ACCA F8 术语翻译
ACCA F8科目考试重点分析

ACCA F8科目考试重点分析本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处Part 1:理论知识部分(一)assurance engagement:五个要素四种鉴证业务及其提供的鉴证业务的水平这部分考试基本会在选择题或者是单纯的知识点书写的题目中出现,不太容易联系题目中的情景,因此要对这部分的知识熟记于心。
(二)Corporate Governance:Chairman&ceo : segregation of dutiesED&NED:BalanceNED supervise ED’s work Audit committee Remuneration committee Nomination committee Risk committee关于公司治理方面,一般以情景题的形式考察大家对于知识点的理解,因此在读题目的时候,凡是违背CG要求的都是公司治理的薄弱环节,提出的改善意见就是我们介绍的CG 的准则。
(三)Professional Ethics:IntegrityObjectivesCompetence and due careConfidentialProfessional behavior对应的在这部分要掌握的还有五个threat:FamiliaritySelf-interestSelf-reviewAdvocacyIntimidation与之相对应的safeguard:Disposal(股票等资产),independent third party review,report to audit committee,rotation,resignation,refuse这部分内容每年必考,首先对于五个基本的职业道德,你要会解释定义,另外,五种威胁你要会判断并且写出相应的safeguard。
Part 2:审计实践第一步:Acceptance of a clientLowballing的概念Client screening的概念Engagement letter:written form,terms of responsibilities of mgt and auditors, known by mgt and auditors.基础的概念要了解是什么意思,会写定义,对于审计鉴证业务约定书,要明确这个约定书的内容以及签订的目的第二步:Understanding the business需要掌握的知识点有:Fraud:区别fraud与human error的,明确mgt和external auditors对于fraud 的不同责任interim audit与final audit的区别Business risk与audit riskmateriality:定义,计算基准,benchmarkDocumentation: permanent和current audit files的区别这部分知识点经常在历年考题的Q3中出现,给你一个情景,让你找到这个被审计客户的audit risk并且写出审计人员的应对方案,我们说凡是涉及到企业的新的改变,比如上马一套新的应用系统,制定一个新的策略,都是我们审计需要关注的地方,都是audit risk容易产生的地方,尤其要对涉及到的相应的会计准则的处理非常熟悉。
ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识点(4)

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识点(4)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处ELEVANT TO CAT QUALIFICATION PAPER 8 AND ACCA QUALIFICATIONPAPERS F8 AND P7SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF AUDITING IN ACOMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTInformation technology (IT)is integral to modern accounting and management information systems. It is, therefore, imperative that auditors should be fullyaware of the impact of IT on the audit of a client’s financial statements, both in the context of how it is used by a client to gather, process and report financial information in its financial statements, and how the auditor can use IT in theprocess of auditing the financial statements.The purpose of this article is to provide guidance on following aspects ofauditing in a computer-based accounting environment:? Application controls, comprising input, processing, output and masterfile controls established by an audit client, over its computer-basedaccounting system and? Computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs)that may be employed byauditors to test and conclude on the integrity of a client’scomputer-based accounting system.Exam questions on each of the aspects identified above are often answered to an inadequate standard by a significant number of students – hence the reason for this article.Dealing with application controls and CAATs in turn:APPLICATION CONTROLSApplication controls are those controls (manual and computerised)that relate to the transaction and standing data pertaining to a computer-based accounting system. They are specific to a given application and their objectives are to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the accounting records andthe validity of entries made in those records. An effective computer-based system will ensure that there are adequate controls existing at the point of input, processing and output stages of the computer processing cycle and over standing data contained in master files. Application controls need to be ascertained, recorded and evaluated by the auditor as part of the process of determining the risk of material misstatement in the audit client’s financial statements.Input controlsControl activities designed to ensure that input is authorised, complete,accurate and timely are referred to as input controls. Dependent on the complexity of the application program in question, such controls will vary in terms of quantity and sophistication. Factors to be considered in determining these variables include cost considerations, and confidentiality requirements with regard to the data input. Input controls common to most effective application programs include on-screen prompt facilities (for example, are quest for an authorised user to ‘log-in’)and a facility to produce an audit 2SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF AUDITING IN A COMPUTER-BASED ENVIRONMENTJANUARY 2011trail allowing a user to trace a transaction from its origin to disposition in the system.Specific input validation checks may include:Format checksThese ensure that information is input in the correct form. For example, the requirement that the date of a sales invoice be input in numeric format only –not numeric and alphanumeric.Range checksThese ensure that information input is reasonable in line with expectations. For example, where an entity rarely, if ever, makes bulk-buy purchases with a value in excess of $50,000, a purchase invoice with an input value in excess of $50,000 is rejected for review and follow-up.Compatibility checksThese ensure that data input from two or more fields is compatible. For example, a sales invoice value should be compatible with the amount of sales tax charged on the invoice.Validity checksThese ensure that the data input is valid. For example, where an entity operates a job costing system – costs input to a previously completed job should be rejected as invalid.Exception checksThese ensure that an exception report is produced highlighting unusual situations that have arisen following the input of a specific item. For example, the carry forward of a negative value for inventory held.Sequence checksThese facilitate completeness of processing by ensuring that documents processed out of sequence are rejected. For example, where pre-numberedgoods received notes are issued to acknowledge the receipt of goods intophysical inventory, any input of notes out of sequence should be rejected.Control totalsThese also facilitate completeness of processing by ensure that pre-input,manually prepared control totals are compared to control totals input. For example, non-matching tota ls of a ‘batch’ of purchase invoices should result inan on-screen user prompt, or the production of an exception report forfollow-up. The use of control totals in this way are also commonly referred toas output controls (see below)。
F8审计词汇

1Assurance Services 鉴证业务Perform 提供Attestation Services认证业务assertion认定be charged with负责individual clients个人客户symbolic representation符号化声明management’s assertion管理层认定electronic commerce practice电子商务运作an attest-type engagement认证业务integrity正直性Confidentiality保密性Derivative衍生工具Verify亲自核实Biase偏见Competent胜任的Compliance合规性Regulations监管2litigation risk诉讼风险Proprietorship业主独资Perceptionbe conversant in熟悉Compilation编报Grant资助SEC证券交易委员会PCAOB上市公司会计监管委员会Assignment业务Field Work外勤Supervise督导Uniformity统一性Monitoring监控Peer review同业互查3Unqualified audit report无保留意见qualified保留意见Adverse否定意见Disclaimer无法表示意见Scope范围Modification修正Substantial重大的promulgated公认Consistency一致性Comparabilitysubstantially显著地catastroph灾害jeopardize损害Promulgated已颁布的Scope limitation范围受限制overshadow造成不利影响pervasive影响广泛Measurability可计量程度attest to鉴证Introductory paragraph引言段Definition paragraph定义段Scope paragraph范围段Inherent limitation paragraph固有局限段Opinion paragraph意见段4explicitly明确地are incorporated into被引入Trustworthiness守信Larcenists盗窃犯remorse悔恨are apprehended被抓获tossDilemmas困境Peer review同业互查unbiased不偏不倚jeopardize损害pronouncements公告violation违反Contingent fees或有收费Acts discreditable有损名誉的行为solicitation招揽行为referral fees介绍费5litigious易遭诉讼的privileged受法律保护的negligence过失fraud欺诈Constructive fraud推定欺诈Gross negligence重大过失Breach of contract违约beneficiary受益人Common law习惯法Statutory law成文法Joint and several liability连带责任Separate and proportionate liability比例责任Nonnegligent performance行为无过失Contributory negligence共同过失6misappropriation盗用Acquisitions采购warehousing仓储Payroll工薪Charge-off of uncollectible accounts坏账注销Existence or occurrence存在与发生Completeness完整性Valuation or allocation估价与分摊Rights and obligations权利与义务Presentation and disclosure表达与披露Posting and summarization过账与汇总Detail tie-in细节一致methodology方法论substantive tests实质性测试audit evidence 审计证据audit program 审计方案audit procedures 审计程序competence 适当性sufficiency 充分性combined effect 联合效应persuasiveness 说服力relevance 相关性effectiveness 有效性objectivity 客观性timeliness 及时性physical evidence 实物证据confirmation evidence 函证证据documentation evidence 书面证据analytical procedures 分析程序获得的数据inquires of the client 询问客户获得的证据reperformance evidence 重新执行获得的证据observation evidence 观察获得的证据auditing standards 审计准则sample size 样本规模accounts receivable 应收账款notes receivable 应收票据liabilities 负债advances from customers 客户预付款mortgages payable 应付抵押账款bonds payable 应付债券owners’ equity 所有者权益creditor 债权人lender 借款人mortgagor 抵押人bondholder 债券持有人shares outstanding 发行在外股份contingent liabilities 或有负债examine 检查scan 浏览read 阅读recomputed 重新计算foot 加总trace 追查compare 比较count 盘点observe 观察inquire 询问vouch 核对audit documentation 审计档案audit files 审计文件audit working papers 审计工作底稿interest receivable 应收利息permanent files 永久文件working trial balance 试算平衡草稿adjusting and reclassification entries 调整分录及重分类分录supporting schedules 支持性档案cash count sheet 现金盘点表bank reconciliation 银行存款余额调节表trial balance/list 试算平衡表(列表)reconciliation of amounts 金额调节表acceptable audit risk 可接受审计风险inherent risk 固有风险business risk 经营风险analytical procedures 分析程序materiality 重要性水平control risk 控制风险fraud risks 舞弊风险directors 董事会the audit committee 审计委员会corporate charter and bylaws 公司章程与规章meeting minutes 会议记录material misstatements 重大错报enterprise risk management 企业风险管理short-term debate-paying ability 短期偿债能力current ratio 流动比率liquidity activity ratio 流动性比率inventory turnover 存货周转率long-term obligation 长期义务debt to equity 债务权益比profitability ratio 盈利能力比率profit margin 利润率planning phase 计划阶段going concern 持续经营能detailed test 细节测试testing phase 测试阶段completion 完成阶段gross margin 毛利率cash ratio 现金比率quick ratio 速动比率accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率debt to equity 债务权益比times interest earned 利息赚取倍数planning extent of planning 计划测试的范围evaluating results 评价结果bases 基数qualitative factors 定性的因素planned detection risk 计划的检查风险engagement risk 业务风险related parties 关联方the overall audit 审计整体tolerable misstatement 可容忍错报detection risk 检查风险management’s responsibility 管理层的责任inherent limitations 固有局限existence 存在性completeness 完整性accuracy 准确性classification 分类timing 及时性posting 过账summarization 汇总risk assessment 风险评估control activities 控制活动information and communication 信息与沟通monitoring 监控initiate 发起process 处理assess control risk 评估控制风险test control 控制测试substantive tests 实质性测试potential material misstatements 潜在的重大错报narrative 文字表述flowchart 流程图internal control questionnaire 内部控制调查表compensating controls 替代性测试management letters 管理层建议书reperform 重新执行walking-through 穿行测试sampling 抽样general control 一般控制application control 应用控制input controls 输入控制processing controls 处理控制pilot testing 引导测试parallel testing 并行测试batch input controls 批输入控制financial total 数值总额控制hash total 无用数据总和控制record count 记录数目控制validation test 有效性检验sequence test 顺序校验arithmetic accuracy test 算数准确性校验data reasonableness test 数据合理性校验completeness test 完整性校验audit plan 审计计划audit program 审计程序Tests of control 控制测试substantive tests 实质性测试Analytical procedures 分析程序Tests of details of balances 余额细节测试Physical examination 实物证据Confirmation 函证证据Documentation 书面证据Reperformance 重新执行control risk 控制风险cost-benefit of testing controls 控制测试的成本效益性audit evaluation 审计评价sample size 样本量accounts receivable 应收账款inherent risk 固有风险collection cycle 收款循环preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定accuracy 准确性Cutoff 截止Posting and summarization 过账与汇总Detail tie-in 细节一致性Realizable value 细节一致性audit approach 审计方法fraud 舞弊subsequent events 期后事项business risk 经营风险Charge-off of uncollectible accounts 坏账注销trial balance 试算平衡Remittance advice 汇款通知单Accounts Receivable Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 应收账款坏账准备Charging off uncollectible accounts receivable 注销坏账Prelisting of cash receipts 现金收款预列表existence 存在性flowcharts 流程图walk-through tests 穿行测试Prenumbered documents 凭证预先编号Internal verification procedures 内部核查程序cash receipts 现金收款lapping of accounts receivable 应收账款“挪用补空”write-offs 注销Realizable value 可变现价值Allowance for doubtful accounts 坏账准备audit sampling 审计抽样representative sample代表性样本Nonsampling risk非抽样风险sampling risk 抽样风险statistical sampling 统计抽样Nonprobabilistic Sample 非概率选样systematic selection 系统选择法stratification 分层random sample 随机样本occurrence rate 发生率tolerable error 可容忍误差attributes sampling 属性抽样sampling units 抽样单位misstatement bounds 错报边界timing 定时variables sampling 变量抽样Ratio estimation 比率估计Mean-per-unit estimation 单位均值估计population 抽样总体precision interval 精确度区间confidence limits 置信限度bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表Chapter 191.Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle 采购与付款循环审计2.tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions 控制测试与交易实质性测试3. control risk 控制风险4.walk-through tests 穿行测试5.the audit risk model 审计风险模型6.Set tolerable misstatement 可容忍错报7.inherent risk 固有风险Chapter201.Test of Details 细节测试2.Existence 存在性pleteness完整性4.Accuracy 准确性5.Presentation and disclosure 表达与披露Chapter 211.Possible misstatement 可能的错报2.Sample size 样本规模3.Selection of items 样本项目选择4.Realizable Value 可变现价值5.Valuation of inventory 存货估价Chapter 221.Audit of Dividends 股利审计2.Audit of Retained Earnings 留存收益审计Chapter 231.Audit of Cash Balances 现金余额审计Tests of Interbank Transfers银行间转账的测试Chapter241.review for contingent liabilities and commitments或有负债或承诺进行复核2.Inquiry 询证3.Management Representation Letter 管理层声明书4.the Engagement Checklist 业务检查清单5.the Audit Report审计报告。
acca f8知识要点汇总(下)

Part 12. Subsequent Event期后事项定义: Events after the reporting period: events, both favourable and unfavourable, that occurs between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue.区分调整非调整,主要看时间节点:事件发生在报告期后及财报正式公布前;是否对报告期内数值有影响?Adjusting events调整项目★背诵-定义Events which provide evidence of conditions which existed at the end of the reporting period. Non‐adjusting events 非调整事项★背诵-定义Events that relate to conditions which arose after the end of the reporting period✓Resolution of a court case未决诉讼✓Bankruptcy of a major customer主要客户破产 ✓Evidence of NRV of inventories库存的NRV测试 ✓Discovery of fraud or errors that show the financial statements were incorrect财报错误:舞弊和错误 ✓Destruction of major asset, e.g. by flood or fire自然灾害✓Major share transactions大宗股权交易✓Announcement of a plan to close part of a business关闭公司或部门,包括裁员Change the amounts in the financial statements 上述情况都会影响财报的正确性 Disclose non‐adjusting event in a note to the financial statements在财报的notes中披露即可●Auditor's responsiblityPeriod between the year‐end date and the date the auditor’s report is signed财年结束后,至审计报告签署前 The auditor shall perform audit procedures designed to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that all events occurring between the date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report that require adjustment of, or disclosure in, the financial statements have been identified.审计师有积极的责任执行审计程序,来辨别财报是否正确,该披露的是否披露?The auditor is not, however, expected to perform additional audit procedures on matters to which previously applied audit procedures have provided satisfactory conclusions.如果审计师对当年的财务报告已经比较满意了,那么不会再执行额外的审计程序(这句话比较难理解!)Period between the date the auditor’s report is signed and the date the financial statements are issued审计报告已签署,至财报公布前 The auditor has no obligation to perform any audit procedures regarding the financial statements after the date of the auditor’s report.签署审计报告后,审计师没有责任来主动发现问题。
ACCAF8考试重点Mike

1. Audit 定义‐背诵: External audits provide assurance to shareholders that the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects , in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.2. Assurance engagement 定义‐背诵:An assurance engagement is an engagement in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria . 3. Assurance engagement 5要素,选择题‐知道:(审计是鉴证业务的一种)* A second element is a suitable subjectmatter. The subject matter is the datathat the responsible party has preparedand which requires verification.* Suitable criteria are required in anassurance engagement. The subjectmatter is compared to the criteria inorder for it to be assessed and an opinionprovided.✓ Sufficient appropriate evidence has to be obtained by the practitioner in order to give therequired level of assurance.✓ An assurance report is the opinionthat is given by the practitioner to the intended user andthe responsible party .EngagementLevel of Assurance Examples External audit法令审计 Reasonable assurance Highest levelPositive expressionIn our opinion , the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Review 审阅Limited assuranceModerate levelNegative expression Based on our work described in this report, nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that the financialstatements do not present fairly , in allmaterial respects, in accordance with IFRS4. Ture and Fair 选择题‐知道:尽管ISA 对真实公允没有定义,但我们可以如下理解:✓ True ‐ Information is factual and conforms with reality in that there are no factual erros. Inaddition it is assumed that to be true it must comply with accounting standards and any relevant legislation . Lastly true includes data being correctly transferred from accounting records to the financial statement.信息符合事实,遵守会计准则和法规。
ACCAF8术语翻译

ACCAF8术语翻译序号英语汉语1 ability to perform the work 能力履行工作2 acceptance procedures 承兑程序过程3 accountability 经管责任,问责性4 accounting estimate 会计估计5 accounts receivable listing 应收帐款挂牌6 accounts receivable 应收账款7 accruals listing 应计项目挂牌8 accruals 应计项目9 accuracy 准确性10 adverse opinion 否定意见11 aged analysis 年老的分析(法,学)研究12 agents 代理人13 agreed-upon procedures 约定审查业务14 analysis of errors 错误的分析(法,学)研究15 anomalous error 反常的错误16 appointment ethics 任命伦理学17 appointment 任命18 associated firms 联合的坚挺19 association of chartered certified accounts(ACCA)特计的证(经执业的结社 (ACCA)20 assurance engagement 保证债务21 assurance 保证22 audit 审计,审核,核数23 audit acceptance 审计承兑24 audit approach 审计靠近25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组26 ahudit engagement 审计业务约定书27 audit evaluation 审计评价28 audit evidence 审计证据29 audit plan 审计计划30 audit program 审计程序31 audit report as a means of communication 审计报告如一个通讯方法32 audit report 审计报告33 audit risk 审计风险34 audit sampling 审计抽样35 audit staffing 审计工作人员36 audit timing 审计定时37 audit trail 审计线索38 auditing standards 审计准则39 auditors' duty of care 审计(查帐)员的抚养责任40 auditors' report 审计报告41 authority attached to ISAs 代理权附上到国际砂糖协定42 automated working papers 自动化了工作文件43 bad debts 坏账44 bank 银行45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表46 beneficial interests 受益权47 best value 最好的价值48 business risk 经营风险49 cadbury committee cadbury 委员会50 cash count 现金盘点51 cash system 兑现系统52 changes in nature of engagement 改变债务的性质上53 charges and commitments 费用和评论54 charities 宽大55 chinese walls chinese 墙壁56 chronology of an audit 一审计的年代表57 CIS application controls CIS 申请控制58 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers CIS 环境单机微型计算器59 client screening 委托人甄别60 closely connected 接近地连接61 clubs 俱乐部62 communications between auditors and management 通讯在审计(查帐)员和经营之间63 communications on internal control 内部控制上的通讯64 companies act 公司法65 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表66 comparatives 比较的67 competence 能力68 compilation engagement 编辑债务69 completeness 完整性70 completion of the audit 审计的结束71 compliance with accounting regulations 符合~的作法会计规则72 computers assisted audit techniques (CAATs) 计算器援助的审计技术 (CAATs)73 confidence 信任74 confidentiality 保密性75 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收帐款的查证76 conflict of interest 利益冲突77 constructive obligation 建设的待付款78 contingent asset 或有资产79 contingent liability 或有负债80 control environment 控制环境81 control procedures 控制程序82 control risk 控制风险83 controversy 论战84 corporate governance 公司治理,公司管制85 corresponding figures 相应的计算86 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本87 cost 成本88 courtesy 优待89 creditors 债权人90 current audit files 本期审计档案91 database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理制度 (数据管理系统)92 date of report 报告的日期93 depreciation 折旧,贬值94 design of the sample 样品的设计95 detection risk 检查风险96 direct verification approach 直接核查法97 directional testing 方向的抽查98 directors' emoluments 董事酬金99 directors' serve contracts 董事服务合约100 disagreement with management 与经营的不一致101 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见102 distributions 分销,分派103 documentation of understanding and assessmentof control risk控制风险的协商和评定的文件编集104 documenting the audit process 证明审计程序105 due care 应有关注106 due skill and care 到期的技能和谨慎107 economy 经济108 education 教育109 effectiveness 效用,效果110 efficiency 效益,效率111 eligibility / ineligibility 合格 / 无被选资格112 emphasis of matter 物质的强调113 engagement economics 债务经济学114 engagement letter 业务约定书115 error 差错116 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计手序的结果评估117 examinations 检查118 existence 存在性119 expectations 期望差距120 expected error 预期的错误121 experience 经验122 expert 专家123 external audit 独立审计124 external review reports 外部的评论报告125 fair 公正126 fee negotiation 费谈判127 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的确定评定128 final audit 期末审计129 financial statement assertions 财政报告宣称130 financial 财务131 finished goods 产成品132 flowcharts 流程图133 fraud and error 舞弊134 fraud 欺诈135 fundamental principles 基本原理136 general CIS controls 一般的 CIS 控制137 general reports to mangement 对 (牛犬等的)疥癣的一般报告138 going concern assumption 持续经营假设139 going concern 持续经营140 goods on sale or return 货物准许退货买卖141 goodwill 商誉142 governance 统治143 greenbury committee greenbury 委员会144 guidance for internal auditors 指导为内部审计员145 hampel committee hampel 委员会146 haphazard selection 随意选择147 hospitality 款待148 human resources 人力资源149 IAPS 1000 inter-bank confirmation procedures IAPS 1000 在中间- 银行查证程序过程150 IAPS 1001 CIS environments-stand-alonemicrocomputersIAPS 1001 CIS 环境-单机微型计算器151 IAPS 1002 CIS environments-on-line computersystemsIAPS 1002 CIS 环境-(与主机)联机计算器系统152 IAPS 1003 CIS environments-database systems IAPS 1003 CIS 环境- 数据库系统153 IAPS 1005 the special considerations in theaudit of small entities在小的个体审计中的 IAPS 1005 特别的考虑154 IAS 2 inventories 信息家电 2 库存155 IAS 10 events after the balance sheet date在平衡 sheeet 日期後面的信息家电 10 事件156 IFAC's code of ethics for professionalaccountantsIFAC's 道德准则为职业会计师157 income tax 所得税158 incoming auditors 收入审计(查帐)员159 independent estimate 独立的估计160 ineligible for appointment 无被选资格的为任命161 information technology 信息技术162 inherent risk 固有风险163 initial communication 签署通讯164 insurance 保险165 intangibles 无形166 integrity 完整性167 interim audit 中期审计168 internal auditing 内部审计169 internal auditors 内部审计师170 internal control evaluation questionnaires(ICEQs)内部控制评价调查表171 internal control questionnaires (ICQs) 内部控制调查表172 internal control system 内部控制系统173 internal review assignment 内部的评论转让174 international audit and assurance standardsboard (IAASB)国际的审计和保证标准登船 (IAASB)175 international auditing practice statements(IAPSs)国际的审计实务声明 (IAPSs)176 international federation of accountants (IFAC) 国际会计师联合会 (IFAC)177 inventory system 盘存制度178 inventory valuation 存货估价179 ISA 230 documentation 文件编制180 ISA 240 fraud and error 国际砂糖协定 240 欺诈和错误181 ISA 250 consideration of law and regulations 法和规则的国际砂糖协定 250 考虑182 Isa 260 communications of audit matters withthose charge governance审计物质的国际砂糖协定 260 通讯由于那些索价统治183 isa 300 planning isa 300 计划编制184 isa 310 knowledge of the business 企业的 isa 310 知识185 isa 320 audit materiality 审计重要性186 isa 400 accounting and internal control isa 400 会计和内部控制187 isa 402 audit considerations relating toentities using service organisations与正在使用的个体有关的 isa 402个审计考虑服务组织188 isa 500 audit evidence 审计证据189 isa 501 audit evidence-additionalconsiderations for specific itemsisa 501个审计证据- 补偿为特殊条款190 isa 510 external confirmations isa 510个外部的查证191 isa 520 analytical procedures 分析性程序192 isa 530 audit sampling 审计抽样193 isa 540 audit of accounting estimates 解释估计的 isa 540 审计194 isa 560 subsequent events 期后事项195 isa 580 management representations 管理当局声明书196 isa 610 considering the work of internalauditingisa 610 以内部审计的工作看来197 isa 620 using the work of an expert isa 620 使用专家的工作198 isa 700 auditors' report on financialstatements财务报表上的 isa 700 审计(查帐)员的报告199 isa 710 comparatives isa 710个比较的200 isa 720 other information in documentscontaining audited financial statementsisa 720 证券包含 audited 财务报表的其他信息201 isa 910 engagement to review financialstatementsisa 910 债务复阅财务报表202 isas and rss isas 和 rss203 joint monitoring unit 连接检验单位204 knowledge of the entity's business 个体的企业知识205 law and regulations 法和规则206 legal and regulations 法定权利和规则207 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任208 levels of assurance 保险程度,保障水平209 liability 负债210 limitation on scope 审计范围限制211 limitation of audit 审计的提起诉讼的限期212 limitations of controls system 控制系统的提起诉讼的限期213 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿214 litigation 诉讼215 loans 借款,贷款216 long term liabilities 长期负债217 lowballing lowballing218 management 管理219 management integrity 经营完整220 management representation letter 管理当局声明书221 marketing 推销,营销,市场学222 material inconsistency 决定性的前后矛盾223 material misstatements of fact 重大误报224 materiality 重要性225 measurement 计量226 microcomputers 微型计算器227 modified reports 变更报告228 narrative notes 叙述证券229 nature 性质230 negative assurance 消极保证231 net realizable value 可实现净值232 non-current asset register 非本期的财产登记233 non-executive directors 非执行董事234 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险235 non-statutory audits 目标236 objectivity 客观性237 obligating event 负有责任事件238 obligatory disclosure 有拘束的揭示239 obtaining work 获得工作240 occurrence 出现241 on-line computer systems (与主机)联机计算器系统242 opening balances 期初余额243 operational audits 经营审计,作业审计244 operational work plans 操作上的工作计划245 opinion shopping 意见购物246 other information 其他的信息247 outsourcing internal audit 支援外包的内部核数248 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的包括一切的评论249 overdue fees 超储未付费250 overhead absorption 管理费用分配251 periodic plan 定期的计划252 permanent audit files 永久审计档案253 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系254 planning 计划编制255 population 抽样总体256 precision 精密257 preface to ISAs and RSs 国际砂糖协定的序文和债券附卖回交易258 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定259 prepayments 预付款项260 presentation and disclosure 提示和揭示261 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题262 procedural approach 程序上的靠近263 procedures 程序264 procedures after accepting nomination 程序过程在接受提名之后265 procurement 采购266 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业责任267 projection of errors 错误的规划268 provision 备抵,准备269 public duty 公共职责270 public interest 公众利益271 publicity 宣传272 purchase ledger 购货分类账273 purchases and expenses system 买和费用系统274 purchases cut-off 买截止275 put on enquiry 询价上的期货买卖276 qualified opinion 保留意见277 qualifying disclosure 合格揭示278 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的性质上的方面279 random selection 随机选择280 reasonable assurance 合理保证281 reassessing sampling risk 再评价抽样风险282 reliability 可靠性283 remuneration 报酬284 report to management 对经营的报告285 reporting 报告286 research and development costs 研究和开发成本287 reservation of title 保留288 reserves 准备,储备289 revenue and capital expenditure 岁入和资本支出290 review 评论291 review and capital expenditure 评论和资本支出292 review 评论293 review engagement 复阅债务294 rights 认股权295 rights and obligations 认股权和待付款296 rights to information 对信息的认股权297 risk and materiality 风险和重要性298 risk-based approach 以风险为基础的方式299 romalpa case romalpa 个案300 rotation of auditor appointments 审计(查帐)员任命的循环301 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则302 sales cut-off 销售截止303 sales system 销售(货)制度304 sales tax 销售税,营业税305 sales 销售,销货306 sample size 样本量307 sampling risk 抽样风险308 sampling units 抽样单位309 schedule of unadjusted errors 未调整的错误表310 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部核数的范围和目标311 segregation of duties 职责划分312 service organization 服务组织313 significant fluctuations or unexpectedrelationships可重视的 (市价)波动或不能预料的亲属关系314 small entity 小的个体315 smaller entities 比较小的个体316 sole traders 个体营业者317 sources of knowledge 知识的根源318 specimen letter on internal control 内部控制上的样本证书319 stakeholders 赌款保存人320 standardised working papers 标准化工作文件321 statement 1:integrity,objectivity andindependence声明 1: 完整,客观性和独立322 statement 2:the professional duty of confidence 声明 2: 信任的职业责任323 statement 3: advertising ,publicity andobtaining professional work声明 3: 广告法(学) ,宣传和获得专业性工作324 statement 5:changes in professionalappointment声明 5: 在职业上的任命中的改变325 statistical sampling 统计抽样326 statutory audit 法定审计327 statutory books 法定卷册328 statutory duty 法定责任329 stewardship 总管的职务330 strategic plan 战略性计划331 stratification 分层332 subsequent events 期后事项333 substantive procedures 实词程序过程334 substantive tests 实质性测试335 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分的适当审计证据336 summarising errors summarising 错误337 sundry accruals 杂的应计项目338 supervision 监督339 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督的和检验角色340 suppliers' statements 供应商的声明341 system and internal controls 系统和内部的控制342 systematic selection 系统选择法343 systems-based approach 以系统为基础的方式344 tangible non-current assets 有形的非流动资产345 tendering 投标,清偿346 terms of the engagement 债务的条件347 tests of control 控制的证人348 the AGM 周年大会349 the board 委员会350 three Es 三 Es351 timing 定时352 tolerable error 可容忍误差353 trade accounts payable and purchases 贸易应付帐款和买354 trade accounts payable listing 贸易应付帐款挂牌355 training 培训356 treasury 国库,库房357 TRUE 真实358 turnbull committee turnbull 委员会359 ultra vires 越权360 uncertainty 不确定性361 undue dependence 未到(支付)期的未决362 unqualified audit report 无条件的审计报告363 unqualified report 无条件的报告364 using the knowledge 使用知识365 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作366 valuation 计价,估价367 value for money 现金(交易)价格368 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露369 wages and salaries 工资,薪金370 wages system 工资系统371 work in progress 在产品372 working papers 工作底稿。
ACCAF8英语版简介

ACCA F8 Audit framework and regulation1、The concept of audit and other assurance engagementsAn audit is an evaluation of an organisation, system or process. Audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information, and also provide an assessment of a system's internal control.In the context of a company and its accounting records, the external audit is an “independent examination and expression of opinion on the financial statements of an entity”. Many organisations (particul arly companies) are legally required to have an external audit.The purpose of the external audit is for the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the audit opinion. This opinion states that the financial statements give a ‘true and fair view’ of the position, performance (and cash flows) of the entity. This opinion is prepared for the benefit of shareholders and can be seen as helping to prevent these investors from being defrauded.There is no strict legal definition o f “true and fair” but essentially it means that the financial statements contain no significant/material errors.“True” can be considered as stating that the information in the financial statements is factual and complies with accounting standards.“Fair” refers to information being clear, impartial and unbiased, reflecting the substance of transactions, rather than the legal form.An audit is considered necessary for all but the smallest companies because there is often a distinction between those people that own the company – the shareholders – and those people that run the day- to-day operations of the company – the directors.In this sense, the directors are considered to be the “stewards ” of the company – they are accountable to the owners for the way the performance of the company.1.1 Assurance engagementsAssurance engagements (of which an external audit is an example) are simply assignments where a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to give confidence about the outcome of a particular subject matter.The five elements of an assurance engagement are:(a) A three-party relationship:(i) A practitioner (i.e. an accountant) who is the professional who will review the subject matter and provide the assurance(ii) A responsible party, which is the organisation responsible for preparing the subject matter to be reviewed(iii) Intended user, who is the person who requires the assurance report.(b) An appropriate subject matter. The subject matter is the data that the responsible party has prepared and which requires verification (e.g. financial statements).(c) Suitable criteria. The subject matter is compared to the criteria in order for it to be assessed and an opinion provided (e.g. accounting standards).(d) Sufficient appropriate evidence has to be obtained by the practitioner in orderto give the required level of assurance.Company Owned by Run by Shareholders Financial statements Directors Independent examination Opinion Auditor(e) A written assurance report given by the practitioner to the intended user and the responsible party.1.2 Explain the level of assurance provided by audit and other review assignmentsThere are two levels of assurance that an assurance engagement can provide, depending on the amount of work performed.1.2.1 Limited level of assuranceThis is a form of negative assurance, whereby the auditors state that “nothing has come to their attention” that causes them to believe that the subject matter is not free from material misstatement. This level of assurance is commonly used for forecasts (e.g. a cash flow forecast), where the auditor cannot “vouch” the accuracy of the data because the data cannot be tested against actual known figures.第一直觉教育版权所有。
【ACCA驿站】F5、F8、F9考官报告

【ACCA驿站】F5、F8、F9考官报告F5 Performance Management F5 绩效管理June 2015 pass rate – 37%F5 candidates must learn to stand back and look at the big picture in questions at this level, says the latest Examiner’s Report (for June). If you can learn to do this it will serve you well when moving on to the professional level papers.F5的考生必须学会后退一步,站在大局观上来看待问题,最新的考官文章(6月)说。
如果你学会这个,这对你专业水平的考试很有帮助。
It seems many students struggled with the ABC question (Q1) in June. The examiner pointed to the fact that students are making fundamental errors when calculating their answers.似乎许多学生在Q1上费了很大功夫。
考官指出,计算这个问题时他们犯了很基本的错误。
Q2 covered transfer pricing and sitters again struggled with this topic.For Q3, the examiner examined learning curves in conjunction with planning and operational variances. When answering a question involving consideration of consequences the examiner said PQs need to ask themselves: ‘why should we care, why is it important?’ This should help ensure that the implications of the observations being made are also consideredin order to earn the marks available.Q3考察了结合规划和操作差异的学习曲线。
ACCA F8知识点Logical thinking in audit procedure

Logical thinking in audit procedureAra Shen沈璐萍各位学员,大家好,新的考季又开始了,考前我们来简单梳理下审计流程中关键步骤的逻辑思路。
ACCA的Fundamental模块里,F8一直是一个比较诡异的“滑铁卢”,绝大部分学员在朝着Professional阶段大门一路高歌而去时,会在F8这门课上突遭不适,而这绝大部分中的99.99%都是在校学生党。
为什么?当然是因为学生党缺乏经验,相信课堂上老师们都有提及,但需要强调的是,学生党不仅是对现实审计了解不足,更重要的是欠缺经验累积形成的审计思考方式,而这种逻辑思考,才是帮助学员脱离死记硬背,从而学而知之的万金油。
审计作为一门高应用型学科,经验积累在所难免,但对于广大学生党学员,现下似乎难以做到。
因此我们在这里更多的是帮助学员们或多或少建立起一种审计逻辑思考方式。
现实审计中我们也经常遇到新的情况,无法用曾经的审计案例生搬硬套,此时我们就需要用逻辑方法来解决新的问题,而同学们可以将考试中的案例都当作现实中可能遇到的新情况,用学习了的审计方法去解决她。
至于有工作经验或形成方法论的学员们,可以关上文章,自行看题了。
废话说了有点多,切入正题。
审计是流程,流程就有步骤,大体如下:接受委托——>审计计划——>内控测试——>实质性程序——>审计报告前两个以及最后一个步骤本文空间有限就不详述了,我们重点来看,在学习到内控测试和实质性程序时,会遇到F8的重点内容:六大循环。
说白了就是通常审计关注的六大块企业活动,我们以大家喜闻乐见的Sales cycle为例子,来看看企业赚钱的过程中,我们作为一个第三方的公证人,如何验证他的真实公允。
民间审计的主旨是在确保Audit risk在审计师可接受的范围内,在Sales环节,我们首先会通过Test of control来验证Sales流程没有重大fraud及error,确保Audit risk 中的RMM在可接受范围内;如果合格,我们就执行正常的实质性程序,如果TOC不合格,则后续的实质性程序就会增加,以降低Detection risk。
ACCA F8知识要点汇总(下)

Period between the date the auditor’s report is signed and the date the financial statements are issued 审计报告已签署,至财报公布前
The auditor has no obligation to perform any audit procedures regarding the financial statements after the date of the auditor’s report.签署审计报 告后,审计师没有责任来主动发现问题。但如果审计师获悉了一些情 况,这些事件会影响财务报告和审计报告的正确性,那么需要跟客户商 量是否修改财务报告;如果管理层准备修改,则审计师需要执行相应的
signed 财年结束后,至审计报告签署前
the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report that require adjustment of, or disclosure in, the financial statements have been identified.审计师有积极的责任执行审计程序,来辨别财报是否正确, 该披露的是否披露?
agree this amount to any supporting documentation to confirm the value.
是否可收回
Dec 2011 Q5 例题分析:Resolution of a court case 注意:诉讼必须发生在财报年底之前,但可以不判
背景
思路
年中有诉讼,期后有个和解信,公司乐意接受。
Change the amounts in the financial statements 上述 情况都会影响财报的正确性 Auditor's responsiblity
ACCA(F8)词汇表

序号英语汉语1 ability to perform the work 履行职责的工作能力2 acceptance procedures 承接业务的程序3 accountability 经管责任4 accounting estimate 会计估计5 accounts receivable listing 应收帐款名单6 accounts receivable 应收账款7 accruals listing 应计项目名单8 accruals 应计项目9 accuracy 准确性10 adverse opinion 否定意见11 aged analysis 帐龄分析法12 agents 代理人13 agreed-upon procedures 程序审查(约定审计业务)14 analysis of errors 分析错误15 anomalous error 不正常的错误16 appointment ethics 任命(职业道德)17 appointment 任命18 associated firms 联合企业19 association of chartered certified accounts(ACCA) 注册会计师(ACCA)20 assurance engagement 承担鉴证业务21 assurance 鉴证22 audit 审计,审核,核数23 audit acceptance 接受审计24 audit approach 审计方法25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组26 ahudit engagement 审计业务约定书27 audit evaluation 审计评价28 audit evidence 审计证据29 audit plan 审计计划30 audit program 审计程序31 audit report as a means of communication 审计报告(交流方式)32 audit report 审计报告33 audit risk 审计风险34 audit sampling 审计抽样35 audit staffing 审计工作人员36 audit timing 审计及时37 audit trail 审计线索38 auditing standards 审计准则39 auditors' duty of care 审计职业审慎性40 auditors' report 审计报告41 authority attached to ISAs 遵循ISA(国际审计准则)42 automated working papers (电脑)自动生产的工作底稿43 bad debts 坏账44 bank 银行45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表46 beneficial interests 收益权47 best value 最好的价值48 business risk 经营风险49 cadbury committee cadbury 委员会50 cash count 现金盘点51 cash system 现金循环52 changes in nature of engagement 改变债务的性质上53 charges and commitments 费用和佣金54 charities 慈善团体56 chronology of an audit 审计的年表57 CIS application controls CIS 应用控制58 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers CIS 环境单机微型计算器59 client screening 顾客甄别60 closely connected 紧密联系61 clubs 俱乐部62 communications between auditors and management 在审计员和管理者间沟通63 communications on internal control 内部控制上的沟通64 companies act 公司法65 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表66 comparatives 比较的67 competence 能力68 compilation engagement 承接编制(业务)69 completeness 完整性70 completion of the audit 审计终结71 compliance with accounting regulations 符合会计规则72 computers assisted audit techniques (CAATs) 计算器援助的审计技术 (CAATs)73 confidence 信任74 confidentiality 保密性75 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收帐款询证函76 conflict of interest 利益冲突77 constructive obligation 工程应付款78 contingent asset 或有资产79 contingent liability 或有负债80 control environment 控制环境81 control procedures 控制程序82 control risk 控制风险83 controversy 争论84 corporate governance 公司治理 85 corresponding figures 相关的数值 86 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本 87 cost 成本 88 courtesy 优待 89 creditors债权人 90 current audit files本期审计档案91 database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理制度 (数据管理系统) 92 date of report 报告的日期 93 depreciation 折旧94 design of the sample (抽样)样品的选取 95 detection risk检查风险 96 direct verification approach 直接核查法 97 directional testing 有方向的抽查 98 directors' emoluments 董事酬金 99 directors' serve contracts 董事服务合约100 disagreement with management 与经营管理者意见不一致 101 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见 102 distributions分销,分派,分配103 documentation of understanding and assessment of control risk 控制风险评估的文件编集104 documenting the audit process 审计程序的审计文档 105 due care应有关注 106 due skill and care 应有的技能和谨慎 107 economy 经济 108 education 教育 109 effectiveness 效用,效果 110 efficiency效益,效率111 eligibility / ineligibility 合格、资格 / 无资格 112 emphasis of matter 强调某事项 114 engagement letter 业务约定书 115 error错误116 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计程序结果的评估 117 examinations 检查 118 existence 存在性 119 expectations 期望差距 120 expected error 预期的错误 121 experience 经验 122 expert专家 123 external audit独立审计 124 external review reports 外部复核报告 125 fair 公正126 fee negotiation费用谈判127 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的最终评定 128 final audit期末审计 129 financial statement assertions 财政报告公布 130 financial 财务 131 finished goods 产成品 132 flowcharts 流程图 133 fraud and error 舞弊 134 fraud欺诈 135 fundamental principles 基本原理 136 general CIS controls一般的 CIS 控制 137 general reports to mangement 对管理者的一般报告 138 going concern assumption 持续经营假设 139 going concern持续经营140 goods on sale or return 待出售或者退回商品 141 goodwill 商誉 142 governance统治143 greenbury committeegreenbury 委员会 144 guidance for internal auditors 内部审计员执业指南 145 hampel committee hampel 委员会 146 haphazard selection 随意选择 147 hospitality 款待 148 human resources人力资源149 IAPS 1000 inter-bank confirmation proceduresIAPS 1000银行询证程序 150 IAPS 1001 CIS environments-stand-alone microcomputersIAPS 1001 CIS 环境-单机微型计算器151 IAPS 1002 CIS environments-on-line computer systems IAPS 1002 CIS 环境-(与主机)联机计算器系统152 IAPS 1003 CIS environments-database systemsIAPS 1003 CIS 环境- 数据库系统153IAPS 1005 the special considerations in the audit of small entities IAPS 1005小企业审计中的特别考虑 154 IAS 2 inventoriesIAS 2 库存 155 IAS 10 events after the balance sheet date 资产负债表日后事项156 IFAC's code of ethics for professional accountants IFAC's 职业会计的师道德准则 157 income tax 所得税158 incoming auditors 对收入进行审计的审计员 159 independent estimate 独立估计 160 ineligible for appointment 无资格被任命 161 information technology 信息技术 162 inherent risk 固有风险164 insurance 保险 165 intangibles 无形 166 integrity 完整性 167 interim audit 中期审计 168 internal auditing 内部审计 169 internal auditors内部审计师170 internal control evaluation questionnaires (ICEQs) 内部控制评价调查表(问卷) 171 internal control questionnaires (ICQs) 内部控制调查表 172 internal control system 内部控制系统 173 internal review assignment内部审计的委派174 international audit and assurance standards board (IAASB)国际审计和鉴证准则委员会 (IAASB) 175 international auditing practice statements (IAPSs)国际审计实务声明 (IAPSs)176 international federation of accountants (IFAC) 国际会计师联合会 (IFAC) 177 inventory system 盘存制度 178 inventory valuation 存货估价 179 ISA 230 documentation 230审计文档 180 ISA 240 fraud and error240 欺诈和错误 181 ISA 250 consideration of law and regulations250 法律法规的考虑182 Isa 260 communications of audit matters with those charge governance 260 与高官的审计事项沟通183 isa 300 planning300 审计计划 184 isa 310 knowledge of the business 310 对企业的了解 185 isa 320 audit materiality320审计重要性 186 isa 400 accounting and internal control400 会计和内部控制187isa 402 audit considerations relating to entities using service organisations 402 企业外聘服务机构的审计考虑 188 isa 500 audit evidence500审计证据189isa 501 audit evidence-additional considerations forspecific items 501审计证据-特殊情况的特殊考虑190 isa 510 external confirmations 510外部询证 191 isa 520 analytical procedures 520分析性复核程序 192 isa 530 audit sampling530审计抽样 193 isa 540 audit of accounting estimates 540会计估计的审计 194 isa 560 subsequent events560期后事项 195 isa 580 management representations580管理当局声明书 196 isa 610 considering the work of internal auditing 610 内部审计的考虑 197 isa 620 using the work of an expert620 使用专家的工作198 isa 700 auditors' report on financial statements 700财务报表的审计报告 199 isa 710 comparatives710可比性200isa 720 other information in documents containing audited financial statements 720 与财务报表审计相关的其他信息 201 isa 910 engagement to review financial statements 910 受托复阅财务报表 206 legal and regulations 法律和规则 207 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任 208 levels of assurance 鉴证程度 209 liability负债 210 limitation on scope 审计范围限制 211 limitation of audit审计的局限性 212 limitations of controls system 控制系统的局限性 213 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿 214 litigation 诉讼 215 loans借款,贷款 216 long term liabilities 长期负债 217 lowballing 低价招揽审计业务 218 management管理 219 management integrity经营完整 220 management representation letter 管理当局声明书 221 marketing推销,营销,市场学 222 material inconsistency 重要的矛盾 223 material misstatements of fact 重大误报 224 materiality 重要性 225 measurement 计量 226 microcomputers 微型计算器 227 modified reports 变更报告 229 nature性质 230 negative assurance 消极鉴证 231 net realizable value 可实现净值 232 non-current asset register 非现金资产的登记本 233 non-executive directors 非执行董事 234 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险 235 non-statutory audits 非法定审计 236 objectivity 客观性 237 obligating event 或有事项 238 obligatory disclosure 或有事项披露 240 occurrence出现241 on-line computer systems (与主机)联机计算器系统 242 opening balances 期初余额 243 operational audits 经营审计 244 operational work plans 经营工作计划245 opinion shopping 意见购买246 other information 其他的信息247 outsourcing internal audit 内审外包248 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的全面复核 249 overdue fees 滞纳金250 overhead absorption 制造费用分配251 periodic plan 定期的计划252 permanent audit files 永久审计档案253 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系254 planning 计划255 population 抽样总体256 precision 精密,准确258 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的初次评估 259 prepayments 预付款项260 presentation and disclosure 表述,披露261 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题262 procedural approach 程序方法263 procedures 程序264 procedures after accepting nomination 接受任命后的审计程序 265 procurement 采购266 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业职责268 provision 备抵,准备269 public duty 公共职责270 public interest 公众利益271 publicity 宣传272 purchase ledger 采购分类账273 purchases and expenses system 采购和费用循环276 qualified opinion 保留意见278 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的性质279 random selection 随机选择280 reasonable assurance 合理保证281 reassessing sampling risk 再评估抽样风险282 reliability 可靠性283 remuneration 报酬284 report to management 对经营的报告285 reporting 报告286 research and development costs 研究和开发成本287 reservation of title 资格保留288 reserves 准备,储备289 revenue and capital expenditure 收入和资本支出290 review 复核291 review and capital expenditure 复核和资本支出295 rights and obligations 权力和义务297 risk and materiality 风险和重要性298 risk-based approach以风险为导向的方法 300 rotation of auditor appointments 审计师的轮换 301 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则 303 sales system 销售制度 304 sales tax 销售税金,营业税 305 sales 销售,销货 306 sample size 样本量 307 sampling risk 抽样风险 308 sampling units抽样单元 309 schedule of unadjusted errors未调整的错误表 310 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部审计的范围和目标 311 segregation of duties 职责划分 312 service organization服务机构313 significant fluctuations or unexpected relationships 重要影响或未预期的亲属关系 314 small entity 小企业 316 sole traders个体营业者318 specimen letter on internal control 内部控制上的样本证书 319 stakeholders利益相关者 320 standardised working papers标准工作底稿321 statement 1:integrity,objectivity and independence声明 1: 完整,客观性和独立322 statement 2:the professional duty of confidence 声明 2: 信任的职业责任 323statement 3: advertising ,publicity and obtaining professional work 声明 3: 广告,宣传和获得职业工作324 statement 5:changes in professional appointment 声明 5: 审计聘任的变更 325 statistical sampling 统计抽样 326 statutory audit 法定审计 328 statutory duty 法定责任 329 stewardship 保管责任人 330 strategic plan 战略性计划 331 stratification 分层 332 subsequent events 期后事项 333 substantive procedures 实证性测试程序 334 substantive tests实质性测试 335 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分的适当审计证据 338 supervision监督339 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督和监控的角色 340 suppliers' statements 供应商的声明 341 system and internal controls 系统和内部控制 342 systematic selection 系统选择法 343 systems-based approach 系统为导向的方法344 tangible non-current assets 有形的非流动资产 345 tendering 投标,清偿346 terms of the engagement 委任的条款347 tests of control 控制的测试348 the AGM 股东大会349 the board 委员会350 three Es 三E原则351 timing 准时352 tolerable error 可容忍误差353 trade accounts payable and purchases 应付帐款354 trade accounts payable listing 应付帐款名单355 training 培训356 treasury 国库,库房357 TRUE 真实358 turnbull committee turnbull 委员会359 ultra vires 越权360 uncertainty 不确定性361 undue dependence 未到(支付)期的未决 362 unqualified audit report 无保留的审计报告 364 using the knowledge 使用知识365 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作366 valuation 计价,估价367 value for money 现金(交易)价格368 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露369 wages and salaries 工资,薪金370 wages system 工资系统371 work in progress 在产品372 working papers 工作底稿。
ACCA F阶段知识整理

ACCA F阶段知识整理ACCA考试科目一共有13门,其中F阶段考试科目一共占了9门课程,其中的重要性不言而喻,那么F阶段和P阶段有什么关联呢?P阶段应该如何选择呢?带着这些疑问一起和高顿ACCA来看看吧。
给大家整理了一套电子版ACCA备考资料,里面有很多ACCA考试资料可供大家选择。
而且在对于上班族来说,电子版的也很适合在地铁上查阅:电子版ACCA 备考资料F1 Accountant in Business这一门倾向于管理方面,课程难度不大,很多常识性的知识点,但是毕竟是ACCA第一门考试,所以刚开始大多数同学都会对很多专业词汇的英文表述不熟悉,加上F1中的知识点比较细碎,因此加大了学习的难度。
建议大家把每章的知识点自己做一个梳理总结,每一章节整理出大框架,可以很好地帮助本科的学习。
F2 Mangement Accounting这一门课是管理会计,课体总体难度不大,差异分析的部分可能有些难度,另外一些财务比率的计算需要掌握,为以后的学习打好基础。
F3 Financial Accounting这一门课是财务会计,属于基础会计学,其中会涉及到会计科目、会计分录、丁字账、试算平衡表等等一系列会计基础知识,对于没有会计基础的同学一开始会觉得一头雾水,但是入了门之后这门课程难度并不算大。
这一门课程是之后F7和P2的学习基础,一定要掌握知识点,同时积累英语专业词汇。
F4 Corporate and Business Law英美法系和大陆体系的不同在于他们使用的是判例法,因此F4中涉及到不同年代各种法律案例,并且有很多专业词汇。
以判例法为主考试难度感觉是在上升,但是通过率在上升F5 Performance Management这门课是管理会计的进阶,对于F2基础打得好的同学拿下这门课应该不在话下。
这门课程总体难度不大,重点在于掌握不同成本法及业绩评价方法的应用。
F6 Taxation这门课90%以上都是计算,是中国考生最拿手的地方。
ACCA F8知识要点汇总 (上)

Risk‐based approach to audit 风险导向型审计: Analyse 分析客户商业、交易和系统中,可能导致重大误报的
风险。直接测试风险区域 testing risky area。
Audit risk is the 'risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial
*考试常见词: Stewardship 管理者;Impartial 不偏不倚;Plausible 貌似有理,花言巧语的
Part 2. Logic of Audit 逻辑 ★重点难点‐必须理解 Assertion 认定 – 考试分值在 10 分
资产负债表认定
对象:All assets, liabilities and equity interests
been included 该披露的都披露,如未决诉讼
Occurrence & rights & obligations Accuracy and valuation
Disclosed events, transactions and other matters have occurred and pertain to the entity. 披露项真实发生,且与企业有关 financial and other information are disclosed fairly and at appropriate amounts 数 值正确性
Part 1. Audit 介绍
*如图所示,审计是受股东委派,直接向股东报告。
External audits For auditor to express their opinion and provide assurance to shareholders that the financial
ACCA-F8-知识点总结

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识点总结ISA 315 (REVISED),IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT THROUGH UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTOne of the major revisions of ISA 315 relates to the inquiries made by external auditors of the internal audit function since internal auditors have better knowledge and understanding of the organisation and its internal control. This article addresses and highlights the components of internal controlThe International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)issues International Standard on Auditing (ISA)for international use. From time to time, ISAs are revised to provide updated standards to auditors. In order to enhance the overall quality of audit, IAASB published a consultation draft on a proposed revision to ISA 315. The objective in revising ISA 315 is to enhance the performance of external auditors by applying the knowledge and findings of an entity’s internal audit function in the risk assessment process, and to strengthen the framework for evaluating the use of internal auditors work to obtain audit evidence.In March 2012, ISA 315 (Revised)was approved and released. One of the major revisions of ISA 315 relates to the inquiries made by external auditors of the internal audit function since internal auditors have better knowledge and understanding of the organisation and its internal control. This article addresses and highlights the components of internal control.OBJECTIVES IN ESTABLISHING INTERNAL CONTROLSGenerally speaking, internal control systems are designed, implemented and maintained by the management and personnel in order to provide reasonable assurance to fulfil the objectives – that is, reliability of financial reporting, efficiency and effectiveness of operations, compliance with laws and regulations and risk assessment of material misstatement. The manner in which the internal control system is designed, implemented and maintained may vary with the entity’s business nature, size and complexity, etc. Auditors focus on both the audit of financial statements and internal controls that relates to the three objectives that may materially affect financial reporting.In order to identify the types of potential misstatements and to determine the nature, timing and extent of audit testing, auditors should obtain an understanding of relevantinternal controls, evaluate the design of the controls, and ascertain whether the controls are implemented and maintained properly.The major components of internal cont rol include control environment, entity’s risk assessment process, information system (including the related business processes, control activities relevant to the audit, relevant to financial reporting, and communication)and monitoring of controls.ACCACONTROL ENVIRONMENTThe control environment consists of the governance and management functions and the attitudes, awareness and actions of the management about the internal control. Auditors may obtain an understanding of the control environments through the following elements.1. Communication and enforcement of integrity and ethical values It is important for the management to create and maintain honest, legal and ethical culture, and to communicate the entity’s ethical and behavioral sta ndards to its employees through policy statements and codes of conduct, etc.2. Commitment to competence It is important that the management recruits competent staff who possess the required knowledge and skills at competent level to accomplish tasks.3. Participation by those charged with governance An entity’s control consciousness is influenced significantly by those charged with governance; therefore, their independence from management, experience and stature, extent of their involvement, as well as the appropriateness of their actions are extremely important.4. Management’s philosophy and operating style Management’s philosophy and operating style consists of a broad range of characteristics, such as management’s attitude to response to business risks, financial reporting, information processing, and accounting functions and personnel, etc. For example, does the targeted earning realistic? Does the management apply aggressive approach where alternative accounting principles or estimates are available? These management’s philosophy and operating style provide a picture to auditors about the management’s attitude about the internal control.5. Organisational structure The organisational structure provides the framework on how the entity’s a ctivities are planned, implemented, controlled and reviewed.6. Assignment of authority and responsibility With the established organisational structure or framework, key areas of authority andreporting lines should then be defined. The assignment of authority and responsibility include the personnel that make appropriate policies and assign resources to staff to carry out the duties. Auditors may perceive the implementation of internal controls through the understanding of the organisational structure and the reporting relationships.7. Human resources policies and practices Human resources policies and practices generally refer to recruitment, orientation, training, evaluation, counselling, promotion, compensation and remedial actions. For example, an entity should establish policies to recruit individuals based on their educational background, previous work experience, and other relevant attributes. Next, classroom and on-the-job training should be provided to the newly recruited staff. Appropriate training is also available to existing staff to keep themselves updated. Performance evaluation should be conducted periodically to review the staff performance and provide comments and feedback to staff on how to improve themselves and further develop their potential and promote to the next level by accepting more responsibilities and, in turn, receiving competitive compensation and benefits.With the ISA 315 (Revised),external auditors are now required to make inquiries of the internal audit function to identify and assess risks of material misstatement. Auditors may refer to the management’s responses of the identified deficiencies of the internal controls and determine whether the management has taken appropriate actions to tackle the problems properly. Besides inquiries of the internal audit function, auditors may collect audit evidence of the control environment through observation on how the employees perform their duties, inspection of the documents, and analytical procedures. After obtaining the audit evidence of the control environment, auditors may then assess the risks of material misstatement.ENTITY’S RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESSAuditors should assess whether the entity has a process to identify the business risks relevant to financial reporting objectives, estimate the significance of them, assess the likelihood of the risks occurrence, and decide actions to address the risks. If auditors have identified such risks, then auditors should evaluate the reasons why the risk assessmentprocess failed to identify the risks, determine whether there is significant deficiency in internal controls in identifying the risks, and discuss with the management.THE INFORMATION SYSTEM, INCLUDING THE RELEVANT BUSINESS PROCESSES, RELEVANT TO FINANCIAL REPORTING AND COMMUNICATIONAuditors should also obtain an understanding of the information system, including the related business processes, relevant to financial reporting, including the following areas:? The classes of transactions in the ent ity’s operations that are significant to the financial statements. The procedures that transactions are initiated, recorded, processed, corrected as necessary, transferred to the general ledger and reported in the financial statements.? How the information system captures events and conditions that are significant to the financial statements.? The financial reporting process used to prepare the entity’s financial statements.? Controls surrounding journal entries.? Understand how the entity communicates financial reporting roles, responsibilities and significant matters to those charged with governance and external – regulatory authorities.CONTROL ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO THE AUDITAuditors should obtain a sufficient understanding of control activities relevant to the audit in order to assess the risks of material misstatement at the assertion level, and to design further audit procedures to respond to those risks. Control activities, such as proper authorisation of transactions and activities, performance reviews, information processing, physical control over assets and records, and segregation of duties, are policies and procedures that address the risks to achieve the management directives are carried out.MONITORING OF CONTROLSIn addition, auditors should obtain an understanding of major types of activities that the entity uses to monitor internal controls relevant to financial reporting and how the entityinitiates corrective actions to its controls. For instance, auditors should obtain an understanding of the sources and reliability of the information that the entity used in monitoring the activities. Sources of information include internal auditor report, and report from regulators.LIMITATIONS OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMSEffective internal control systems can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance to achieve the entity’s financial reporting objective due to the inherent limitations of internal control – for example, management override of internal controls. Therefore, auditors should identify and assess the risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level and assertion level for classes of transactions, account balances and disclosures.CONCLUSIONAs internal auditors have better understanding of the organisation and expertise in its risk and control, the proposed requirement for the external auditors to make enquiries of internal audit function in ISA 315 (Revised)will enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of audit engagements. External auditors should pay attention to the components of internal control mentioned above in order to make effective andefficient enquiries. An increase in the work of internal audit functions is also expected because of such proposed requirement.Raymond Wong, School of Accountancy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Dr Helen Wong, Hong Kong Community College, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityReference ISA 315 (Revised),Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment[文档可能无法思考全面,请浏览后下载,另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意!]。
acca f8知识要点汇总(下)

Part 12. Subsequent Event期后事项定义: Events after the reporting period: events, both favourable and unfavourable, that occurs between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue.区分调整非调整,主要看时间节点:事件发生在报告期后及财报正式公布前;是否对报告期内数值有影响?Adjusting events调整项目★背诵-定义Events which provide evidence of conditions which existed at the end of the reporting period. Non‐adjusting events 非调整事项★背诵-定义Events that relate to conditions which arose after the end of the reporting period✓Resolution of a court case未决诉讼✓Bankruptcy of a major customer主要客户破产 ✓Evidence of NRV of inventories库存的NRV测试 ✓Discovery of fraud or errors that show the financial statements were incorrect财报错误:舞弊和错误 ✓Destruction of major asset, e.g. by flood or fire自然灾害✓Major share transactions大宗股权交易✓Announcement of a plan to close part of a business关闭公司或部门,包括裁员Change the amounts in the financial statements 上述情况都会影响财报的正确性 Disclose non‐adjusting event in a note to the financial statements在财报的notes中披露即可●Auditor's responsiblityPeriod between the year‐end date and the date the auditor’s report is signed财年结束后,至审计报告签署前 The auditor shall perform audit procedures designed to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that all events occurring between the date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report that require adjustment of, or disclosure in, the financial statements have been identified.审计师有积极的责任执行审计程序,来辨别财报是否正确,该披露的是否披露?The auditor is not, however, expected to perform additional audit procedures on matters to which previously applied audit procedures have provided satisfactory conclusions.如果审计师对当年的财务报告已经比较满意了,那么不会再执行额外的审计程序(这句话比较难理解!)Period between the date the auditor’s report is signed and the date the financial statements are issued审计报告已签署,至财报公布前 The auditor has no obligation to perform any audit procedures regarding the financial statements after the date of the auditor’s report.签署审计报告后,审计师没有责任来主动发现问题。
ACCA F8 Level of assurance

Level of assuranceThe degree of assurance given by the impartial professional will depend on the nature of the exercise being carried out.'Assurance' here means the auditors' satisfaction as to the reliability of the assertion made by one party for use by another party.Negative assurance is when an auditor gives an assurance that nothing has come to his attention which indicates that the financial statements have not been prepared according to the framework. In other words, he gives his assurance in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.Directors prepare financial statements for the benefit of members. They assert that the financial statements gives a true and fair view. The auditors provide assurance on that assertion. To provide such assurance, the auditors must:●Assess risk●Plan audit procedures●Conduct audit procedures●Assess results●Express an opinionThe degree of satisfaction achieved and, therefore,the level of assurance which may be provided, is determined by the nature of procedures performed and their results.An external audit can be distinguished from other engagements in the following ways.External audit engagement: the auditor provides a high, but not absolute, level of assurance that the information audited is free of material misstatement. This is expressed positively in the audit report as reasonable assurance.Review engagement:the auditor provides a limited level of assurance that the information subject to review is free of material misstatement. This is expressed in the form of negative assurance.Agreed-upon procedures:the auditor simply provides a report of the factual findings of the engagement agreed by the auditor,entity and any appropriate third parties,so no assurance is expressed. Users of the report must instead judge for themselves the auditor's procedures and findings and draw their own conclusions.Compilation engagement:the practitioner is engaged to use his accounting expertise (as opposed to auditing expertise) to collect, classify and summarise financial information. No assurance is expressed.The following table summarises the different types of engagement that can be carried out by practitioners.Engagement Types of assurance provided ExamplesExternal audit Reasonable -Statutory external audit Review Negative -Review of interim financialstatementsAgreed-upon procedures None -Examination of statement offinancial position-Examination of segmentalsales and profit Compilation None -Preparation of financialstatements-Preparation of tax returnsSufficient appropriate audit evidenceThe appropriateness of audit evidence is the measure of the quality of it, that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor's opinion is based.The sufficiency of audit evidence is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence. The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the auditor's assessment of the risks of material misstatement and also by the quality of such evidence.ISA500 Audit evidence requires auditors to 'design and perform audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances for the purposes of obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence'. 'Sufficiency' and 'appropriateness' are interrelated and apply to both tests of controls and substantive procedures.●Sufficiency is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence.●Appropriateness is the measure of the quality or reliability of the audit evidence.The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the level of risk in the area being audited. It is also affected by the quality of evidence obtained. If the evidence is high quality, the auditor may need less than if it were poor quality. However, obtaining a high quantity of poor quality evidence will not cancel out its poor quality. The ISA requires auditors to consider the relevance and reliability of the information to be used as audit evidence when designing and performing audit procedures.Relevance deals with the logical connection with the purpose of the audit procedure and the assertion under consideration (we look at assertions in the next section). The relevance ofinformation may be affected by the direction of testing.Reliability is influenced by the source and nature of the information, including the controls over its preparation and maintenance. The following generalisations may help in assessing the reliability of audit evidence.QUALITY OF EVIDENCEExternal Audit evidence from external source is morereliable than that obtained from the entity'srecords because it is from an independentsource.Auditor Evidence obtained directly by auditors is morereliable than that obtained indirectly or byinference.Entity Evidence obtained from the entity's records ismore reliable when the related control systemoperates effectively.Written Evidence in the form of documents (paper orelectronic) or written representations aremore reliable than oral representations, sinceoral representations can be retracted. Originals Original documents are more reliable thanphotocopies or facsimiles, which can easily bealtered by the client.Audit filesFor recurring audits, working papers may be split between:Permanent audit files(containing information of continuing importance to the audit). These contain:●Engagement letters●New client questionnaire●The memorandum and articles●Other legal documents such as prospectuses, leases,sales agreement●Details of the history of the client's business●Board minutes of continuing relevance●Previous years' signed accounts, analytical review and management letters●Accounting systems notes, previous years' control questionnairesCurrent audit files (containing information of relevance to the current year's audit). These should be compiled on a timely basis after the completion of the audit and should contain:●Financial statements●Accounts checklists●Management accounts details●Reconciliations of management and financial accounts●A summary of unadjusted errors●Report to partner including details of significant events and errors●Review notes●Audit planning memorandum●Time budgets and summaries●Representation letter●Management letter●Notes of board minutes●Communications with third parties such as experts or other auditorsThey also contain working papers covering each audit area. These should include the following:●A lead schedule including details of the figures to be included in the accounts●Problems encountered and conclusions drawn●Audit programmes●Risk assessments●Sampling plans●Analytical review●Details of substantive tests ane tests of controlIf it is necessary to modify/add new audit documentation to a file after it has been assembled, the auditor should document:●Who made the changes, and when, and by whom they were reviewed●The reasons for making changes●The effect of changes on the auditors' conclusionsIf, in exceptional circumstances, changes are made to an audit file after the audit report has been signed, the auditor should document:●The circumstances●The audit procedures performed, evidence obtained, conclusions drawn●When and by whom changes to audit documents were made an reviewed。
ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识点(1)

ACCA考试《审计与认证业务F8》知识点(1)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布,转载请注明出处THE CONTROL ENVIRONMENT OF A COMPANYThe purpose of this article is to provide candidates with a more detailed appreciation of matters pertinent to an auditor, focusing on the need for the auditor of a large limited liability company (in the UK – a limited company)to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s control environmentISA 315, Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment, sets out the auditor’s responsibility to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements, through understanding the entity and its environment including the entity’s internal control. One of the five components of internal control is the control environment and it is recognised that the control environment within small entities is likely to differ from larger entities. Many candidates have not yet had the opportunity of working in larger entities, or have chosen not to, so have not been exposed to working within the type of strong control environment often referred to in auditing texts. Consequently, they often have limited experience on which to draw when answering exam questions that require anything other than superficial knowledge of an entity’s control environment.This article aims to provide common examples of matters the auditor needs to consider when assessing an entity’s control environment, and in making an assessment as to their impact on the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements. Reflecting the general trend of exam questions testing knowledge of this area, the article focuses on the need for the auditor of a large limited liability company (in the UK – a limited company)to evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s control environment.A company’s control environment comprises seven elements each requiring careful consideration by the company’s auditor, recognising that some elements may be more pertinent than others – depending on the subject company. Each one of these elements is identified below, along with an explanation of specific practical aspects that may be considered by the auditor when evaluating its effectiveness. Candidates should be aware that this process forms part o f the auditor’s assessment of the overall effectiveness of the company’s internal control, relevant to the audit.1 Communication and enforcement of integrity and ethical values Many companies have high values and seek to promote honesty and integrity among their employees on a day-to-day basis. Clearly, if it is evident that such values do exist and are communicated effectively to employees and enforced, this will have the effect of increasing confidence in the design, administration and monitoring of controls – leading to a reduced risk of material misstatement in a company’s financial statements. For example, where a company adopts comprehensive anti-bribery and corruption policies and procedures with regard to contract tendering, and has formal employee notification and checking practices in this regard, it follows that there is reduced risk of material misstatement due to the omission of provisions for fines forthe non-compliance with relevant laws and regulations. Alternatively, the existence in a company of comprehensive and ethical procedures with regard to the granting of credit facilities to customers and the pursuance of payment of for goods and services supplied, together with regular supervisory control in this respect, is likely to lead to increased audit confidence in the trade receivables area. This is because the existence of a system allowing goods and services to be a supplied on credit to customers provides the opportunity for fraud to be perpetrated against the company by employees and customers, particularly if controls are deficient in terms of their design or implementation.2 Commitment to competence Competence is the knowledge and skills necessary to accomplish tasks that define the individual’s job. It is self-evident that if individual employees are tasked with carrying out duties that are beyond their competence levels, then desired objectives are unlikely to be met. For example, there is an increased probability that the objective of avoiding material misstatement in a set of complex financial statements will not be met if prepared by an inexperienced company accountant. This is simply due to the inexperience (translating to a lower competence level)of the accountant. From this, it follows that the auditor will have increased confidence in internal control relevant to the audit, where management have taken measures to ensure employees who participate in internal control are competent to carry out relevant tasks effectively. Measures taken by management in this regard can cover a range of activity including for example, rigorous technical and aptitude testing at the employee recruitment stage and in-house or external training courses and mentoring from more senior colleagues3 Participation by those charged with governance The directors of a limitedliability/limited company are charged with the company’s governance. As such, they are responsible for overseeing the strategic direction of the company and its obligations relatedto its accountability – for example, to governments, shareholders and to society in general. In particular, in most jurisdictions the company’s directors are responsible for the preparation of its financial statements. Given the influence that the actions of directors have on a company’s internal co ntrol, the extent of their day-to-day active involvement in the company’s operations has a pervasive effect on the internal control of the company.The extent to which directors do get involved will, to some extent, depend on legislation or codes of practice setting out guidance for best practice in given jurisdictions. For example, the UK Corporate Governance Code (with which companies listed on the London Stock Exchange should comply)sets out standards of good practice, including those pertaining to board leadership and effectiveness. Notwithstanding legislation and codes of practice, the extent of each director’s participation is largely influenced by the nature of their professional discipline and their individual perspective about how they should carry out their respective roles. Some may see themselves as micromanagers, while others will trust subordinates to carry out defined duties with minimal interference. Frequently, directors will be very experienced and adopt an arms-length approach to getting involved in operational tasks. However, they may insist on monitoring activity by way of receipt of formalnarrative reports. Other directors may adopt a more casual (but equally thorough!)‘working alongside subordinates’ approach as a method of mo nitoring activities.All of the variables mentioned above with regard to director involvement, should be important considerations of an auditor as part of the process of ascertaining the extent of internal control in the company and in assessing its effectiveness.4 Management’s philosophy and operating style A company’s board of directors will comprise of individuals each with a different mind – set as to philosophy and operating style, manifested in characteristics such as their:approach to taking and managing business riskattitudes and actions toward financial reportingattitudes toward information processing and accounting and functions personnel.Each of the above characteristics underlie a company’s control environment and it is crucial for an auditor to have an understanding of them. Dealing with each in turn:Approach to taking and managing business risk. Business risk is the risk inherent in a company as a consequence of its day-to-day operations and it comprises several components. The first of these is financial risk – for example, the risk that the company may have insufficient cash flow to continue in operation. The second component is operational risk –for example, the risk that the company’s product lines may decli ne in popularity leading to a sharp decline in sales and profitability. The final component of business risk is compliance risk – for example, the risk that the company may be in breach of health and safety regulations, leading to the possibility of hefty fines or even the closedown of operational activity.Candidates should be aware that a risk-based approach to an audit requires the identification and assessment of inherent risk factors and then of the control risk pertaining to these, in order to determine the risk of material misstatement, prior to carrying out substantive procedures. By adopting a top-down approach to the audit and first identifying business risks, auditors should be able to identify the associated inherent risks arising. They can then progress through the audit using the audit risk model (audit risk = the risk of material misstatement x detection risk)to determine the amount of detailed testing required in each area of the financial statements. To illustrate this approach, referring to the compliance risk example above, an inherent risk arising from the risk of a breach of health and safety regulations. As a consequence, there is a risk that the company’s liabilities may be understated due to the omission of a provision required in the financial statements, in respect of a fine for a non-compliance.The directors’ approach to taking and managing business risk has obvious ramifications on a company’s financial statements, and the auditor should be aware of the various factors that influence directors in this area, and of applicable controls in place. It is often the case that a newly established company with young entrepreneurial directors and a flat management structure will have a more liberal approach to taking and managing business risk than a well-established company withmore experienced directors, and a steep hierarchical management structure. Consequently, it is likely that there would be a lower level of a risk of material misstatement in the financial statements of the latter company.Attitude and actions toward financial reporting. Financial Reporting Standards exist to help facilitate fairness, consistency and transparency of financial reporting. However, some determinants of profitability such as the measure of depreciation, the valuation of inventoryor the amount of a provision remain open to the subjective judgment of management. Consequently, the auditor needs to gain an understanding of directors’ attitudes and actions to financial reporting issues and then make a judgment as to the extent of reliance that can be placed upon these. It may be that a company that is struggling in a faltering economy, and in another driven by a culture to report increasing profits, there is a tendency to adopt aggressive (as opposed to conservative)accounting principles, in order to meet profit expectations. Clearly, on such audit engagements it is important for the auditor to remain resolute in exercising appropriate levels of professional sceptism throughout.Attitude towards information processing and accounting functions and personnel.Properly financed and resourced with sufficient numbers of appropriately qualified staff and contemporary information and communications technology, the financial reporting (accounting) and information processing functions of a company are vital to a company’s ongoing existence. They are key to the facilitation of compliance with laws and regulations, transactions with third parties, administration and control systems and in the provision of information for decision making. In most very large companies many aspects of the accounting function are inextricably intertwined with specific aspects of the company’s information processing systems, and there is an ongoing programme of investment in these, to ensure that the accounting and information processing systems are contemporary and fit for purpose. This is reflective of a situation where directors recognise that business risk will be significantly reduced, if the company has effective information processing and accounting functions. However, this situation does not apply to all companies. In some, both functions may be seen by the directors merely as necessary functional overhead areas of the business and, as such, they become under-funded and inadequately resourced in terms of staffing and equipment. An auditor engaged on an audit in such a company should be aware that there is an increased risk of material misstatement in the financial statements.5 Organisational structure ISA 315 describes a company’s organisational structure as being ‘the framework within which an entity’s activities for achieving its objectives are planned, executed, controlled and reviewed’。
ACCA F8 Level of assurance

Level of assuranceThe degree of assurance given by the impartial professional will depend on the nature of the exercise being carried out.'Assurance' here means the auditors' satisfaction as to the reliability of the assertion made by one party for use by another party.Negative assurance is when an auditor gives an assurance that nothing has come to his attention which indicates that the financial statements have not been prepared according to the framework. In other words, he gives his assurance in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.Directors prepare financial statements for the benefit of members. They assert that the financial statements gives a true and fair view. The auditors provide assurance on that assertion. To provide such assurance, the auditors must:●Assess risk●Plan audit procedures●Conduct audit procedures●Assess results●Express an opinionThe degree of satisfaction achieved and, therefore,the level of assurance which may be provided, is determined by the nature of procedures performed and their results.An external audit can be distinguished from other engagements in the following ways.External audit engagement: the auditor provides a high, but not absolute, level of assurance that the information audited is free of material misstatement. This is expressed positively in the audit report as reasonable assurance.Review engagement:the auditor provides a limited level of assurance that the information subject to review is free of material misstatement. This is expressed in the form of negative assurance.Agreed-upon procedures:the auditor simply provides a report of the factual findings of the engagement agreed by the auditor,entity and any appropriate third parties,so no assurance is expressed. Users of the report must instead judge for themselves the auditor's procedures and findings and draw their own conclusions.Compilation engagement:the practitioner is engaged to use his accounting expertise (as opposed to auditing expertise) to collect, classify and summarise financial information. No assurance is expressed.The following table summarises the different types of engagement that can be carried out by practitioners.Engagement Types of assurance provided ExamplesExternal audit Reasonable -Statutory external audit Review Negative -Review of interim financialstatementsAgreed-upon procedures None -Examination of statement offinancial position-Examination of segmentalsales and profit Compilation None -Preparation of financialstatements-Preparation of tax returnsSufficient appropriate audit evidenceThe appropriateness of audit evidence is the measure of the quality of it, that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor's opinion is based.The sufficiency of audit evidence is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence. The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the auditor's assessment of the risks of material misstatement and also by the quality of such evidence.ISA500 Audit evidence requires auditors to 'design and perform audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances for the purposes of obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence'. 'Sufficiency' and 'appropriateness' are interrelated and apply to both tests of controls and substantive procedures.●Sufficiency is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence.●Appropriateness is the measure of the quality or reliability of the audit evidence.The quantity of audit evidence required is affected by the level of risk in the area being audited. It is also affected by the quality of evidence obtained. If the evidence is high quality, the auditor may need less than if it were poor quality. However, obtaining a high quantity of poor quality evidence will not cancel out its poor quality. The ISA requires auditors to consider the relevance and reliability of the information to be used as audit evidence when designing and performing audit procedures.Relevance deals with the logical connection with the purpose of the audit procedure and the assertion under consideration (we look at assertions in the next section). The relevance ofinformation may be affected by the direction of testing.Reliability is influenced by the source and nature of the information, including the controls over its preparation and maintenance. The following generalisations may help in assessing the reliability of audit evidence.QUALITY OF EVIDENCEExternal Audit evidence from external source is morereliable than that obtained from the entity'srecords because it is from an independentsource.Auditor Evidence obtained directly by auditors is morereliable than that obtained indirectly or byinference.Entity Evidence obtained from the entity's records ismore reliable when the related control systemoperates effectively.Written Evidence in the form of documents (paper orelectronic) or written representations aremore reliable than oral representations, sinceoral representations can be retracted. Originals Original documents are more reliable thanphotocopies or facsimiles, which can easily bealtered by the client.Audit filesFor recurring audits, working papers may be split between:Permanent audit files(containing information of continuing importance to the audit). These contain:●Engagement letters●New client questionnaire●The memorandum and articles●Other legal documents such as prospectuses, leases,sales agreement●Details of the history of the client's business●Board minutes of continuing relevance●Previous years' signed accounts, analytical review and management letters●Accounting systems notes, previous years' control questionnairesCurrent audit files (containing information of relevance to the current year's audit). These should be compiled on a timely basis after the completion of the audit and should contain:●Financial statements●Accounts checklists●Management accounts details●Reconciliations of management and financial accounts●A summary of unadjusted errors●Report to partner including details of significant events and errors●Review notes●Audit planning memorandum●Time budgets and summaries●Representation letter●Management letter●Notes of board minutes●Communications with third parties such as experts or other auditorsThey also contain working papers covering each audit area. These should include the following:●A lead schedule including details of the figures to be included in the accounts●Problems encountered and conclusions drawn●Audit programmes●Risk assessments●Sampling plans●Analytical review●Details of substantive tests ane tests of controlIf it is necessary to modify/add new audit documentation to a file after it has been assembled, the auditor should document:●Who made the changes, and when, and by whom they were reviewed●The reasons for making changes●The effect of changes on the auditors' conclusionsIf, in exceptional circumstances, changes are made to an audit file after the audit report has been signed, the auditor should document:●The circumstances●The audit procedures performed, evidence obtained, conclusions drawn●When and by whom changes to audit documents were made an reviewed。
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序号英语汉语1 ability to perform the work 能力履行工作2 acceptance procedures 承兑程序过程3 accountability 经管责任,问责性4 accounting estimate 会计估计5 accounts receivable listing 应收帐款挂牌6 accounts receivable 应收账款7 accruals listing 应计项目挂牌8 accruals 应计项目9 accuracy 准确性10 adverse opinion 否定意见11 aged analysis 年老的分析(法,学)研究12 agents 代理人13 agreed-upon procedures 约定审查业务14 analysis of errors 错误的分析(法,学)研究15 anomalous error 反常的错误16 appointment ethics 任命伦理学17 appointment 任命18 associated firms 联合的坚挺19 association of chartered certifiedaccounts(ACCA)特计的证(经执业的结社 (ACCA)20 assurance engagement 保证债务21 assurance 保证22 audit 审计,审核,核数23 audit acceptance 审计承兑24 audit approach 审计靠近25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组26 ahudit engagement 审计业务约定书27 audit evaluation 审计评价28 audit evidence 审计证据29 audit plan 审计计划30 audit program 审计程序31 audit report as a means of communication 审计报告如一个通讯方法32 audit report 审计报告33 audit risk 审计风险34 audit sampling 审计抽样35 audit staffing 审计工作人员36 audit timing 审计定时37 audit trail 审计线索38 auditing standards 审计准则39 auditors' duty of care 审计(查帐)员的抚养责任40 auditors' report 审计报告41 authority attached to ISAs 代理权附上到国际砂糖协定42 automated working papers 自动化了工作文件43 bad debts 坏账44 bank 银行45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表46 beneficial interests 受益权47 best value 最好的价值48 business risk 经营风险49 cadbury committee cadbury 委员会50 cash count 现金盘点51 cash system 兑现系统52 changes in nature of engagement 改变债务的性质上53 charges and commitments 费用和评论54 charities 宽大55 chinese walls chinese 墙壁56 chronology of an audit 一审计的年代表57 CIS application controls CIS 申请控制58 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers CIS 环境单机微型计算器59 client screening 委托人甄别60 closely connected 接近地连接61 clubs 俱乐部62 communications between auditors and management 通讯在审计(查帐)员和经营之间63 communications on internal control 内部控制上的通讯64 companies act 公司法65 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表66 comparatives 比较的67 competence 能力68 compilation engagement 编辑债务69 completeness 完整性70 completion of the audit 审计的结束71 compliance with accounting regulations 符合~的作法会计规则72 computers assisted audit techniques (CAATs) 计算器援助的审计技术 (CAATs)73 confidence 信任74 confidentiality 保密性75 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收帐款的查证76 conflict of interest 利益冲突77 constructive obligation 建设的待付款78 contingent asset 或有资产79 contingent liability 或有负债80 control environment 控制环境81 control procedures 控制程序82 control risk 控制风险83 controversy 论战84 corporate governance 公司治理,公司管制85 corresponding figures 相应的计算86 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本87 cost 成本88 courtesy 优待89 creditors 债权人90 current audit files 本期审计档案91 database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理制度 (数据管理系统)92 date of report 报告的日期93 depreciation 折旧,贬值94 design of the sample 样品的设计95 detection risk 检查风险96 direct verification approach 直接核查法97 directional testing 方向的抽查98 directors' emoluments 董事酬金99 directors' serve contracts 董事服务合约100 disagreement with management 与经营的不一致101 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见102 distributions 分销,分派103 documentation of understanding and assessmentof control risk控制风险的协商和评定的文件编集104 documenting the audit process 证明审计程序105 due care 应有关注106 due skill and care 到期的技能和谨慎107 economy 经济108 education 教育109 effectiveness 效用,效果110 efficiency 效益,效率111 eligibility / ineligibility 合格 / 无被选资格112 emphasis of matter 物质的强调113 engagement economics 债务经济学114 engagement letter 业务约定书115 error 差错116 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计手序的结果评估117 examinations 检查118 existence 存在性119 expectations 期望差距120 expected error 预期的错误121 experience 经验122 expert 专家123 external audit 独立审计124 external review reports 外部的评论报告125 fair 公正126 fee negotiation 费谈判127 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的确定评定128 final audit 期末审计129 financial statement assertions 财政报告宣称130 financial 财务131 finished goods 产成品132 flowcharts 流程图133 fraud and error 舞弊134 fraud 欺诈135 fundamental principles 基本原理136 general CIS controls 一般的 CIS 控制137 general reports to mangement 对 (牛犬等的)疥癣的一般报告138 going concern assumption 持续经营假设139 going concern 持续经营140 goods on sale or return 货物准许退货买卖141 goodwill 商誉142 governance 统治143 greenbury committee greenbury 委员会144 guidance for internal auditors 指导为内部审计员145 hampel committee hampel 委员会146 haphazard selection 随意选择147 hospitality 款待148 human resources 人力资源149 IAPS 1000 inter-bank confirmation procedures IAPS 1000 在中间- 银行查证程序过程150 IAPS 1001 CIS environments-stand-alonemicrocomputersIAPS 1001 CIS 环境-单机微型计算器151 IAPS 1002 CIS environments-on-line computersystemsIAPS 1002 CIS 环境-(与主机)联机计算器系统152 IAPS 1003 CIS environments-database systems IAPS 1003 CIS 环境- 数据库系统153 IAPS 1005 the special considerations in theaudit of small entities在小的个体审计中的 IAPS 1005 特别的考虑154 IAS 2 inventories 信息家电 2 库存155 IAS 10 events after the balance sheet date在平衡 sheeet 日期後面的信息家电 10 事件156 IFAC's code of ethics for professionalaccountantsIFAC's 道德准则为职业会计师157 income tax 所得税158 incoming auditors 收入审计(查帐)员159 independent estimate 独立的估计160 ineligible for appointment 无被选资格的为任命161 information technology 信息技术162 inherent risk 固有风险163 initial communication 签署通讯164 insurance 保险165 intangibles 无形166 integrity 完整性167 interim audit 中期审计168 internal auditing 内部审计169 internal auditors 内部审计师170 internal control evaluation questionnaires(ICEQs)内部控制评价调查表171 internal control questionnaires (ICQs) 内部控制调查表172 internal control system 内部控制系统173 internal review assignment 内部的评论转让174 international audit and assurance standardsboard (IAASB)国际的审计和保证标准登船 (IAASB)175 international auditing practice statements(IAPSs)国际的审计实务声明 (IAPSs)176 international federation of accountants (IFAC) 国际会计师联合会 (IFAC)177 inventory system 盘存制度178 inventory valuation 存货估价179 ISA 230 documentation 文件编制180 ISA 240 fraud and error 国际砂糖协定 240 欺诈和错误181 ISA 250 consideration of law and regulations 法和规则的国际砂糖协定 250 考虑182 Isa 260 communications of audit matters withthose charge governance审计物质的国际砂糖协定 260 通讯由于那些索价统治183 isa 300 planning isa 300 计划编制184 isa 310 knowledge of the business 企业的 isa 310 知识185 isa 320 audit materiality 审计重要性186 isa 400 accounting and internal control isa 400 会计和内部控制187 isa 402 audit considerations relating toentities using service organisations与正在使用的个体有关的 isa 402个审计考虑服务组织188 isa 500 audit evidence 审计证据189 isa 501 audit evidence-additionalconsiderations for specific itemsisa 501个审计证据- 补偿为特殊条款190 isa 510 external confirmations isa 510个外部的查证191 isa 520 analytical procedures 分析性程序192 isa 530 audit sampling 审计抽样193 isa 540 audit of accounting estimates 解释估计的 isa 540 审计194 isa 560 subsequent events 期后事项195 isa 580 management representations 管理当局声明书196 isa 610 considering the work of internalauditingisa 610 以内部审计的工作看来197 isa 620 using the work of an expert isa 620 使用专家的工作198 isa 700 auditors' report on financialstatements财务报表上的 isa 700 审计(查帐)员的报告199 isa 710 comparatives isa 710个比较的200 isa 720 other information in documentscontaining audited financial statementsisa 720 证券包含 audited 财务报表的其他信息201 isa 910 engagement to review financialstatementsisa 910 债务复阅财务报表202 isas and rss isas 和 rss203 joint monitoring unit 连接检验单位204 knowledge of the entity's business 个体的企业知识205 law and regulations 法和规则206 legal and regulations 法定权利和规则207 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任208 levels of assurance 保险程度,保障水平209 liability 负债210 limitation on scope 审计范围限制211 limitation of audit 审计的提起诉讼的限期212 limitations of controls system 控制系统的提起诉讼的限期213 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿214 litigation 诉讼215 loans 借款,贷款216 long term liabilities 长期负债217 lowballing lowballing218 management 管理219 management integrity 经营完整220 management representation letter 管理当局声明书221 marketing 推销,营销,市场学222 material inconsistency 决定性的前后矛盾223 material misstatements of fact 重大误报224 materiality 重要性225 measurement 计量226 microcomputers 微型计算器227 modified reports 变更报告228 narrative notes 叙述证券229 nature 性质230 negative assurance 消极保证231 net realizable value 可实现净值232 non-current asset register 非本期的财产登记233 non-executive directors 非执行董事234 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险235 non-statutory audits 目标236 objectivity 客观性237 obligating event 负有责任事件238 obligatory disclosure 有拘束的揭示239 obtaining work 获得工作240 occurrence 出现241 on-line computer systems (与主机)联机计算器系统242 opening balances 期初余额243 operational audits 经营审计,作业审计244 operational work plans 操作上的工作计划245 opinion shopping 意见购物246 other information 其他的信息247 outsourcing internal audit 支援外包的内部核数248 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的包括一切的评论249 overdue fees 超储未付费250 overhead absorption 管理费用分配251 periodic plan 定期的计划252 permanent audit files 永久审计档案253 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系254 planning 计划编制255 population 抽样总体256 precision 精密257 preface to ISAs and RSs 国际砂糖协定的序文和债券附卖回交易258 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定259 prepayments 预付款项260 presentation and disclosure 提示和揭示261 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题262 procedural approach 程序上的靠近263 procedures 程序264 procedures after accepting nomination 程序过程在接受提名之后265 procurement 采购266 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业责任267 projection of errors 错误的规划268 provision 备抵,准备269 public duty 公共职责270 public interest 公众利益271 publicity 宣传272 purchase ledger 购货分类账273 purchases and expenses system 买和费用系统274 purchases cut-off 买截止275 put on enquiry 询价上的期货买卖276 qualified opinion 保留意见277 qualifying disclosure 合格揭示278 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的性质上的方面279 random selection 随机选择280 reasonable assurance 合理保证281 reassessing sampling risk 再评价抽样风险282 reliability 可靠性283 remuneration 报酬284 report to management 对经营的报告285 reporting 报告286 research and development costs 研究和开发成本287 reservation of title 保留288 reserves 准备,储备289 revenue and capital expenditure 岁入和资本支出290 review 评论291 review and capital expenditure 评论和资本支出292 review 评论293 review engagement 复阅债务294 rights 认股权295 rights and obligations 认股权和待付款296 rights to information 对信息的认股权297 risk and materiality 风险和重要性298 risk-based approach 以风险为基础的方式299 romalpa case romalpa 个案300 rotation of auditor appointments 审计(查帐)员任命的循环301 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则302 sales cut-off 销售截止303 sales system 销售(货)制度304 sales tax 销售税,营业税305 sales 销售,销货306 sample size 样本量307 sampling risk 抽样风险308 sampling units 抽样单位309 schedule of unadjusted errors 未调整的错误表310 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部核数的范围和目标311 segregation of duties 职责划分312 service organization 服务组织313 significant fluctuations or unexpectedrelationships可重视的 (市价)波动或不能预料的亲属关系314 small entity 小的个体315 smaller entities 比较小的个体316 sole traders 个体营业者317 sources of knowledge 知识的根源318 specimen letter on internal control 内部控制上的样本证书319 stakeholders 赌款保存人320 standardised working papers 标准化工作文件321 statement 1:integrity,objectivity andindependence声明 1: 完整,客观性和独立322 statement 2:the professional duty of confidence 声明 2: 信任的职业责任323 statement 3: advertising ,publicity andobtaining professional work声明 3: 广告法(学) ,宣传和获得专业性工作324 statement 5:changes in professionalappointment声明 5: 在职业上的任命中的改变325 statistical sampling 统计抽样326 statutory audit 法定审计327 statutory books 法定卷册328 statutory duty 法定责任329 stewardship 总管的职务330 strategic plan 战略性计划331 stratification 分层332 subsequent events 期后事项333 substantive procedures 实词程序过程334 substantive tests 实质性测试335 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分的适当审计证据336 summarising errors summarising 错误337 sundry accruals 杂的应计项目338 supervision 监督339 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督的和检验角色340 suppliers' statements 供应商的声明341 system and internal controls 系统和内部的控制342 systematic selection 系统选择法343 systems-based approach 以系统为基础的方式344 tangible non-current assets 有形的非流动资产345 tendering 投标,清偿346 terms of the engagement 债务的条件347 tests of control 控制的证人348 the AGM 周年大会349 the board 委员会350 three Es 三 Es351 timing 定时352 tolerable error 可容忍误差353 trade accounts payable and purchases 贸易应付帐款和买354 trade accounts payable listing 贸易应付帐款挂牌355 training 培训356 treasury 国库,库房357 TRUE 真实358 turnbull committee turnbull 委员会359 ultra vires 越权360 uncertainty 不确定性361 undue dependence 未到(支付)期的未决362 unqualified audit report 无条件的审计报告363 unqualified report 无条件的报告364 using the knowledge 使用知识365 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作366 valuation 计价,估价367 value for money 现金(交易)价格368 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露369 wages and salaries 工资,薪金370 wages system 工资系统371 work in progress 在产品372 working papers 工作底稿。