环境监测1

Optimizing Sampling of Airborne Particle Counts

Why do we care about Particle Counts?

我们为什么关注尘埃粒子计数？

•Particles as “contamination” negatively affect a process or product

颗粒作为”污染物”,对工艺流程或产品会起负作用

•Change chemical composition 改变化学成分

•Affect stability 影响稳定性

•Affect purity 影响纯度

•Affect safety 影响安全

•Affect reliability 影响可靠性

•Contamination affects the “yield” of a process

污染将影响整个工艺流程的“投资收益”

•Increases cost to produce 增加生产成本

•Increases cost to maintain or service

增加维护或维修成本

•Increases “cost of ownership” [COO] 增加投资成本

•Decreases ROI of capital equipment purchase

降低了重要设备的投资回报率

Why do we care about Particle Counts?

我们为什么关注尘埃粒子计数？

制药、、生物工程

Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology 制药

–Particles in injection could cause occlusion of blood

vessels 注射液中的颗粒会导致血管堵塞

•Red Blood cells are about 5 µm 红细胞约5 µm

•Capillary (5 to 10 µm) 毛细血管(5 to 10 µm)

•Large veins (10 to 50 µm) 静脉(10 to 50 µm)

–Viables in injection can trigger infection

活性颗粒能导致传染病

–Possibility of reaction to foreign substances

(RES/allergic reaction)

对外来物质产生反应（过敏反应）

•Medical Devices 医疗设备

–Poor adhesion of medicated coating in stent

creates embolisms

会影响药物的疗效

•Medical and photographic films 医学影像

–Contamination prevents complete image

recovery

污染会影像医学影像

What price patient safety?什么价值的药品对病人才安全？

Injections and infusions for people with suppressed immunological systems

免疫系统不正常病人的注射剂和输液

Bypassing all ‘barriers’ to infection with injection straight into bloodstream.

注射液直接输入病人血液

Why monitor for particles?为什么要监测颗粒？

•Greatest concern is for viable microorganisms

主要是为了关注微生物的繁殖

–Technology is not available today to measure viable counts in real time 当前的科技决定了我们不能对微生物进行实时计数

–Total particle counts used as a surrogate (non-viable)

不可繁殖的空气尘埃粒子可作为参考

100,000 billion bacteria on and

in the human body

一个人身体上有100万亿个细菌

General Air Monitoring 空气监测

•Viable counts 活性计数

–Can be cultured 能被繁殖

–Will grow into “colonies”

将成长为“群体”

•requires optimum growth

medium

需要最适宜的生长介质

•requires sufficient incubation

需要充分的培养

–Enumerated as 计算单位：

•CFU = Colony-Forming Units

•VU = Viable Units

General Air Monitoring 空气监测

•Non-viable counts 无活性计数

–Sometimes referred to as “total count”

往往被归纳为总的颗粒数

–Includes all types of airborne material

包含各种类型空气中的物质，如：

•Solid particles 固体颗粒

•Fibers 纤维

•Microorganisms 微生物

•Skin flakes 皮肤屑

•Droplets 水滴