. 黑色幽默的起源“黑色幽默”文学产生并盛行于二十世纪六十年代初期的美国，有着极为深刻的社会根源。

战后由于冷战格局的形成，再加之种族歧视、性别歧视，以及盗窃、凶杀和色情的泛滥等一系列重大社会问题，使人们对政治和社会产生一种强烈的失望，感到世界的冷漠和社会存在的荒谬。

这种抑郁、沮丧及绝望的社会心理使一代人从各种社会灾难中产生绝望感，又表现在文学领域里，那便是“黑色幽默”作品的诞生。

二. 黑色幽默的文学特征第一. 即滑稽可笑又令人恐惧的幽默形式：黑色幽默小说的特点“黑色”是指可怕而又滑稽的客观现实，“幽默”是指有自由意志的个性对这种现实所采取的嘲笑态度。

它的荒诞不经、冷嘲热讽、玩世不恭之中包含了沉重和苦闷、眼泪和痛苦、忧郁和残酷。

第二. 存在主义式的荒诞观：用荒诞的手法描绘荒诞世界疯狂的本质。

人类如何面对这样的世界，使之变得具有价值，是“黑色幽默”作家们竭力要探索的问题。

第三. “反英雄”人物与“反小说”的形式“黑色幽默”作家笔下的主人公怀疑、否定传统的价值观，有着众人皆醉我独醒的孤独感，甚至嘲笑自己曾经所尊重、所建树的一切，常常是一些行为乖僻、思想古怪的猥琐人物，被生活扭曲得变态，在现代社会中心灵饱受创伤。

三. 黑色幽默在文学作品中的体现《第22 条军规》小说以二战为背景，故事发生在意大利附近皮亚诺扎岛，岛上驻扎着美国空军的一支轰炸中队。

主人公轰炸手尤索林上尉厌恶战争要求复员回国，但是第22 条军规的存在使他无论如何难以实现自己的愿望，在飞了70 次后他终于明白军规是个圈套，是个骗局，于是驾机向中立国瑞典逃去。

作者从社会生活和切身体验中发现，无论战时战后，美国人都处在一种不可捉摸又无所不在的异已力量胁迫之下，岌岌惶惶而无可奈何。

就虚构了“ catch - 22”这一寓言形象，定名“军规”，既使它更具令人畏惧的强制性，又使它跟世界荒诞的极端―战争紧相关联。

而“ catch ”的原意就是陷阱、圈套。

黑色幽默文学论文

黑色幽默文学论文黑色幽默文学论文内容摘要：黑色幽默是20世纪60年代主要兴起于美国的文学流派，约瑟夫·海勒发表的《第二十二条军规》，在“黑色幽默”中起到领头羊的作用。

作品以喜剧形式表现了悲剧内容，塑造尤索林这个反英雄人物，采用“人像展览式”写法，以人物的姓名或称呼作为标题，描写了40多个人物。

关键词：黑色幽默喜剧反英雄人像展览式黑色幽默是20世纪60年代主要兴起于美国的文学流派，1965年3月，美国作家弗里德曼把十余篇美国作家所写的作品收集在一起，出版了一部小说选集。

由于这些作品都是以喜剧形式表现了悲剧内容，所以，他把书名定为《黑色幽默》。

“黑色幽默”文学自身并没有组织，没有刊物，没有人发表过纲领性的宣言。

它的基本特征是：在思想上，大多数黑色幽默作家都关注现实，对现实的荒诞感有一种深沉的痛苦和恼怒。

所谓黑色幽默，就是阴郁的幽默，绞刑架下的幽默。

它以表面上轻松、开玩笑，实则用无可奈何的语调叙述深沉而恐怖的故事，从而产生荒诞不经、滑稽可笑的喜剧效果，小说的主人公往往是性格乖僻的“反英雄”，情节结构具有非逻辑性。

约瑟夫·海勒发表的《第二十二条军规》，在“黑色幽默”中起到领头羊的作用。

一、悲剧性的喜剧黑色幽默盛行于美国是有具体原因的。

第二次世界大战和战后的“冷战”在人们的心里产生极大的阴影。

这种阴影还未消除，美国政府又发动朝鲜战争，随后又介入越南内战，美国国内矛盾重重：黑人民权运动、女权运动、反战运动席卷社会的角角落落，再加上科技发展带来的种种问题，苏联卫星上天给美国人造成的心灵震撼，使人们更深地陷入精神危机之中。

约瑟夫·海勒在二战时被应征入伍，成了一名空军投弹手，这段经历为他以后创作《第二十二条军规》提供了大量的素材。

这部小说中一些主要的思想都来源于海勒当年的亲身感受。

而作为黑色幽默小说派的代表作，《第二十二条军规》也充分体现了黑色幽默派的写作特色，不光是表现当时人们思想情绪，而且也开拓了美国文学的一条新路。

浅析《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默英语学位论文

本科毕业设计（论文）题目: A Brief Study on Black Humor inCatch-22 浅析《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默学院：外语学院专业：英语毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。

对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。

作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。

本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。

涉密论文按学校规定处理。

作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日ContentsEnglish Outline (I)Chinese Outline (II)English Abstract (III)Chinese Abstract (IV)Chapter I Introduction (1)Chapter II General Explanation of the Black Humor (1)Chapter III An Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller (2)Chapter IV Black Humor in Catch-22 (6)Chapter V Conclusion (11)Works Cited (12)目录英文提纲 (I)中文提纲 (III)英文摘要 (IV)中文摘要 (V)第一章引言 (1)第二章黑色幽默简介 (1)第三章约瑟夫.海勒简介 (2)第四章黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的体现 (6)第五章结论 (11)参考文献 (12)Thesis statement: This paper makes a tentative analysis of black humor in Joseph Heller’s catch-22 aiming at deepening the reader’s understanding of the black humor and catch-22.Chapter I IntroductionChapter II General Explanation of the Black HumorChapter III Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller3.1 Heller’s Life3.2 Heller’s Writing Style and Works3.3 Heller’s Catch-223.3.1 The Background of Catch-223.3.2 A Gist of the NovelChapter IV Black Humor in c atch-224.1 The Description of Main Characters4.2 The Theme of the Novel4.3 The Structure of the Novel4.4 The Characteristics of the LanguageChapter VI ConclusionWorks Cited论文主旨：本文通过分析约瑟夫.海勒的作品《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默加深读者对这部作品以及黑色幽默的理解。

英美文学中的理性主义和黑色幽默及现实意义浅析

科蒜江— 技信恩 — 龙— —
文艺传ｆｆｆ媒
白巧灵
英美文学中的理性主义和黑色幽默及现实意义浅析
（河职业技术学院，南漯河４２０）漯河６０２
摘要：对英美文学的理性主义和黑色幽默所包含的哲理进行了深刻分析，并以典型作品为例深刻揭示了作品描述的现象对人类社会发展具有重要的现实意义和警示作用。关键词：性主义；色幽默；理黑社会现实；物化
文化是一个民族、一个国家价值观的综合对后工业社会的 “ 深度 ” “ 心消解 ” “ 感政治、无、中和情经济和社会架构。重新复原被捣碎的玻璃体现，而文学则是文化的载体之一，属社会意识消逝” 现象的一种拯救。深刻地揭示了一个后工谈何容易！现在看来，即便是布什政府及布什本形态之艺术范畴。它是以语言为手段塑造形象业的“ 荒原 ” 会，而，对满目疮疾的后工业人，社然面如今不知不觉中也难以摆脱第２２条军规的来反映社会生活、表达作者思想感情的一种艺文明，他始终保持着乐观、积极的态度，具有一束缚了。通过第２条军规这个象征，２美国士兵术。以不同的形式作体裁）或风格表现和再现种“ 情感信念 ”小说渗透着一种乌托邦情怀，，表看到了美国社会充满了谋杀和腐败。在现实社定时期一定地域的社会生活，表达社会生活现了一种文学理想主义。在一个消费至上、娱乐会中我们可以看到战争、美国社会及其官僚机和心理活动Ｉｌｌ。英美文学充满着理性主义，乃至至死、道德滑坡的时代，贝娄对精神的关注、对构的荒诞、疯狂和不可理喻。于我们生活的现对黑色幽默，对照人类社会的当今现实，使人们更精神家园的追寻和敢于直面人类灵魂的精神，实社会何尝不存在大量的黑色幽默呢。承受高好的理解认识人类世界的行为，仍然具有深刻以及他开出的救赎方案，无不显示了一代文学房价之痛的民众，在享受着具有国民经济支柱大师的人道主义关怀。的现实意义。产业地位的房地产蓬勃发展拉动的高速ＧＰＤ１英美文学的理性主义２英美文学中黑色幽默带来的“ 乐” 欢的时候， “ 也享受 ” 做房奴的哀着荚美文学中理性主义代表作家索尔・贝 “ 色幽默 ” ２黑是０世纪６代风行美国的怨，大人物需要Ｇ０年ＤＰ装点门面，小人物需要娄，其作品充满了对人类社会的理性思考，描述个现代主义小说流派，在二战以后的西方文ＧＰ做升迁的理由，房价下来了，ＤＤＧＰ就要下的消费主义和拜金现象的社会根源、所表现的坛上占有重要的地位。被称为 “ 又绞刑架下的幽来，这不是黑色幽默吗？国心理学家斯金纳说美消费社会背景下人们身上所体现出的物质追求默 ” “ 难临头的幽默 ”１黑色幽默所创立了过，或大１３。人类社会有两种荒唐的现象： —是机器看来它以荒诞消解了传统喜愈来愈像有生命的东西，一是生命有机体越来和精神追求之间的矛盾以及由此导致的精神危种独特的情感模式，机。贝娄对后工业社会人类生存困境的揭示首剧的滑稚，以沉痛的无可奈何的苦笑替代了传越像机器。人类对机械化即人的异化的主要表先表现为人的“ 物化” 。更多的人死于心碎》日《则统喜剧轻松开怀的笑；以荒诞消解了传统悲剧现形式很早就表现出担忧。黑色幽默是在用特生动地展现了一幅后工业社会的消费图景，表的严肃性；以绝望的渗笑替代了悲剧的痛感，大殊的笑来唤醒人们的警惕，去思考人生的终极现了 “ 以消费为灵魂”的后工业社会人们的生悲转化为大笑；把人物的悲剧抗争精神转化为意义；希望人们去挽救社会，至少在震惊之余可活，以及那些异化了的“ 向度的人”对享乐主无可奈何的认命宿命精神；单，它用笑来表现悲惨，以使人们清醒地认识到当时的美国社会现实。义和消费道德观进行了鞭挞，并将消费主义的悲惨情结则借荒诞戏谑加以渲泄；这就形成了乃至世界各个国家今天的社会现实。批判提升到了文化的维度和人文关怀的高度。种不同于传统悲剧和喜剧的新的艺术情感类３论结如《赫索格》深刻地表现了后工业社会人的异化型。它有悲，但却是以笑为悲；它有笑，却是至悲人类社会已经进入２世纪１年了，人类１０ “ 物化” ，了人与自我、感表现人与人、人与社会、的笑、渗烈的笑。当时的美国是一个社会物质财所面临各类难题一个也没得到解决，反而问题人与自然等种种异化“ 物化 ” 关系。在他的笔下富相对丰富而精神信仰却严重缺失的时代。社越来越多，诸如环境、能源、粮食、乃至战争与和工业化和城市化的进程让人与自然的关系变成会意识可谓像沸腾的大海，狂浪猛作，翻浪不平问题。人们也从来没有停止过思索解决问题了一种消费关系，让人的关系失去了亲情与爱止。有文化评论家甚至把这段时间称为美国历的办法，回过头来看看英美文学中的一些经典情。可以说作品是对这种不再和谐的关系的一史上的荒诞时期。这个时期的美国人，他们都对作品，中的理性主义和灰色幽默无不早巳昭其种悲悼。表现了人们对成功（即名利、地位）的追当前的现实处境和前途命运惶惶不安，浮躁的示了人类今天所面临的诸多问题的答案。只是逐，以及由此造成的悲剧。在一个由ＧＰ决定情绪也与日Ｄ俱增。在这样的社会背景下，作家只那些自以为是的政客们，对这些昭示置若罔闻切的时代，Ｇ以ＤＰ来代表所谓生产力，代表有通过～种病态、自嘲、可笑的幽默手法来排除而已。战争从来没有停止过，何来和平与发展的社会进步与否的时代，在一个以金钱来衡量人他们心中的不满、愤怒和绝望。当今世界仍不太人类主题？在利益面前，理性主义成了人类妄的价值的时代，贝娄小说无疑是一部话剧。人人平，重新评价黑色幽默小说对唤起人们的良知、想，灰色幽默是一种永恒的长笑。为了金钱而活着，为了名利而活着，快乐吗？媒提醒人们认识战争的危害等方面无疑具有重要参考文献体充斥的是纸醉金迷靡靡之音，宣传的是老板的现实意义。【］１沈莉娟．学习英美文学的价值和现实意义ｍ．明星，劳动者成了贫穷和愚昧的代名词。这能是美国著名作家约瑟夫・海勒的《２第２条军科技咨询．０９．：３２４２ｏＮＯ１２ — ４４４进步的标志吗。每个人仅仅是为了拉动ＧＰ的规》Ｄ是黑色幽默文学流派的一部经典著作。所谓［】２籍贯红．行走在历史与现实之间『】州：Ｄ．杭浙消费者，是影响ＧＰ的一个微小因子。贝娄作 “ ２Ｄ第２条军规 ” 实际上就是一个圈套（ｔｈ：ｃｃ）认江大学，ｏ９８１．ａ２ｏ：— Ｏ品揭示了人的价值被“ 物化” 恰恰是当今人类的为自己有精神病的军人必须由本人提出申请停ｆ］莹．黑色幽默 ” ３周 “ 浅论Ｕ．０（６：２３．１０９３） — ３２３悲剧。他认为科技进步并不一定能给人带来幸飞；但是能够提出自己有精神病不能飞行的军【】４雷红琴．论黑色幽默独创的艺术情感模式Ⅲ．福和快乐。贝娄对科技进步与专家制度的质疑，人又说明你思路清醒，不许停飞。任你怎样努力外国学研究１９（）３４．９８１：－７４契合了当今物质丰裕的社会状况下人文精神的也不可能从它的束缚中摆脱出来。“ 军规” 的巧衰微、人们的幸福感缺失这一现象。贝娄还对后妙之处就在于它虽不是白纸黑字写下的条文，工业社会科技的进步和文明的演进与文化的衰但却又无处不在。无人清楚它，但却无人不感到落之问的关系作出了深刻的反思。儿部小说邹它的存在。当它化作具体内容时则诡诈多端，可表现了他对人类一些永恒的哲学命题的思考，却没有人能奈何得了它。它所描写的场景在现表达了他对人类的前途、命运、道德、精神状态，实生活巾的体现就是当今的阿富汗战争、伊拉人生终极意义等重大问题的关注，比如自我认克战争等，战争的大规模杀伤和破坏，把一切都同、道德与真理、个体与群体等问题。贝娄对这翻了个个儿，希望的虚妄、正义、道德的虚伪，官些形而上问题的哲学思考是他对后工业社会消僚政治的利己，人的生死荣辱都一览无余。个正费主义和物质主义作出的回应和反拨，也是他是美闰以 “ 恐 ” 义发动的战争摧毁了伊拉克反名责任编辑：会兰于一一一一一一１２— ８

英美文学中“黑色幽默”赏析

英美文学中“黑色幽默”赏析作者：顾瑜来源：《青年文学家》2013年第02期摘要：“黑色幽默”是西方文学流派中的重要组成部分，它是反理性的哲学思想与社会思想相互融合的结果，具有明显的时代背景，是作品所处社会生活的一种真实反映。

为了能够有效解决理论分析与实验结果的一致性问题，本文对英美文学中的“黑色幽默”进行深入探讨研究。

关键词：英美文学；黑色幽默；艺术价值；赏析[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2013）-2-0-02“黑色幽默”又被称为“绞刑架下的幽默”，作为西方文学作品中的一个十分重要的流派，“黑色幽默”对现代世界文学有着非常深刻而又广泛的影响，主要的代表作品包括《第二十二条军规》、《第五号屠宰场》、《万有引力之虹》以及《等待戈多》等。

本文主要通过列举以上其中三部具有典型代表性的英美文学作品，对文章中“黑色幽默”的创作风格进行细致分析。

首先要评析的是美国后现代主义小说家约瑟夫·海勒的名作《第二十二条军规》。

这部作品曾被西方评论界誉为第二次世界大战以来美国人最重要的作品之一，同时也是二十世纪六十年代最好的一部小说。

小说以第二次世界大战作为创作背景，描写的是一个美国空军大队驻守在地中海“皮亚诺扎岛”上所发生的一系列事情。

作品中的主人公飞行员轰炸手约翰·尤索林，这是一位满怀正义、具有爱国热情投身战场，并屡立战功后被提拔为上尉的人物。

但是驻守大队的司令官卡斯卡特上校却扮演着一个急功近利、阿谀奉承的角色。

卡斯卡特上校一心想当将军，为此，一次次的给部下增加轰炸飞行任务，甚至不惜用部下的生命帮助自己晋升。

而约翰·尤索林则亲身经历着这一虚伪、荒诞、残酷的现实，他逐渐感觉到这一切只不过是当权者升官发财的把戏，而自己则身处于一个极其凶险的环境之中。

美国文学史论文Black humor

美国文学史论文Black humorCharacteristics and Significance of Artistic Form of Black Humor --With Catch-22 as an Example Introduction: Since the 1960s, it has been a disturbing time in American social, political, and artistic life. Social concerns have become intense when information begins to explode from different channels now available such as the mass media, television, computers, and satellites. With a marked change in popular awareness, there appeared a marked change in the nature of things like the ideals of democracy, individualism, and the credibility of the government. People found the boundaries between fact and fiction obscured or no longer existing. This is a period of changes for the American novel. Traditional realistic narrative techniques were inadequate and falsifying in presenting life.A whole new way of writing would have to be found for the novel. And change was inevitable and was already happening at that time. The postmodern novels do not offer little or nothing of an illusion of reality with a consistent point of view or fairly obvious interpretable levels of meaning. The new experience stimulated experimental writing in those decades. Postmodernism made a huge stride forward.1There were the novel of the absurd, metafiction, and avant-gardism. The first one, the novel of the absurd can be explained as novel of black humor. The notion that the universe is absurd, that neither God nor man, nor theology nor philosophy can make sense of the human situation, was already known to American authors. The modern American novels written by Hemingway the end of the forties and throughout the fifties always treated the theme of “an absurd universe.” These authors and the “absurd” novelists of the sixties represent the absurdity theme essentially in traditional novelistic devices, while the postmodernists tend to regard the conventional novel as “literature of exhaustion.” New devices should be found to reflect the new, astonishing and sickening reality. The 1960s and 1970s was a period in which all people had come to sense that absurdity exists on all conceivable levels of life, and it was the “absurd” novelists who discovered a new rhetoric effective enough to voice that feeling in literature. These novelists responded to the call of the time, and presented a vision of absurdity in what 1have been termed “absurdist” techniques. The novelists of the absurd tend to comically or exaggeratedly imitate traditional novelistic devices. They parody other novels, other styles and forms and take them with highly ambiguous attitudes. They thought that truth and reality are multiple, difficult to capture, and uncertain. And they regard the pretension of traditional form to represent reality as illegitimate and misleading. The novelists intend to upset all traditions and deliberately create confusion in the readers so as to push them roughly into the recognition that the absurdity of the universe does not disappear simply because they have come to terms with it. The universe is chaotic, confused. It is a tragic place to live in. The contemporary novelists offer a kind of comedy which was similar to being grotesque. The tragic absurdity of the human condition is often seen in their works as a cosmic joke. They intend to provoke the readers’ response to the blackness of modern life as laughter, or, laughing in face of a tragic situation. Thus, the novelists of the absurd employ device as black humor (black comedy). Instead of laughing at their characters, these authors take them seriously. But if they do laugh at someone of them at times, it is because they feel amused at their attempt to try to create order in their disordered and absurd world. A sense of grief and pain coming through the laughter, a feeling of frustration and being bottled up often comes up. Based on the background materials and some other materials, this paper will try to do some more research and make readers more clear with black humor. In this paper, some of the characteristics and the significance of the form of black humor will be studied. 1. Characteristics of black humor In this part, the author will try to discuss some representative characteristics of the form of black humor. This paper aims at giving some of the characteristics to make readers clearer of the black humor and more familiar with the novel of absurd which uses the form of black humor to present the world. 1.1 Formlessness and Exaggeration If art is the reflection of reality, then, black humor novelists firstly find out formlessness and exaggeration in art. Since the world is incomprehensible and absurd, its presentation is certainly illogical, irrational, like magnification of a microscope, or formlessness technique of a magic mirror. This presents to us the abnormal phenomenon which can not be seen in normal situation, and lead to the effect of 2absurdity. In Catch-22, exaggeration achieved the point of absurdity, with the typical style of black humor. Since the world is absurd, then the true and false, good and evil, beauty and ugliness lost the conventional standards. Joseph Heller put abnormal people and things as normal in writing, making so incredible things reasonable so that all the normal things become ridiculous and the absurd world is full of humor. In the novel, a whale scientist was conscripted for military doctor, what he can do is talking whales with the sick and wounded. Two soldiers who do not know medical science become assistants of doctors. They painted the wounded people’s teeth and toes purple with gentian violet to treat whatever kind of disease without exception. Heller quietly, solemnly presented all the things as normal to the readers. After the readers grasp its true meaning, they could not help the bitter smile. This formlessness and exaggeration is bitter irony to the U.S. military and government agencies’ and b ureaucratic indifference and absurd act on people. It gives readers a strong sense of humor and absurdity, and the characters’ helpless of the fate and the sad life. 1.2 Funny Satire while Writing Tragedy in Comic Ways Another literary technique that the black humor writers often use is funny satire. While presenting the human in ridiculous and strange condition, its narrative tone is cold and indifferent, and even with ridicule and mockery. Such as in Catch-22 Heller’s accurate and detailed description of a soldier as the following: “The soldier in white was encased from head to toe in plaster and gauze. He had two useless legs and two useless arms.” Another passage shows this: “Sewn into the bandages over the insides of both elbows were zippered lips through which he was fed clear fluid from a clear jar. A silent zinc pipe rose from the cement on his groin and was coupled to a slim rubber hose that carried waste from his kidneys and dripped it efficiently into a clear, stoppered jar on the floor. When the jar on the floor was full, the jar feeding his elbow was empty, and the two were simply switched quickly so that the stuff could drip back into him. All they ever really saw of the soldier in white was a frayed black hole over his mouth.” (Heller, Cath-22) With a tone of indifference seems like the description of an antique, the writer 3described details of a person who has been seriously injured out of human-shape, especially the exchange of the two bottles up and down, and description of putting urine as the injection re-injected into his body. It is full of fun, ridicule and satire. The writer made a grotesque, horrible joke, but it is also a provoking joke. 1.3 Narrative in Ways of Fragmentation, Collection of Specimens From the perspective of novel structure, the traditional novel's continued narrative structure disappeared in the black humor writers’ works. Black humor writers generally followed a more fragmented structure, often wrote the novel in scattered fragments. Fragmentation of narrative structure and collection of specimens is the major feature of black humor writers’ works. (Wu Xiaodong, 2004:109). Catch-22 has 42 chapters without a full story, without the traditional novel's beginning, climax and conclusion. It has no considerable continuity between chapters and chapters, and each chapter can be regarded as the first chapter. It likes a puzzle, and no one can decide which one was the “first one”. The writer regarded the real world as irrational, a mess without logic. It is a loud, crazy and chaotic amalgamation, and absurdity is its most fundamental properties, so the writer can arbitrarily arrange a variety of circumstances. Catch-22 can start from any chapter. This strange arrangement of the structure highlighted the novel’s reflection of the absurd reality. 2. Significance of black humor in American Literature In the former part, the author introduced some characteristics of the form of black humor. This part will go on with the significance of black humor. It may be a step following others’ work; however, the author will try to introduce some clear significance of the form of black humor. 2.1 Relationship between Social Consciousness and Social Exists As everyone knows that social consciousness reflects the social exists, the novel reflects the real world from some perspectives. In the novel, the characters and the plot are in chaotic, messy and crazy way, it reflects the chaotic, crazy and fragmented world. 2.2 Anti-war Function of Black humor Novels In the novel, the disaster of the different characters caused by the war can show 4the protagonist’s will to escape from war. In this way, the writer’s aim of protesting against war through the description of the disaster and absurdity of military group can be shown in the novel. After reading the story, readers will be disgusted with the war. So the aim of struggling against war can be achieved through the reading and writing. 2.3 To Arouse People's Awareness of the Ever-changing High-tech In twentieth century, some robots became more and more like human, but some people became more and more like robot. From this, while black humor writers exposing the absurdity and misery of life, the writers also exposed the ever-changing high-tech’s dehumanization of people with writers’ consideration of the relationship between the high-tech and the human’s life. From this perspective, the writers wanted to arouse people’s awareness of the ever-changing high-tech. Conclusion This paper mainly introduces the background of black humor, the characteristics and the significance of it. At the first part, the author gives the readers a brief introduction of the novel of the absurd, which can be named as black humor novel. The two parts following give detailed information of the characteristics and significance of black humor with Catch-22 as an example. 5References: [1] Catch-22 Joseph Heller, [2]阿蒙.从荒诞的嘲讽中透视现实———《第二十二条军规》的艺术情趣[J].西安教育学院学报,2000,(3):48· [3]常文革.黑色幽默的典范———约瑟夫·海勒的《第二十二条军规》[J].长春师范学院学报,2005,(5):108-109. [4]常耀信.美国文学史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1999. [5]常耀信.美国文学选读[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2001. [6]程陵.《20 世纪外国文学专题》学习指导[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005. [7]郭昌榆.论黑色幽默小说的社会文化背景和哲学蕴含[J].成都大学学报(社科版),1991,(2):43~44· [8]何震.荒诞的存在———《谁怕维吉尼亚吴尔夫》中的存在主义[J].河南广播电视大学学报,2007,(2):19·[9]李公昭.二十世纪美国文学导论[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2000. [10]梁洪兰.黑色幽默文学的艺术风格[J].鞍山师范学院学报,2005,(2):79·[11]任淑坤.试论《第二十二条军规》中的人物异化[J].河北大学成人教育学院学报,2002,(3):28·[12]汪小林.美国黑色幽默小说研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006. [13]王卓.美国黑色幽默小说与存在主义[J].济南大学学报,2001,(6):62· [14]吴晓东.20 世纪外国文学专题[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004. [15]徐葆耕.西方文学十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003· 6。

英美文学中的黑色幽默论文

摘要: 本文结合英美文学的典型作品，对英美文学作品中的“黑色幽默”做了简单分析，正确认识黑色幽默文学的社会。

关键词：英美文学黑色幽默一黑色幽默的概述“黑色幽默”是上个世纪出现在美国的。

作为上个世纪兴起的一个文学流派在后来的英美文学被广泛应用，对世界文坛产生了深远的影响。

上个世纪的美国经历了几场战争，其内部的政治环境也变得紧张。

黑色幽默就是在这样的环境背景下产生的。

巴斯海勒是最早的黑色幽默文学创作的代表作家。

黑色幽默是当时英美文学创作的创新里程碑。

以美国作家弗德曼的短篇小说集《黑色幽默》为例，用荒诞的手法表现痛苦、恐怖的世界，起到对社会的讽刺。

最早提出“黑色幽默”概念的是作家康拉德·尼克伯克。

“黑色幽默”并不是一开始就被人广泛认可和接受的。

和创新和革新经历的路程一样，黑色幽默文学在最开始也并不被文学界认可，是在经历了一段时间的质疑和批评后，才逐渐被人们认可。

黑色幽默的研究深入，其概念也在不断完善。

所谓黑色幽默就是用看似荒谬、丑恶、残酷、阴暗的“黑色”事物，来表达积极的社会认识。

因此，黑色幽默又叫黑色喜剧，后来英美文学的不断发展，黑色幽默也逐渐发展非常具有社会教育的表现手法。

马克·吐温的黑色幽默就是非常有代表性和影响力的文学代表。

到了现代社会，黑色幽默有了更多的发展和创新，其应用不仅仅是在文学中，在电视影视作品中也常常应用一些黑色幽默的艺术处理手法。

现代社会表现出了对黑色幽默的巨大认可，而这都得力于最早的文学创作革新。

二英美文学作品“黑色幽默”人物塑造表现手法分析1 幽默讽刺手法幽默讽刺是黑色幽默的代表特征。

黑色幽默的讽刺手法并不是一般上的讽刺。

其讽刺的艺术处理只是为了表达一种深沉、浓郁、强烈的情感和认知。

正是这种与众不同的幽默表达，给予读者深刻的感受。

同时，借助幽默讽刺将内心无形的意识变成有形图像，把主观变成客观角度表达，而作者把自己变成旁观的第三者。

正是这第三者的角度，让文学的中心更加真实。

浅析英美文学中的理性主义和黑色幽默及现实意义

（Ｖｏ１．１５．Ｎｏ．１０）
浅析英美文学中的理性主义和黑色幽默及现实意义
陈丽珠
（武汉工程大学，湖ｊＥ武汉４３００７３）
［摘要］
随着我国经济的快速发展，以及综合国力的不断提高，我国在世界中的地位也是更加重要，并且在全球化的今
分她可以代表语言，甚至要比语言更加强烈，从而来塑造某
种形象，并且形象深刻的来反映了当时的社会状况，从而来展观作者的内心世界与对这中社会现象的看法，以不同的风
格或载体在现和反映了特定地域和特定时期的社会状况，来
表送人们的心理活动和社会状况，英美中的文学有着理性的
内琴，并且还充满着黑色幽默，与现代社会的现实相对照，让
人萎清楚的了解他们的行为，并且对现代来讲仍有非常重要
的熏义。
一
条都是那些光鲜耀眼的整天生活在纸醉金迷的生活当中的人们，那些大明星与大老板也是他们宣传的头条，那些愚昧不懂人情世故与贫困的劳动者就成为了他们经常的嘲笑者，
天良国更是在不断地与西方的国家有着经济、政治上的来往，而且在文化方面也逐渐的融合，所以我们要想更好的、快速的发展就应当对西方的文化有更深一步的了解，本文就是对英美的文学做了一个详细的介绍，并用一些具有代表性的作品，讲述
了当时的社会现象怎样影响着人类的发展，以及这些作品的现实意义。

论《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的黑色幽默特征

论《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的黑色幽默特征作为文学术语，黑色幽默一词于1945年由法国评论家安德烈·布列塔提出。

之后,作为一种文学流派，黑色幽默于二十世纪后半期在美国出现并得到长足发展，尤其在具有很深的幽默渊源的美国南方文学中得到很大程度繁荣。

卡森·麦卡勒斯是美国二十世纪最杰出的南方女作家之一。

凭借深刻永恒的孤独主题，她在文学领域获得了很高的国际声誉。

美国南方社会特定的历史时期和南方文学传统以及作者本人独特的生活经历形成了卡尔森·麦卡勒斯在文学创作中关于生活的独特的悲喜剧观念。

她最著名的中篇小说《伤心咖啡馆之歌》通过喜剧的写作风格来体现悲剧的主题思想，从而突出其浓厚的黑色幽默特征,在笑声和泪水中，卡尔森·麦卡勒斯展现了她对现代人的深刻理解和关怀。

国内外关于卡森·麦卡勒斯的研究主要集中在她作品中的孤独主题。

而本论文采用新的视角，试图从写作风格和主题方面来探讨其代表作《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的黑色幽默特征。

从而为更全面地了解卡森·麦卡勒斯提供了新的思路。

本文由三部分构成，即绪论，主体和结论。

第一部分主要介绍卡森·麦卡勒斯的生平经历以及其主要作品、国内外关于《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的评论研究、以及本文的创新之处。

第二部分为主体部分，包括三个章节。

第一章着重从定义、产生背景以及艺术特色方面来阐释黑色幽默，同时介绍了卡森·麦卡勒斯在其文学创作中体现出的对于生活的悲喜剧观念。

第二章进一步分析黑色幽默的写作风格在《伤心咖啡馆之歌》中的体现。

熟练应用反英雄角色，如男性化的女人——艾米利亚小姐，在性别和性格方面她都具有两面性。

恶棍形象的马文·马西以及小丑骗子形象的罗锅李蒙；沉闷且具有哥特式特征的场景布局为故事的悲剧结局渲染了气氛；喜剧的风格来处理暴力和悲剧题材；使用咖啡馆的象征意义。

所有这些独具特色的写作风格加深了小说的黑色幽默特征。

第三章分析黑色幽默特征在《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的主题中的体现。

小谈美国文学黑色幽默

小谈美国文学黑色幽默小谈美国文学黑色幽默一、引言“黑色幽默”一词来自法语“humor noir”，英译为“black humor”，这一术语的创造人是超现实主义者安德列布雷顿。

他认为幽默是保卫个人，反抗社会和个人生理、心理的紧张状态的一种方法。

人在现实中是会受理性、感情等约束的，而幽默能使人超出现实的环境。

所谓“黑色幽默”，指的是在荒谬、丑恶、残酷等一切“黑色”的东西中，看出他们的喜剧性，以幽默的手法抒发反对现存社会秩序、道德标准、暴力、非正义、屠杀等现象，并且以一种冷漠的、逗笑的、无可奈何嘲讽和自我嘲讽的态度对待他们。

本文的研究方法是调查法。

通过在中国期刊全文数据库网的搜索，我阅读了各类名家论文，从中摘选自己需要的资料。

研究目的是了解在上世纪中期的美国，特殊的社会背景下缔造的“黑色幽默”文学，总结它的基本特征并思考其深远意义。

通过研究，我认为社会存在决定社会意识。

美国当时的特定环境决定了“黑色幽默”文学的诞生，但文学不是解决社会问题政治问题的武器，不能因为“黑色幽默”没有歌颂美好的事物就否定它的社会价值，我们应该从它所反映的黑暗和问题去探索去思考二、黑色幽默产生的根源“黑色幽默”文学产生并盛行于二十世纪六十年代初期的美国，有着极为深刻的社会根源。

当时的美国人并没有忘却第二次世界大战在他们心灵中造成的震动，对纳粹集中营、原子弹记忆犹新，许多人对人类的处境和未来惶惶不安。

战后由于冷战格局的形成，使人们始终处于战争的阴云之下。

再加之种族歧视、性别歧视，以及盗窃、凶杀和色情的泛滥等一系列重大社会问题，使人们对政治和社会产生一种强烈的失望，感到世界的冷漠和社会存在的荒谬。

于是人们开始对“社会和谐与进步”的梦想以及人类的“完美境界”产生了质疑，对现存的社会道德准则和价值观念产生了根本性的怀疑，并对人类的处境和未来惶惶不安。

加之存在主义哲学思想的产生和传播，宣扬只有人的自我存在才是唯一的真实存在。

这种抑郁、沮丧及绝望的社会心理使一代人从各种社会灾难中产生绝望感，又表现在文学领域里，那便是“黑色幽默”作品的诞生。

blackhumorandCatch-22

绵阳师范学院本科毕业论文On Black Humor in Catch-22题目论《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默姓名胡亮班级2003级11班指导教师高建国讲师专业英语院系名称外国语学院答辩时间2007年6月绵阳师范学院学位委员会办公室制中国·绵阳论《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默学生姓名: 胡亮指导教师: 高建国摘要:《第二十二条军规》是美国“黑色幽默”的经典之作。

第二十二条军规式的处境指一种无法摆脱的困境。

“黑色幽默”作为一个文学流派的名称出现在六十年代的美国,绝非偶然。

黑色幽默的典型情感是笑中带着泪水。

本论文将通过三方面对小说中的黑色幽默进行分析，包括对小说中的荒谬的分析，对本书叙事结构分析，以及对文中叙事语调的分析。

从对小说中的黑色幽默进行分析中，探究作家对待当时社会的态度,黑色幽默所表现的深刻意义和阐释为什么第二十二条军规这个词语会进入美国人民的日常用语。

关键词:黑色幽默；荒诞；困境On the Black Humor in Catch-22Undergraduate: Hu LiangSupervisor: Gao JianguoAbstract: Catch-22is a typical work of American “black humor”novels. Catch-22 indicates a dilemma from which one is unable to escape. “Bl ack humor” as a school of literature did not occur in the 60s of America by chance. The prominent emotion of black humor is laughing at cruel things with tears. This thesis will analyze the black humor in Catch-22from three aspects, which are the analysis of the absurdity in the novel, the unusual narrative structure and the narrative tone. Through the analysis of the black humor in Catch-22, the thesis will explore the author’s attitude towards the society where he lived in, the profound meaning reflected by black humor and will explain why catch-22 can enter in the general use of American people’s language.Key Words: black humor; absurdity; dilemmaContents1. Introduction (1)1.1 An introduction to black humor (1)1.2 A brief introduction to Catch-22 (1)2. An analysis of black humor in Catch-22 (2)2.1 An analysis of the absurd squadron (2)2.1.1 The absurd men (2)2.1.2 The absurd conversations (4)2.2 An analysis of the unusual narrative structure (5)2.3 An analysis of the narrative tone (6)3. Conclusion (7)Notes (8)Bibliography (9)Acknowledgement (10)1. Introduction1.1 An introduction to black humor“Black humor” occurred by chance as a school of capitalist literature. In 1965, B. J. Friedman collected the works of twelve modern American writers into an anthology naming “black humor” owing to the similarity of their creative intention and techniques. The creative intention of these writers can be described as follows: they loathe the world and feel despair to the world. They use the devices of satire and absurdity with extremely exaggeration to make the readers doubt of everything. The distorted phenomenon is also employed with the purpose of provoking the readers to suspect what is the truth on earth. They aim to reveal that the seemingly impossible matter is in fact occurring in the society. They use the absurd farce to reveal the truth. Soul, morality, truth and civilization are all reversed.The occurrence of “black humor novels” has its social background. The writers who were enlisted in the school of black humor literature were deeply shocked by the unprecedented cruelty of World War Two The war overturned the truth and the lovely life and made people suffer from death and pain. These writers felt that only black humor could be used to express their despairing mood towards the society. Therefore, there were “the theatre of the absurd” in France and the “black humor novels” which described the absurdity of the world around people and the constraint of the outside world in America between the periods of 1950s and 1960s.“Black” refers to the terrible social reality while “humor” refers to cynical laugh at social reality. The reality makes people feel humorous; however, the mood of humor is gloomy and dark. This is a complicated and contradictory feeling. Black humor expresses the resentment and the despair that emerge from the lopsided capitalist social calamity by the generation after World War Two. Laugh at cruel things with tears is the typical mood of black humor.1.2 A brief introduction to Catch-22Joseph Heller, American writer, gained a worldwide fame with his satirical, anti-war novel Catch-22. The novel is partly based on the experiences of Heller, who served as a bombardier in the Army Air Force of the United States during World War Two. Heller was involved in one part of the war in Europe: the attacks on enemy Italy and on occupied France.１During this period, an act of diplomacy reminds the reader of the philosophy of the old man who argued with Nately in Rome, in Chapter 23 of the novel. After the Allies landed on the mainland of Italy in September 1943, Italy capitulated. From then on, theAllies advanced steadily northwards. Rome was freed in June 1944 and Florence in August. This advance was coordinated with Operation Anvil, which penetrated into Southern France. Many of these events were referred to in the novel, for instance, the entry into Rome, the Salerno beachhead, the Gothic Line, the bombing of the bridges at Avignon, Florence, Bologna and Ferrara.Catch-22 was first published in 1961 and was an immediate success, both critically and commercially. The Nation said “Catch-22was the best novel to come out in years”and the New York Herald Tribune considered it as “A wild, moving, shocking, hilarious, raging, exhilarating, giant roller-coaster of a book”.２The whole sales volume has reached eight millions in America within ten years. Now it becomes the bound reading book of students in many colleges of European countries and America.2. An analysis of black humor in Catch-222.1 An analysis of the absurd squadronThe absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world are appeared in the novel. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony to create a sense of absurdity.Captain John Yossarian, the novel’s protagonist, is a bombardier in the 256th Squadron of the Army Air Force during World War Two. The writer Heller presents a grotesque squadron where the absurdity is normal. General Peckem required all tents in the Mediterranean theater of operations to be pitched along parallel lines with entrances facing back proudly toward the Washington Monument in order to show their patriotism but actually in order to show the momentum of the squadron. Captain Black started the Glorious Loyalty Oath Crusade. He ordered that the pilot have to sign a loyalty oath to get the map, to receive their flak suits, even to have their haircut. Colonel Korn succeeded with a rule governing the asking of questions. Under his rule, “the only people permitted to ask questions were those who never did.” (p.36) These orders are ridiculous and make the readers feel funny.Mudd who was kept “alive” on the official roster was long dead. Doc Daneeka was still alive but was declared dead. He became the garbage without soul. This is a tragedy out of question. The situations make the readers feel absurd. Heller falsifies the reality and keeps the people from comprehending its absurdity. He offers a kind of comedy that verges on being grotesque. In the meanwhile, he evokes the readers to do some thinking about the cause of absurdity.2.1.1 The absurd menIn such a squadron, the men seem to be insane and abnormal because of their absurd ideas and behaviors. “Colonel Cathcart was dashing and dejected, poised andchagrined.”(p.191) He “was conceited because he was a full colonel with a combat command at the age of only thirty-six; and he was dejected because although he was already thirty-six he was still only a full colonel.”(p.192) He wanted to be a general desperately and raised the number of missions to forty, fifty, sixty and even more missions arbitrarily with the purpose of winning the favour of higher authorities. One officer, Major Major Major, welcomed visitors in his office only when he was out. He became an invisible man in the squadron.Milo as a mess officer formed a syndicate in which everyone in the squadron had a share. Each mess hall offered him a plane and a pilot who was willing to do what he asked. Milo’s plane flew in from everywhere, the pursuit planes, bombers, and cargo ships streaming into the field of Colonel Cathcart. The planes were decorated with flamboyant squadron emblems illustrating such laudable ideals as Courage, Might, Justice, Truth, Liberty, Love, Honor and Patriotism. He contracted with the American military authorities to bomb the German-held highway bridge at Orvieto with the German military authorities to defend the highway bridge at Orvieto with antiaircraft fire against his own attack. In the end, Milo realized a fantastic profit from both halves of his project for just signing his name twice. During such a cruel war, man would die at any time. And the war becomes merely the tool to make money for him. This is extremely satire and absurd. What Heller castigates is the absurdity of not only the military bureaucracy but also the whole capitalist world in which a traitor and a profiteer like Milo.The men with power use sound reasonable words, such as flying for “patriotism”, to keep the pilots flying more and more combat missions. The pilots are not allowed to refuse only if they die, otherwise they would be guilty according to the Air Force rule Catch-22. This rule stipulates the pilots to fly combat missions continuously without asking for relief. If they are insane, they could be grounded. All they have to do is ask, and as soon as they do, they would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. This absurd rule creates a dilemma that keeps the pilots flying missions. This signifies that there is only one way to relief, and that is death. It is just as Yossarian once said that everyone wanted to kill me because they asked me to fly. The pilots suffer the fear of death constantly. Therefore, Hungry Joe screamed when sleeping every night and ended his life in his nightmare eventually. A pilot Nately was dead in battle when the number of flying missions had already risen to eighty. Dunber, Clevinger, Mcwatt and Chief White Halfoat all died or disappeared. Death and absurdity stalk the world. All the pilots have to obey the order of superiors and continue to fly. They are the pitiful creatures of the society.Leon F. Seltzer has made statement about the absurdity in Catch-22 that “the novel’s absurdities--comic and otherwise--operate almost always to expose the alarming inhumanities which pollute our political, social, and economic systems.”3The squadron can be examined as the mirror of the real world.This novel reflects that there is an absurd, ugly, chaotic and corrupt ruling institution in the real society of America. This institution makes the society of America being engaged into a pretty bad mess with its own power and a set of absurd logic, such as catch-22. The institution is likely to completely eliminate the personality and the unrestrained will of American people who are served as the cannon fodder, blind obedient to the institution. This is one of the most absurd factors. The laughter of readers ends in tears when they become aware of pathetic situation of the bomber pilots.2.1.2 The absurd conversationsThe normal sequence of language does not exist in the novel in order to show the absurdity and to generate the intensive effect of black humor. Heller uses a surface illogical language to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the world. In such an absurd and hideous situation, the American people do not have any aware of danger at all. They are wiped out without restriction. They accept the execution. Moreover, they become the accessory of murderer without awareness. Their language also cannot be used to express their idea because of their confusion to the world.The novel proclaims that language could not communicate ideas with others and could not reduce the confusion. Man uses language to proceed thinking, to understand the world and to communicate ideas. However, the normal logic inferences can merely cause the confusion in the novel because of the absurdity and the disorder of the society. The following example can illustrate this point of view very well.“They’re trying to kill me,” Yossarian told him calmly.“No one’s trying to kill you,” Clevinger cried.“Then why are they shooting at me?” Yossarian asked.“They’re shooting at everyone,” Clevinger answered. “They’re trying tokill everyone.”“And what difference does that make?”(p.255)The ambiguity ensuing from these odd responses provokes our laugh. The illogical use of language helps to create an atmosphere of absurdity —a state in which unreal, irrational things happen every day. Nevertheless, while the readers think about the implicit meaning of the dialogue, the concealing sorrow emerges from the absurd atmosphere unwittingly.Furthermore, the pervasion of self-contradictory statements is meaningless in the most part of the novel. “Nately had a bad start. He came from a good family”(p.17); “He did not hate his mother and father, even though they had both been very good to him”(p.13). The writer uses these witty statements that like language games to stir up the readers laugh instinctively. This is largely subconscious reaction that is prompted by what Jerry Palmer terms as the “logic of the absurd”.2.2 An analysis of the unusual narrative structureOne feature of Catch-22is its unusual narrative structure.The most significant aspect of the structure of Catch-22 is its formlessness. It is also a drastic controversial issue among the critics. Some critics holds that its unusual structure is carefully constructed to support the pervasive absurdity and Heller announced that the formless structure of Catch-22was compiled with great efforts while he was present at many interviews. In the novel, time rapidly changes without warning sometimes. Past and present mingle. Heller presents chaos to reveal the disorder of the world.Yossarian is a protagonist as well as a strand character penetrating through the whole novel. A lot of stories and plots are pieced together to compose the novel. Most of the actions take place from spring to winter of 1944, but there are flashbacks to 1942, when Yossarian was in basic training at Lowery Field in Colorado, and to 1943 when he was in cadet training at Santa Ana, California.Events recur. The person who has already died may be alive in later chapters. Snowden had already been told that he was killed over Avignon a week before the decoration of Yossarian and before the Great Siege of Bologna, but at another plot Yossarian was seen taking his rest leave after Bologna when “Snowden was alive then, and Yossarian could tell it was Snowden’s room.” (p.168) The occurring of some events complies with the consciousness of Yossarian. Yossarian’s traumatic recollections of Snowden’s death are seemingly arbitrary episodes. This utterly confusing chronology may be the best way to create an absurd world, which is read like a mind reminiscing about a nightmare of the past. Time stops functioning as a coordinate system. Although many critics are still puzzled by the structure of Catch-22, the most striking feature of the novel is its unusual narrative structure, which has been recognized as a technical innovation.When time is absent, life loses its timely order. “I n a world where life ceases to be rational and orderly, nothing like a sequential development is possible and, consequently, to present it in any logical time sequence would be.”4 The style of the black humor novels is loose and disorderly. Heller composes his work using lots of fragments. The novelsuccessfully confuses the readers through the temporal chaos, the maze of incredible people and incidents from the farce of its early pages to the eventual protest and horror it reveals. The readers feel frustrated when they try to find the regular order of the novel. Heller intends to express that the novel Catch-22 is a metaphor for man finding ways of escaping power control and death, and this undertaking is timeless naturally.2.3 An analysis of the narrative toneHeller describes the painful things using a cool, merciless and trifling tone by contraries to create the effect of black humor. This morbid narrative tone is the main cause that makes humor become dim. The successful application of this kind of tone in Catch-22also becomes a forerunner of that period. This can be illustrated by the following example. While Yossarian stayed at the military hospital, he thought that the military hospital was a safe place where no one dropped down from the airplane “accelerating at the rate of thirty two feet per second to land with a hideous plop on the sidewalk and die disgustingly there in public like an alpaca sack full of hairy strawberry ice cream, bleeding, pick toes awry.”(p.171)To our surprise, there is full of vivid, cruel imagery and scientific cold mood in the description of such a severe scene. It is dread. However, it is just the typical feature of black humor, which treats death as a joke and tries to find proper adjectives to describe the death with completely indifferent attitude. Only if someone feels extremely despair, his attitude towards the cruelty of death reaches to the extent of indifference.In order to generate the effect of irony, Heller introduces an abnormal content to the readers with a normal narration. It provokes the readers to think that what cause Heller use this kind of technique to express his despairing mood. After experiencing the cruelty of the World War Two and the shamed decade to the Americans exemplified by McCarthy, Heller suffers a lot of illusion and hopelessness. He accepts that man existing on earth is just matter. “Drop him out a window and he will fall. Set fire to him and he will burn. Bury him and he will rot like other kinds of garbage. The spirit gone, man is garbage.”(p.450) Their existence seems absurd and meaningless. They are controlled by mysterious force. Yet in fact the force is the endless appetite for power and money of man. The man who has the power and the money play his rights upon the man from the lower class. Heller finds that he can merely struggle against the situation with jokes and derides the absurd situation to comfort him. He is a sensitive man who is the one in a few awakening people while other Americans do not have any aware of danger at all. He places his emotions on Yossarian and uses his acid and nonchalant tone to satirize, tocriticize and to expose the absurd society of America and the hypocritical capitalist society. Therefore, black humor, an ill humor comes out.3. ConclusionThis thesis discusses Catch-22from the point of black humor. To analyze black humor in Catch-22is mainly from three aspects, the absurd squadron, the unusual narrative structure and the narrative tone. Through the analysis of the absurd squadron, the readers know that this is absurd world. The writer applies an unusual narrative structure to reinforce an impression of absurdity of the world. The narrative tone is employed by the writer in order to generate a profound thought on the reason why the world is absurd. Analyzing the black humor in Catch-22makes the readers know the existing problems of American capitalist society in 1950s and explains the reason for the prevalence of black humor novels. From the analysis above, the ultimate conclusion is that the novel is characterized by the combination of comic and tragedy. And treating the absurd reality uses the absurd techniques. The humor in the novel becomes the tool to expose the existing problems in reality.Notes１Nicholas Bayley. The Licensed Edition of York: Catch-22. London: Long man York press,1987: 7.２/topic/catch-22-literature.3/156005.shtml.4Chang, Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature (2nd ed.) [M]. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2003: 480.Bibliography[1] Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms (7th ed.) [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press, 2004.[2] Chang, Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature (2nd ed.) [M]. Tianjin: Nankai University Press,2003.[3] Hart, James D. & Leininger, Phillip W. The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6th ed.)[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. © Oxford University Press, 2005.[4] High, Peter B. An outline of American Literature [M]. London: Long man, 1986.[5] Rubinstein, Annette T.American Literature Root and Flower significant Poets, Novelists &Dramatists 1755-1955(VolumeⅡ) [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.[6] Schulz, Max F. Black humor fiction of the sixties [M].Ohio: Athens, 1973.[7] 钱满素. 海勒的神话[J]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1983, (9).[8] 石璞. 黑色幽默文学. 西方文论史纲[M]. 成都:四川大学出版社, 1992.[9] 汤永宽. 黑色幽默与第二十二条军规[J]. 武汉: 湖北省外国文学学会, 1981, (3).[10] 王文彬. 再谈黑色幽默和第二十二条军规.学海泛舟[C]. 济南: 山东大学出版社, 2002.[11] 翟士钊. 美国文学选读[M]. 开封: 河南大学出版社, 1999.[12] /156005.shtml[13] /topic/catch-22-literature.AcknowledgmentAt the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Gao Jianguo, who has given me so much useful advice on my writing, and has tried his best to improve my paper. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offered me references and information on time. Last but not least, I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff in Mianyang Normal University and especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.Hu Liang。

论黑色幽默小说中的叙事技巧

论黑色幽默小说中的叙事技巧■洪建园　（河南大学外语学院　开封　４７５００１）【摘　要】黑色幽默是英美文学中一种崭新的文学艺术形式，此类文学在叙事技巧、主人公形象塑造以及文学主题思想上常与传统文学存在一些较大的差异，此类文学作品的结局往往是悲惨的，而在事件的叙事表现上，则往往呈现出浓厚的喜剧色彩。

英美文学中的大多数黑色幽默作品主要是抨击时弊，同时用滑稽的笑点表达惨痛人生哲理。

本文先简要分析了黑色幽默的产生与影响，然后结合英美文学作品，对黑色幽默作品中的叙事技巧进行分析。

【关键词】黑色幽默作品；英美文学；叙事技巧【中图分类号】Ｉ１０６【文献标识码】Ａ【文章编号】２０９５－３０８９（２０１８）３４－０００１－０２引言黑色幽默起源于２０世纪６０年代，是英美文学中常见的一种文学流派。

英美文学中的黑色幽默作品，常常使用夸张的语言以及独特的思维，讽刺与批判现实；在作品的叙事技巧上，作者常常使用反复赘述、因果不循环、滑稽逆转等玩弄读者甚至玩弄自己的手法，使得小说的内容常常具有悲剧性及荒诞性的特征。

然而正是叙事技巧及语言的特色性，也使得黑色幽默这一文学流派受到学界广泛关注。

一、黑色幽默的产生及影响１．黑色幽默的内涵。

广义上的黑色幽默主指一种使用喜剧形式表现悲剧内容的文学方法，幽默主要是具有主观意识的个体对现实所持的嘲讽态度，而黑色则往往代表着死亡与可怕的现实［１］。

将黑色与幽默相结合，就表现为在绝望中自我嘲讽的幽默。

而狭义上的黑色幽默主要被认为是一种文学形式，致力于将人性以及社会环境中的一些丑陋、滑稽以及阴暗等种种元素进行扭曲与放大，进而形成能够让人们捧腹大笑的文学作品，此类文学作品虽然荒诞无稽，但是却脚踏实地，讽刺现实。

２．黑色幽默的产生。

“黑色幽默”最早出自法国超现实主义诗人及批判家安德烈·布勒东在１９３５年编制的《黑色幽默文集》中［２］。

布勒东认为，所谓黑色幽默作品，主要是以喜剧或者讽刺形式表达对社会阴暗面的怀疑与嘲弄的一类文学形式，并且在其中将英国小说家斯威夫特的《一个谦卑的建议》称作是黑色幽默小说的开端。

浅谈英语文化中的黑色幽默

存在主义和黑色幽默都是产生在二战后的文学流派，它们的许多作家都是亲身经历了第二次世界大战，深切感受到战争给人类带来的恐怖和绝望，他们通过描写人物周围世界的荒诞和外界社会对个人的压抑来宣泄自己。黑色幽默是以存在主义哲学为思想理论基础的，它们描写的对象都是周围荒诞的世界。
但黑色幽默与存在主义之间也存在不同。首先，黑色幽默比存在主义更加消沉、悲观，因为存在主义强调人们在荒诞的社会中进行自我选择，实现自我价值，而黑色幽默只是嘲笑荒诞的现实和痛苦的人生，而别无选择的出路。萨特认为，人在选择自己的行动时是绝对自由的，无论面对什么样的环境，无论想采取什么样的行动，都是可以自由选择。有许多人在行动时总是爱受别人的意志所左右，不能按自己个人的意志作出自由选择，这就等于丢掉了自己的个性，失去了自我。这种人就不算是真正的存在。存在主义学说正是直面人们迷茫焦虑的心理，充分注重生命个体的存在，提出了“自由选择”的理论。这使存在主义成为一种具有一定的积极意义的生命科学，也是激励人们确认自己的个体存在价值的人生哲学。因此，存在主义也是一种关于自由的哲学，强调的是一种自我选择的自由。 “人是注定要自由的”。 “自由选择”由此构成了存在主义文学的最重要的概念，是存在主义作家们始终酷爱的主题。这是存在主义文学有着鲜明的人本主义色彩，探索的是人类以及个体在荒诞的世界上的出路和可能性的问题。存在主义作家们因此常常在创作中把人物放置于某种极端化的处境之中，让主人公面临具有荒诞性的两难化局面，最终突出他们的决断和选择。他们强调的是人类只有面对极端处境和危机关头，生命的潜在能量和可能性才会得到充分的发掘。如果说在存在主义中人们还有可以选择的自由，那么在黑色幽默中人们所面临的只能是绝望的深渊。黑色幽默作家嘲笑他们笔下那些试图从荒诞和混乱的世界找出出路的行为，他们要告诉我们的是不管人们做什么都是徒然的，所以不如大笑。《漂浮的剧院》中的拖德最终对生活作出了一个极端虚无主义的结论，即人的一切行为都毫无意义，他既没有理由活着也没理由自杀。《旅途的终点》的主人公雅各布在他的唯物主义信念彻底毁灭后，陷入完全绝望的境地。美国作家弗里德曼指出，黑色幽默作家“从反面来揭示他们所处（下转第 1054页）

论马克吐温《王子与贫儿》中的黑色幽默

- 252 -校园英语 /论马克吐温《王子与贫儿》中的黑色幽默郑州成功财经学院/王勃【摘要】在19世纪的后期，著名的美国现实主义作家马克吐温创作了具有浓厚现代主义色彩的《王子与贫儿》。

这一部小说当中，作者马克吐温通过其犀利的笔锋，揭露当时的英国上层阶级对于穷苦劳动人们的残酷镇压，同时也是对于这一时期美国资本主义对于人们压迫的真实描写。

马克吐温借用各种描述的手法，为读者营造出了一种幽默的阅读效果，并以此为基础引发对于社会问题的思考。

本文主要分析了马克吐温在《王子与贫儿》这一小说中的黑色幽默，以更加清晰的解析这一作品。

【关键词】王子与贫儿黑色幽默讽刺一、前言黑色幽默最早出现于法国安德烈布勒东所出版的《黑色幽默文集》当中，之后一些作家也逐步开始使用这一名词定义自身的作品。

然而对于黑色幽默的定义，每一个作家都有着自身的定义和看法。

而归结为一点，黑色幽默突破了而传统表现手法的限制，以幽默和笑脸来表现悲惨的情绪和无奈的现实，是具有独特特征的文学表现手法。

其具体的表现主要有以下几点：第一，突出描写怪诞的世界和离奇的社会；第二，刻画的人物形象大都具有明显的病态的心理或者畸形的性格；第三，语言的阐述也富有游戏性和欺骗性；第四，文学体裁新颖而特殊，其故事情节也大都突破世俗限制。

在上个世纪中后期，黑色幽默得到繁荣发展。

虽然，马克吐温在1881年就创作了《王子与贫儿》，但是其中的写作手法和表现特征都具与黑色幽默相契合，本文也是主要分析了这一步小说中的黑色幽默成分。

二、《王子与贫儿》中的黑色幽默元素1.两条平行线索。

马克吐温在《王子与贫儿》当中，从两个平行的线索当中勾勒整篇文章。

一条线索以主人公汤姆的人生轨迹为角度，另一条以主人公爱德华的人生事迹为角度，这两条线索看似是相互独立的，而实际上又是相互衬托、相互补充的。

并且，在这两条平行的线索当中，又蕴含着一定的对比特征，从而为读者勾勒一个具有强烈讽刺意味的幽默风格在里面。

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英美文学黑色幽默论文
摘要：黑色幽默是悲剧的基调上的喜剧，通过幽默讽刺的手法塑造了荒诞不羁的人物形象和悲喜交织的情景叙述了现实的丑恶现象，讽刺了现实的同时对现实具有一定的积极意义。

“黑色幽默”起源于二十世纪六十年代的美国，是西方文学流派中的重要一个流派，被广泛应用在后来的英美文学中，影响了整个世界文坛，至今仍受到大众的欢迎。

虽然黑色幽默派的作品多是荒诞不经、不合逻辑的内容，但其却很好的讽刺了社会现实，具有鲜明的现实意义。

它表明了黑色幽默派的作家敢于面对社会现实，并深刻的揭露社会的丑恶于人前，引起人们的深思。

在一定程度，改变人们的心态。

一、英美文学中的“黑色幽默”的概述
“黑色幽默”起源于二十世纪六十年代的美国，最先由美国作家弗里德曼在编辑《黑色幽默》中提出，其后，黑色幽默在西方文坛上风生水起，迅速成为西方文学流派中的重要一个流派，并蔓延到整个世界文坛。

至今仍受是世界文坛的重要组成部分，并受到大众的欢迎。

最初，弗里德曼的《黑色幽默》中采用荒诞的手法讽刺现实世界中的痛苦和恐怖。

其后，康拉德提出“黑色幽默”的概念。

和所有新的理念一样，黑色幽默也是先经过了黑夜才迎来了黎明的，在黑色幽默刚刚出现的时期，人们并不能接受认可，直至后来随着黑色幽默的研究的不断深入和黑色幽默概念的不断完善，人们才开始慢慢接受并认可黑色幽默。

黑色幽默就是借用荒诞、丑恶的“黑色”事物，来表达积极地社会认识[1]。

所以，黑色幽默又被称为黑色喜剧，在喜剧的范畴内，但又是一种带有悲剧基调的喜剧，这与当时的社会的动乱有关，是作家们根据现实的社会创作出来的。

后来随着英美文学的不断发展，黑色幽默逐渐成为非常具有社会教育意义的表现手法[2]。

海勒是黑色幽默流派中的具有代表性和影响力的文学代表，其《第二十二条军规》取材于现实生活，通过艺术的哈哈镜和放大镜，荒诞的反映了美国社会生活，让人们一笑同时令人深思。

现代，黑色幽默已经不再局限在文学中，还拓展到影视作品中，受到现代社会中大多数人的欢迎。

二、英美文学作品中黑色幽默人物塑造手法和叙事表现手法
1、英美文学作品中黑色幽默人物塑造手法
英美文学作品中黑色幽默人物塑造手法主要是幽默讽刺手法、反英雄、谬论、夸张和比喻等。

黑色幽默的特征就是采用幽默讽刺手法，其讽刺的艺术处理不是一般意义上的讽刺，而是为了表达强烈的感情，将无形的意识变成有形的影像，站在旁观第三者的角度与读者分享客观的社会现象，最终与读者产生共鸣给读者留下深刻的印象，以冯尼格的《上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生》为例，“诚实、勤劳、安份守已的公民如果要求一份活下去的工作，就被看作吸血鬼。

”言语犀利的讽刺了美国的黑暗现实，也正是由于这种痛快淋漓的讽刺才使得作品具有强烈的现实的讽刺性。

反英雄是黑色幽默文学中最常用的手法之一，冲击着人们的传统思想。

以塞万提斯·萨维德拉的《堂·吉诃德》为例，小说中的堂·吉诃德幻想自己是骑士堂·吉诃德，用骑
士小说的形式讽刺了当时的骑士道精神。

谬论是黑色幽默派常用的表现手法，通过谬论的设置让人们在可笑和滑稽之间反思自己，以《皇帝的新衣》为例，人们畏于皇权不敢说出真相，而单纯的小女孩指出国王没有穿衣服，表面是嘲笑国王的无知，实则是讽刺这个社会上的人们追名逐利的丑态。

夸张则是黑色幽默派作家的必要手法，通过夸张塑造滑稽可笑的人物形象，例如《出了毛病》中叙说人与人之间的不信任等夸张了了现实，来吸引人们的注意。

比喻更是黑色幽默的惯用手法，将现实寓言于作品中，从虚拟的描写中折射出扭曲的现实。

2、英美文学作品中黑色幽默叙事表现手法
英美文学作品中黑色幽默叙事表现手法大多采用赘述、不合逻辑的叙述和悲喜交织与反高潮情景的设计。

黑色幽默在文坛中掀起了一场反权威反现实主义的革命浪潮[3]。

赘述本来是写作中的大忌，作家在写作中尽量避免出现的情况，但是在黑色幽默派的写作中，赘述反而能推动全文的矛盾，表现事物的荒诞不经。

例如《皇帝的新衣》就是在文中反复铺垫了新衣是透明的这一事实，与人们的莫不做声形成鲜明的对比，从而让读者看明白社会的现状、人们的状态，将故事推向了极致的矛盾之中。

黑色幽默之所以是反现实主义的主要是因为其不遵循现实的逻辑。

黑色幽默派的作者经过对语言叙述的不合逻辑的处理，达到人们意想不到的幽默和讽刺的效果。

悲喜交织就是让人们悲喜交加之中体会现实的讽刺与无奈，反高潮情景的设计就是在氛围越来越浓郁、矛盾越来越突出时戛然而止，反而叙述一些荒诞的事物，这样反而使得作品讽刺意味更加浓重，故事更加的幽默。

结束语：
黑色幽默是悲剧的基调上的喜剧，通过幽默讽刺的手法塑造了荒诞不羁的人物形象和悲喜交织的情景叙述了现实的丑恶现象，讽刺了现实的同时对现实具有一定的积极意义。

参考文献：
[1] 顾瑜.英美文学中“黑色幽默”赏析[J].青年文学家.2013.2.（02）：33-34.
[2] 杨兴芳，梁胜明.文学理论教材建设中的现代主义文学[J].社科纵横.2011.12.（12）：17-18.
[3] 景虹梅.黑色幽默的喜剧性[J].中国海洋大学学报（社会科学版）.2010.4.（04）：11-12.。