词汇学
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lexicology
题型：
1.填空（30*1=30）
2.解释（10*1=10）
3.主观题（2*10=20）
4.分析词汇学现象（10）
5.翻译（15*2=30）
考点：
Chapter 2 Language proper
1.Genetic classification p15: English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the
Indo-European family.
2.Structural classification: synthetic language & analytic language p22
A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections(变音，转调). An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.
Old English (OE 450-1100)synthetic language
The history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.
Characteristics of Old English:
1)They had complex inflectional systems for nouns, pronouns, articles, verbs, and adverbs.
2)They had great flexibility in sentence word order made possible by the extensive sets of
inflections.
Middle English (ME 1100-1500)
The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.
Middle English developed rapidly toward becoming an analytic language.
Modern English analytic language
The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English.
Characteristics of Modern English
1)Great Vowel Shift ※
2)Inflections continued to disappear, making Modern English an analytic language.
3)The word order of English sentences became more and more firmly fixed.
p.s. 同过OE & ME的characteristics来分析English 是怎样完成从synthetic language 到analytic language 转变的。
3.Four groups of loan words p51
1.Aliens
2.Denizens
3.Translation-loans
4.Semantic borrowings
p.s.单词给出，请问是从哪里借来的词？注意与foreign elements in the English vocabulary相结合记忆
4.Mixed nature of English vocabulary
1)Anglo Saxon, Jutes, native English
2)Scandinavian p53
3)French (1066 Norman Conquest) p55
4)Latin & Greek (Renaissance) p59
5)colonialism (the British Empire) p29
6)Other languages (New world, the rise of U.S.)
Chapter 3 synonym, antonym, polysemy, homonym, hyponymy
1.Synonyms p97 (the source of synonyms)
Lexical items have the same meanings. But they could not be identical in meaning, interchangeable in all contexts.
Differences between synonyms p100
1)Absolute synonyms
2)Relative synonyms
i)In shade of meaning
ii)In stylistic
iii)In collocation
iv)In range of use
2.Antonyms p103 (Antonyms are really synonyms ---of a special kind.)
Semantic classification：p104 p.s.分清三种反义词
1)Contraries :semantic polarity & gradualness
Gradualness: Placed at both extremes of a scale. Grading is bound up with the operation of comparison.
E.g. Beautiful – ugly (beautiful – pretty – good–looking – plain – ugly)
Love – hate (love - attachment – liking -indifference- antipathy –hate)