雅思阅读：例题详解--剑八T1P1为例

剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage3原文翻译

剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage3原文翻译-心灵感应解析查看，请点击：剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage1原文+答案解析人类可否只通过思想进行沟通交流? 一百多年来,关于心灵感应的话题在科学界产生很大意见分歧,时至今日,它依然在学界精英中引起激烈辩论。

自上个世纪70年代以来，在世界各大高校和科研院所，超心理学者们冒着被同行嘲笑和怀疑的风险，将关于心灵感应的各种不同说法进行严格的科学实验，其结果及其启示即使在研究者本身中，也引发了很大争议。

有些科学家认为，实验结果提供了强有力证据，可以证明心灵感应是真实存在的。

另一些超心理学家则相信，该研究虽试图用科学证据证明心灵感应存在，却并未取得成功，相关研究也都处在失败的边缘。

不过无论是怀疑者还是倡导者都同意一点，即迄今最有力的证据来自于“ganzfeld”实验。

该实验名称来自德语，意思是“全域”。

通过冥想心灵感应实验者的报告，超心理学家怀疑，可能因为人们之间传递的“信号”过于模糊，以至于很容易被正常的脑波活动所覆盖。

如果这样的话，当人们身处一个伴有灯光和音响的温暖轻松的环境，经历冥想般的宁静，会更容易感知此类信号。

该实验几乎满足了所有的条件。

参加者待在密封的房间里，坐着柔软的躺椅，听着轻松的音乐，眼睛被特殊的过滤器覆盖，只看见柔和的粉色光。

早期的实验主要涉及选图。

先从一个大型图库中任意选出四张图片，再让实验者指认其中一张。

具体操作步骤是，作为“发送人”的实验者努力将一张图通过思维传给密封房间内的“接收人”。

当传送结束后，“接收人”需从四张图中选出哪一张才是刚刚被传送的图。

如果是随便猜测,可达到25%的命中率。

然而，如果心灵感应真的存在，命中率就应该更高。

1982年，心灵感应研究的先行者之一，美国超心理学家查尔斯·荷诺顿(Charles Honorton)分析了这些早期实验的结果。

结果证明典型的命中率要高于30%。

虽然比例高不了多少，但统计测试表明，结果已不完全是偶发几率。

心灵感应_剑8T1P3

心灵感应IELTS EXAMINATION PAPERS-8Test1Passage3人类能只靠思维交流吗？一百多年来，科学界对心灵感应这一问题一直存在分歧，甚至今天它仍在顶尖学者中激起极大的争论。

自从20世纪70年代以来，全球顶尖大学和研究机构的超心理学家冒着被持有怀疑态度的同事嘲笑的风险，将心灵感应运用到数十种严谨的科学研究中。

实验结果及其牵扯到的问题甚至正在使参与实验的研究人员产生分歧。

一些研究人员说结果包含令人信服的证据，表明心灵感应是真实的。

另一些心理学家相信该领域在崩溃的边缘，心灵感应想尽力找到权威的科学依据但却以失败告终。

然而，质疑者和支持者都赞同这一观点——目前为止最令人印象深刻的证据来自一个被称为“甘兹菲尔德（g a n z f e l d）”的实验。

“甘兹菲尔德”是德语术语，意为“全域”。

在冥想下进行心理感应实验的报告使心理学家开始怀疑，心灵感应可能包含人们之间“信号”的传递，在这种状态下，人的意识极为模糊，通常会淹没在正常的大脑活动中。

若是这样的话，在一个令人放松的光亮、声音和温暖的“全域”环境中，亲身经历这种冥想式实验、身心达到平静状态的人会更加容易发现这样的信号。

在甘兹菲尔德实验中，参与者坐在密闭房间中的躺椅上，听着令人放松的白噪声，眼睛上戴着特制的过滤眼罩，只允许温和的粉色光线透过，设法重现这些环境条件。

在早期的甘兹菲尔德试验中，心灵感应测试包括辨识从一个巨大图片库中随机抽取的四张图片中的一张。

试验方法是一个人扮演“发送者”，他试图将图片传送给在密闭房间中处于放松状态的“接收者”。

传送过程结束后，接收者会被立即询问使用的是四张中哪一张照片。

随机猜测的命中率是25%；如果心灵感应真实存在，那么命中率会更高。

在1982年，该领域的先驱之一、美国超心理学家查尔斯∙霍诺顿分析了首次甘兹菲尔德研究的结果。

结果显示出超过30%的典型的命中率——实验影响较小，但数据试验表示这一影响不能归因于偶然性。

剑桥雅思阅读8（test1）答案分析

剑桥雅思阅读8(test1)答案分析为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)，希望对你们有用。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians hadformulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturallysuited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standingcase design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answerList of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ licencesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, theentire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type ofplanes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld' experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports oftelepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject thevery idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test1)PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。

剑桥雅思8阅读Test1Passage3

Reading Passage 3篇章结构解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：TABLE COMPLETION→SENIENCE COMPLETION友情提示：大部分TABLE COMPLETION的题目都比较容易，尽量先将其解决。

通过题干粗略定位，发现此SENTENCE COMPLETION为全文考查型，所以一定要最后再做。

必背词汇1. constitute v. 组成，构成Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force. 女性职员构成了劳动力的大半。

The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。

2. genuine adj. 真的；真诚的We need laws that will protect genuine refugees. 我们需要能够保护真正难民的法律。

The reforms are motivated bv a genuine concern for the disabled.这些改革的动机是出于对残疾人真正的关心。

3. suspect v. 猜想，怀疑I suspected that there was something wrong with the engine. 我怀疑发动机出了问题。

The drug is suspected of causing over 200 deaths. 这种药物被怀疑造成了200多人死亡。

4. seal v. 封闭，密封The organs are kept in sealed plastic bags. 这些器官被保存在密封的塑料袋中。

He wrote the address and sealed the envelope. 他写好地址并封好信封。

5. reveal v. 展现，揭露Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper. 谋杀的细节被当地报纸披露出来。

剑桥8真题阅读解析

剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by powercompanies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. 'And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at theclouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thoughtto be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。

剑桥8真题阅读解析

剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-P A S S A G E1-阅读真题原文部分:R E A D I N G P A S S A G E 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 b e l o w.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightningprojects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, ' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the sizeof a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms.A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………… .6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 ………………………… in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….Questions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。

剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1

智课网IELTS备考资料剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1 摘要：雅思阅读不是做做练习题就能提高的，最重要的是找到价值高的备考资料，小马小编带来了剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1的介绍，大家要好好看看，也许对您有帮助。

剑桥雅思 8阅读解析Test3Passage1名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：体裁:说明文主要内容:用激光来回击闪电。

结构第 1 段 :泛泛论述闪电带来的巨大影响。

第 2 段 :美国和日本研究员尝试用激光回击闪电。

第 3 段 :历史上曾有人尝试发射火箭来回击闪电。

第 4 段 :发射火箭回击闪电的缺点。

第 5 段 :Diels 出于安全性的考虑,尝试用激光来回击闪电。

第 6 段 :激光回击闪电的原理。

第 7 段 :激光的方法也有缺陷,即不便于携带,因此 Diels 在做新的改进。

第 8 段 :Diels 预测并期待关注和支持的到来。

第 9 段 :其他科学家也会从 Diels 的研究中获益。

第 10 段 :激光的方法还有可能阻止冰雹。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：考题解析Questions 1-3● 题型归类 :Multiple Choice题目解析题目编号题目定位词答案位置题解1main topic文章的标题答案 D 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”,因此答案是 D 选项,意思为“一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”,属于对标题的同义替换。

2every year lightening第一段答案 A 本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可定位于第一段。

B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选项B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原文 in the United States 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对 ;D 中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。

剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1

智课网IELTS备考资料剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1摘要：雅思阅读成绩不好的烤鸭，要好好从自身上找原因，知道缺点以及不足在哪里，才能去弥补，并且取得进步。

小马小编带来剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test1Passage1，希望能帮到你。

剑桥雅思 8阅读解析Test1Passage1名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：体裁主要内容：由古及今介绍计时的历史。

说明文A 段 :介绍古巴比伦人的计时方法。

B 段 :月亮对于历法计时的社会重要性。

C 段 :介绍古埃及人的计时方法。

结构D 段 :形形色色的计时器陆续出现,尽管并不完美。

E 段 :机械计时器引发各国最终统一校准开始时间。

F 段 :介绍最早的重力驱动机械钟。

G 段 :机械钟的进一步改良,并成为最早的座钟。

H 段 :今天的计时器。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：Questions 1-4● 题型归类 :Matching 本题解题时可先划出题目中的关键词,然后迅速回到文章寻找其同义替换后的对应词。

其间可大致通过题目中的关键词猜测其在文章的位置与段落特点。

题目编号题目定位词答案位置题解1early timekeep- ing, cold tem- peraturesD 段最后一句答案 D 题目中出现 early timekeeping 字样,按照文章写作顺序,应在文章前部或中部寻找答案。

D 段最后一句中的 freezing weather 与题目中的 cold temperatures 相对应。

2geography, calendar, farmingB 段倒数第 2 句答案 B B 段倒数第二句中的 northern climes 与题目中的geography 相对应, farming 与 agriculture 相对应。

3origins, pendulum clockF 段最后一句答案F 由文中F段最后一句中的a pendulum clock had been devised 可直接得出答案。

雅思真题剑八Test1reading1achronicleoftimeke

calendar 5. lunar adj. 月亮的，阴历的 lunar
calendar 6. empire n. 帝国
长难句
1. According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular to regulate planting and harvesting.
• The team has had five successive victories. 球队已经取得5次连续的胜利。
• Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. 历届政府都试图解决这个问题。
• 10. rotate vt.& vi. （使某物）旋转；使转动；使轮流，轮换；交替名词：rotation
• revolve vt.& vi. 使旋转；反复考虑；使循环名词： revolution
• 同义词辨析： • rotate：侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。 • revolve：强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。 • roll：指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。 • spin：指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆
6. in particular 特别，尤其

剑8test1阅读答案

剑8test1阅读答案【篇一：剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2】txt>剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2摘要：剑桥雅思8阅读资料在网上并不多，想要这方面资料的烤鸭，可以去小马雅思频道上面看看，今天小马小编带来剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2，希望大家能好好看看。

剑桥雅思 8阅读解析test1passage2名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：剑桥雅思阅读文章结构体裁：说明为主主要内容：介绍美国空中交通管制制度。

结构：a 段 :美国联邦航空局(faa)建立的原因。

b 段 :早期的空中交通管理制度。

c 段 :通讯和喷气引擎的改良使空中交通管制势在必行。

d 段 :关于空中管制的片面的看法。

e 段 :飞行区域的高度划分。

f 段 :根据天气情况制定飞行规则。

g 段 :管控飞行区域的具体类别。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：questions 14-19● 题型归类 :list of headings 这种题型考查考生对于文章段落整体结构的把握。

建议读文章时以句子为单位进行阅读,而非以单词为最小阅读单位。

阅读文章,并按照主题句→关键词→同义替换的步骤解题,即 :找出段落中主题句,再找出主题句中的关键词,然后到所给选项中选择其同义替换后的答案。

由于 70% 的学术性写作采用演绎法,即先陈述观点,再加以详细证明,故主题句常常出现在段首。

若段首未见主题句,此时文章可能采取归纳法写作,则可去段尾寻找。

若段落中皆为具体细节描写,则选项多为其对应的抽象概括词。

主题句中的关键词往往是去掉修饰限制的细节的句子主干。

但是多数关键词要经过同义替换后才是正确选项。

除非特殊情况如无法替换的具体名词或专有名词,否则正确选项中通常很少出现文章中的原词。

原文中原词出现过多的选项则往往是用作干扰的错误选项。

题目编号题目选项句意段落主题句题解14ii 飞机失事灾难促进采取行动a 段第 1 句答案 ii 本段第 1 句讲述飞机失事是美国联邦航空总署成立原因,第 2 句简述其建立的结果影响。

剑桥雅思8写作解析test1

剑桥雅思8写作解析test1小作文题目：The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.范文：The pie chart and table show how land around the world was degraded during the 1990s –the former on a worldwide scale and the latter in three different regions.Worldwide, over-grazing was the biggest cause of land degradation (35%), with deforestation causing 30% and over-cultivation causing slightly less (28%). Other factors caused 7% of land degradation.The table shows that, during the 1990s, 23% of the land in Europe was degraded, more than in Oceania (13%) and far more than in North America (5%). In Oceania, over-grazing was primarily responsible for land degradation, with deforestation accounting for far less and none caused through over-cultivation. In North America, over-cultivation was the main reason, with about a third of land degradation being caused by over-grazing and very little being caused by deforestation. In Europe, deforestation was responsible for about 40% of the land degradation, over-cultivation about 30% and over-grazing about 20%.To summarise, land degradation was due to three main factors and these factors differed in proportion in different regions.大作文题目：Some people believe parents should teach their children tobe good members of society, but I and others think school is the main place for this to be taught.参考范文 1——建议是学校Some people believe parents should teach their children to be good members of society, but I and others think school is the main place for this to be taught.The main reason why I think schools should primarily be responsible for teaching children to be good members of society is that children spend more time at school with teachers than with their parents. The children are also in a formal learning environment. This combination provides more opportunities for teachers to show children how to behave as good members of society. The teachers can also ensure that all the children have the same chance to learn the same things about being good members of society.If parents are made more responsible for teaching their children to be good members of society, then many parents might find they do not have the time for this. Parents have many responsibilities such as work and taking care of the home. Of course, many parents will naturally prefer to do other things with their children, such as having fun and visiting places of interest. In addition, some parents might not be as experienced as teachers at teaching children, so the children might not learn as well as at school.There will always be plenty of parents who have the time, willingness and ability to teach their children to be good members of society. However, many more will find it difficult and need extra help. Some will ask other parents or consult books or websites. I do not think there is anything wrong with this, but we should not assume that all parents will do it.In summary, I think parents will often teach their children to be good members of society, but this should mainly be done at schools.参考范文 2——建议是父母I think that the main responsibility for teaching children to be good members of society lies with parents rather than schools and shall outline my reasons in this essay.I think that most parents know their children well enough to be able to teach them to be good members of society. At school, children are often in large classes and therefore do not receive so much individual attention. When teaching children to be good members of society, I think that this individual attention is important, because some will have learnt about membership of society and others not. The parents will generally know this and be able to fill any missing gaps in their child’s knowledge.Secondly, parents and their children will probably spend more time together in a variety of social situations, whereas teachers and their students spend most of their time together in the classroom. The variety of social situations gives the parents more teaching opportunities, for example while shopping, at public events and at family gatherings. Of course, these opportunities give children the chance to learn to be good members of society from other adults, not only from their parents.Thirdly, I believe that schools and teachers should focus on academic subjects. There is often little enough time for these at schools, so making parents responsible for non- academic things, such as teaching children to become good members of society is a good idea. However, there will be opportunities for teachers to point out in class how children can be good members of society, for example when teaching children about the environment.To conclude, I think there are clear advantages in having both parents and schools teach children how to be good members of society, but parents should take most of the responsibility.。

雅思阅读剑8讲解

雅思阅读剑8讲解雅思阅读剑8讲解test 1 passage 1主题：时间记录的历史A段---人类计算时间的历史B段---纬度对于计时的影响C段---月、日的划分以及目光时的产生D段---测量昼夜日光时的工具E段---各国用机械钟计时的不同方法F段---早期机械钟的发展G段---机械钟的改进和落地摆钟的产生H段---当代计时技术及其影响难度系数：★★★★解题顺序：LABELLING→MATCHING(5～8)→MATCHING(1～4)友情提示：遇到段落信息配对题，可以先放下做别的题，最后再来对付它! 必背词汇1. coordinate v. 协调，配合The agencies are working together to coordinate policy on food safety. 各机构正在共同努力，以配合相关食品安全政策的实施。

I couldn't get my brain to function or coordinate my muscles.我不能让我的大脑(正常地)活动或者与我的肌肉相协调。

2. successive adj. 连续的，相继的The team has had five successive victories. 球队已经取得5次连续的胜利。

Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. 历届政府都试图解决这个问题。

3. artificial adj. 人工的，人造的This product contains no artificial preservatives. 本产品不含任何人工防腐剂。

Prior to treatment water may be stored in natural or artificial basins.治疗前的水可以储存在自然或人工的盆地内。

4. crucial adj. 决定性的，关键的This aid money is crucial to the government's economic policies.这项援助资金对政府的经济政策来说是至关重要的。

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剑8test1阅读答案【篇一：剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2】txt>剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2摘要：剑桥雅思8阅读资料在网上并不多，想要这方面资料的烤鸭，可以去小马雅思频道上面看看，今天小马小编带来剑桥雅思8阅读解析test1passage2，希望大家能好好看看。

剑桥雅思 8阅读解析test1passage2名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：剑桥雅思阅读文章结构体裁：说明为主主要内容：介绍美国空中交通管制制度。

结构：a 段 :美国联邦航空局(faa)建立的原因。

b 段 :早期的空中交通管理制度。

c 段 :通讯和喷气引擎的改良使空中交通管制势在必行。

d 段 :关于空中管制的片面的看法。

e 段 :飞行区域的高度划分。

f 段 :根据天气情况制定飞行规则。

g 段 :管控飞行区域的具体类别。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：questions 14-19● 题型归类 :list of headings 这种题型考查考生对于文章段落整体结构的把握。

建议读文章时以句子为单位进行阅读,而非以单词为最小阅读单位。

阅读文章,并按照主题句→关键词→同义替换的步骤解题,即 :找出段落中主题句,再找出主题句中的关键词,然后到所给选项中选择其同义替换后的答案。

由于 70% 的学术性写作采用演绎法,即先陈述观点,再加以详细证明,故主题句常常出现在段首。

若段首未见主题句,此时文章可能采取归纳法写作,则可去段尾寻找。

若段落中皆为具体细节描写,则选项多为其对应的抽象概括词。

主题句中的关键词往往是去掉修饰限制的细节的句子主干。

但是多数关键词要经过同义替换后才是正确选项。

除非特殊情况如无法替换的具体名词或专有名词,否则正确选项中通常很少出现文章中的原词。

原文中原词出现过多的选项则往往是用作干扰的错误选项。

题目编号题目选项句意段落主题句题解14ii 飞机失事灾难促进采取行动a 段第 1 句答案 ii 本段第 1 句讲述飞机失事是美国联邦航空总署成立原因,第 2 句简述其建立的结果影响。

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