英语词汇学期末论文

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大学英语论文2500字：词汇

大学英语论文2500字：词汇能力与知识的关系，相信大家都很清楚。

知识不是能力，但却是获得能力的前提与基础。

而要将知识转化为能力，需要个体的社会实践。

下面是编辑老师为大家准备的大学英语论文2500字。

一、词汇教学与语音教学相结合学习英语单词，首先是要能正确发音。

如果不能正确朗读单词，不仅人家无法理解你要表达的意思，而且你也无法听懂人家的话。

不能正确发音，既不能很好发展听的能力，也不能顺利地同别人进行交流。

正确发音还有利于学生正确拼写单词。

英语是一种拼音文字，它的发音与拼写之间有着非常的联系。

我们在词汇教学中，先让学生通过听英语单词分辨出单词的读音之后，再进行读音规则的教学，使学生能够根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼写出来。

结合字母音和在其单词中相同读音进行拼读训练。

学习字母A时，可列出lake take name，让学生拼读。

学生在读完一个单词之后，可将辅音变换进行替换练习，如将lake中的“l”替换成b，c，d，f，g ，h，j，m，n，p，r，s，t，以培养学生的拼读能力。

采用类推方式。

如学生已学过farm，在学习，bark，mark这些词时，先让学生复习farm，然后让学生尝试读bark，mark 这些词。

让学生归类。

可让学生对同一字母或字母组合在不同单词中的读音进行归类。

这就解决了学生掌握词汇的一个很重要的问题 --拼写单词。

使学生掌握单词中字母及组合的读音规律，能够做到听词能写, 见词会读。

二、融构词法于词汇教学之中英语是一种适应性和灵活性很强的语言。

在其总词汇量中，除了数量很少的基础词汇是本族语外，大部分词汇是在借用拉丁语词根和希腊语词根的基础上加以英化的。

在课堂的教学中，我们要求学生熟记一些词根。

根据词缀在新词中不同位置，可分为前缀和后缀两种。

前缀改变原词的意思，但通常不改变原词的词性;后缀加在词干的末尾，改变原词的意思，并且在很多情况下改变原词的词性。

借助前缀、后缀、[作者简介] 郭丽杰 (1963- )，女，副教授，研究方向：大学英语教学。

英语词汇学论文---构词的缩略法

构词的缩略法引言：在英语词汇学中，缩略法（abbreviation或shortening)是把词的音节省略或简化而产生新词的构词方法。

用这种构词法产生的单词有于结构简单、释义清楚、使用方便，已经成为现代英语重要的构词方法之一。

通过缩词法可以有效的帮助学生学习和记忆英语单词，因为各个语言都有简化的存在，运用缩略法构成的一个新词取代原来许多的词，使表达更加趋向简洁。

而在英语构词法的缩略法当中，有截短词、首字母缩略词、首字母拼音词和拼缀词。

本文对这些类型的缩略词将进行简单的解释。

关键词：截除首字母拼缀缩略法简要概括：不增减意义, 也不改变词义, 把词的音节加以省略或简化而产生的词统称为缩略词, 这种构词法称为缩略法。

随着社会的发展, 生活节奏的加快, 无论是讲话还是写文章都要求节省时间和篇幅, 缩略法正顺应了英语这种逐渐简化的趋势。

缩略法不是创造新词, 而是将原词缩短, 或将原来固定词组、复合词简略缩写而成缩略词。

英语中缩略词形式繁多, 如:cig (cigarette) , phone (telephone) , fridge (refrigerator) , daily (daily paper) 等等。

是将一个较长的词或短语缩短, 截去原来单词的一部分而使用剩下的部分构成的新词。

VOA (Voice of America) , IOC (International Olympic Committee) ,TV (Television) , ID (Identification card) 等等, 是运用首字母拼音法将社会组织、政治组织或特殊名词短语以及技术术语的名称的首字母结合起来构成的新词。

一、截短词截短词是截除原词的某一（或某些）音节或“截头去尾”的方法产生新词的构词方法。

在这其中，分为截除词尾、截除词首、截除首尾和截除词腰。

大约自18世纪, 英语中出现了截短词, 如笛福在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中用了though的截短形式。

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法专业：英语班级：13级3班学号：201313010309姓名：黄旷静完成时间：2015年1月14号浅析英语词汇巧记法摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。

尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。

其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。

为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。

关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率一．读音记忆法1.拼读法英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。

例如ay读[ei]。

带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。

Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i:culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来2.谐音法尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。

但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。

用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。

用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。

例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴]think想[联想：想时要“深刻”]二．联想法1.拆分联想科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。

2021小学英语词汇教学论文(优选论文6篇)范文1

2021小学英语词汇教学论文（优选论文6篇）范文词汇学习是英语学习的中心任务,离开了词汇,听,说,读,写,译这些语言技能将无法立足。

没有一定的词汇量,则无法运用我们所学的句法结构进行有效的交际。

下面是搜素整理的小学英语词汇教学论文，以供参考。

小学英语词汇教学论文第一篇：小学生英语词汇学习中思维导图的运用摘要：目前,小学英语词汇教学存在成效不显着的问题,不少学生学了词汇后,不知词义,不会书写,不能发声。

思维导图将抽象的思维变成可画、可看、可循的轨迹图,打开了英语词汇教学改革的大门,是教师提高词汇教学效果行之有效的工具。

教师可参照我国学者贾彦德提出的同义义场、反义义场、语义场词汇的分类引导学生绘制思维导图,并在课堂教学中设置情境,在情境中赋予词汇具体意义。

关键词：思维导图;语义场; 词汇教学; 小学英语; 一、问题提出与现状分析威尔金斯认为,“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零”。

词汇在语言教学中具有极其重要的作用。

然而,实际上词汇就像是一头拦路虎,成为教师和学生心中共同的“痛”,教师苦于词汇难教,学生抱怨词汇难记。

笔者就小学英语词汇教学情况开展了问卷调查,数据统计发现,87%的教师认为学生在课堂中对所学词汇的掌握情况一般,3%的教师认为效果不好,仅有10%的教师认为学生掌握速度较快。

那么,学生识记词汇时面临的主要问题在什么地方呢85%的教师认为是词义学习,81%的教师认为是词汇拼写,75%的教师认为是词汇读音。

从以上数据可以看出,小学英语课堂中的词汇教学成效不显着,不少学生学了词汇后,不知词义,不会书写,不能发声。

究其原因,主要包括如下几个方面: 第一,学生学习主动性不强。

在问卷调查中,认为学生不愿意主动学词汇的教师占比高达88%,表明在课堂中学生学习词汇的主动性不强,对词汇学习缺乏兴趣,学习非常被动。

小学阶段的学生活泼、好动、可塑性强,这就需要教师找到符合学生天性的方法,充分激发出学生的学习兴趣,营造好学、乐学的学习氛围。

词汇学论文

英语的发展这学期我们学习了词汇学这门课程，从这门课程的学习中我了解了英语发展的历史。

从这门课的学习中，我知道了英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。

(一) 古英语时期 (Old English Period, 450-1150)。

有记载的英语语言起始于449年，当时包括央格鲁－撒克逊人（Angles-Saxons）在内的德国部落入侵大不列颠。

他们把原来的居民凯尔特人（the Celts）赶到不列颠的北部和西部角落。

凯尔特人的领袖King Arthur带领部队勇敢作战，英勇抗击德国入侵者。

这之后在不列颠岛上央格鲁人、撒克逊人和一些德国部落都说着各自的英语。

尽管85％的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇如：child, foot, house, man, sun等等还是保留下来。

和现代英语相比，古英语中的外来词很少，但派生词缀较多。

古英语中还有较多描述性的复合词。

如“音乐”是earsport；“世界”是age of man。

在著名的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）中对此有详尽描述。

这是最早居住在不列颠(Britain) 的民族塞尔特人所说的塞尔特语(Celtic)，他们虽然最早到英国，但留下来的事迹不多，现在威尔斯、苏格兰高地仍有人说塞尔特语。

公元前43年凯撒大帝征服不列颠，罗马人统治不列颠人，同时也将当时罗马人使用的拉丁语传入，但并未被一般老百姓采用。

公元410年罗马帝国自英国撤离，这时，来自英国北方的皮刺人 (Picts) 和苏格兰人分别从南部和西北侵扰，不列颠无力抵抗，只好求救于往昔经常困扰罗马军队的日耳曼人。

根据大英民族编年史的记载，日耳曼民族于公元449年在英格兰登陆，将日耳曼语带到英国，而发展成现在的英语，因此，英语是属于印欧语系Indo-European 日耳曼语族的语言。

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。

可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。

一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。

有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。

然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。

语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。

二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。

语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。

但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。

为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。

从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。

三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。

皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。

词汇学期末论文

A brief introduction of the major differences between British English and American EnglishAbstractThis article describes some of the main differences in the English of British and American speakers. Differences in the way that the same language is spok en in different places are called varieties or dialects. These varieties may be regional or national. For example, we can hear different forms of English in various regions of the UK, or in different parts of the English-speaking world. There are numerous varieties of English, such as Indian English, Australian English, and West African English. But for historical reasons, British English and American English are the two most influential varieties and it is the differences between these two that we will discuss here.Key Words：British English，American English，differences，varieties，dialects，IntroductionAmerican and British English are dialects of English which have a recognised standard form and are equally acceptable in Academic English as long as the style and register used are appropriately formal. There are no significant differences in the academic form of other varieties of English.These tend to resemble either the American or British form. For example, Australian English generally uses the same spelling as British English. Those people who complain about the difficulties of learning German, don't know how lucky they really are - they only have one language to master. Admittedly, there are regional differences of dialect in German-speaking countries, but the non-native speaker who has learned Hochdeutsch (high or standard German) should have no problems in making himself understood by citizens of Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The difficulty for the nonnative learner of English on the other hand is that there is no standard English form. He is confronted with two English dialects to learn: British English and American English (leaving aside Australian, Indian, South AfricanEnglish etc.) And despite the many cross-cultural influences, it seems that the vocabularies, spellings and pronunciations of these two dialects are diverging year by year.To be consistent in his use of English and, more importantly, to be understood , the nonnative speaker needs to know which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for sake of communication, but also to avoid embarrassment. For example, if a Londoner tells a resident of New Y ork that she has left her child's dummy in the pram and its nappy in the boot, she will merely be greeted with a look of bewilderment. If the New Y orker then tells the London woman that she has nice pants, he may well wonder why she doesn't seem to take his remark as a compliment.What follows are brief examples of the major areas of difference between the two languages:Spelling differencesThe most noticeable difference in the academic context is in spelling. Where there are differences between British English (BE) and American English (AE) spelling, it can be said that American English has the more economical and phonetic spelling. Unnecessary letters are left out andIn general, both American and British spelling are acceptable, but it is important to be consistent, at least with the use of the same word - theatre or theater, but not both - and in your choice of ize or ise endings as in criticize or criticise, plagiarize or plagiarise. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English gives British, American and Australian English spelling. American spelling tends to reflect pronunciation and British spelling tends to reflect grammatical or historical implications as well.However, there may be advantages in using British spelling in certain situations. For instance, two forms: programme and program exist in British English. The former can be a noun referring to television programmes or programmes of events (plans, conferences, a theatre programme etc.). The latter can be a noun referring to computerprograms. Both forms can be verbs, but there is no spelling distinction between them except in the infinitive form (as in She learned how to program the computer to calculate the value of the pound against the Euro at twelve hourly intervals) and the present tense. If you wish to make reference to both meanings in your writing, then British English makes a useful reference (meaning) distinction between the two, while American English has only one form program to refer to both.An obvious example is the omission in AE of the letter u in words such as color, neighbor, honor etc. Compare also the AE words traveling, jewelry and program with their BE counterparts travelling, jewellery and programme. However, this rule does not always apply. For example, you would expect skilful to be the AE spelling and skillful the BE spelling, but unfortunately you would be wrong!Pronunciation differencesThere are a number of easy-to-hear differences in the way that English is pronounced by British and American speakers. Here we will look at the following areas: stress, some vowel sounds, and vowels followed by an 'r'.British and American speakers have different stress patterns in their speech when they say certain words with two or more syllables. For example:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishballet/b le/ /b le/debris/debri/ /d bri/The same differences can be heard in words like gourmet, chalet, garage, parquet, and paté. In words with several syllables like secretary, American speakers emphasize the ending more than British speakers, so that the word seems to have an extra syllable:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishsecretary/sekr tri/ /sekr teri/territory/ter tri/ /ter t ri/There are of course great regional differences in pronunciation within both countries, but the following is a list of words which are pronounced differently by most Americans and most British. The difference in lies either in using different vowel sounds or by stressing the word in a different place.Vocabulary differencesAs a percentage of the total English vocabulary the number of words which are used only in one or the other country is very small, but the problem for learners of English is that these words are among the most common in the language. There are many words that are used almost exclusively by Americans which are understood by most Britons, and vice versa. But there are others which can cause difficulty. For example, most Britons know that Americans call biscuits cookies and flats apartments, but not so many know what an alumnus or a fender is. Similarly, Americans know that what they call their yard is called a garden in Britain and that trucks are lorries, but common British English words like plimsolls or off-licence may mean nothing to them.Grammar differencesBritish English and American English grammar are mostly in agreement; there are however some interesting variations. For example there are differences in certain verb forms. In AE the past tense of fit is fit; in BE it is fitted. Americans say I've gotten to know her well; Britons I've got to know her well. In BE the present perfect tense is used for situations in which AE would typically use the past simple. For exampleusing the words just or already, Britons would be more likely to say: I've just seen him or I've already done it whereas in AE it would be common to hear I just saw him or I already did it.As another example, Americans are much more likely to be technically correct in the agreement of collective noun and verb form than Britons. So in standard AE it would be: The team is playing well this season whereas in BE it is common and acceptable to say The team are playing well. Similar differences can be seen in the use of words like government, committee etc.: The government is .. (AE), The government are .. (BE).American English accepts the use of the simple past tense with just, already and yet (Did you see him yet?/He just went out?/Did you go there already?) while British English requires the use of the present perfect (Have you seen him yet?/He has just gone out/Have you been there already?) In Academic English, the British form is preferable as the American form tends to be perceived as informal (rather than inaccurate).Particle differences - Clinton met with the representatives of the Daughters of the Revolution / Clinton met the representatives - are not significant, though British markers may 'correct' the with as it seems informal.American English can make what British English considers to be uncountable nouns plural, for example technologies. When this occurs with formal, technical vocabulary in a specific context - the new technologies - British English, over time, tends to adopt the same form.Semantics differencesThere are two important types of difference in the meanings of words in the two varieties:1 The same object may have a completely different name2 The same word is used in both varieties, but it mayhave a completely different meaning.Type 1: same object, different namesSome of the biggest differences are in the words used for basic everyday things, such as common foods, household equipment, and the parts of a car. For example:British word American wordmobile phone cellphonepetrol gastap faucetcooker stovedustbin garbage canaubergine eggplantsweets candybonnet (on a car) hoodboot (on a car) trunkwindscreen windshieldType 2: same word, different meaningsDifferences of this type can be very confusing, even for people whose first language is English. The Macmillan English Dictionary provides over 25 special usage notes that deal with these American/British 'false friends'.word British meaning American meaningfootba ll a game played all over the world,with a round ball that the players kick(but do not throw). Americanspeakers call this game soccer.a game played in the US, with anegg-shaped ball that the players canthrow or kick. British speakers callthis game American football.chips long thin pieces of potato, fried and eaten hot. American speakers callthese fries or French fries. thin flat pieces of potato, fried and eaten cold. Also called potato chips. British speakers call these crisps.vest a piece of underwear that you wearunder a shirt. American speakers callthis an undershirt.a piece of clothing with buttons on thefront and no sleeves that men oftenwear over their shirt as part of a suit.British speakers call this a waistcoat.Usage differencesThere are countless other small and interesting differences between AE and BE, which come under the heading of usage. Take the useful expression used in AE through, meaning up to and including. E.g., The exhibition is showing March through June. The equivalent expression in BE is from March to June, but this is ambiguous. Does the exhibition close at the end of May or the end of June? To avoid any misunderstanding, it is necessary to say something like The exhibition is showing from March to the end of June.As another example: for Americans the number billion has 9 zeros (a thousand million); for most Britons it has 12 zeros (a million million). Zero itself is a much more common word in AE than in BE, where nought is more widespread. Americans say the number 453 as four hundred fifty three, whereas in Britain it would be said four hundred and fifty three.ConclusionAmerican and British English will be two major varities of one language bacause of the similarities of the basic word stock,the basic grammer and the basic phonetic system, and because of rapid development of modern science, technology, mass media, and constant cultural and economic exchanges between these two nations.Bibliography1 Practical English Usage, M. Swan (1995) , Oxford University Press2 The Right Word at the Right Time (A guide to the English language and how to use it) (1985) Readers Digest3 Doreen du Boulay, Sussex Language Institute 1998-2001.4 British and American English，by Don R. McCreary5 British English and American English，陈福生，厦门大学外文系6 An Introdyction To English Lexicology, 林承璋，刘世平著，武汉大学出版社7语音学教程，林焘，王理嘉著，1992年11月，北京大学出版社8语音学与音系学入门，[英]克拉克，[英]亚洛坡著，史宝辉导读，2000年08月，外语教学与研究出版社9英国英语和美国英语的词汇差异现象，孟宪友，广东农工商职业技术学院学报，2003，第1期。

2024年我国大学英语词汇教学论文

2024年我国大学英语词汇教学论文一、大学英语词汇教学的现状目前，我国大学英语词汇教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即教师讲授、学生记忆。

在课堂上，教师会对词汇进行解释、举例，并要求学生课后背诵。

虽然这种方法在一定程度上能够帮助学生掌握词汇，但也存在很多问题。

首先，这种教学方法比较单调，缺乏趣味性，容易使学生失去学习的兴趣。

其次，学生只是机械地记忆词汇，缺乏实际应用的机会，很难真正掌握词汇的用法。

最后，传统的教学方法无法满足不同学生的个性化需求，有些学生可能觉得词汇量过大，无法承受，而有些学生则可能觉得词汇量不够，需要更多的拓展。

二、大学英语词汇教学的问题除了上述现状中存在的问题外，大学英语词汇教学还存在以下几个问题。

首先，词汇量与实际应用脱节。

很多学生在背诵词汇时，只是机械地记忆单词的拼写和意思，但对于单词的用法和语境并不了解。

这就导致了在实际应用中，学生无法准确运用所学词汇。

其次，缺乏语境教学。

语境是词汇学习的重要因素之一，但在传统的词汇教学中，教师往往只注重词汇本身的解释和举例，忽视了语境的作用。

学生在没有语境的情况下学习词汇，很难真正掌握其用法。

最后，词汇教学方法单一。

目前，大学英语词汇教学方法比较单一，缺乏多样性和创新性。

这种单一的教学方法无法满足不同学生的需求，也无法激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。

三、大学英语词汇教学的改进策略针对以上问题，本文提出以下改进策略。

首先，加强词汇应用训练。

教师应该注重词汇的实际应用训练，让学生在语境中学习词汇，了解词汇的用法和语境。

同时，教师还可以通过组织小组讨论、写作等活动，为学生提供更多的实践机会，让学生在实际应用中巩固所学词汇。

其次，引入语境教学。

语境教学是一种有效的教学方法，可以帮助学生更好地掌握词汇。

在教学中，教师应该注重语境的创设，让学生在语境中学习词汇，了解词汇的用法和语境。

同时，教师还可以利用多媒体等教学工具，为学生创造更加真实的语境，提高词汇教学的效果。

词汇学论文

Know More about X-rayAfter a semester's study of Lexics, I had learned a lot about words and vocabulary. Here I am going to introduce the word "X-ray". I will mainly cover four parts: What X-ray is; when, where, how and by whom it had been discovered; the uses of X-ray; and the harmful effects it has.First, what is X-ray?X-ray, can also be called Radiography, is a form of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light. X-rays are electromagnetic waves like radio and light waves. These all travel at the speed of light, which is 300 000km per second.As the wavelengths of light decrease, they increase in energy. The wavelength of an X-ray however is one hundredth that of the light rays that you can see, at around 10¯¹ºm. This means that X-rays have higher energy than ultraviolet waves. We usually talk about X-rays in terms of their energy rather than wavelength. This is partially because X-rays have very small wavelengths. It is also because X-ray light tends to act more like a particle than a wave.X-ray detectors collect actual photons of X-ray light which is very different from the radio telescopes that have large dishes designed to focus radio waves. In fact, X-ray fluorescence is the emission of X-rays from excited atoms produced by the impact of high-energy electrons, other particles or a primary beam of other X-rays. Atoms of all the elements emit a characteristic X-ray spectrum when they are bombarded with electrons. The X-ray photons are emitted when the incident electrons knock an inner orbital electron out of an atom. When this happens, an outer energy electron falls into the inner shell to replace it, losing potential energy in doing so.Second, when, where, how and by whom had the X-ray been discovered?X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German scientist who found them quite by accident when doing some experiments in which he passed an electric current through Crookes tubes (special tubes containing a cathode and electrode from which the air has been removed),Roentgen noticed that photographic plates nearby began to grow fogged. To discover why this occurred he placed black paper on the tube and then switched on the current. Nearby a screen coated with barium began to glow. This caused Roentgen to believe that unknown rays produced inside the tube were passing through the paper to make this fluorescent substance give out light.A week later, he took an X-ray photograph of his wife's hand which clearly revealed her wedding ring and her bones. The photograph electrified the general public and aroused great scientific interest in the new form of radiation. Roentgen called it "X" to indicate it was an unknown type of radiation. The name stuck, although (over Roentgen's objections), many of his colleagues suggested calling them Roentgen rays. They are still occasionally referred to as Roentgen rays in German-speaking countries.The occurrence of X-rays is not just on the Earth. Many things in deep space give off X-rays. Many stars are in binary star systems which mean that two stars orbit each other. When one of these stars is a black hole or a neutron star, material is pulled off the normal star. This materials spirals into the black hole or neutron star and heats up to very high temperatures. When something is heated to over a million degrees, it will give off X-rays. Recently, we learned that even comets emit X-rays. The Sun also emits X-rays. But, the Earth's atmosphere is thick enough that virtually no X-rays are able to penetrate from outer space all the way to the Earth's surface. This is good for us but also bad for astronomy - we have to put X-ray telescopes and detectors on satellites! We cannot do X-ray astronomy from the ground.The Earth glows in many kinds of light, including the energetic X-ray band. Actually, the Earth itself does not glow; only aurora produced high in the Earth's atmosphere. These auroras are caused by charged particles from the Sun. The energetic charged particles from the Sun that cause aurora also energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere. These electrons move along the Earth's magnetic field and eventually strike the Earth's ionosphere, causing the X-ray emission. These X-rays are not dangerous because they are absorbed by lower parts of the Earth's atmosphere.Third, what are the uses of X-ray?It has been found that X-rays reach the Earth from outer space. Mysterious objects called quasars give out huge amounts of X-ray energy. X-rays can pass through many forms of matter and therefore have many uses. X-rays are produced for these purposes by an X-ray tube.The first medical use of X-rays came in 1896. It was American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon who used a fluorescent screen to follow the path of barium sulfate through an animal's digestive system. This was possible only after Thomas Alva Edison invented the X-ray fluoroscope that same year. Soon after, physicians worldwide began using X-rays on humans, usually to examine bone fractures or to search for foreign objects such as bullets.The main use of X-rays is in medicine. A common application is in the form of X-ray machines, which take photos of a patient’s body. If an arm or leg were broken for example, then this limb would be put in front of the X-ray with a piece of photographic film behind. The X –ray is turned on briefly and goes through to the film. The rays go through the skin and flesh easily, showing up as dark areas on the film, but with more difficulty through bone. They are slowed down and so these areas are much lighter. X-rays can also be used to kill cancer cells, but also kill healthy cells, so must be used with much care.Apart from its useful medical implementation, X-ray has a wide range of industrial and other scientific uses as well. X-ray is often used to detect the integral condition and strength of a structure and thus both aircraft and car manufacturers use it as an important tool to make and maintain their manufactures.Although X-rays have been so widely used, they are not advised by doctors nowadays, unless necessary and that too with sufficient gaps in between them. The simple reason behind this precaution is that over-exposure to X-rays damage living tissues and cells and may cause them to develop cancer. What's more, X-rays can harm the tissue in the bones which is called bone marrow. X-ray can cause baldness that is the loss of hair on the head. X-rays also cause cancer development, thyroid cancer and invisible spectrum. X-rays have biological radiation effects, which are observed when ionizing radiation strikes living tissue and destroys the molecules ofcellular matter. Birth defects are also known as congenital disorders are abnormalities of structure or function that exists at birth. Pregnancy and childbirth imply the gestation period of the human reproductive cycle. Bone marrow is a soft and pulpy tissue that fills the bone cavities, which occur in two forms i.e. red and yellow. Hair loss is a baldness or alopecia that is partial or complete loss of hair affecting the scalp. Thyroid cancer also known as endocrine gland occurs in all vertebrate animals.Although exposure to X-ray radiation can lead to such problems as discussed in the above paragraphs, it is an essential part of medical diagnosis and is unavoidable in certain cases. Practicing caution and avoiding over-exposure are the keys to avoid such effects on your body.Ironically, the harmful side effects of X-ray scanning have suggested yet another use for the procedure called radiotherapy. In this therapy, very high frequency X-rays are used to destroy cancer cells. Radiotherapy is most often used in conjunction with chemotherapy (cancer medicine that is taken by mouth).If you want to some more detailed information, you can resort to the Internet.。

词汇学期末论文

李易忱教授：吴建设英语学院0892010-6-18<论词汇的力量>我是个篮球迷，经常关注NBA的比赛。

前一段时间我在看球的时候总感觉央视解说员在解说的时候有一些奇怪的地方，细细观察才发现，他们在解说的过程中凡是遇到英文的单词或者缩略词都换成了中文来表达，例如最常用的缩略词“NBA”换成了“美国职业男子篮球联赛”或“美职篮”。

而且在很多其他的媒体节目中也是这样做的。

我开始觉得很好笑，因为对于现在大多数人来说，在日常生活中，运用一些英文缩略词或者英文单词来表达事情是很常见的。

这件事在互联网上也引起了很多人的争议和讨论。

很多网友纷纷表示不理解央视的做法（其实一开始也包括我）。

认为这是多此一举，甚至会惹来很多麻烦。

有的人开玩笑说如果非要按照央视这种套路办，那会出现滑稽的表达，比如“我去医院做了个B超。

”要说成“我去医院做了个第二型超声波检查”, CT会变成“电子计算机X射线断层扫描。

网友们说的也不无道理，毕竟英语词汇在我们的生活中已经渗透的太多太多了，这些词汇也带给了我们李易忱很多方便，如果真要屏蔽或者换掉肯定会造成一种尴尬的境地。

但是，凡是都有两面性，如果我们从另一方面考虑这个事情，也许会得出不一样的结论。

我看到支持这项举措的大多数是一些老一辈的语言学家等。

他们的理论也很简单，就是如果放任这种英语单词的渗入，会对我们自己的语言文字，甚至文化产生影响。

正巧本学期我选了词汇学这门课，通过这门课的学习，我对上述这个事情有了更深一层的看法。

词汇作为一门语言的最基本的组成部分之一，虽然看起来是很不起眼，但它却也是最重要的组成部分。

一个词语所包含的意义是很深的，而我们在日常生活中运用的知识它的基本含义而已。

如果我们细细研究，便能发现词汇能影响我们很多方面，知识，素质，意识等等。

我认为，词汇对意识的影响是最大的，也恰恰是人们最容易忽略掉的一点。

所以词汇学这个研究分支是有意义的。

它让我们知道学习一门语言，甚至一种文化，不仅仅是把它的单词全部背下来就可以的。

初中英语词汇教学论文（汇总8篇）

初中英语词汇教学论文（汇总8篇）篇1：初中英语词汇教学论文曾经在学生中做过这样的调查：“学英语，你最怕的是什么？”各种各样的答案都有，有的说害怕语法，有的说害怕作文，有的说害怕听力，但答得最多的却是害怕背单词，尤其是新教材，原来的《英语教学大纲》中规定初中毕业的学生掌握800个左右的单词即可，现如今的《英语课程标准》则要求在1500个左右，在各个科目纷纷“减负”的同时，唯独英语学科在默默承受着“增压”的痛苦，于是就出现了“单词是基础，词汇是拦路虎，背单词真痛苦”的现象。

教学的过程是师生互动的过程，词汇教学也是如此，800个得教，1500个也得教，只是苦了学生，累了教师罢了。

要想让学生掌握好词汇，关键是让学生对英语产生兴趣，把背单词当作一种苦中作乐的事，而要做到这样，又是相当的不容易，除了学生自觉外，教师采用不同的教学方法来帮助调动学生的积极性，也是很重要的。

（一）针对词汇量多的问题，初步统计一下，每个话题的单词少则二三十个，多则五六十个，以前教的时候多是要求学生全部要掌握，胡子眉毛一把抓。

结果是有的学生接受得来，而有的学生一看那么多单词，实在是件痛苦的事，干脆就不背了，反正是死猪不怕开水烫，任你老师罚呗，他自有办法应付，这终究不是好办法。

现如今则稍作改变，要求四会的黑体单词，中下水平的学生要求掌握，至于学有余力的学生，就要求掌握黑体和三会的白体单词，打三角形的只需要了解就可以。

相信大多数老师和我的感受相差不多，对于800个变成1500个毫无心理准备。

以前词汇少时，一星期教一次单词和听写一次就行，如今每个话题单词少的也要分两次教，多的则要分为三次教才行，当然听写也随之水涨船高，次数增多了，不这样做学生根本接受不了。

（二）所谓的“教无定法，教有良法”说明白些，其实就是依据学生具体情况而选择适当的教学方法。

以下是我课堂教学中较为常用的方法。

1音标教学法：七年级英语刚入门时，教师在字母教学法中应该融入音标教学，可以要求学生学会制作音标卡，并要求他们背诵48个国际音素。

英语词汇学论文

英语词汇学论文词汇使我们在英语学习过程中的最大障碍,。

然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,就是我们学习英语的有力武器。

本学期上了词汇学,学到了一些以前学不到的东西。

总体的感觉就就是“原来英语中的词汇也像中文一样博大精深,而且很活,有很多学问”。

在语言的发展过程当中,词汇也就是起着举足轻重的作用。

在教学实践中,有相当多的教师与学生对词汇的教学认识就是片面的,认为学生只要记住单词的发与拼写及词义就足够了。

于就是,许多学生就只会机械地背诵课本后词汇表中每个英语单词与与之相对应的汉语解释。

而当她们要把这些词汇运用到写作与口语中的时候,结果却就是错误百出。

究其原因,就在于教师的教学方法使学生认为:词汇就是静止的单个词语的总与,只要掌握单个的词语就足够了。

其实这种认识就是有局限性的,谈不上就是真正的掌握。

其结果就就是遣词造句时的生搬硬套,逐字逐句的别扭翻译。

事实上,词语就是有生命的,就是活动的,而不就是孤立的。

“词与词在很多方面都就是相联系的,这也就是掌握词汇并将其储存在记忆中的方式”。

因此, 教师在词汇教学中除了教会学生单词的发音及其词意外,还应注重核心词汇的教学与词语搭配的教学。

这两个方面虽然同属于词汇教学的范畴,但却就是紧密相连,缺一不可的。

只有把这两方面的内容真正搞清楚了,才能准确无误地运用各类词汇。

语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性。

英语词汇可以通过自身形态的变化引起自身词性的变化,这就使得英语的构词法有着灵活性与多样性的优势。

例如:英语的名词通过添加词缀可以变成动词或形容词;动词通过添加词缀也可以变成名词或就是形容词等。

英语构词法中词汇的变化大部分都就是通过词汇本身形态的变化而产生的。

英语的这一特性使英语具有强大的派生能力,许多的词都就是由其它词通过词形的变化派生而来的。

其中在英语词汇中变化最多的就是英语的动词、名词与形容词。

比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语(不定式、分词)的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。

《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)免费范文

篇一：?英语词汇学教程(jiàochéng)?论文(中文版)英语(yīnɡ yǔ)词汇学论文(中文版)单词(dāncí)记忆法细谈一，读音(dúyīn)规那么记忆法它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。

例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。

还有些固定的字母组合，例如： ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种(ɡè zhǒnɡ)前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比拟固定的发音。

掌握了这些规那么，记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。

二.字母变化记忆法英语单词中以某个单词为根底，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。

详细方法如下：1.前面加字母。

例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread2.后面加字母。

例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet3.中间加字母。

例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four4.减字母。

例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar5.换字母。

例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take6.调字母〔即改变字母顺序〕。

例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign，from/form三.联想记忆法在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。

例如：打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。

词汇学论文(英文的)

一。

The Development of English VocabularyThere are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries.How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language.But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development.The history of English language is divided into three periods:1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD )2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD )3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now )As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it thepre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language.Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it isalso been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin.Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases.Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period.The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great.The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc.Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words.The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary.Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out.Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process.Bibliography:陆国强，published in 1999，Modern English Lexicology (new edition)Adams, Valerie, published in1982,An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation戴炜栋，published in 2002，A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English朱永涛，published in 1997，The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries林承璋，published in 1987，An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,thenewspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language toexpress.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicatingideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.①Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.②Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.①Drink Coca-Cola.②I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive.④Get noticed. Get results.⑤Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord. Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm.The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attra ctive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product.⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.①Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.②Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.①Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.②Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, wh ich persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image.Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such asall,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinarycharacteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-came ras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.Email:********************。

英语词汇学论文(1)

On native words and borrowings in the English vocabulary AbstractAs time goes on, great changes have taken place in native English vocabulary. In addition to the inner evolvement of itself, it has also absorbed more and more borrowings from other culture. This essay will focus on exactly this subject. The main parts in this paper are: ①to exhibit the basic conceptions regarding native words and borrowings in English vocabulary;②to discuss the major features of English native words;③to discuss the major sources and features of borrowings in the English vocabulary; ④to explore the interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary.⑤to make a conclusion of the whole paper.Key words native words borrowings English vocabularyChapter 1 Basic Information about Native Words in English Vocabulary1、1 Definition of Native WordsWe should first make clear the exact definition of native words or borrowings no matter what we are going to discuss about them next.According to some dictionaries and books of lexicology, native words refer to words which originated in the region where it is used. To put it simple, native words are words that are not foreign or imported.Specifically, as for English vocabulary, native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germanic tribes, namely the angles, the Saxons, and the jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Though words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, they stand at the core of the language.1、2 Features of native wordsGenerally speaking, native words have these features below:First, they are neutral in style. That is to say, native words are usually neither formal nor informal. This is because native words denote the commonest things in human society. Almost all the people use them in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Take the word begin and commerce for instance. Begin is a typical native word and commerce is a borrowing.Obviously, we use begin neither formally or informally. However we use commerce mostly in formal occasions.Second, they are frequent in use. Native words are the foudation and the core of the English vocabulary. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The percentage of native words in use reaches usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Third, in structure they are mostly monosyllabic words.Fourth, in meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things. At the same time, they are highly polysemic words, that is, they have many meanings.Fifth, in grammar they include most parts of speech.Sixth, they are of collocability. Many commonly-used expressions and phrases in English are made up of native words.Seventh, they are good at forming word in modern English. Native words in modern English can form a great number of derivatives. For example, watery and waterless are both the derivatives of water. Native words in modern English can also form many compounds. For example, the word fire can form many compounds, such as fireman, firefighter, fireplace and firebrand and so on.Chapter 2 Basic Information about Borrowings in English Vocabulary2.1 Definition and Main Features of BorrowingsBorrowings, or borrowed words, or loan words, refers to the words taken from foreign language.As a language which owns the most speakers, English has adopted words from almost all other major languages in the world. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “the English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”. Thus the English language is called “a heavy borrower”. Here “borrowing” is not real “borrowing”. It has nothing to with returning. It’s merely a metaphor stands for the foreign words from a different culture. But not all foreign words do become borrowings. If they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the borrowing stage.Through analyzing the borrowings in English vocabulary, we can find some common features among them.First, borrowings in English vocabulary usually do not have relative native words with the same meaning with them. When this is the case, certain concepts, ideas or objects of the “lending”language community are new to the people of the “borrowing” language community. So instead of making up a complete whole new word for the idea or object they simply borrow the word from the people they came in contact with.Second, borrowings are usually words that refer to exotic ideas, concepts or objects. An example of this is how names of animals that do not inherently come from Great Britain are often loanwords in English. The name of the animal is borrowed from the language that is spoken in the country in which the animal originally comes from or lives in.Third, most of the borrowings in English vocabulary are nouns. Nouns and lexical words in general, are borrowed more frequently than grammatical words. An example of this is the word “bagel”. The word was adopted from the Yiddish language, since the Jews were those who introduced bagels to the rest of the world. Many other languages, including English, therefore borrowed the word “bagel”.Fourth, borrowings are often even more widely known than native words since their borrowing served a certain purpose, for example to provide a name for a new invention. An example of such a borrowing is “pizza”. Since the Italians were those who introduce pizzas in England, the England borrowed the word from them.2.2 Major Sources of Borrowings in the English VocabularyTo discuss this question, we should first get to know the exact meaning of “source of borrowing”. Here it refers to the place where the borrowing was borrowed.Generally speaking, Latin, Greek and French are the three languages that have contributed most to the English language. Other foreign languages that have contributed words are of less importance.That is to say, Latin, Greek and French are the three main sources where borrowings in English vocanulary come from. Apart from the three, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish are also the main sources of borrowings in English vocabulary. Some examples of borrowings in English voabulary are as follows.Among those borrowings that come from the Germanic are the words father, mother, brother, man, wife, tree, grass, summer, winter, bring, come, get, hear, meet, and think and so on.Such words as constitution, president, parliament, congress, city, place, , diner, café, liberty, veracity, carpenter, draper, haberdasher, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor are from France.English has acquired many words from Spanish. Some of these have been borrowed directly: cigar, armada, guerrilla, matador, mosquito, and tornado.Borrowings from Latin have been especially numerous. Many of these represent combinations of Latin words: alnutrition, transfer, circumference, supernatural, submarine, suburb, substantial, contemporary, multilingual, conjunction, compassion, and hundreds more.Borrowings from Greek are heavy in the sciences and technology. In addition to macro and micro, often-used prefixes include poly and tele. Among the well-known English words from Greek are alphabet, geometry, geology, photography, psychology, pathology, biology, philosophy, telephone, logistics, and metamorphosis.Among the common English words that have come from Arabic are: alcohol, alchemy, algebra, alkali, almanac, arsenal, assassin, cipher, elixir, mosque, naphtha, sugar, syrup, zenith, and zero.Borrowings in English vocabulary are so numerous that they can not be listed one by one The above are the language sources that English vocabulary comes from. Below are the specific sources or we’d better say specific channels that borrowings come from. Generally speaking, English vocabulary mainly comes through conquest, commerce, travel, literature, mass media or some other ways. In other words, those borrowings have come into English vocabulary through the spoken word, on one hand, and through the written word, on the other hand.Chapter 3 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn fact, no language has so complex and varied a vocabulary as English. The English vocabulary has been adopted from more than fifty languages. As a cosmopolitan language English has no rival. That is to say, up to seventy percent of the English vocabulary consists of loan-words, and only thirty percent are native words.In spite of large-scale borrowings, it is the native words that form the basic stock of modern English vocabulary. And what’s more, native words are used in everyday speech and writing more frequently than borrowed words.Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.In the course of historical development borrowed words have extended the total number of the English vocabulary, and Latin or Greek roots, prefixes or suffixes have changed the structures of English words.Chapter 4 conclusionTo sum up, we can say that English vocabulary has been marked by the word ‘borrowing’. Since early times, English has been in contact with other languages such as Greek, French, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and Spanish and so on, and as a result, English vocabulary has been riched under the influence of other languages. It is native words and borrowings together help strengthen the English vocabulary and make it a very open and the most poewrful language in the modern world.Bibliography参考书目??/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.htmlhttp://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdfhttp://dooku.miun.se/engelska/englishC/C-essay/VT06/Final/NicoleFerm.pdf/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html/media_file/200708/huashi/0809/cihuix/web/unit02.htm。

英语词汇学论文

英语词汇学论文-构词法1Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。

然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。

除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can hel p us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of t he best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms , back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characterist ics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blendi ng.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation （关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a var iety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversio n. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are p roduced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained aninstitutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo change s to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always ex ceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is eco nomy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the peop le who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effe ctively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatica l rules are keys to learning English2well. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role. Vocabulary is t he foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t haveenough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others wel l, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on rememberi ng new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English wo rd formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have neve r seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following se ctions. However, this is not a good habit. If we want toimprove our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the diction ary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to un derstand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have lear ned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new lang uage phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very sh ort time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the rev ersed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is ab solutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word for mation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by f oreigners. This is also known as one importantcharacteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formati on.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way are3called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three sub categories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally ch ange the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a wor d. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, pre fixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to base s. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give y ou an example. The word “countless”,“-less” change the part of form and show the negative mea ning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not chan ge the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be wr itten solid, hyphenated and open.Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes do wn to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent wh ereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In case s where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the me aning can be obtained from theseparate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the el ement would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, w hich can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟ identity is apparent.Chapter 4 Conversion4In English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form . Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words b y converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatica l sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most produ ctive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing t hat conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the di fferent range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have becom e well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combinati on of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another wor d. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word. The whole part of the first part +th e last part the second word. The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs andadjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, an d newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, t hey are still considered by the serious-minded people to be slang and informal. However, it is adv isable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules andconformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word form ation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the stu dents of English major.。