最新英语教学法考试重点

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英语教学法试题及答案

英语教学法试题及答案一、选择题1. What is the importance of using visuals in language teaching?a) They help create a more engaging and memorable learning experience.b) They replace the need for spoken language in the classroom.c) They can be used as a substitute for actual language practice.d) They hinder students' ability to understand concepts.答案: a) They help create a more engaging and memorable learning experience.2. Why is it important to create a learner-centered classroom environment?a) It allows the teacher to have more control over the students.b) It encourages passive learning among students.c) It promotes active participation and critical thinking.d) It reduces students' responsibility for their own learning.答案: c) It promotes active participation and critical thinking.3. Which of the following is an effective way to assess students' speaking skills?a) Multiple-choice tests.b) Memorization of vocabulary lists.c) Group discussions and presentations.d) Filling in the blanks in a sentence.答案: c) Group discussions and presentations.4. What is the significance of integrating listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in language teaching?a) It increases the workload for both teachers and students.b) It allows students to focus on one skill at a time.c) It reflects real-life language use and promotes holistic learning.d) It hinders students' ability to develop individual skills.答案: c) It reflects real-life language use and promotes holistic learning.5. What is the role of error correction in language teaching?a) To embarrass and criticize students for their mistakes.b) To discourage students from experimenting with the language.c) To provide constructive feedback and foster learning.d) To promote rote memorization of grammar rules.答案: c) To provide constructive feedback and foster learning.二、简答题1. Explain the concept of scaffolding in language teaching.答案: Scaffolding refers to the support and guidance provided by the teacher to help students develop their language skills. It involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable steps and gradually removing the support as students gain proficiency. Scaffolding can include providing clear instructions, modeling language use, using visual aids, offering personalized feedback, and encouraging independent thinking and problem-solving.2. Describe the role of technology in modern English language classrooms.答案: Technology plays a significant role in modern English language classrooms. It provides access to authentic materials, interactive learning resources, and digital platforms for communication and collaboration. Technology can enhance language learning through multimedia presentations, online language practice, virtual language exchanges, and self-paced learning modules. It also promotes digital literacy skills, critical thinking, and creativity among students.3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of teacher-centered instruction.答案: Teacher-centered instruction refers to a more traditional approach where the teacher has full control over the learning process. Advantages of this approach include the teacher's expert knowledge and guidance, efficient time management, and a structured learning environment. However, it may limit students' active participation and critical thinking, discourage autonomy and creativity, and result in passive learning. Teacher-centered instruction may also overlook individual student needs and preferences.4. How can assessment be used as a tool for both learning and motivation in language teaching?答案: Assessment can be used as a tool for learning and motivation by providing students with feedback on their progress and areas for improvement. It can help students identify their strengths and weaknesses, set learning goals, and track their own development. Effective assessments also promote a growth mindset, where students see mistakes as opportunities for growth rather than failures. Furthermore, assessment can motivate students by recognizing their achievements, fostering a sense of accomplishment, and creating a supportive and competitive learning environment.5. Explain the concept of communicative language teaching (CLT) and its main principles.答案: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes communication as the primary goal of language learning. The main principles of CLT include using authentic language in meaningful contexts, promoting interactive and collaborative activities, focusing on fluency rather than grammatical accuracy, and integrating all four language skills. CLT encourages real-life language use, develops students' ability to negotiate meaning, and prepares them for effective communication in diverse situations.。

考编初中英语教材教法__复习重点

考编初中英语教材教法复习重点名词解释1 直接教学法的特点: 老师将信息直接传递给学生,并把每节课的时间做适当的安排,以便能以最高的效率达成明确的教学目标. 直接以第二语或目标语(target language)来沟通或教学.优点:有助于培养学生的听说能力,使用外国语的习惯，激发学生的学习兴趣。

重视以句为单位有利于直接运用外语。

缺点：忽视母语的作用，忽视学生和成年人学习外语的特点，忽视语法作用死记硬背，不能举一反三。

值得注意的是：语音和口语是外语教学的基础，语法教学放在次要地位，句子是语法基础，只需套用。

（详见教材338页）2 任务型教学：以任务来组织教学，在任务实施过程中以参与体验，互动、交流合作的方式充分发挥学习者的认知能力，调动他们已有的目的语资源，在实践中感知，认识以及应用目的语。

理论基础：语言习得理论，在体验中掌握。

3 教学策略：要达到某个教学预期效果而采取的整套教学行为。

4 教学设计：在进行教学活动之前根据教学目的和要求运用系统方法对参与教学活动的诸要素所进行的分析和策划的过程。

5 阅读：学习者运用自己头脑中所具备的知识背景，概念，对文字材料进行加工从而形成自己的理解的过程。

（详见教材161页）6 交际语言使用教学法：主要通过教师与学生之间的交流与对话来实现教学任务。

特点：a 教学目的是培养学生的交际能力，而不应限于语法或语言知识能力之上。

b 语言教学方法应该是通过语言重实践的功能和意义设计，达成语言功能目标是重点。

c 流畅与准确是基础的交际方法，它们互相补充。

d 在富有交际性的课堂中，学生必须最大限度的富有创造性的使用语言。

7 练习的平衡：及时提高难度、在一定的阶段以一种练习为中心、注意因材施教、实行总体练习统筹、加强练习的整体联系。

（详见教材244页）8 教学的原则：教学原则是有效进行教学必须遵循的基本要求。

教学原则对教学中的各项活动起着指导和制约的作用。

教学原则的概念首先表明了教学原则的合目的性。

2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-外语教学法考试历年真题常考点试题2带答案

2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-外语教学法考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Some linguists thought that all languages ______ and were ruled by a common grammar.A.originated from one languageB.started as the same languageC.came from many different languagesD.borrowed words from one another2.She ________ everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A. set offB.set backC.set asideD.set up3.Traditional linguists believe that the written form of language is ______to the spoken form.A.seniorB.juniorC.inferiorD.superior4.As activity carried ________ as one thinks fit in one’s spare time, leisure has several functions.A.onB.outC.offD.overA.Being no rainB.There was no rainC.To be no rainD.There being no rain6.______ he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn ’t mean he ’s going to do soA.GrantB.Granted thatC.Having Granted thatD.Grant that7.He has deep love for the people and ________ loyalty to the country.A. intenseB.initialC.instantD.imitative8.Even with the new development in research, only a tiny ________ of all tests are done without using animals.A.varietyB.amountC.plentyD.proportion9.In the Grammar-Translation Method, understanding and memorization of_____________were regarded as important means of developing mentality.A.difficult vocabularyB.translation passagesplicated grammatical rulesD.written exercises10.They wrote a letter of thanks to ________ had helped them.A. whoB.whomC.whomeverD.whoever11.The new laws threaten to deprive many people _______ the most elementary freedoms.A.fromB.forC.of12.The twin sisters were identical ________ appearance and character.A. ofB.withC.inD.to13.In the Grammar-Translation Method, grammar analysis and translation proved to be _______ in studying foreign culture through literary works.A. ineffective meansB.unaffective meansC.affective meansD.effective means14.They will get the preparation done early in May.A.他们五月初就能让别人准备完工作。

英语教学法考试重点(推荐文档)

❤判断主张并简要说明理由：Structural view:The structure language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology and syntax.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. Functional view: The functional view is not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,such as offering suggesting,etc.Leaners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.International view:The international view considers language to be a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Leaners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but also need to know the rules for using them in a communicative contexts.❤What makes a good language teacher?These elements can be categorized into three groups:ethic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles.❤教师的专业能力是如何发展起来的(How can be a good teacher/The development of professional competence)答：The development of professional competence including three parts: Stage1,Stage2 and Goal.I. The first stage is language development.All English teacher are supposed to have a sound command of English,and language is always changing,language development can never come to an end.II. The second stage is the most important stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages:learning,practice,and reflection.(1)The learning stage is the purposeful preparation before a teacher starts the practice of teaching.It includes three parts:learning from other's experience,learning the received knowledge and learning from one's experiences.Both experience knowledge and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes ton practice.(2)The term 'practice' can be used in two senses. One sense is also called pseudo practice.The other sense is the real classroom teaching.(3)Teacher benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they've done,Not only after they finish their practice,but also while they are doing the practice,III. After some period of practice and reflection,a teacher should be able to reach his or her professional competence.As an final it shouldn't an end,one must be keep learning,practicing and reflecting.❤真实应用语言&课堂语言的不同（The differences between language used in real life and language taught in the classroom.)Language used in real life differs from language learned under the traditional language teaching pedagpgy in the following aspects:(1)In real life,language is used to perform certain communication functions;in a traditional language classroom,the teaching focus is often on forms rather than functions.(2)For various reasons,traditional pedagogy tends to focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.In real language use we use all skills,including receptive skills and productive skills.(3)In reality language is always used in a certain context,but traditional pedagogy tends to isolate language from its context.❤交际教学法的目标The goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence,which includes both the knowledge about the language and the language about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.★★★交际的五个方面（名词解释or简答）There are five main components of communicative ly,linguistic competence,pragmatic competence,discourse competence,strategic competence,and fluency.Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge itself,its form and meaning.(It involves spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammatical structure,sentence structure,and semantics.It is an integral part of communicative competence.)Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.(That is to say,the choice of the vocabulary and structure depends on the setting,the relative status of the speakers,and their relationships.)Discourse competence refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.(According to Hedge,also includes one's ability to initiate,develop,enter,interrupt,check,or confirm in a conversation.) Strategic competence is similar to communication strategies.It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.One can compensate for this by searching for other means of expression.Fluency means one's ability to 'link unit of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate or undue hesitation.❤Principles of communicative language teaching.(交际教学语言CLT原则）(1).Communication principle:Activities that involve real communication promote learning.(2)Task principle:Activities in which language is used for carring out meaningful tasks promote learning.(3)Meaningfulness principle:language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.❤交际教学法&语言技能的关系(CLT and the teaching of language skills )(听说读写在交际教学法中怎样。

英语教学法教程期末考试

英语教学法教程期末考试一、引言英语教学法是指教师在英语教学过程中所采用的教学方法和策略。

期末考试是对学生在一学期英语教学中所掌握的知识，能力和技巧进行评价和总结的重要环节。

本文将从教学目标的确定、教学内容的选择、教学方法的运用以及策略的设计等方面，对期末考试进行详细解析，以帮助教师更好地进行英语教学。

二、教学目标的确定在进行期末考试前，教师首先需要确定教学目标。

教学目标应当与教学内容相一致，既能够考察学生对基础知识的掌握，又能够考察学生的英语运用能力。

教师可以根据课程标准、教材要求以及学生的实际情况确定教学目标。

三、教学内容的选择在确定教学目标后，教师需要选择合适的教学内容。

教学内容应当包括基础知识和实际应用。

基础知识包括词汇、语法、听力、口语和阅读等方面的知识。

实际应用包括对话、小组讨论、写作和演讲等方面的能力。

教师可以根据教学目标的要求，选择适当的教学内容。

四、教学方法的运用在进行期末考试时，教师需要灵活运用不同的教学方法。

例如，针对听力考试，可以采用听力材料配套答题的方式；针对口语考试，可以采用角色扮演或情景对话的方式；针对阅读考试，可以采用填空或选择题的方式。

通过灵活运用不同的教学方法，可以有效地检测学生的英语能力。

五、策略的设计在进行期末考试时，教师需要设计合适的策略。

首先，教师可以设置不同难度的试题，以检测学生的知识水平。

其次，教师可以设置开放性问题，以测试学生的思维能力和创造力。

最后，教师可以设置分步骤的题目，以检验学生的解决问题的能力。

通过合理设计策略，可以全面评价学生的英语能力。

六、考试评分和反馈在进行期末考试后，教师需要对学生的答卷进行评分和反馈。

评分应当根据考试的标准和要求进行，公正客观。

反馈应当及时给予，明确指出学生的优点和不足，并提出针对性的建议和帮助。

通过评分和反馈，可以帮助学生全面了解自己的英语水平，为今后的学习提供有力支持。

七、总结期末考试是对学生在一学期英语教学中所掌握的知识，能力和技巧进行评价和总结的重要环节。

英语教学法复习资料

英语教学法复习资料英语教学法是一门重要的教育学科，不仅对英语教学具有重要指导意义，同时也是所有教学法的基础。

对于众多英语学者而言，英语教学法的学习和掌握是取得英语学习成果的重要途径。

那么，接下来我将为大家分享一些英语教学法复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、传统教学法传统教学法主要强调老师的教学，学生被动听课，关注学生知识的数量，忽视学生的能力培养。

该教学法在学生们的语言技能上有限度的帮助，不适应进入市场的英语学者的要求。

二、交际教学法交际教学法是一种以交际为景点的教学法。

学生和教师之间进行交互式的对话，学生受到更多的训练和触发，让他们在实际生活中学会正确运用英语，使学习者的英语掌握的不仅是口语能力，还有听、写、读的能力。

三、任务教学法任务教学法强调学生要作出自己的决策，在老师的指导下进行任务。

这种教学法强调学生的技能和能力的发展，采用任务和生活场景，培养学生的英语运用能力。

四、建构主义教学法建构主义教学法主要强调学生从自己的角度去理解和掌握知识，让学习者主动地采取一定的观点和各种方法去理解和掌握知识。

学生采用的是他们自己的这些经验、观点和知识来处理和整理材料。

以上四点只是英语教学法中的一些例子，教学法的种类是无限的。

教师可以很好的结合各种教学法进行教学，以使学生的英语知识和学习方式更加全面和多样化。

总之，要成为一个出色的英语教师或者学者，我们需要了解和掌握多种教学法，以此融会贯通，结合自己的教学实践，创造出一种深入人心，适合学生需要的英语阅读、写作、听力、口语教学方案。

希望本文所分享的英语教学法复习资料能够帮助大家更好的学习和掌握英语教学法。

英语教学法重点

英语教学法重点英语教学法重点Unit 1 Language and Learning1.1 How do we learn languageWe learn language at different agesPeople have different experiencesPeople learn languages for different reasonsPeople learn languages in different waysPeople have different capabilities in language learning Learning can be affected by the way how language is taught Learning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve.Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teachingmethodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who havemore differences than the commonality.1. 2 What are the major views of language?1) Structural view:Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language isto learn its vocabulary and structural rules.英语教学法重点2) Functional view:Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things.Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (useit). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine thegrammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that performthe functions.3) Interactional view:Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a languageand where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.1.3Views on Language LearningTwo broad learning theories：Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizesnew information.Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of human and physical context.Behaviorist theoryB. F. Skinner?英语教学法重点A stimulus-response theory of psychology?Audio-lingual method?The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant ?repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes wereimmediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.Cognitive theory B.Influenced by Noam Chomsky (revival of structural linguistics)?Language as an intricate rule-based system?produce to him A learner acquires language competence which enables ?language.One influential idea of cognitive approach to language teaching ?is that students should be allowed to create their own sentence basedon their own understanding of certain rules.Constructivist theory C.Jean Piaget (1896—1980)?The learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ?and what is already known.Socio-constructivist theory D.英语教学法重点Vygotsky?“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffolding (脚手架)?Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between ?the teacher and the learner and between learners.1.4 What are the qualities of a good language teacher?A good language teacher does not solely depend on his/her commandof the language. There are a variety of element that contributes to thequalities of a good language teacher. These element can be categorizedinto three groups:ethic devotion, professional quality and personalstyles.1.5 How can one become a good language teacher?Wallace's (1991) ‘reflective model' (Figure 1.1, p.9)?英语教学法重点Stage 1: language developmentStage 2: learning, practice, reflectionThe learning stage is the purposeful preparation that a languagenormally receives before the practice,This preparation can include:1. Learning from others' experience2. Learning the received knowledge3. Learning from one's own experiencesThe practice stage (2 senses)?Pseudo practice: short period of time assigned to do teaching practice as part of one's pre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructorsThe real classroom teaching: what a teacher undertakes after he/she finishes formal educationTeachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on ?what they have been doingGoal: professional competenceUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based language teaching英语教学法重点2.1 How is language learned in classrooms different from languageused in real life?Language used in real lifeLanguage taught in the classroomTo focus on forms (structures or T o perform certaincommuntcative patterns)functionsUse all skills, both receptive To focus on one or two language skills skills and ignore others. and productive skillsUsed in a certain context T o isolate language from itscontext2.2 What is communicative competence?To bridge the gap between classroom language teaching and real-lifelanguage use, one solution is to adopt CLT, the goal of which is todevelop students' communicative competence.Definition:Communicative competence include both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriatelyin communicative situationsFive components of communicative competence (Hedge 2000) Linguistic competence （语言能力）?The knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning.Pragmatic competence （语用能力）?英语教学法重点The appropriate use of language in social context.Discourse competence （语篇能力）?One's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand themStrategic competence （策略能力）?Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.Fluency（流利性）?One ‘s ability to ‘link units of speech together withfacility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue （过分的，不适当的） hesitation'2.3Implications for teaching and learningTeaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguisticcompetence.2.4 Principles of CLTThree principles suggest by Richard and Rodgers：1 Communication principle：involve real communication2 Task principle：Carry out meaningful tasks英语教学法重点3 Meaningfulness principle：Meaningful language to the learner Howatt proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT:。

英语教学法期末复习重点

Revision ContentsUnit 1 Language and Learning1. The nature of language2. Views on language and their implications to language teaching3. Views on language learning4. Qualities of a good language teacherUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities1. What is communicative competence? Try to list some of its components.2. Principles in communicative language teaching/ strong version and week version3. List some of the communicative activities.4. What is a task/its componentsUnit 4. Lesson Planning1 The definition of lesson planning2. Benefits of lesson planning3. Different kinds of lesson planning and their components4. Principles for good lesson planningUnit 5 Classroom Management1.What is classroom management?2.What does classroom management involve?3.Factors affecting classroom management4.The role of the teacher during class5.How to give classroom instructions effectively?6. Types of interaction model or student grouping in classroom and their advantages and disadvantages7. Classification of questions and criteria for effective questioning8. How to deal with undisciplined acts?Unit 6 Teaching Pronunciation1. Factors affecting pronunciation (Critical Period Hypothesis)2. The goal of teaching pronunciation3. Some methods of practicing sounds.Unit 7 Teaching Grammar1. Grammar presentation methods2. Two categories of grammar practiceUnit 8 Teaching V ocabulary1. Problems in learning vocabulary2. Ways to present vocabulary.Unit 9 Teaching Listening1.Characteristics of listening process2.How do people process information in listening comprehension?3.How can we teach listening more effectively?Unit 10 Teaching Speaking1.What problems do we have in our oral English classes?2.Types of speaking activitiesUnit 11 Teaching reading1.Principles and models for teaching reading2.The three stages of teaching readingUnit 12 Teaching Writing1. What is the main idea of communicative approach to writing?2. What is the main idea of the process approach to writing?。

EnglishTeaching英语教学法教程期末考试必考的知识点

Teaching grammarGrammar teaching depends on certain variables(learner and ins t ructional ) in the language teaching/learning context Grammar presentation methods-deductive method: relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparingteaching procedure:teacher’s example on the board,teacher’s explanation of the rules (in student’s native language),student’s practice application of the rules.Advantages:good for selected and motivate students;save time to explain complex rules;increase stude nts’ confidence in examination.Disadvantages:grammar is taught isolated ly;little attention is paid to meaning;the practice is often mechanical -inductive method:teaching procedure;authentic language presentation(give grammar examples);let students observe,analyse,compare examples;help students induct grammar rules,Advantages:inspire students’ thinking activities;motivate students’ learning interests;grammar is taught in context.Disadvantages:the presentation of grammar is more complex and time consumption;grammar is not taught directly;some rules can not be induced easily-guided discovery method: Similar to the inductive method:the students are induced to discover rules by themselves (similar);the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.(different) Implicit and explicit knowledge:Implicit knowledge refers to knowledge that unconsciously exists in our mind, which we can make use of automatically without making any effort;Explicit knowledge refers to our conscious knowledge about the language. We can talk about it, analyse it and apply it in conscious ways.Learning and acquiring (second language acquisition theory)The synthesis approaches to grammatical pedagogy:Collocational: grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories. Constructive: one’s knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit, which closely model the way language is learned and used. Contextual: Elements and structures are taught in relation to their context. Syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones, and to social and cultural contexts.Contrastive: grammar involves drawing the learner’s attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other language.Grammar practice:Pre-learning;Volume and repetition:Success-orientation.Heterogeneity .Teacher assistance.Interest 1.Mechanical practice:activities that are aimed at form accuracy.By doing mechanical practice,students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure.form of practice:Substitution and transformation drills2. Meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in the process.ing prompts for practice:The prompts can be pictures, mimes, tables, charts or key words, etc.A good presentation should include both oral and written and form and meaning Visual materials can aid comprehensionIt’s the teacher’s involvement and his or her ability to personalise teaching and make activities engaging that often promotes successful learning.Teaching vocabularyThe first question need to know is what does knowing a word involve.A word:knowing its pronunciation and stress; spelling and grammatical properties; meaning; how and when to use it to express the intended meaning (freestanding and bound morphine)Vocabulary learning involves ate least two aspects of meaning: the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; and understanding the sense relations among wordsDenotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers to those words that we use to label things as regards real objects Connotative meaning of a word refers to ‘the attitudes or emotion s of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader’s interpretation of the word. This words that may express a positive or negative attitude or subtle feelings toward something.Collocations refers to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words. It is believed that teaching word collocations is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time.Synonyms refer to items that mean the same, or nearly the same.Antonyms refer to items that mean the opposite of a word. Hyponyms refer to words which can be grouped together under the same superordinate conceptReceptive and Productive vocabularyPassive vocabulary: the words they know.Active vocabulary: the words they useSo the job for the teacher is to guide the students to those words which will help them to add to their active vocabularies, and to distinguish those words from the much larger number of passive items. At the beginning of language learning, all the words which are taught must be acquired for active use, later, at intermediate and advanced levels, most of the words students meet will only be needed for passive use.Ways of consolidating vocabulary:labelling,spot the difference,descibe and draw,play a game,use word series,word bingo,word association,find a synonyms and antonym,categories,using word net-work,using the Internet resources for some ideasDeveloping vocabulary building strategies:review regularly,guess meaning from context, Organize vocabulary effectively,using a dictionary,manage strategy useTeaching listeningListening problems:lack of teaching materials,both with print materials and audio or video tapes,lack of equipment in some schools;lack of real-life situations:lack of professional qualified instructorsA number of people have frequently made the point that of the total time an individual is engaged in communication: approximately 9% is devoted to writing, 16% to reading, 30% to speaking,45% to listeningListening and reading are receptive skills, but listening can be more difficult than reading.Different speakers produce the same sounds in different waysThe listener has little or no control over the speed of the input of spoken material;Spoken material is often heard only once and in most cases，we cannot go back and listen again as we can when we read;The listener cannot pause to work out the meaning of the heard material as can be done when reading;Speech is more likely to be distorted by the media which transmit sounds or background noise that can make it difficult to hear clearly; The listener sometimes has to deal simultaneously with another task while listening, such as formal note-taking, writing down directions or messages from telephone calls, or operating while listening to instructions.Characteristics of the listening process,formal or informal?rehearsed or non-rehearsed?can the listener interact with the speaker or not?Listening characteristics:Spontaneity,Context,visual clues,listener’s response,speaker’s adjustmen tListening purpose:for social reasons,to obtain and exchange informationPrinciples and models of teaching listeningFocus on process:(they have to hear what is being said,they have to pay attention and construct a meaningful message in their mind by rela ting what they hear to what they already know;it’s also possible to hear people talking without paying attention;we also know that if we don’t have enough previous knowledge of what is being said,it’s more difficult to make sense of what is said)Combine listening with other skills;Focus on the comprehension of meaning;Grade difficulty level appropriately Designing listening activity:give a clear purpose, a specific task,an appropriate context for doing themBottom-up model:Listening comprehension is believ ed to start with sound and meaning recognitions.In other words,‘we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning’Listeners construct meaning of what they hear based on the sound they hear.Top-down model:listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised.In other words,listening comprehension involves ‘knowledge that a listener brings to a text,sometimes called ‘inside the head’ information,as opposed to the informat ion that is available within the text itself’ In such a case,listeners can understand better if they know something about the speaker,the setting,the topic and the purpose of the talk.prior knowledge or schematic knowledge—mental frameworks for various things and experience we hold in our long-term memoryPre-listening activities:aim to motivate students,to activate their prior knowledge,and to teach key words or key sentences to the students before listening begins predicting,setting the scene,listening for the gist and specific informationWhile-listening:no specific responses,listen and tick,listen and sequence,listen and act,listen and draw,listen and fill,listen and take notesPost-listening:multiple-choice questions,answering questions,note-taking and gap-filling ,dictogloss(preparation dictation reconstruction analysis and correction)Integrate listening with the practice of other language skills,role play,debate,discussion,writing backTeaching speakingSpeech characteristic:spontaneous,full of false starts repetitions incomplete sentences short phrases time-constraintspoken languages features:Using less complex syntax;Taking short cuts,(incomplete sentences);Using fixed conventional phrases/ chunks. Using devices such as fillers, hesitation device to give time to think before speaking. Both learners and teachers need to learn to accept repetitions,rephrase,hesitations,incomplete sentences,fillers or pauses.th is doesn’t mean we don’t encourage fluent speaking.In training students’speaking skills,features of natural speech should be accepted.this doesn’t only have implication for teaching speaking but also for assessing speaking.Encourage students to speak up is the first and most important task Principles:Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices, Contextualising practice, Personalising practice, Building up confidence, Maximising meaningful interactions, Helping students develop speaking strategiesDesigning speaking tasks:meaningful motivation linguistically appropriate cognitively challengeMaximum foreign talk even participation high motivation right language levelPre-communicative activities :structural,quasi-communicative Communicative activities :Functional communicative and Social interactionRole-play :perform in different moods,change different role relationship,actual word can be varied,make the dialogue longerLearners should be helped move from form to using what is learned in meaningful communicationThe problem is not having nothing to say but lacking the opportunity to say itTeaching readingReading aloud and silent reading:Reading aloud cannot replace silent reading as it involves only the skills of pronunciation and intonation.Real reading ability re-quires the reading skills of skimming, scanning, predictingEffective reading:clear purpose in reading; read silently; read phrase by phrase,rather than word by word; concentrate on the important bits,skim the rest,and skip the insignificant parts; use different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks; perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate; guess the meaning of new words from the context,or ignore them; use background information to help understand the text.Reading comprehension means extracting the relevant information from the text as efficiently as possible,connecting the information from written message with one’s own knowledge to arrive at an understanding (construction of meaning from printed or written messa ge) Two broad levels in reading:1) a recognition task of perceiving visual signals from the printed page through the eyes;2) a cognitive task of interpreting the visual information,relating the receive information with reader’s own knowledge Vocabulary role:efficient reading begins with a lightening-like automatic recognition of word.this initial process of accurate,rapid and automatic recognition of vocabulary frees one’s mind to use other resources(reasoning abilities,,knowledge about topic)to con struct meaningSight vocabulary:you can recognise with both sounds and meanings without special effort from your brainFluent reading depends on an adequate sight vocabulary,a general knowledge about the target language, some knowledge about the topic, wide knowledge about the world and enough knowledge about text types.Teaching model:bottom-up model top-down model interactive modelPre-reading:pooling existing knowledge about the topic;predicting the contents of the text,skimming and scanning the text or parts of the text for certain purpose;learning key words and structures(predicting setting the scene skimming scanning)While reading: Information presented in plain text form is not facilitative for information retentionThe way to transfer information from one form to another is called a transition deviceReading comprehension questionsQuestions for literal comprehension.directly and explicitly available in the ually answered in the words of the text itself. Questions involving reorganization or reinterpretation.obtain literal information from various parts and put it to-gether or reinterpretQuestions for inferences. This type of questions require students to consider what is implied but not explicitly stated.Questions for evaluation or appreciation.most sophisticated ques-tions which involve making a judgment about the text in terms of what the writer is trying to convey.Questions for personal response. The answers to these questions depend most on the reader’s reaction to the content of the text.Post-reading:discussion questions,reproducing the text,role play,gap-filling,discussion,retelling,writingThe teaching of reading should focus on developing students’reading skills and strategies and on maintaining students’motivat ion for readingTeaching writingWriting purpose:get things done and to form;maintain social relationships;give a voice for shy students;less threatening for anxious students as it gives them to think about their meaning and purpose;raise awareness of how language worksA communicative approach to writing:Writing for learning”and “writing for communication”Sense of authenticity and audience motivation for writing purpose for writing proper procedures for writingProblems in writing tasks：They are mainly accuracy-based.They are designed to practise a certain target structures.There is insufficient preparation before the writing stage.There is no sense of audience and authenticity.Students are given ideas to express rather than being invited to invent their own.There is no opportunity for creative writing, particular for expressing unusual or original ideas.Many of them are test-oriented.The important point is that they are given the freedom to write about themselves rather than to write what they are told to write and therefore what they write should be more meaningful and communicativeA process approach to writing: creating a motivation to write, brainstorming, mapping, freewriting, outlining, drafting, editing, revising, proofreading and conferencing.Motivating students to write.1.make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life.leave students enough room for creativity and imagination. prepare students well before writing. encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing. provide opportunities for students to share their writings. provide constructive and positive feedback.treat students’ errors strategically. give students a sense of achievement from time to time.We have emphasized that the teaching of writing should focus on the process rather than the product, and that all the writing tasks should have communicative purposesSummative assessment is mainly based on testing,it’s done mostly at the end of a learnin g period or a school year Formative assessment is based on information collected in the classroom during the teaching process for the purpose of improving teaching and learningTeacher’s observations continuous assessment student’s self-assessment project work portfolios。

教学法期末考试复习重点

英语教学法期末考试复习重点(王慧)Communication principle:Activities that involve real communication promote learningT ask-based language teaching (TBLT)A further development of communicative language teaching. It shares the same beliefs as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. However, it has stressed the importance to combine from-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.Communicative language teaching 3 principles: (CLT)munication principle2.task principle3.meaningfulness principlePPP:Presentation, practice, production.3 stage model:Pre- while- post-5 step model:Revision. Presentation. Dills. Practice. ConsolidationHow to design task:1.think about students’ needs, interests, abilities.2.brainstorm possible task3.evaluate the list.4.choose the language items.5.preparing materials.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim, variety, flexibility, learn ability, linkageMacro planning:Macro planning is planning over a longer period of time, for instance, planning for a whole program or a whole-year course.Micro planning:It is planning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty min respectively.Component of a lesson plan:Background info, teaching aim, language contents and skills, stage and procedures, teaching aids, end of lesson summary, option activities and assignments, teachers after lesson reflection.The role of the teacher:Harmer defines the teacher’s role as controller, assessor, organizer, prompter, participant and resource- provider.Student grouping:Whole class work, pair work, group work, individual study.How to correct: --Page 87Direct teacher correction, indirect teacher correction, self-correction, peer correction, whole class correction, indirect teacher correction is encouraged rather than direct teacher correction to avoid demanding students’ self esteem and confidence.The goal of teaching pronunciation: (realistic goal)1.consistency: the pronunciation should be sooth and natural2.intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.municative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that isintended by the speaker.Aspects of pronunciation:Sound, rules, phonetic symbols, stress, intonation, rhythm.语音教学7步骤：1.say the sound alone.2.get students to repeat the sound in chorus.3.get individual students to repeat the sound.4.explain how to make the sound5.say the sound in a work6.contrast it with other sounds7.say the sound in meaningful contextGrammar presentation:1.the deductive method 教学演绎法2.the inductive method 推论法3.the guided discovery method 定向探索法语法练习的分类：Mechanical practice and meaningful/communicative practice.What does knowing a word involve:Pronunciation, stress, spelling, grammatical, properties, meaning, usage.A word is minimal free form vocabulary item is a word, phrase or sentence.Ways of presenting vocabulary:ing pictures, photos, video clips… to show meaning2.provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaninge synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meaning5.translate and exemplifyWays of consolidation vocabulary:1.spot the difference2.describe and draw3.play a gamee word5.word bingo6.word association7.find synonyms and antonyms8.categoriesing word net-working the Internet resources for more ideasCharacteristics of the listening process:1.spontaneity2.context3.visual clues4.listener’s response5.speaker’s adjustmentThree teaching stages in listening:Pre-listening, While-listening and Post-listening.Principles for teaching speaking:1.balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practies.2.contextualizing practice3.personalizing practice4.building up confidence5.maximizing meaningful interactions6.helping students develop speaking strategies.7.making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language inputand practice for the students. (end)Designed by Miss XieTyped by Mr. Spider。

93《英语教学法》课程网上考试题库

《英语教学法》课程网上考试题库第一章Introduction I & II一、选择题（每题2分）1. Language teaching involves three main disciplines. They are linguistics, psychology and ____.A. PedagogyB. Applied linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Cognitive linguisticsAnswer: A2. _____ is the study of second and foreign language teaching and learning.A. PragmaticsB. Applied linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Cognitive linguistics Answer: B3. Sociology is the study of language in relation to ____, such as social class, educational level and so on.A. ageB. genderC. professionD.social factorsAnswer: D4.Foreign language teaching is sometimes discussed in terms of three related aspects: approach, ____, and technique.A. methodB. aimC. methodologyD. hypothesisAnswer: A5. At the level of approach there are at least three different theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly underlying currently popular language teaching methods: ____, functional view and interactional view.A.the linking of structuralismB. behaviorismC. structural viewD. audiolingualismAnswer: C6. ____ focus on the patterns of moves, acts and exchanges in communication.A.structural theoriesB. functional theoriesC. interactional theoriesD. behaviourismAnswer: C7.____ is the principle and techniques of teaching with no necessary reference to linguistics.A. methodB. aimC. methodologyD. hypothesisAnswer: C二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. The goal of foreign language teaching is to produce over-users of monitor.Answer: F2. The natural order hypothesis is presumed by Krashen to be the result of the learned system, operating free of conscious grammar.Answer: F3. The word approach we mean that an idea or theory is being appliedAnswer: T4.Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes that a person uses in producing and understanding language, and how humans learn language.Answer: T第二章Theories of Language and Language Learning I & II & III一、选择题（每题2分）1. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols which are primarily ____, but may also be visual.A. vocalB. oralC. audibleD. comprehensibleAnswer: A2. Psycholinguistics includes the study of _______ perception, the role of memory, concepts and other processes in language use, and how social and psychological factors affect the use of language.A. listeningB. understandingC. speechD. writingAnswer: C3. The most common word order in English is ____, with other sentence constituents draped around these key parts in various ways.A. SVB. SVPC. SVOD. SVOCAnswer: C4. According to the functionalists, language has three functions: ____, expressive, and social.A. descriptiveB. phaticC. informativeD. interrogativeAnswer: A5. ____ is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.A.syntaxB. pragmaticsC. phoneticsD. phonologyAnswer: A6. ____ refers to varieties of language defined by their topic and context of use.A. stressB. toneC. registerD. intonationAnswer: C7. Animal is a super-ordinate term, while cow, horse, pig, dog, cat, etc. are ____.A. hypernymB. synonymC. homonymD. hyponymsAnswer: D8. When we teach grammar as ____, the learner is required to attend to grammar, while working on tasks which retain an emphasis on language use.A. abilityB. methodC. knowledgeD. skillAnswer: D9. ________ are represented by phonetic symbols because there is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters and spoken sounds.A. meaningB. signC. soundsD. formAnswer: C10. ________ is often described as the music of speech—the way the voice goes up and down as we speak.A.intonationB. toneC. stressD. registerAnswer: A11. ________ is the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables.A. intonationB. toneC. stressD. registerAnswer: C12. The vowel is produced without (or little) restriction during its ________ and is always voiced.A. pronunciationB. speakingC. productionD. articulationAnswer: C13. Allophones are varied realizations of the same ________ .A. phoneB. morphemeC. phonemeD. tagmemeAnswer: C14. Mentalism holds that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc., and the mind can influence the ____ of the body.A. conditionB. developmentC. growthD.behaviorAnswer: D15. The mentalists suggest that the learner processes new data in his/her mind and comes up with a succession of ________ that produce new patterns in the target language.A. rulesB. principlesC. methodsD. waysAnswer: A16. Behavioristic ideas about language learning are based mainly on a theory of learning, in which the focus is mainly on the role of the __________, both verbal and non-verbal.A. contextB. environmentC. conditionD. factorAnswer: B17. Behaviorism sees learning in terms of habit formation. The habits are formed by __________ and reinforced by repetition.A. habit formationB. imitationC. memorizationD. pattern practiceAnswer: B18. According to the behaviorists, all learning takes place through ____.A. habit formationB. memorizationC. imitationD. pattern practiceAnswer: A19. The three main things that a learner has to acquire when learning a new structure are the form, meaning and _____ of the structure.A. patternB. signC. pronunciationD. useAnswer: D20. Language learning and teaching must be viewed in a __________, setting, or background.A. textbookB. societyC. classD.contextAnswer: D21. Chomsky refers to the child’s innate endowment as ____, a set of principles which are common to all languages.A. language acquisition deviceB. innate knowledgeC. universal grammarD. basic grammarAnswer: C22.Which of the following is true of second language learning?A.Natural language exposurermal learning contextC.Structured inputD.Little error correctionAnswer: C23.Every language has a relatively small set of sounds that can distinguish meaning, or phonemes. English has ____, in most dialects.A. 44B. 42C. 40D.28Answer: A二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. Language is capable of producing new forms and meanings.Answer: T2. Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ only in one sound.Answer: T3. One function of a language can only be expressed by one structure.Answer: F4. The vowel is produced without (or with little) restriction during its production and is always voiced.Answer: T5. Vowels are formed mainly by the position of the tongue and, secondarily, by the shape of the lips and movement of the jaw.Answer: T6. Consonants vary depending on where and how the air stream gets through, the place and movement of the tongue, and also whether the voice is used or not.Answer: T7. A phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit, incapable of change in different phonetic environments.Answer: F8. Pitch is produced by frequency of vibration of the vocal cords. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.Answer: T9. The most powerful signal of stress is a change of pitch on the vowel.Answer: T10. Syllables are short when they are stressed.Answer: F11. Lexical competence implies more than just knowing what a word means.Answer: T第三章Lesson Planning I & II一、选择题（每题2分）1. The making of foreign language education policy must take into consideration the ____ and educational situation of the country.A. environmentalB. economicC. politicalD. socialAnswer: B2. Syllabus determines teaching aims, objectives, contents and ____.A. approachesB. principlesC. methodsD. qualityAnswer: C3.A lesson may focus on language, ____, or function.A. topicB. skillC. structureD. methodAnswer: B4.Any lesson we teach naturally divide into different stages of activity and the main stages are: presentation, practice, production, reading, listening and ____.A.speakingB. writingC. comprehensionD. revisionAnswer: D5.The ____ of writing a lesson plan is one to give proper consideration to what the teacher is going to do in that lesson.A.aimB. processC. principleD. methodAnswer: B6.As for the general aim of a lesson, it may focus on the following ones except:A.A particular topicB.A particular structureC.A skillD.The main stages of the lessonAnswer: D二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. Lesson plans are useful only before the lesson.Answer: F2. There is no one absolutely correct way to draw up a lesson plan and each teacher will decide what suits him or her best, but all good lesson plans give a clear picture of what the teacher intends to do in the lesson.Answer: T3. A real good lesson plan should be long and complicated with detailed lesson notes.Answer: F第四章The Grammar - Translation Method一、选择题（每题2分）1. At one time _____was called Classical Method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical languages of Latin and Greek.A. communicative approachB. the audiolingual methodC. the direct methodD. the grammar-translation methodAnswer: D2. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to read and ____ its literature.A. writeB. translateC. speakD. listenAnswer: B3.____ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which uses translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.A. The Grammar-Translation MethodB. The Audiolingual MethodC. The Communicative ApproachD. The Direct MethodAnswer: A4.The fundamental purpose of learning Latin was to study the classical ____ , which was worshipped in the Renaissance.A. languageB. cultureC. customD. heritageAnswer: B5.Different questions are designed for students to answer to check the understanding of the reading passage. One type of questions are questions of ____ to which answers are directly and explicitly available in the text.A. inferenceB. personal responseC. literal comprehensionD. detailed informationAnswer: C6. Under the guidance of Grammar-Translation Method, the teacher uses the ____ language of the students as the main medium of instruction in the classroom.A.nativeB. secondC. foreignD. accentAnswer: A二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. It is accepted by most experts of foreign language teaching that the Grammar-Translation Method originated from the 16th century.Answer: F2. In a grammar-translation method classroom, reading and writing are the major focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening, because literary language is considered superior to spoken language and is therefore the language students should study.Answer: T3. The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived from Comparative Historical Linguistics.Answer: T4. The theory of learning underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was Faculty Psychology. The Faculty Psychologists believed that the mind of human beings had various faculties whichcould be trained separately.Answer: T第五章The Audiolingual Method一、选择题（每题2分）1. The Audiolingual Method uses ________ as the main form of language presentation and drills as the main training techniques.A. dialoguesB. passagesC. sentencesD. phrasesAnswer: A2. _______develops the separation of the language skills into a pedagogical device.A. the Communicative ApproachB. the Grammar-Translation MethodC. the Direct MethodD. the Audiolingual MethodAnswer: D3.Structural linguistics views language as a system of structurally related elements for the expression of meaning. These elements are phonemes, morphemes, words, _______, and sentence types.A. structuresB. phrasesC. clausesD. sentencesAnswer: A4.The structural linguists believed that the primary medium of language is _______.A.visualB. auditoryC. writtenD. oralAnswer: D5.The use of drills and pattern practice is a distinctive feature of _______.A. the Communicative ApproachB. the Grammar-Translation MethodC. the Direct MethodD. the Audiolingual MethodAnswer: D6._______ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing.A. the Communicative ApproachB. the Grammar-Translation MethodC. the Direct MethodD. the Audiolingual MethodAnswer: D二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. Dialogues and drills form the basis of audiolingual classroom practice.Answer: T2.The Audiolingual Method uses passages as the main form of language presentation. Answer: F3.When a teacher uses the Audiolingual Method in the class, mother tongue is discouraged. Answer: T第六章The Communicative Approach一、选择题（每题2分）1. The ____ approach to language study is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation.A. functionalB. structuralC. interactionalD. communicativeAnswer: A2. The ____ approach to language is to see it in terms of the bits and pieces by means of which it is put together.A. functionalB. structuralC. interactionalD. communicativeAnswer: B3. The Communicative Approach is an approach to foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is ________________ .A. functionalB. structuralC. communicative competenceD. interactionalAnswer: C4. “Knowing English” must mean knowing how to __________ in English.A. speakB. learnC. writeD. communicateAnswer: D5. Most contributors to the Communicative Approach share the view that language is used for communication and are more concerned with meaning than with ________.A. formB. functionC. structureD. usageAnswer: C6. Closely related to Communicative Language Teaching is ________, the study of the use of language in communication.A. pragmaticsB. linguisticsC. phoneticsD. phonologyAnswer: A7. Which of the following is a communication game?A.BingoB.Word chainC.Rearranging and describingD.Cross-word puzzleAnswer: C二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. The most obvious characteristics of the Communicative Approach is that almost everything that is done is done with a communicative intent.Answer: T2. Today both language teaching experts and classroom teachers agree that the communicative approach is the best.Answer: F3. Functional linguistics is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation.Answer: T4.Functional linguistics is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation.Answer: T5.According to Canale and Swain (1980), communicative competence entails three dimensions. Answer: F第七章The Direct Method一、选择题（每题2分）1. The neogrammarians, represented by Hermann Paul, formed the main ________ base of the Direct Method.A.linguisticB. psychologicalC. language teachingD. phonologicalAnswer: A2. Direct association of language with objects and persons of the immediate environment is emphasized in ________ .A. the Communicative ApproachB. the Grammar-Translation MethodC. the Direct MethodD. the Audiolingual MethodAnswer: C3. The syllabus used in the Direct Method is arranged semantically according to _______.A. teaching aimB. teaching methodsC. teaching materialD. situations or topicsAnswer: D4.The teaching of all four basic language skills is not neglected, but _______ exercises should be based upon what the students practice orally first.A. reading and writingB. reading and speakingC. speaking and listeningD. speaking and writingAnswer: A5. In order to reinforce and test what the students have learned, _______is frequently used in the Direct Method.A.dictationB. testC. quizD. examinationAnswer: A6.The rapid development of _______, psychology and education greatly stimulated the establishment of the Direct Method.A.pragmaticsB. applied linguisticsC. linguisticsD. phonologyAnswer: C二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. The Direct Method was developed as a reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method and out of the need for better language learning.Answer: T2.This method aims at developing the students' ability to write in the target language.Answer: F3. Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized by the Direct Methodologists.Answer: T第八章Four New Approaches一、选择题（每题2分）1. When we use the word _____ we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the teacher does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind.A. methodB. approachC. techniqueD. methodologyAnswer: B2. A ________ is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in efficient learning.A. approachB. techniqueC. waysD. methodAnswer: D3. A ________ is based on systematic principles and procedures, i.e., it is an application of views on how a language is best taught and learned.A. methodB. approachC. techniqueD. methodologyAnswer: A二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. The Total Physical Response method emphasizes comprehension and the use of physical actions to teach a foreign language at an introductory level.Answer: T2.The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves commitment of the self to language acquisition through the use of silent awareness and then active trial.Answer: T3. Community Language Learning advocates a holistic approach to language learning, since "true" human learning is both cognitive and affective.Answer: T第九章The Teaching and Learning of Pronunciation一、选择题（每题2分）1. There is a lack of consistency between ____ and pronunciation in English.A. spellingB. writingC. listeningD. meaningAnswer: A2. Pronunciation teaching should include the static forms such as individual sounds and word stresses, as well the _______ forms such as intonation, sentence stress and rhythm.A. systemicB. implicitC. explicitD.dynamicAnswer: D3.When we produce _______ , there is no obstruction or narrowing in the air passage, no audible friction, especially in the mouth, or air stream.A. consonantsB. vowelsC. pure vowelsD. diphthongsAnswer: B4.A _______ is the smallest distinctive sound unit or minimum unit of distinctive sound feature.A.morphemeB. allophoneC. phonemeD. tagmemeAnswer: C5.The importance of pronunciation lies in mastering the _______distinctions and the different meanings that are signaled by the phonetic features.A.grammaticalB. syntacticC. functionalD. LexicalAnswer: A6. _______ advocates a holistic approach to language learning, since "true" human learning is both cognitive and affective.A. The Silent WayB. The Total Physical Response MethodC. The Direct MethodD. The Community Language LearningAnswer: D二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. The teacher will have to concentrate on the important phonemic contrasts and select allophonic variations to ensure intelligibility, not to achieve a total set of native-speaker-like variations. Answer: T2. In any language, speech sounds are classified into two kinds: vowels and consonants. Answer: T3.The teaching of pronunciation needs to be related to the learners' ability to develop reading competence.Answer: F4.The structure of the sound system involves not only the vowels and consonants --- the segmental features, but also stress and intonation --- the supra-segmental features.Answer: T第十章The Teaching and Learning of Vocabulary一、选择题（每题2分）1. The two basic guidelines on the choice of vocabulary are: _______, students’ need and level.A. difficultyB. meaningC. frequencyD. usageAnswer: C2. The structural view holds that language is a ______ of structurally related elements for the coding of meaning.A. unitB. partC. systemD. cohortAnswer: C3. There are three main forms of word building or word formation which are characteristic of English: ______, compounding and conversion.A.affixationB. prefixionC. suffixionD. derivationAnswer: A4. ______refers to words which the students understand, can pronounce correctly and use constructively in speaking and writing.A. active vocabularyB. passive vocabularyC. new vocabularyD. old vocabularyAnswer: A5.______ is a device for creating and extending meaning, and it is is an imaginative way of describing something by referring to something else which is the same in a particular way.A. personificationB. ironyC. euphemismD. metaphorAnswer: D6. _______refers to a single word form that has several different meanings which are not closely related.A. superordinateA.synonymB.polysemyC.homonymyAnswer: D二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. Techniques for grouping items of vocabulary fall into three general categories: semantic fields, phonological sets and grammatical sets. Grouping items related by topics, for example, types of fruit, belongs to the semantic fields.Answer: T2.Knowing a word involves knowing its meaning, its form and its structure.Answer: F3. It is a relationship between the content of a message, its sender and receiver, its situation and purpose, and how it is communicated.Answer: T4.To understand a word fully, a student must know not only what it refers to, but also where the boundaries are that separate it from words of related meaning.Answer: T第十一章The Teaching and Learning of Grammar一、选择题（每题2分）1.______ is a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.A. lexiconB. syntaxC. grammarD. cohesionAnswer: C2.______ is an approach to language teaching in which learners are taught rules and given specific information about a language. They then apply these rules when they use the language. A.deductive learning B. inductive learningC. inference learningD. summarized learningAnswer: A3.______ engages learners in language use, formulating their own meanings in contexts over which they have considerable control, and in so doing, drawing on grammar as an on going resource.A. skill teachingB. product teachingC. process teachingD. theory teachingAnswer: C4.Repetition (choral or individual) is the most often used technique for ______.A.lead-inB. elicitationC. explanationD. accurate reproductionAnswer: D5. The aim of the ______ is to get the learners to perceive the structure --- its form and meaning --- in both speech and writing and to take it into short-term memory.A.isolationB. explanationC. presentationD. practiceAnswer: C二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. It usually takes into account the meanings and functions sentences have in the overall system of the language.Answer: T2.A product perspective on grammar is dynamic.Answer: F3. Accuracy work is only used to give the practice in grammar and vocabulary.Answer: F4. Techniques for lead-in could be brainstorming, questions, discussions, and so on.Answer: T第十二章Teaching Listening一、选择题（每题2分）1. When we listen for a particular purpose, to find information we need to know, the kind of listening we are involved in is called _______ listening.A. centralB. focusedC. bottom-upD. top-downAnswer: B2.Sometimes we listen with no particular purpose in mind, and often without much concentration. This kind of listening is called _______.A. casual listeningB. focused listeningC. extensive listeningD. intensive listeningAnswer: A3.We cannot develop speaking skills unless we also develop _______ skills.A.listeningB. readingC. writingD. understandingAnswer: A4. What should a teacher try to avoid when selecting listening materials?A.The texts scripted and recorded in the studioB.The texts with implicated concepts beyond the comprehension of studentsC. The texts delivered through the accents other than RP or Standard American PronunciationD. The texts including structures and vocabulary beyond the ability level of the students Answer: B二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. An important part of the skill of listening is being able to predict what the speaker is going to say next.Answer: T2. If we ask the class to listen and we ask the questions afterwards, we are helping them improve their listening skill indeed.Answer: F3. Listening activities can only be conducted with the whole class.Answer: F4. When the students listen to recorded materials there is very little opportunity for immediate interaction.Answer: T第十三章Teaching Reading一、选择题（每题2分）1. _______ is the activity we normally engage in when we read books, newspapers, road signs, etc. It involves looking at the sentences and understanding the message they convey.A. reading aloudB. reading for meaningC. silent readingD. reading for informationAnswer: B2. A teacher can use a range of techniques before reading a text which will make it easier for students to understand the text and to help them focus attention on it as they read, and they are: presenting new vocabulary, introducing the text and_______.A. giving guiding questionsB. going through the textC. checking detailed comprehensionD. focusing on important new vocabularyAnswer: A3.When a researcher reads an academic paper to see if it is relevant to his field of interest, which one of the reading skills is he using?A.skimmingB. scanningC. inferringD. inductionAnswer: A4.Which of the following activities can be adopted at the pre-reading stage?A.rearranging the materialsB. brainstorming the topicC. writing a summary of the textD. giving a quizAnswer: B5. Which of the following activities can be used to get the main idea of a passage?A.reading to decide on the titleB.reading to sequence the eventsC.reading to fill in the chartsD.reading to summary the passageAnswer: A二、判断题（每题1.5分）1. There are no major differences between how one reads in one’s mother tongue and how one reads in a foreign language.Answer: F2. To understand a word, you have to read all the letters in it; to understand a sentence you have to read all the words in it.Answer: F3. In order to understand a text well, it is absolutely necessary to understand every word in the first place.Answer: F4. Through reading the students not only learn new language, but also develop their reading skills. Answer: T第十四章Teaching Speaking一、选择题（每题2分）1. In real communication we have a ________ for using the language and we use a variety of language form to achieve our communicative purposes.A. purposeB. methodC. wayD. principleAnswer: A2. Natural conversation outside the classroom is ________ .A. intentionalB. spontaneousC. dynamicD. staticAnswer: B3. Fluency activities usually form what is called the ________ stage of the lesson.A. preparationB. endingC. revision D productionAnswer: D。

英语教学法复习重点

1.Views on language: a. Structural view(结构主义) b. Functional view(交际法) c. Interactional view(交往法)1) The structural view结构主义观点:language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences. Each language has a finite number of such structural items.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.2)The functional view交际法的观点language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.3)The interactional view交往法的观点Language is a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.The interactional view says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.2.The qualities of teachers教师素质：ethic devotion; professional qualities; personal styles.municative competence(交际能力组成的5部分): a. linguistic competence b. pragmatic competence c. discourse competence d. strategic competence e. fluency4. Principles of communicative language teaching: a. communication principle b. task principle c. meaningfulness principle5.classification of communicative activities(交际活动的分类): a. functional communicative activities b. social interaction activities6．The role of teacher 教师的角色：a. controller b. assessor c. organizer d. prompter e. participant f. resource-provider 7. Classroom instructions: Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organize or guide learning. They include giving directions to tasks or activities, providing explanations to a concept or language structure, setting requirements, checking comprehension, drawing attention, motivating learners, giving feedback, and assigning homework, etc.8. students grouping: a. whole class work b. pair work c. group work d. individual study6\7\81.Three ways to show the stress pattern words, phrases and sentences:1)Use gesture;2)Use the voice;3)Use the blackboard.2.Factors contribute to successful practice:1) pre-learning 2) volume and repetition 3) success-orientation 4) heterogeneity 5) teacher assistance 6) interest3.Grammar practice is usually divided into 2 categories: mechanical practice & meaningful/communicative practice.4.Mechanical practice involves activities that aimed at form accuracy.5.What does it mean to know a word? Knowing a word mans 1) knowing its pronunciation and stress; 2) knowing its spelling & grammatical properties; 3) knowing its meaning; 4) knowing how & when to use it to express the intended meaning.9\10\111. Principles for teaching listening 1).focus on process.2).combine listening with other skills.3).focus on the comprehension of meaning.4).grade difficulty level appropriately.2. Factors that affect the difficulty level of listening tasks, but they fall into 3 main categories:1)type of language used.2）task or purpose in listening.3）context in which the listening occurs.3. Models for teaching reading:1)Bottom-up model.(2)Top-down model 3)Interactive model4.The characteristic are common in successful speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk; 2)Even participation;3)High motivation;4)Right language level.5. Littlewood divides communicative speaking activities into 2 types: Communicative activities: functional communication activities and social interaction activities. It also includes Pre-communicative activities: structural activities andQuasi-communicative activities. Pre-communicative activities are intended to prepare learners for Communicative activities. 6. Pre-reading activities: predicting; setting the scene; skimming; scanning. Skimming means reading quickly to get the gist,e.g.the main idea of the text. Scanning which means to read to locate specific information.7.Some speaking activities：1)controlled activities: mainly focus on form and accuracy; 2)semi-controlled activities: focus on meaning and communication; 3)communicative activities.8. Ur points out that factors that affect the success of role-plays are: 1)the teacher’s enthusiasm;2)careful instructions;3)clear situations and roles; 4)and making sure that the students have the language they will need to carry out the role-play.1.The main procedures of process writing(过程写作)include: Creating a motivation to write; brainstorming; mapping; freewriting; outlining; drafting; editing; revising; proofreading and conferencing.2. Principles can help teachers motivate students to write: 1) Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life.2) Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination. 3) Prepare students well before writing. 4) Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing. 5) Provide opportunities for students to share their writings. 6) Provide constructive and positive feedback. 7) Treat students’’ errors strategically. 8) Give students a sense of achievement from time to time.1.我国英语教学的六个基本原则原先所倡导的中学英语教学的基本原则：1、交际性原则2、阶段侧重原则3、语音词汇语法综合教学原则4、使用和控制使用本族语的原则5、以学生为中心的原则。

英语教学法考试重点(1)

Views on language learning and learning in general(1)Behaviorist theory Eg;you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages,stimulus,response,and reinforcement(2)Cognitive theory\(3)Constructive theory(4)Socio-constructivist theory Eg:learning is the best achieved through the dynamics interactions between the teacher and the learners.What makes a good teacher?(1)ethic devotion(2)Professional qualities(3)Personal stylesHow can one become a good language teacher?(1)the development of professional competence (most difficult)(2)A specific range od skills strategies,,knowledges and ability(3)Have a sound command of English(4)Learning practice and reflection.learning from others experience.leaning the received knowledge leaning from one’s own experience as a learner.Language use in real life VS traditional pedagogy(1)in real life,language is used to perform certain communicative functions. Eg: to give directions,to exchange information or to make a complaint. In traditional language classroom,the teaching focus is often on forms rather than functions.(2)For various reasons,traditional pedagogy tends to focus on two language skills and ignore the others. Eg:the grammar-translation methos emphasized on reading and writing skills and virtuallyignored listening speaking skills.(3)In reality language is always used in a certain context,but traditional pedagogy tends to isolated language from its context. Eg:when the English passive voice is introduced,the teacher always focuses on the explanation of how the objects in an active sentence is moved to the front of a passive sentence. And how the verb is changed to an auxiliary plus an -ed form of the base form of the verb.What is communicative competence ?(1)linguistic competence(2)Pragmatic competence(3)Discourse competence(4)Strategic competence(5)FluencyTask based language teachingTask definitionIs a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others,freely or for some reward.Is an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought,and which allows teachers to control and regulate that processFour components of a taskA purpose :make sure the students have a reason for undertaking the taskA context :this can be real simulated or imaginary and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location the participants and their relationship,the time,and other important factors.A process;getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning inquiring conceptual and communicatingA product : there will be some form of outcome either visible or invisibleExercises tasksFocus form meaningSituation no situation real life situationOutcome correct form accomplishment of taskLanguage practice of assigned form choice of form and contentError immediate correction delayed correctionPrinciples for good lesson planning(1)Aims means a realistic goals for the lesson the teacher needs to have a clear idea of what he or she would like to achieve for the lesson or what outcomes are expected from the lesson Aims are not the things teachers intend to do during the lesson,but the things that students are able to do bu the end od the lesson.(2)Variety means planning a number of different types of activities.(3)Flexibility means preparing some extra and alternatives tasks and activities as the class does not always go according to the plan(4)Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capabilities of the students.(5)Linkage means linked with each otherHarmer suggest the following measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving students(1)Act immediately(2)Stop the class(3)Rearrange the seats(4)Change the activity(5)Talk to students after class(6)Create a code of behaviorDealing with errors(1)dealing with spoken errors(2)When to correct generally it is best to interrupt students during fluency work unless communication breaks down.if the students has got most of his language right but has made a trivial mistakes it is sometimes wise to let the mistakes pass if there are some common mistakes that other students might also have problems with,the teacher can take a note in his or her mind and try to do the correction after the students’ performance.(3)How to correct indirect teacher correction is encouraged to avoid damaging students’self esteem and confidence. Ask a question to invite the students to say it again with a hint of a problem. Sometimes the whole class can be invited to correct the mistakes.Characteristics of the listening process(1)spontaneity(2)Context(3)Visual clues(4)Listeners ‘s response(5)Speakers’ adjustmentA process approach to writing(1)Focus on the process of writing that leads to the final written process(2)Help students writers understand their own composing process(3)Help them built repetoires of strategies for previewing drafting and rewriting(4)Palace central importance on the process of reversion(5)Give students time to write and rewrite(6)Let the students discover what they want to say as they write(7)Give students the feedback throughout the composing process to consider as they attempt to bring their expression closer and closer to intention(8)Encourage feedback both from the instructors and peers(9)Include individual conferences between teacher and student during the process of composition。

英语教学法考试重点缩印版

1、语言观views on language ①structural view ②functional view ③interactional view2、语言学习观views on language learning ①behaviorist theory ②cognitivetheory ③constructivist theory ④socio-constructivist theory3、好教师的素质要素①ethic devotion ②professional qualities ③personalstyles . ④补充的excellent teachers: flexibility, encouragement, enthusiasm, leading by example, integrity, never stop learning, good communication.4、语言教学的最终目标the ultimate goal of ELT: the ultimate of foreignlanguage teaching is to enable students to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary. Thus we should teach that part of the language that will be used (rather than all part of the language).5、交际能力communicative competence ①linguistic competence ②pragmaticcompetence ③discourse competence ④strategic competence ⑤fluency6、交际语言教学的原则principles of Communicative Language Teaching①communication principle ②task principle ③meaningfulness principle7、评估交际教学的六个标准 6 criteria for evaluating communicate①communicative purpose ②communicative desire ③content, not form④variety of language ⑤no teacher intervention ⑥no materials control8、任务型教学的特征task-based Language Teaching ①skill and knowledge②process of doing, thinking in English ③product ④context ⑤purpose9、任务型教学的定义和四要素：a piece of classroom work which involveslearners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form. ①a purpose ②a context ③a process ④a product10、设计任务时的四种问题four sets of question when designing tasks:①what isthe objective of the task ②what is the content of the task ③how is the task to be carried out ④in what situation is the task to be carried out11、设计任务的步骤①thinking about students’ needs, interests, and abilit ies②brainstorm possible tasks ③evaluate the list ④choose the language items⑤preparing materials12、语言教学的目标（课程目标）Overall Language Ability ①languageknowledge: phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, functions, topics ②language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing ③learning strategy: cognitive, self management, communication, resourcing ④affect and attitude: international, perspectives, patriotism, confidence, motivation ⑤cultural awareness: knowledge, understanding, awareness.13、教学计划lesson plan: a lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in whichteachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it. In other words, teachers need to think about①the aims to be achieved, ②materials to be covered, ③activities to beorganized, and ④techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.14、好教学计划的原则principles for good lesson planning ①aim ②variety③flexibility ④learnability ⑤linkage15、宏观计划内容what does macro planning involve ①knowing about theprofession ②knowing about the institution ③knowing about the learners④knowing about the curriculum/syllabus ⑤knowing about the textbook⑥knowing about the objectives16、微观计划的组成micro planning (components of a lesson plan):backgroundinformation, teaching aims, language contents and skills, stages and procedures, teaching aids, assignments, and teacher’s after-lesson reflection.17、3P. ①语言知识structure-based lesson: presentation, practice, production.②语言技能skill-oriented lesson: pre-, while-, post-.18、课堂管理classroom management: classroom management is the wayteachers organise what goes on in the classroom. It contributes directly to the efficiency of teaching and learning as the most effective activities can be made almost useless if the teacher does not organize them efficiently. As the goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways.19、有效的课堂管理的六个条件：①the teacher plays appropriate roles. ②theteacher provides clear instructions. ③students are grouped in a way suitable for the learning activities. ④the teacher asks appropriate questions. ⑤there is discipline as well as harmony in the class. ⑥the students’ errors are treated properly.20、教师角色roles of teachers ①controller: control the pace; control time;control the whole class. ②assessor: assess the students’ work; correct mistake;organize feedback. ③organiser: design and organize tasks ④prompter: give appropriate prompts; ⑤participant: join students ⑥resource-provider：instruction materials. ⑦new roles: facilitator; guide; researcher.21、课堂指令classroom instructions : classroom instructions refer to the type oflanguage teachers use to organize or guide learning. They include ①giving directions to tasks or activities, ②providing explanations to a concept or language structure, ③setting requirements, ④checking comprehension,⑤drawing attention, ⑥motivating learners, ⑦giving feedback, and⑧assigning homework.22、有效的课堂指令规则rules to follow for making instructions effective：①usesimple instructions and make them suit the comprehension level of the students. ②use the mother-tongue only when it is necessary. ③give students time to get used to listening to English instructions and help them make an effort to understand them.23、学生分组类型students grouping：①whole class work ②pair work ③groupwork ④individual study24、课堂纪律Discipline in the language classroom: discipline here refers to acode of conduct which binds a teacher and a group of students together so that learning can be more effective.25、课堂纪律的要素What contributes to discipline: ①classroom management②teachers’ behavior③students’ motivation26、对无纪律课堂的措施measures ①act immediately ②stop the class③rearrange the class ④change the activity ⑤talk to students after class⑥create a code of behavior27、课堂问题的建议advice about problems in class ①deal with it quietly ②don’ttake things personally ③don’t use threats28、课堂上的问问题questioning in the classroom：teachers use questions ①tofocus students’ attention, ②to invite thinking and imagination, ③to check understanding, ④to stimulate recall of information, ⑤to challenge students, and ⑥to assess learning. Questions should be wise and purposeful, contributing to the overall objectives of the lesson, stimulating the development of knowledge and thinking, as well as helping to maintain interaction.29、错误处理dealing with errors: ①when to correct ②how to correct ③who tocorrect30、语法教学3P模式:Ⅰ.presentation: ①purpose: students perceive thestructure——its form and meaning——in both speech and writing, and take it into short-term memory. ②ways: the deductive method; the inductive method;the guided discovery method: 步骤：create a context, clear model, highlight rules, check understanding. Ⅱ.practice: ①purpose: students learn to use the grammar item. Absorb the structure thoroughly, or to transfer what they know from short-term to long-term memory. ②ways: mechanical practice(substitution drills, transformation drills); meaningful practice(定义：in meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students “keep an eye on ”the way newly learned structures are used in the process).③要素factors: ⑪can’t be said to have really mastered it yet. ⑫aimed at form accuracy. ⑬the students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure. ⑭controlled/mechanical and semi-controlled. ⑮group. ⑯ways. Ⅲ. Production: ①purpose: there is a need for meaningful practice and communicative use of the structure taught so that students can be helped to achieve both accuracy and fluency in language use.②ways: communicative practice(guessing games, completing the picture,information sheet, find someone who, paired cue card, role play, story telling);task.31、 A synthesis approach to teaching grammar: collocational, constructive,contextual, and contrastive.32、有效阅读者怎么做what do effective readers do: ①have a clear purpose inreading ②read silently ③read phrase by phrase, rather than word by word④concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificantparts ⑤use different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks⑥perceive the information in the target language rather than mentallytranslate ⑦guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them⑧have and use background information to help understand the text.33、阅读策略reading strategies: ①specifying a purpose for reading ②planningwhat to do ③previewing the text ④predicting the contents of the text⑤checking predictions ⑥skimming the text for specific information⑦distinguishing main ideas from supporting details ⑧posing questions aboutthe text ⑨finding answers to posed questions ⑩connecting one part of the text to another34、The three models for teaching reading: ①bottom-up model ②top-down model③interactive model35、读前pre-reading activities: ①purpose: the purpose of pre-reading is tofacilitate while-reading activities. ②ways: predicting(predicting based on the title, predicting based on vocabulary, predicting based on the T/F questions);setting the scene. 读中While-reading:①fast reading: skimming; scanning.②reading in detail: transition device（信息转换）⑪purpose: focus attentionon the main meaning of the text; be able to simplify sophisticated input so that it becomes the basis for output; allow students to perform tasks while they are reading; highlight the main structural organization of a text, and show how the structure relates to meaning; involve all the students in clearly defined reading tasks; precede one step at a time; when a TD is completed, use it as a basis for further oral and written language practice. ⑫ways: picture; drawings; maps;tables; tree diagrams; cyclic diagrams; pie charts; bar charts; flowcharts;chronological sequence; subtitles; notes. 读后post reading ① purpose ⑪to consolidate or reflect on what has been read in the text. ⑫to relate the text to the students’ own knowledge interests or view. ⑬to give the students the chance to consolidate that language by using it freely. ②activities: discussion questions; reproducing the text; role play; gap-filling; discussion36、阅读理解问题的类型types of reading comprehension questions ①questionsof literal comprehension ②questions involving reorganization or reinterpretation ③questions for inferences ④questions for evaluation or appreciation ⑤questions for personal response. ⑥understanding references.。

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Views on language learning and learning in general(1)Behaviorist theory Eg;you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages,stimulus,response,and reinforcement(2)Cognitive theory\(3)Constructive theory(4)Socio-constructivist theory Eg:learning is the best achieved through the dynamics interactions between the teacher and the learners.What makes a good teacher?(1)ethic devotion(2)Professional qualities(3)Personal stylesHow can one become a good language teacher?(1)the development of professional competence (most difficult)(2)A specific range od skills strategies,,knowledges and ability(3)Have a sound command of English(4)Learning practice and reflection.learning from others experience.leaning the received knowledge leaning from one’s own experience as a learner.Language use in real life VS traditional pedagogy(1)in real life,language is used to perform certain communicative functions. Eg: to give directions,to exchange information or to make a complaint. In traditional language classroom,the teaching focus is often on forms rather than functions.(2)For various reasons,traditional pedagogy tends to focus on two language skills and ignore the others. Eg:the grammar-translation methos emphasized on reading and writing skills and virtuallyignored listening speaking skills.(3)In reality language is always used in a certain context,but traditional pedagogy tends to isolated language from its context. Eg:when the English passive voice is introduced,the teacher always focuses on the explanation of how the objects in an active sentence is moved to the front of a passive sentence. And how the verb is changed to an auxiliary plus an -ed form of the base form of the verb.What is communicative competence ?(1)linguistic competence(2)Pragmatic competence(3)Discourse competence(4)Strategic competence(5)FluencyTask based language teachingTask definitionIs a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others,freely or for some reward.Is an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought,and which allows teachers to control and regulate that processFour components of a taskA purpose :make sure the students have a reason for undertaking the taskA context :this can be real simulated or imaginary and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location the participants and their relationship,the time,and other important factors.A process;getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning inquiring conceptual and communicatingA product : there will be some form of outcome either visible or invisibleExercises tasksFocus form meaningSituation no situation real life situationOutcome correct form accomplishment of taskLanguage practice of assigned form choice of form and contentError immediate correction delayed correctionPrinciples for good lesson planning(1)Aims means a realistic goals for the lesson the teacher needs to have a clear idea of what he or she would like to achieve for the lesson or what outcomes are expected from the lesson Aims are not the things teachers intend to do during the lesson,but the things that students are able to do bu the end od the lesson.(2)Variety means planning a number of different types of activities.(3)Flexibility means preparing some extra and alternatives tasks and activities as the class does not always go according to the plan(4)Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capabilities of the students.(5)Linkage means linked with each otherHarmer suggest the following measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving students(1)Act immediately(2)Stop the class(3)Rearrange the seats(4)Change the activity(5)(6)Talk to students after class(7)(8)Create a code of behaviorDealing with errors(1)dealing with spoken errors(2)When to correct generally it is best to interrupt students during fluency work unless communication breaks down.if the students has got most of his language right but has made a trivial mistakes it is sometimes wise to let the mistakes pass if there are some common mistakes that other students might also have problems with,the teacher can take a note in his or her mind and try to do the correction after the students’ performance.(3)How to correct indirect teacher correction is encouraged to avoid damaging students’ self esteem and confidence. Ask a question to invite the students to say it again with a hint of a problem. Sometimes the whole class can be invited to correct the mistakes.Characteristics of the listening process(1)spontaneity(2)(3)Context(4)(5)Visual clues(6)(7)Listeners ‘s response(8)Speakers’ adjustmentA process approach to writing(1)Focus on the process of writing that leads to the final written process(2)Help students writers understand their own composing process(3)(4)Help them built repetoires of strategies for previewing drafting and rewriting(5)Palace central importance on the process of reversion(6)(7)Give students time to write and rewrite(8)(9)Let the students discover what they want to say as they write(10)Give students the feedback throughout the composing process to consider as they attempt to bring their expression closer and closer to intention(11)Encourage feedback both from the instructors and peers(12)Include individual conferences between teacher and student during the process of composition。