马克思主义与唯物主义【英文】

Emma Bovary commits suicide after many unhappy love affairs…
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Both writers and painters broke away from the traditions of romanticism and said they wanted “real facts.”
Perhaps this was a way of saying that “we may have been defeated in the revolutions, but we are still here. Our needs are just.”
Realism found its way into the writings of authors such as Flaubert. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary is a landmark novel that mocked romantic illusions about marriage and family life.
But no other ideas came out of the postCongress of Vienna era which would have more influence than those of Karl Marx.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) was the son of a lawyer from Prussia.
Marx associated with other German radicals—similar to the radicals we saw in our movie Les Miserables. This group was called the “Young Hegelians.”
Marx met Friedrich Engels (1820-1893) who was the heir to a vast fortune.
Marx and Engels met in Paris in 1844. In 1847, they joined the Communist league— which was, at that time, a tiny group of revolutionaries.
In 1848—a momentous date in publishing history, the Communist Manifesto was published.
The revolutions of 1848 spread throughout Europe, and what began with hope was quickly suppressed by reactionary, conservative governments.
After the failure of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, the dreams of many Europeans ended.
There had been some positive outcomes of 1848—peasants were freed in Germany and Austria, and many moved to America.
Many were bitter about government reaction after the revolutions. This new attitude was called materialism: an idea that all things were a result of physiological or physical forces. In art and music it was called realism.
Realism included painters such as Courbet, Millet, and Daumier…
Courbet’s paintings were of the peasants— in the countryside, but they were displayed in the salons of Paris, for the bourgeoisie to observe.
Realism, Positivism, Marxism and Materialism.
Chapter 22: pages 900-911
The objectives for this slideshow are:
• In what ways did the failed revolutions of 1848 foster the idea of MATERIALISM? • In what ways was REALISM a sign of the times in painting and literature? • Identify what is Positivism— • And, finally, you will learn the important background that influence Karl Marx beliefs and its future impact on Russian History.
Similar to realism was the idea of positivism, which meant that one must insist on verifiable facts and not on wishful thinking.
In politics this became Real Politik--but we will learn more about that later.