被动语态及练习题

被动语态讲解

一、汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。

二、被动语态的形式

1) 常用时态的被动语态的构成：被动语态的基本形式为助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词，即be done。

被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：

一般现在时：am / is / are + given

一般过去时：was / were +given

一般将来时：shall / will +be+ given

过去进行时：was / were + being + given

现在进行时：am / is / are + being + given

过去完成时：had + been + given

现在完成时：have / has + been + given

将来完成时：shall / will + have been + given

过去将来时：should / would +be+ given

现在完成进行时：have/has been being done

含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be done

［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。

3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。

Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？

三、被动语态使用范围

谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。

1. Some stamps were stolen last week.

2. The PRC was founded on October 1, 1949.

四、主动语态与被动语态的转换

1．主语+谓语+宾语

主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变，原主变宾by后见，时态人称be关键。

注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词

的数要与新主语保持一致。

We have bought a new computer.

A new computer ______ been bought.

2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.）

My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.

I was given a present on my birthday.

A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：

bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。

一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

注意：有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。

He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. )

People all over the world know the Great Wall.

The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)

3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：

We always keep the classroom clean. →The classroom is always kept clean.

She told us to follow her instructions. →We were told to follow her instructions.

注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。

We often hear him play the guitar. →He is often heard to play the guitar.

注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：

Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.

误：Love apples were called them.

正：They were called love apples.

五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。