内蒙古大学考博英语题型分析
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
破解英语博士面试常见问题及答案
破解英语博士面试常见问题及答案1. 个人介绍问题问题：请介绍一下你自己。
答案：我是一名英语博士申请者，拥有深厚的英语语言和文学知识。
我在本科期间专注于英语学习，并在研究生阶段深入研究了英语文学。
我对英语的语法、修辞手法和文学作品有着较深的理解。
我热爱研究和探索英语语言和文学的各个方面，并希望将来能够在这个领域做出一定的贡献。
2. 研究动机问题问题：你为什么选择攻读英语博士学位？答案：我选择攻读英语博士学位的主要原因是因为我对英语语言和文学的研究充满激情。
我希望能够深入了解英语语言的本质和其在不同文学作品中的运用。
通过进行深入研究，我可以进一步提高自己的学术能力，并在未来成为一名有影响力的英语学者。
此外，攻读博士学位也是我实现个人职业目标的重要一步。
3. 研究领域问题问题：你的研究领域是什么？为什么对这个领域感兴趣？答案：我的研究领域是英语文学。
我对英语文学感兴趣的原因是因为通过研读英语文学作品，我可以深入理解英语语言的运用和不同文学流派的发展。
我希望能够挖掘出一些在过去被忽视的文学作品，并对其进行深入分析和解读。
通过研究英语文学，我可以更好地理解文学作品背后的文化和历史背景，进而提高自己的文学鉴赏能力。
4. 研究计划问题问题：你有没有具体的研究计划或课题？请简要介绍一下。
答案：我计划在我的博士研究中探索英语文学中的女性主义主题。
我将研究不同时期的女性作家的作品，分析她们对社会、家庭和性别的看法，并探讨她们的作品对当代社会的影响。
通过这个研究，我希望能够提供对女性主义文学的新的理解，并为女性主义思想的发展做出一定的贡献。
5. 合作能力问题问题：你是否具备良好的合作能力？请举例说明。
答案：是的，我具备良好的合作能力。
在我的研究生期间，我曾参与过多个小组项目，需要与其他成员紧密合作完成共同的目标。
在这些项目中，我充分发挥自己的沟通和组织能力，与团队成员密切合作，并成功地完成了各项任务。
我相信良好的合作能力是取得成功的关键，我将在博士研究中继续发展和运用这一能力。
内蒙古大学考博英语
内蒙古大学考博英语介绍内蒙古大学考博英语是为了选拔博士研究生而设立的英语考试。
这个考试旨在测试考生的英语综合能力，包括听力、阅读和写作。
考试内容内蒙古大学考博英语考试一般分为四个部分：听力、阅读、写作和口试。
考生需要通过这四个部分来全面评估他们的英语水平。
听力听力部分主要测试考生对于英语听力的理解能力。
考试内容通常包括听对话、短文和长文等形式，考生需要根据听到的内容回答问题。
阅读阅读部分旨在测试考生的阅读理解能力。
考试内容一般包括阅读文章和相关问题，考生需要通过阅读文章来回答问题。
写作写作部分要求考生根据所给提示写一篇文章。
考生需要展示自己的写作能力并且清晰地表达观点。
口试口试部分主要测试考生的口头表达能力。
考生需要与考官进行简短的对话，回答问题或者描述图表等内容。
准备为了提高考试成绩，考生需要进行系统的准备。
以下是一些建议：1.扩充词汇量：背诵单词和常用短语可以帮助考生更好地理解文章和回答问题。
2.阅读英文文章：通过阅读英文材料，可以提高考生的阅读理解能力。
3.听力训练：多听英语录音材料，提高听力理解能力。
4.练习写作：写作是重要的一部分，练习写作可以帮助考生提高写作能力和表达清晰的观点。
注意事项在参加内蒙古大学考博英语考试前，考生需要关注以下事项：1.注意考试时间和地点：及时关注考试的时间和地点，做好充分的准备。
2.注意考试规则：仔细阅读考试规则，了解考试要求和规定，以避免违规行为。
3.注意个人状态：保持良好的身体和心理状态，以充分发挥自己的潜力。
总结通过内蒙古大学考博英语，考生有机会展示自己的英语能力。
通过系统的准备和努力，考生可以提高自己的英语水平，取得好成绩，并顺利进入博士研究生阶段。
内蒙古大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
内蒙古大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Listening Comprehension（略）Section II Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.（10points）It was a foolish question to ask.It__21__more sense for me to have learned if she had__22__or a point of view，but it was__23__ for that now and I supposed that the__24__Relations Office had__25__ her before granting the interview.I didn‘t have time this week to reed__26__pieces about corporate rainmakers，and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms__27__six times my salary but whining about breaking the__28__ceiling.I won’t waste your time，she__29__，If the details on your__30__are accurate and the articles Laura__31__me have correct background，we won‘t have to__32__that.I__33__in approval.She was obviously a__34__，and an intelligent one__35__.It was always__36__to sit for a__37__ when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had __38__，how long__39__，and whether I liked my job.Is it all right __40__you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit？Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.I‘d like that，I replied.21.A.made B.would make C.would have made D.would be22.A.a fish to fry B.a nut to crack C.a song to singD.an axe to grind23. A.still late B.too late C.so late D.past24. mon B.Financial C.Local D.Public25. A.vetted B.called C.connected with D. contacted with26. A.rushed B.windy C.puff D.blowing27. A.taking B.making C.slaving for D.losing28. A.plastered B.glass C.fragile D.limited29.A.rambled B.carded on C.lectured D.went on30.A.application B.curriculum vitae C.report D. folder31. A.phoned B.faxed C.had phoned D.had faxed32. A.re-paint B.remix C.re-write D.rehash33. A.trembled B.grimaced C.smiled D.winked34. A.girl B.pro C.tyro D.mogul35. A.at that B.at this C.to reboot D.added36. A.agreeable B.instructive C.impatient D. aggravating37. A.photo B.portrait C.profile D.sketch38. A.attended B.matriculated C.enrolled D.preferred39.A.I had worked B.did I work C.was I working D. would I work40. A.for B.to C.according to D.withSections III Reading ComprehensionPart AEach of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A，B，C and D.Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40points）Text1Say the word bacteria，and most folks conjure up images of a nasty germ like staphylococcus or salmonella that can make you really sick. But most bacteria aren‘t bad for you.In fact，consuming extra amounts of some bacteria can actually promote good health.These beneficial bacteria are available without a prescription in drug and health-food stores and in foods like yogurt.So far，the best results have been seen in the treatment of diarrhea，particularly in children. But researchers are also looking into the possibility that beneficial bacteria may thwart vaginal infections in women，prevent some food allergies in children and lessen symptoms of Crohn’s disease，a relatively rare but painful gastrointestinal disorder.So where have these good germs been lurking all your life？In your intestines，especially the lower section called the colon，which harbors at least 400species of bacteria.Which ones you have depends largely on your environment and diet.An abundance of good bacteria in the colon generally crowds out stray bad bacteria in your food.But if the bad outnumber the good-for example，after antibiotic treatment for a sinus or an ear infection，which kills normal intestinal germs as well-the result can be diarrhea.For generations，people have restored the balance by eating yogurt，buttermilk or other products made from fermented milk.But nowadays，you can also down a few pills that contain freeze-dried germs.These preparations are called probiotics to distinguish them from.antibiotics.Unfortunately，you can‘t always be sure that the bacteria in the products you buy are the same strains as those listed on the label or even that they’re still alive.Probiotics are usually sensitive to both heat and moisture.Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of Lactobacillus，discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin，both at Tufts University School of Medicine.L-GG，as it‘s called，has been used to treat traveler’s diarrhea and intestinal upsets caused by antibiotics.Even more intriguing，L-GG also seems to work against some viruses，including rotavirus，one of the most common causes of diarrhea in children in the U.S.and around the world.Here the effect is indirect.Somehow L-GG jump-starts the immune system into recognizing the threat posed by the virus.Pediatricians at JohnsHopkins are studying a different bug，the Bb-12strain of Bifidobacterium，which was discovered by researchers at CHR Hansen Biosystems.Like L-GG，Bb-12stimulates the immune system.For reasons that are not clear，infants who are breast-fed have large amounts of bifidobacteria in their intestines.They also have fewer intestinal upsets.Dr.Jose Saavedra and colleagues at Hopkins have shown that Bb-12prevents several types of diarrhea，including that caused by rotavims，in hospitalized infants as young as four months. It has also been used to cure diarrhea in children of all ages.41.What the author mainly intends to say in the first paragraph is____A.that nasty germs can make you really sickB.that the word bacteria doesn‘t refer to the germs which make people sickC.the beneficial effects that most bacteria may produce on human bodyD.the possibility that beneficial bacteria may stop vaginal infections in women42.According to this passage，____may result in the imbalance of bacteria in your intestinesA.antibiotic treatment for an ear infectionB.taking pills which contain freeze-dried germsC.eating yogurt or buttermilkD.eating products made from fermented milk43.It isn’t said in the passage that L-GG can be used to____.A.lessen symptoms of Crohn‘s diseaseB.fight against rotavimsC.treat traveler’s diarrheaD.treat intestinal upsets caused by antibiotics44.The word intriguing in paragraph3refers to___.A.tractableB.dauntlessC.heroicD.appealing45.This passage is mainly about____A.the definition of bacteriaB.health germsC. probioticsD.probiotics versus antibioticsText2A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes，as a rule，to have it retold in identically the same words，but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts.It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book，and，if a parent can produce what，in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child，is an improvement on the printed text，so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter，one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not.Aggressive，destructive，sadistic impulses every child has and，on the whole，their symbolic verbal discharge seen is to be rather a safety valve than an incitement toovert action.As to fears，there are，I think，well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often，however，this arises from the child having heard the story once.Familiarity with the stor by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of the fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true，that giants，witches，two-headed dragons，magic carpets，etc.，do not exist；and that，instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales，the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics.I find such people，！must confess，so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them.If their case were sound，the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46.The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is___A.repeated without variationB.treated with reverence.C.adapted by the parentD.set in the present47.Some people dislike fairy stories because they feel that they ____A.tempt people to be cruel to childrenB.show the primitive cruelty in childrenC.lend themselves to undesirable experiments with childrenD.increase a tendency to sadism inchildren48.Fairy stories are a means by which children‘s impulses may be____A.beneficially channeledB.given a destructive tendencyC.held back until maturityD.effectively suppressed49.The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it____A.makes them come to term with their fears.B.develops their power of memoryC.convinces them there is nothing to be afraid ofD. encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs50.The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that____A.fairy stories are still being made upB.there is confusion about different kinds of truthC.people try to modernise old fairy storiesD.there is more concern for children‘s fears nowadaysText3Under certain circumstances，the human body must cope with gases at greater-than normal atmospheric pressure.For example，gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer anddive deeper.The pressure exerted on the human body increases by1 atmosphere for every10meters of depth in seawater，so that at30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about4 atmospheres.The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body，otherwise breathing is very difficult.Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at40meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen，which composes80percent of the air we breathe，usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure.At a depth of 5atmospheres，nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication，known as nitrogen narcosis.Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen cause under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect.As a scuba diver descends，the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases.Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood，and from the blood to body tissues.The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces；the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood，and from the blood into the lungs.If the return to the surface is too rapid，nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed.They can cause severe pains，particularly around the joints.Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent.During ascent from a depth of10 meters，the volume of air in the lungs will double because the airpressure at the surface is only half of what it was at10meters.This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture.This condition is called air embolism.To avoid this event，a diver must ascend slowly，never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles，and must exhale during ascent.51.What does the passage mainly discuss？A.The equipment divers useB.The effects of pressure on gases in the human bodyC.How to prepare for a deep diveD.The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream52.The word diffuses in para.2is closest in meaning to____A.yieldsB.startsC.surfacesD.travels53.What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly？A.It forms bubbles.B.It goes directly to the brain.C.It is reabsorbed by the lungs.D.Ii has a narcotic effect.54.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to diver？A.Pressurized heliumB.Nitrogen diffusionC.Nitrogen bubblesD.An air embolism55.What should a driver do when ascending？A.Rise slowlyB.Breathe fasterC.Relax completelyD.Breathe heliumText4As the twentieth century began，the importance of formal education in the United States increased.The frontier had mostly disappeared and by1910most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly，too，schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling.By1920schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states，and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens，vacation schools，extracurricular activities，and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students，many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants.Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools，corporations，Unions，churches，seffiement houses，and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations.Immigrant women were one such population.Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy，and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.Althoughlooking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women. American education gave homemaking a new definition.In preindustrial economies，homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods，and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home，in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century，United States.However，overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem.Thus，the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer.Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking，shopping，decorating，and caring for children）efficiently in their own homes，or if economic necessity demanded，as employees in the homes of others.Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.56.It can be inferred from paragraph1that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was ____A.the growing number of schools in frontier communitiesB.an increase in the number of trained teachersC.the expanding economic problems of schoolsD.the increased urbanization of the entire country57.The phrase coincided with in line9is closest in meaning to ____A.was influenced byB.happened at the same time asC.began to grow rapidlyD.ensured the success of58.According to the passage，one important change in United States education by the1920‘s was that____A.most places required children to attendB.the amount of time spent on formal education was limitedC.new regulations were imposed on nontraditional educationD.adults and children studied in the same classes59.Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines11-12to illustrate alternatives to formal education provided by public schoolsA.the importance of educational changesB.activities that competed to attract newC.immigrants to their programs.D.the increased impact of public schools on students.60.According to the passage，early-twentieth-century education reformers believed that____A.different groups needed different kinds of educationB.special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize themC.corporations and other organizations damaged educational progressD.more women should be involved in education and industryPart B Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation should be writtenclearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10points）The carrot-and-stick theory of motivation（like Newtonian physical theory）works reasonably well under certain circumstances.1.The means for satisfying man‘s physiological and（within limits）his safety needs can be provided or withheld by management. Employment itself is such a means，and so are wages，working conditions，and benefits.By these means the individual can be controlled so long as he is struggling for subsistence.But the carrot-and-stick theory does not work at all once man has reached an adequate subsistence level and is motivated primarily by higher needs. Management cannot provide a man with self-respect，or with the respect of his fellows，or with the satisfaction of needs forself-fulfillment.2.It can create such conditions that he is encouraged and enabled to seek such satisfactions for himself，or it can thwart him by failing to create those conditions.But this creation of conditions is not control。
全国各大院校考博英语试题题型汇总
人民大学： Part 1 词汇20%(40题);
中国考博辅导首选学校
Part 2 阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译 E-C 10%;C-E 10% Part 4 写作 A letter 10% B essay 20% 清华大学 Part 1 词汇20%(40题); Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) Part 3 完形10% 20题 Part 4 翻译 E-C 10%; Part5 写作 20% 不少于300字 北京师范大学： Part 1 听力 15% Section A Section B: 07年 Section A 5statements Section B 5 short conversation Section C 1 interview 08年 Section A 5 news reports 对题项判断正误 Section B Tolk one/two Talks and questions Part 2阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译和写作 55% Section A 翻译40%： E-C C-E Section B 写作 15% summary 120-150字 北京航空航天大学 Part1 听力 20分 SectionA 10分 SectionB 10分 passage Part 2 阅读理解 30分 4篇 Part3 vocabulary 10分 Part4 cloze 10分 Part5 translation 15分 translate the underlined sentences into Chinese Part6 15分 150字 中南大学： 卷一：Part 1 英语应用 词汇10%(20题);完形10%(20题) Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) 卷二：Part 3 翻译 英译汉10%(划线部分);汉译英10%(一段)
医学考博英语听力题型
医学考博英语听力题型
医学考博英语听力部分通常包括以下几种题型：
1. 短对话理解：这种题型通常是一男一女进行简短的对话，然后后面跟着3到4个问题，需要考生从对话中提取关键信息来回答问题。
2. 长对话理解：这种题型通常是一段较长的对话，可能是一个访谈或者是一段讨论，然后后面跟着3到4个问题，需要考生从对话中提取关键信息来回答问题。
3. 听写填空：这种题型通常会播放一段录音，然后会暂停，让考生填写所听到的内容。
填空的内容可能是单词、短语或者是句子。
4. 听力理解多选题：这种题型通常会播放一段录音，然后后面跟着3到4个选择题，考生需要根据所听到的内容选择正确的答案。
5. 判断正误：这种题型通常会播放一段录音，然后给出一些关于录音内容的陈述，考生需要根据所听到的内容判断这些陈述是否正确。
以上信息仅供参考，如有需要建议查阅考试大纲或咨询相关人员。
考博英语题型
考博英语题型
【原创版】
目录
1.考博英语概述
2.考博英语的题型及分值分布
3.各种题型的备考策略
4.总结
正文
一、考博英语概述
考博英语，全称为博士研究生入学考试英语科目，是我国博士研究生招生全国统一考试的一部分。
其主要目的是测试考生的英语语言应用能力，以确保考生具备良好的英语水平，能够适应博士研究生阶段的学习和科研工作。
考博英语考试分为笔试和口试两个部分，其中笔试是主要的考试形式。
二、考博英语的题型及分值分布
考博英语笔试部分主要包括以下几种题型：
1.阅读理解（占总分值的 20%）
2.完形填空（占总分值的 10%）
3.翻译（占总分值的 15%）
4.写作（占总分值的 25%）
5.语法与词汇（占总分值的 10%）
6.逻辑与推理（占总分值的 10%）
三、各种题型的备考策略
1.阅读理解：提高阅读速度和理解能力，注重文章的主旨和细节。
可以通过多阅读英文文章和进行模拟练习来提高。
2.完形填空：注重词汇和语法的积累，分析句子结构，理解上下文。
可以多做真题练习，总结规律。
3.翻译：中英文互译都需要掌握。
注意翻译时要忠实原文，表达通顺。
可以通过翻译练习和积累词汇短语来提高。
4.写作：熟悉各类作文类型，注重文章结构和逻辑。
多进行写作练习，积累素材和表达。
5.语法与词汇：系统学习英语语法，积累词汇，加强练习。
6.逻辑与推理：提高逻辑思维能力，熟悉题型，多进行练习。
四、总结
考博英语考试对考生的英语语言应用能力有较高要求，需要考生在各个方面都具备一定的实力。
2022年内蒙古大学851英语综合考研真题和答案
2022年内蒙古大学851英语综合考研真题和答案2022年内蒙古大学外国语学院《851英语综合》考研全套内容简介•全国名校英汉互译考研真题详解•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解•全国名校英美文学考研真题详解说明：本科目考研真题不对外公布（暂时难以获得），通过分析参考教材知识点，精选了有类似考点的其他院校相关考研真题，部分真题提供了答案详解。
•吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解•吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目英国文学部分参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解•吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》（重排版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题详解•常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）网授精讲班展开视频列表说明：以上为本科目美国文学部分参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目英语语言学部分参考教材配套的辅导资料。
5．英汉互译•张培基《英汉翻译教程》（修订本）配套题库（含考研真题）•陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）配套题库（含考研真题）说明：以上为本科目英汉互译部分参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•试看部分内容第一部分考研真题精选一、填空题1. Ch o m s ky p ro po se s th at th e co u r se o f l an gu age a cq u i s i t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d b y a(n)_____l a n g u a g e f a c u l t y. [中山大学2018研]【答案】innate查看答案【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
考博英语阅读十大解题思路
考博英语阅读十大解题思路考博英语阅读十大解题思路考博英语阅读理解是考博英语复习的重中之重，熟悉考博英语的题型和基本解题思路，会在复习中取得事半功倍的效果。
店铺列出了一些简单的解题思路和题型与技巧，供大家参考借鉴。
一、细节题1、题干上有五个W一个H提问。
2、题干中明确会提到的时间、地点、人物或者事物等细节信息。
3、有可能针对文章中的一句话或者几句话发问。
4、题干和选项有可能考察一种因果关系。
5、解题关键：返回原文，准确定位。
做题依据一定要紧扣文章本身返回原文：1、可以根据题干所列的地点、时间、人物、事物返回原文。
2、根据出题的顺序返回原文。
3、根据题干中或四个选项中的重点词或同义词返回原文。
4、通过长难句返回原文。
二、句子理解题1、标志：题干中明确指出是原文中的某句话，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。
2、步骤：1)重点是返回原文，对该句子进行语法、句法、词法的精准解析。
正确(不能推)理解句子的深刻含义。
2)若该句话的含义不能确定，则适当依据上下文进行判断。
局部含义有整体含义决定。
3)一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句是同义关系，只不过用其他短语表达。
3、错误选项特征：推的过远，做题时注意把握理解度。
4、正确选项不包含过于绝对化的词语。
三、主旨大意题1、标志：best title， main idea， main problem，conclusion，mainly disguss， mainly deal with或者问作者的写作目的purpose, the author intends to do sth, a digest of利用宏观阅读技巧作主旨题，不管是出现在什么位置，都把他作为最后一题来做。
2、方法：1)段落少，用串线法。
2)快速作文法：两个选项难以分辨的时候，用这两个选项做作文，快速给出提纲。
3、选项不能选择局部信息，也不能选范围过宽的信息。
四、态度题1、标志：题干中出现attitude ，believe ，consider， deam，regard，deem2、作者态度可以分为三大类：1)正态度：支持，乐观，赞同2)客观、中立、公正3)反对、批评、怀疑3、等价选项都不选4、有些选项一定不是正确答案(永陪选项)：indifferent(漠不关心);subjective(主观的);biased(有偏见的);puzzled(迷惑不解的)5、识别作者态度：方法一：可以根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断。
内蒙古学位英语作文题目预测分析2024
内蒙古学位英语作文题目预测分析2024Analysis and Prediction of Inner Mongolia College English Writing Exam Topics in 2024The Inner Mongolia College English Writing Exam is an important component of the National College English Test (CET), which assesses the writing skills of students in Inner Mongolia. In this article, we will analyze the trends and patterns of past exam topics and predict the possible writing topics for 2024.To begin with, let's look at the past exam topics and analyze the frequency of different types of writing tasks. In recent years, the Inner Mongolia College English Writing Exam has covered a wide range of topics, such as environment protection, cultural exchange, education, technology, and social issues. Among these, argumentative essays have been the most common type of writing task, followed by descriptive essays, narrative essays, and expository essays.Based on the analysis of past exam topics, we can predict the possible writing topics for the 2024 exam. Given the current global trends and issues, it is likely that topics related to climate change, sustainable development, artificial intelligence, and online education will be featured in the exam. In addition,considering the increasing emphasis on cross-cultural communication and international cooperation, topics such as cultural diversity, global citizenship, and intercultural communication are also expected to be included in the exam.In terms of writing tasks, argumentative essays are expected to remain a popular writing task in the 2024 exam. Students may be asked to discuss and debate controversial issues, present arguments and counterarguments, and propose solutions to complex problems. In addition, descriptive essays, narrative essays, and expository essays are likely to be featured in the exam to assess students' ability to describe events, narrate personal experiences, and explain ideas and concepts.To prepare for the 2024 Inner Mongolia College English Writing Exam, students should focus on improving their writing skills in different types of essays. They should practice writing argumentative essays by researching different perspectives on current issues and forming logical arguments. They should also practice writing descriptive essays by using vivid language and sensory details to create a vivid picture for the readers. Additionally, students should practice writing narrative essays by organizing events in a chronological order and using narrative techniques to engage the readers. Finally, students shouldpractice writing expository essays by explaining complex ideas and concepts in a clear and concise manner.In conclusion, the Inner Mongolia College English Writing Exam in 2024 is likely to cover a wide range of topics related to global trends and issues. Students should be prepared to write different types of essays, including argumentative essays, descriptive essays, narrative essays, and expository essays. By practicing writing and familiarizing themselves with different types of writing tasks, students can improve their writing skills and perform well in the exam.。
内蒙学位英语作文题目
内蒙学位英语作文题目English:In today's globalized world, proficiency in English has become increasingly important, not only for personal growth but also for professional success. As a student in Inner Mongolia, studying English provides numerous advantages. Firstly, it opens doors to a wealth of knowledge and information available in English-speaking countries, allowing students to access a broader range of academic resources and literature. Secondly, English proficiency enhances communication skills, enabling students to interact effectively with people from diverse backgrounds, both domestically and internationally. Moreover, in the competitive job market, proficiency in English is often a prerequisite for many positions, offering greater employment opportunities and career advancement prospects. Additionally, mastering English fosters cultural understanding and promotes intercultural exchange, contributing to global harmony and cooperation. Therefore, investing in English education not only benefits individual students but also serves the collective interests of society by nurturing a more globally competent workforce and fostering international collaboration.Translated content:在当今全球化的世界中，英语的熟练程度变得越来越重要，不仅对个人成长至关重要，对职业成功也至关重要。
内蒙古大学考博英语
内蒙古大学考博英语是内蒙古大学招收博士
研究生时的英语考试科目。
考博英语主要考
察考生的英语语言能力和应用能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和口语等方面。
考博英语的
难度相对较高，需要考生具备较强的英语基
础和应试能力。
考博英语的成绩对考生是否
能够被内蒙古大学录取具有重要的影响。
考博英语听力部分主要考察考生对英语语音、语调、语速的理解和听取英语材料的能力，
考试形式一般是听力短文或对话，并根据听
取内容回答问题。
考博英语阅读部分主要考
察考生对英语词汇、语法、逻辑等方面的理
解和应用能力，考试形式一般是阅读文章并
回答相关问题。
考博英语写作部分主要考察
考生的写作能力，考试形式一般是写作短文
或论文。
考博英语口语部分主要考察考生的
口语表达能力，考试形式一般是面试或演讲。
为了顺利通过考博英语，考生需要充分准备。
首先，考生需要熟练掌握英语语音、语调、
语速等基本知识，并通过大量的听力练习提
高听力水平。
其次，考生需要扩大英语词汇量，提高语法和逻辑能力，并通过阅读大量
英文材料提高阅读水平。
此外，考生还需要
注重写作和口语的练习，提高自己的表达能力。
最后，考生需要根据考博英语的考试形
式和要求，制定合理的备考计划，并严格按
照计划进行备考。
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2015内蒙古大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、内蒙古大学考博英语题型Part1:词汇20题10分Part2:完型填空20题10分。
Part3:阅读理解四篇20题40分。
Part4：短文翻译英译汉10分汉译英10分Part5：作文20分三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
五、听力答题技巧1、卷子发下来后快速的浏览一遍，包括题干和答案。
这样会大大提高你对听力的理解---知道它是讲什么内容，大概是怎么回事。
联系我们扣扣：四一六九二五五五九。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
扣扣群：一零五六一九八二零。
2、没听懂的题目，就放弃它，千万不要在听下道题的时候还在想上道题。
这样会引起头脑的混乱。
3、相信第一感觉，听力部分不是非常确凿的感觉的话不要改动开始的答案。
人的大脑有时候会混淆的。
因此很多情况下不是你选错了，而是改错了。
因此轻易别选，但是选了之后轻易别改。
(1)提炼选项中的重要信息考生务必先看选项。
当录音人开始宣读Directions时，考生应充分利用这段时间速读选项，预测考点，从而做到心中有数。
通过先看选项，可以明确题目多方面的信息。
(2)掌握节奏合理安排时间可能没有哪种考试对时间安排的要求比听力考试还要苛刻。
“录音不等人”，所以很多考生答题时都很紧张。
其实，听力考试每分钟阅读的字数和停顿时间有严格限制：约每分钟140词，每个问题后有约15秒停顿。
拍子已经固定，我们要做的是跟上节奏，过分的紧张只会造成混乱，直接影响发挥。
答题时，考生切勿在某一题上花费过多的时间(一般少于10秒/题)，剩余的时间用于阅读下一题的选项和大胆猜测考点。
一旦没有听懂就根据已经掌握的信息迅速猜一个答案，马上进入下一题的节奏。
千万不可拖泥带水，否则破坏了节奏，可能造成随后的简单题目失分。
答案选定后可放松一口气，然后尽可能多看下一题乃至两题的选项。
(3)听力是一种Paraphrase考试Paraphrase就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。
听力考试多数时候是一种paraphrase考试，它往往考的不是考生是否听见，而是考考生是否听懂。
把命题中的对话和段落原封不动地照搬到答案里，等着考生把它挑出来，在考博听力考试中这种题型几乎找不到。
绝大多数题目，要求考生把听到的原文进行变换和归纳，对应到选项中。
如此一来，我们不光得竖起耳朵听，还得开动脑筋想。
这就造成有的考生听懂了原文的每个字，却选不出答案。
要避免这种情况，请注意正确答案的固定特征：(4)听懂语调和重音英语和汉语一样，说话人通过各种各样的语调和重音的变化表达不同的意思。
考博听力中，专业的录音人更是力求表演得真实，他们绝不会用平淡的语调表示自己的惊讶，也绝不会把重音放在无关紧要的词上。
重读的每一处都具有提示作用。
因而，从录音人的表现中就能推测出人物的心理活动、观点和态度。
重音和语调是最为重要的线索。
辨认录音人语调中的信息在听力考试中比听懂单个词更重要。
(5)针对题型逐个演练不管是对话还是文段，听力考试的提问可分主题题型、细节题型、推断题型和语言点题型四大类。
我们可以在平时的练习中有意识的总结做题的方法和技巧。
六、阅读理解的解题技巧其实考博阅读的技巧是有针对性的，看整篇文章就是为了弄清文章的框架，具体的问题我们可以不管，但文章的层次必须弄清楚。
只有弄清了文章的层次，具体的问题才好归类，结合课后问题才能快速定位问题答案。
另外我发现考博的题目基本都围绕在文章的各层次主干上，细枝末节上基本没有涉题，于是就会发现，原文几百字的文章，真正需要了解的只有主干的几十字而已，其余的东西都可省。
当我们划去冗余，就会发现几十字的文章骨架基本覆盖所有的问题。
可见，对于考博阅读，若要高效正确的征服，必须学会快速分析文章的主干。
这就是基于逻辑的阅读，上升到理论层面的阅读模式。
下面进行具体分析：（1）主旨在英语阅读中要弄清楚层次，个人以为要弄清文章主旨，段落中心以及段落内部的次中心，这些在一些文章主旨题和一些细节题上很受用。
常规的文章主旨都会有其固定的出现地点:首段末尾处、第二段的开头和最后一段。
当然也有非常规的情况，这就需要靠自己的能力去寻找。
找主旨需要慢慢训练，常规的、非常规的文章都能通过真题并结合后面的专家解析，这样能力就能够很快地提升。
（2）常规文章行文逻辑本文中一直的强调要重视文章逻辑，那么，一般的都有哪些逻辑呢？通过一般归纳总结，大致可以得到四个逻辑框架。
这些框架特别有助于理解文章的总体内容，阅读过程按框架有重点地跳读，辨明逻辑主线，在把握文章重点、段落中心和段内次中心基础上，会有很好的效果。
也许，在做考博阅读之初，很多平日里有扎实功底的同学也会出现全军覆没的局面，出现这种情况，并不一定是英语词汇有巨大的缺知，而可能是逻辑上出现混乱。
现在将框架简单介绍如下：框架1：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题框架2：叙述现象——分析现象——结论框架3：提出观点——支持or反驳该观点——重申观点框架4：两种东西对比——分项对比——总体对照在阅读中要有意识的将文章归类分析，弄清逻辑，以上列出的是主干，还需进一步分析到枝叶，这样才能达到层次清晰的程度。
到段落级别，文章中心也容易辨出，多数文章中心在首末，少数会出现在段中。
于是在理解阅读文章的时候，在定位完毕后尽量将重点阅读范围扩大多句，观察所在句子在段落中的地位和在全文的地位。
一般情况，较接近的段中心和段落次中心往往就是正确答案，当然在最终填写答案的时候还是细细分析更为可靠。
（3）暗含答案的重点位置所谓文章重点就是阅读文章时得特别关注的地方，也是我们在浏览文章时眼界的着力点。
在考博阅读中，出题点一般都是文章中较为重要的地方，常见的有段落的中心和次中心；对于非中心，考博文章一般不会考察。
这是博士研究生入学考试的选拔性和阅读科技论文实用性所决定的。
上述的逻辑对于宏观题基本可以一网打尽，但对于微观题，我们必须通过重点位置的提示来解决。
下面通过一些分析和重点位置的介绍来理解把握文章的细节：1）所有文章的中心与段落中心和次中心。
2）转折和因果。
在阅读中，最好把含有转折和因果的词句标出来，因为转折和因果都意味着作者的观点和态度，相对一般句子更有强调性。
例如：because，for，but，however……3）表示观点的句子、观点的词可能多处出现，当然并不是所有观点的句子和词汇都是重点，但值得一读。
阅读文章中对这些词语的敏感是件令人兴奋的事情，所以平时应做好积累。
例如：agree，acknowledge，assert，see，insist，according to，find，think，believe，show，point out，content，acclaim，say等4）特殊标点符号，有的表示具体说明、有表解释、有表反义等等，均有或强或弱的强调意味，主要的特殊标点符号有：——、（）、“”等。
5）情态动词。
should，must都能表达作者感情的因素，能从侧面反映作者对于某事物的观点，理应重点阅读。
6）特殊句型。
例如副词提前加逗号这种形式Variety，……，Significantly，……副词在句中起着很大作用，能反映态度，能表程度，这种特殊句型更有强调的成分，值得多阅读分析。
7）有指代的比较级、最高级和such/so等。
上面列举的一些重点特征很多，无异就是一些相对突出强调的词语。
阅读文章的时候，仅靠这些重点基本上可以做出大部分的阅读题。
阅读时快速画出重点，仅阅读含有重点特征的句子，对文章进行“减肥”，以提高阅读效率。
（4）选项特点1）正确答案的特点a、与原文句子同义词替换。
b、相对原文语法变化，如原文中的被动变为主动。
C、正面反面，即原文句子的否定形式，答案变成肯定的正面叙述；原文是肯定形式，从正面叙述，答案变成否定形式从反面叙述。
d、AB角度，原文从A角度叙述某事，而答案从B角度叙述同一件事情，本质不变。
e、具体抽象，即原文具体事例，答案变为抽象概括，或反之。
2）干扰选项的特点a、照抄原文，个别词语不同。
b、一半信息符合原文，一半信息不符。
c、将原文某些信息张冠李戴。
d、与原文叙述的内容相反。
e、与原文中没有出现观点新信息。
f、含有绝对化的词语，如only，always，never，all，everything，anything，everywhere，everybody，nobody。
g、逻辑错误，因果颠倒等。
最后，育明考博提醒：要做好考博英语阅读必须在扎实的英语词汇和语法的基础上，从不同角度对文章进行分解和思考。
平时做题把自己的对错记录在答案上，试题上最好不要标注答案，以后再练习时就能通过与以往的对比感受自己的进步，看到自己的不足。