BBC 地平线 活到 101 岁 文本

BBC 地平线 活到 101 岁 文本.txt大人物的悲哀在于他们需要不停地做出选择；而小人物的悲哀在于他们从来没有选择的机会。男人因沧桑而成熟，女人因成熟而沧桑。男人有了烟，有了酒，也就有了故事；女人有了钱，有了资色，也就有了悲剧。
It's basically simple. Now,
many operations can be difficult.


Sometimes just finding the
coronary artery can be difficult.


Dr Ellsworth Wareham
has just turned 92 and is about
to perform open heart surgery.


I've seen open heart surgery
right from the very beginning,

find it to be very stimulating
and invigorating.

Marge Jetton is finishing a six-mile
bike ride and lifting a few weights


before she plans what to do
for her 103rd birthday.


I was lifting ten pounds when I...

If something doesn't hurt,
it's not worthwhile.


On the other side of the world,


92-year-old Mr Miyagi has just
started teaching karaoke.

Among the members of this group,
he's considered a mere youngster.


You may not have heard
of the island of Okinawa,


the town of Loma Linda

or the village of Ovodda,


but if you want to
live a long, healthy life,

there's no better place to look.


These are the places on earth
where people live longer
than anywhere else.


In these unique communities,
a group of scientists


have dedicated their lives
to trying to uncover their secrets.


Now within this tomb,


some of the secrets to healthy
ageing are contained


so that is your longevity, too.
The secrets are right there.


Horizon has travelled the globe to
meet the people who can show us all


how to improve our chances
of living longer, healthier lives.


From the first time that my brother
and I landed in Okinawa,


the feel and the smell of the place,
I just, I was inspired.


You walk down the street
and there's an elderly lady


sweeping outside
of a little restaurant.


You look at her and think,
"There's a nice 65-year-old lady,


"she's probably retired,
a part-time job, keeping busy,"


and then you find out
she's 90 or 95 or 99.


the market and you see...


"Oh, there's a lady,
she looks like she's in her 70s,"


and you find out,
"Oh, yeah she's 101."


And I thought, wow!


Do we have a Shangri la here,
a real Shangri la?


The remote island of Okinawa
is home to one of the longest-living
communities in the world.


In a population of only one million,
there are 900 centenarians,


a percentage that's over four times
higher than Britain and America.


It's a place where age
has a different meaning...

..where people like Mr Miyagi


can expect to live
way beyond his 92nd year.


He's lived in Ogimi Village in
the north of Okinawa all his life.

Unaware of the latest diet
or lifestyle fad,


Mr Miyagi has developed his own way
of defying the ageing process.


The Okinawan

s themselves
don't think about


cheating science or beating science.

They're not thinking about,


"Gee if I do this,
I'm not going to live as long."


"If I have one extra drink
or if I eat this food."


They're not
thinking about that at all.


Most of them couldn't care less
what the scientists think.


They just go about their business
and live...


They just happen
to live a very long time.


Since the 1970s,
scientists like Bradley


and Craig Willcox
have been trying to understand


what is enabling Okinawans
to combat old age so successfully.


For the past 30 years, we've focused
on a lot of different things.


We look and see if there's
a family history of longevity,


past medical history of all
of the people in their network -


their parents, their...


their brothers and sisters,
their children.

Year after year, this research
has revealed a remarkable fact -

the Okinawans
actually age more slowly


than almost anyone else on earth.


The calendar may say they're
75 or 80,


but their body says they're 50,

and the most impressive part of it


is that a good lot of them
are healthy until the very end.


Over 70% of Okinawan centenarians
are still functioning independently


at age 97.


That's 97% of their life
has been healthy.


But finding the cause of
their exceptional longevity


has not been simple.


Thousands of tests have been run

in an attempt to unlock
the Okinawan secret.


In the last few years, the first
answers have begun to emerge.


The spotlight has fallen on one
particular hormone, known as DHEA.


DHEA, it's a precursor of both
oestrogen and testosterone.


It's produced in the adrenal glands.


We don't know exactly what it does -
nobody knows exactly what it does -


but we do know that DHEA
as a hormone drops with age.

But as Okinawans grow older,

their levels of DHEA appear
to decline at a much slower rate.


You might think of DHEA
as the marker on the clock.


Maybe think of it as backward,
the clock's gone backward, right?

You're at 12, it goes to
11, 10, 9, 8... 1.


When it hits 12 again,
life's over, OK?


So Okinawans, their
clock runs more slowly.


Something about the Okinawan
lifestyle


is slowing down their ageing clock,


keeping their levels of crucial
hormones higher

and their bodies fitter
and healthier for longer.


Here we have a society that has...
the lowest, it seems, of everything -


the longest lifespan,
the lowest breast cancer,

the lowest prostate cancer,
the lowest colon cancer,


the lowest coronary heart disease,

so those kinds of things
fascinate me.


How could it be low in almost
every disease and have this
incredibly long lifespan?


The explanation for this
extraordinary phenomenon begins


in the most ordinary of places.


Like every town in Okinawa,


the fruit and

vegetable shop
in Ogimi

lies at the heart of village life.


It's here that Bradley and Craig

believe the source of the
Okinawan miracle can be traced.


These veggies are a type
of a sweet potato.


It's called, in the local dialect
it's called beni-imo


and beni-imo, it's a purple
sweet potato and that...


Oh, look at that purple colour.


The purple really comes
out more when you cook it.


The key is to get a lot of vegetables
that are very colourful -


oranges like these carrots here,
dark greens and yellow vegetables.


You might think of it
as a rainbow diet.


For the past 20 years,
Bradley and Craig


have been analysing the
life-enhancing Okinawan ingredients.


Got reds here in the tomatoes,
the peppers,


you've got green peppers here.


They've identified a number
of crucial properties

that guard
the Okinawans from disease,


from the anti-oxidant rich
vegetables


that protect against cell damage

to the high quantities
of soya protein.


The Okinawans probably consume
more tofu and more soy products


than any other population
in the world.


We believe that this is playing
a part in their low rates


of hormone-dependent cancers.


Okinawans have among the lowest
rates of breast and prostate cancer
in the world.

Studies suggest that this could be
to do with the levels of soya


they consume across their lifetime.


I am amazed by those statistics
because if we lived in the west


more like the Okinawans,


you could probably close down
80% of the coronary care units,

one third of the cancer wards


and a lot of nursing homes
would be out of business,

simply because these
people are so healthy.


He passes the test, this is
really good. Go ahead, sample.

Thank you!


But it's what
the Okinawans don't eat

that may be at the heart of
their exceptionally long lives.

In Ogimi, 100-year-old Matsu is
preparing

a traditional Okinawan dish
using all the vital ingredients.


It's only after the food is served

that the most significant
Okinawan tradition can be observed.

The Okinawans developed, also,
cultural habits over the years


that appear to have
health-protective properties.


They have a saying called -
eat until you're only 80% full,

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and that's something you hear
in the rest of Japan as well,

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but it was particularly common
to hear that in Okinawa

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where people tended to push away
from the table

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when they were only 80% full.

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In a typical day, Matsu only
consumes around 1,200 calories,

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about 20% less than most people
in Britain and America.

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It's a phenomenon scientists
call caloric restriction.

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Nobody understands entirely
in science

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why caloric restriction works,
but what we do know

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is that caloric restriction
seems to signal to the body

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that there is going to be
an impending famine.

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What do you do when there's a famine
about or some type of crisis?

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Well, the body goes
into this self-preservation mode

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for a future
when food becomes more plentiful.

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It's this ability to trick
their bodies into starvation

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that may be keeping Okinawans
physiologically so young.

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It's a stark contrast
with the cultural habits

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that drive food consumption
in other parts of the world.

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In the west, we're very much focused
on getting more for our money.

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I mean, one of the most
popular things is these
"all you can eat" restaurants.

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You go, and you load up
at the all you can eat restaurant

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and you walk away with
this bloated feeling

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and you may have got
your money's worth,

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but you probably
didn't get your health's worth

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because what you're doing is just
digging yourself into an early grave.

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6,500 miles away
in the mountains of Sardinia,

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there's another place competing
for the title

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of the world's
longest-living community.

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In the town of Ovodda,
Alessandro Vacca and his family

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take a very different approach
to living a long and healthy life.

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Today, he's invited his relatives
to celebrate the birth

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of a new addition to the family.

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The Vaccas don't count their
calories or watch what they drink.

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And none of them had
met a vegetarian before.

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The Vacca family history
is littered with centenarians.

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The oldest lived to 107,

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and most of the family
live well into their 90s.

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And in the town of Ovodda,
the Vaccas are not alone.

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In this small town,
there are five centenarians,

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but perh

aps even more remarkably,
it's the only region in the world

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where as many men as women
live to be 100 years of age.

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It's a phenomenon
that Professor Luca Deiana

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has spent his life
trying to understand.

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He's convinced that the long-known
benefits of a Mediterranean diet

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cannot fully explain the unique
longevity he's observed in Sardinia.

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TRANSLATION FROM ITALIAN:
There are other countries with the
same Mediterranean diet

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and there are centenarians there,
but not as many as in Sardinia.

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It's even true that Sardinians

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who emigrated
at 20, 30 or 40 years of age

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still manage to reach 100.

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Over the past ten years,

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Deiana has tested every
single Sardinian centenarian.

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Today, he's visiting the oldest
member of the Vacca family,
104-year-old Maria.

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Deiana is particularly
interested in Maria

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because as a member
of the Vacca family,

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she comes from a long line
of centenarians.

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There are a great number of last
names in Sardinia -

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more than 30,000,

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but not many last names for the
centenarians we have certified.

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Among these,
there are some last names

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that show a fairly consistent
percentage of centenarians.

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It's these ultra-healthy families
like the Vaccas
that make Sardinia unique.

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The challenge for Professor Deiana
is to find out why.

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Maria's nephew, Alessandro Vacca,

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can trace his family history
in Ovodda back

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over several generations.

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For hundreds of years, the Vaccas
have lived in relative isolation
from the rest of the world,

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marrying into almost
every other family in the town.

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In fact, most people living in
the town today are descended

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from only a few original settlers.

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Marriage among
relatives is not the rule,

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but there are some cases
of this taking place.

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From

a genetic point of view,
when this happens,

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there's a higher probability
of having genetic diseases

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but also of having positive results -
like centenarians.

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In Ovodda, this in-breeding actually
seems to have enabled people
to live longer...

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..and the limited gene pool created
by this isolated community

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now provides a unique opportunity

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to discover specific genes
that are associated with long life.

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After years of searching,

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Deiana has detected a number of
unusual genetic characteristics

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that seem to link
the centenarians of Ovodda.

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One particular gene on the
X chromosome seems to be faulty,

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failing to produce
an enzyme known as G6PD.

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This can often have a negative
impact on health,

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but in Ovodda, it may well
have had a positive effect.

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We have been discovering things
of great interest,

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such as how certain
genetic characteristics

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could have determined
diseases like malaria

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which may be associated with the
lack of a very significant enzyme
in our centenarians.

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The role G6PD may play
in living longer remains a mystery,

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the genetic elixir of life

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lies with the families of Sardinia.

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For those without Sardinian genes,
there is still hope.

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In Loma Linda California,
there's another community

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that proves that anyone
can increase their chances

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of living a longer, healthier life.

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00:22:30,432 --> 00:22:35,313
Today, Dr Ellsworth Wareham
is preparing
to perform open heart surgery

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on a patient many
years younger than himself.

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There was no open heart surgery
when I took my residency.

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I've seen open heart surgery right
from the very beginning,

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so that's 37 years, I guess.

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And I probably do three or four
a week, something like that.

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Do the patients know that
a 92-year-old will be supervising?

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I would hope not.

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00:23:06,588 --> 00:23

:09,197
I, I personally...

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am sort of less than anxious

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because there's a lot of
incompetence associated with age.

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I think the figure is
at 85, 85 years of age,

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50% of people have Alzheimer's.

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Dr Wareham's extraordinary longevity

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may not have anything
to do with his genes.

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I don't have
a particularly good heredity.

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Three of my grandparents died at 72.

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Nobody in my family
has lived to be my age.

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The community living in Loma Linda

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have discovered a secret that's much
easier to find than any gene.

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Its effect is so powerful that it
enables them to live longer

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than anyone else
in the United States.

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I've lived in California
all my life.

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I was two years old
and I can remember
the San Francisco earthquake.

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I can remember the water
being splashed in the trough.
We lived on a ranch

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and I asked my father,

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"The horses won't have anything to
drink, why is that water splashing?"

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At 102, Marge Jetton is the
oldest resident of Loma Linda,

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but reaching such a grand age
has taken some discipline.

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Her daily routine involves cycling
at least six miles before breakfast.

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I've been getting lazy,
I do 15 minutes.

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Today I rode seven miles -
no, six-and-a-half miles -

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and then I ride instead
of going this way, you ride back.

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Something that doesn't hurt you,
it's not worthwhile.

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For Marge, sticking to a gruelling
exercise regime isn't about living
longer. It's a matter of faith.

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The whole world
should be exercising.

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The television is full of it,

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everything is full of
why you should exercise.

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Your body is a temple
of the holy spirit.

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Marge is a Seventh Day Adventist,
a religion whose members

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live between five and ten years
longer than their fellow citizens.

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Our research indicates
th

at we are in control

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of at least ten years of extra life

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just by virtue of the choices
that we make or we don't make.

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There's no proof, it's tempting to
wonder if the way they live

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is affecting some fundamental
force of ageing.

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Adventists don't drink or smoke

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and many stick to the vegetarian
diet that the church advises.

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You read your bible, we're supposed
to eat fruits, nuts and vegetables.

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No meat in heaven, no.

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You eat from the garden,
the tree of life,

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give you vitamins and you're
going to live for ever.

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Not all Adventists
are able to stick to
Marge's strict health regime,

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but even THEY live significantly
longer than average.

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In this community,

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living longer isn't only
about what people are doing.

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It's also about what they believe.

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# I'll take the highway

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# Straight up to heaven

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# And I won't stop

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# Till the good lord lets me in
Lets me in

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# I'm leaving
this old life behind me

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# And I'm so glad
I finally found my way... #

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Jesus lived to be 33,
33-and-a-half...

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30 years of which are almost
virtually gone

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in the mists of time.

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At this point, we have to imagine

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that the good experience
that Adventists have with health

314
00:27:38,668 --> 00:27:42,753
may not only be related
to their diet because after all,

315
00:27:42,788 --> 00:27:44,797
they are religious people,

316
00:27:44,832 --> 00:27:47,197
and so it does certainly
raise the question

317
00:27:47,232 --> 00:27:53,352
if there's something about spiritual
life that also has an impact.

318
00:27:53,387 --> 00:27:56,193
At this moment, we don't really
know that,

319
00:27:56,228 --> 00:27:58,630
but there's been one interesting fact

320
00:27:58,665 --> 00:28:00,997
that's been known
now for 20 or 30 years

321
00:28:01,032 --> 00:28:03,793
and that is that people that go
to church regularly -

322
00:28:03,828 --> 00:28:05,890
whatever faith they have -
live longer

323
00:28:05,925 --> 00:28:07,918
and there's no question a

bout that.

324
00:28:07,953 --> 00:28:12,592
The data is very robust,
but it's probably not sitting in the
hard pew that does that.

325
00:28:12,627 --> 00:28:14,592
There's probably something else.

326
00:28:16,593 --> 00:28:20,272
As part of a longer-term study
on Adventist health,

327
00:28:20,307 --> 00:28:22,437
Dr Kelly Morton is running a clinic

328
00:28:22,472 --> 00:28:25,713
examining the effect of religion
on life expectancy.

329
00:28:26,312 --> 00:28:30,993
We are following a particular theory
that says that the effects of stress

330
00:28:31,028 --> 00:28:33,158
accumulate across your entire life

331
00:28:33,193 --> 00:28:38,912
so each major stressor of your life
is pushing on your organ systems

332
00:28:38,947 --> 00:28:42,158
and these organ systems
slowly but surely

333
00:28:42,193 --> 00:28:45,593
have effects of all of these
stressors that are accumulating.

334
00:28:47,752 --> 00:28:50,332
From samples of
their blood and saliva,

335
00:28:50,367 --> 00:28:53,019
Dr Morton is testing
for lower levels

336
00:28:53,054 --> 00:28:55,637
of stress hormones
such as cortisol.

337
00:28:55,672 --> 00:28:59,272
This would be a sign that they may
be better equipped

338
00:28:59,307 --> 00:29:01,798
to cope with the challenges in life.

339
00:29:01,833 --> 00:29:06,312
There's many things in life, many
stressors that are not controllable,

340
00:29:06,347 --> 00:29:08,398
that are not really your choice,

341
00:29:08,433 --> 00:29:10,798
but you still have to cope
with them,

342
00:29:10,833 --> 00:29:14,998
and religion and connection
to something higher than oneself,

343
00:29:15,033 --> 00:29:20,672
connection to the sacred, connection
to a tight-knit religious community

344
00:29:20,707 --> 00:29:24,637
allows you to modulate your
reactions, your emotions,

345
00:29:24,672 --> 00:29:28,753
to believe that there is
a broader purpose, and therefore,

346
00:29:28,788 --> 00:29:32,473
your body can stay in balance
and not be destroyed

347
00:29:32,508 --> 00:29:35,553
by those stressors and traumas
over time.

348
00:29:38,512 --> 00:29:40,837
Who's that? That's me.

349
00:29:40,872 --> 00:29:44,552
Who are you with? And that's me
and that, there, that's my husband.

350
00:29:44,587 --> 00:29:49,032
He died two days before
our 77th anniversary.

351
00:29:49,067 --> 00:29:51,397
Is it hard living a long time?

352
00:29:51,432 --> 00:29:54,198
Hard living a long time?
You lose people?

353
00:29:54,233 --> 00:29:59,432
Oh, yes, it is, there's nobody
you can talk to the same
as that person, so...

354
00:30:01,072 --> 00:30:05,913
You know,
time heals things a lot, so...

355
00:30:05,948 --> 00:30:08,850
Where do you think he is now?

356
00:30:08,885 --> 00:30:11,717
Well, sleeping up here on a hill,

357
00:30:11,752 --> 00:30:16,232
waiting for

me to come
and occupy the rest of the room.

358
00:30:24,553 --> 00:30:26,893
The Adventists
aren't the only people

359
00:30:26,928 --> 00:30:29,198
who have learnt to cope with stress.

360
00:30:29,233 --> 00:30:34,633
It's the one thing that links
all the world's longest-living
communities together.

361
00:31:05,752 --> 00:31:08,632
Although Mr Miyagi
and his karaoke partners

362
00:31:08,667 --> 00:31:10,952
try not to take life too seriously,

363
00:31:10,987 --> 00:31:14,518
always been easy.

364
00:31:14,553 --> 00:31:17,998
We call their personality
stress-resistant personality.

365
00:31:18,033 --> 00:31:21,772
They certainly don't lead
stress-free lives, they never have.

366
00:31:21,807 --> 00:31:25,512
They had to survive famines when they
were young - poverty -

367
00:31:25,547 --> 00:31:27,910
they had to survive
the Second World War,

368
00:31:27,945 --> 00:31:30,273
in which a quarter
of the population died.

369
00:31:30,308 --> 00:31:31,958
These people are survivors.

370
00:31:31,993 --> 00:31:35,773
Now how did they survive?
Part of it, we think, was the stress.

371
00:31:35,808 --> 00:31:39,553
They built coping mechanisms over
time which we can all learn from.

372
00:31:42,513 --> 00:31:47,473
They have this expression -
"Don't worry, it'll work out."

373
00:31:47,508 --> 00:31:50,450
You hear that always,
over and over -

374
00:31:50,485 --> 00:31:53,392
and those that age
the most healthily

375
00:31:53,427 --> 00:31:54,993
tend to have this attitude.

376
00:31:56,593 --> 00:32:01,157
Mr Miyagi attends this silver
club several times a week.

377
00:32:01,192 --> 00:32:04,712
The club was first established
to provide financial assistance

378
00:32:04,747 --> 00:32:06,277
in times of hardship,

379
00:32:06,312 --> 00:32:10,652
but today it provides a different
but equally crucial function.

380
00:32:10,687 --> 00:32:14,992
Most of these people have a sense
of what they call "ichi gai" -

381
00:32:15,027 --> 00:32:17,952
in other words,
something that gives their life

382
00:32:17,987 --> 00:32:20,197
a sense of meaning,
coherence, purpose -

383
00:32:20,232 --> 00:32:23,512
something that gets them
out of bed in the mornings,

384
00:32:23,547 --> 00:32:26,110
something that
they look forward to doing.

385
00:32:26,145 --> 00:32:28,673
You know whether
it's your gardening -

386
00:32:28,708 --> 00:32:30,677
whether it's a volunteer activity,

387
00:32:30,712 --> 00:32:33,192
whatever these older people
are involved in -

388
00:32:33,227 --> 00:32:36,037
it's meaningful to them.

389
00:32:36,072 --> 00:32:41,073
Without that, it makes
ageing successfully difficult.

390
00:33:14,233 --> 00:33:20,872
We're going to the first house
that I can ever remember...

391
00:33:22,792 --> 00:33:25,753
..and just on
the right-hand side here,

39

2
00:33:25,788 --> 00:33:28,953
there's these modern houses now...

393
00:33:31,432 --> 00:33:35,837
..but that's 230-
and it's still 230-

394
00:33:35,872 --> 00:33:39,793
and that was where I used to stay,
up at the top flat,

395
00:33:39,828 --> 00:33:43,353
but it didn't look like that
when I came here.

396
00:33:43,388 --> 00:33:45,158
It was...

397
00:33:45,193 --> 00:33:48,273
just dirtier and greyer looking.

398
00:33:50,073 --> 00:33:52,592
I have great memories.

399
00:33:52,627 --> 00:33:55,077
Some sad ones, obviously.

400
00:33:55,112 --> 00:33:58,157
When my dad died, I remember...

401
00:33:58,192 --> 00:34:00,278
I remember being locked in a bathroom

402
00:34:00,313 --> 00:34:03,233
and I could see people passing by
with a big, big box

403
00:34:03,268 --> 00:34:06,553
and...I didn't know what it
was at the time,

404
00:34:06,588 --> 00:34:08,673
but it was my dad.

405
00:34:11,592 --> 00:34:13,392
47, he was.

406
00:34:27,313 --> 00:34:30,993
Graham still lives in Glasgow
with his wife Moira.

407
00:34:33,873 --> 00:34:37,832
Five years ago,
just after his own 47th birthday,

408
00:34:37,867 --> 00:34:40,593
Graham was rushed into hospital.

409
00:34:40,628 --> 00:34:43,798
He died three times

410
00:34:43,833 --> 00:34:45,637
and I'm saying to my children,

411
00:34:45,672 --> 00:34:49,157
I think youse better
prepare yourselves.

412
00:34:49,192 --> 00:34:52,992
I don't think your dad's going to
make it through the night

413
00:34:53,027 --> 00:34:56,793
and then I stood back and looked
at myself standing there,

414
00:34:56,828 --> 00:34:59,752
and thought, "Who said that?"

415
00:34:59,787 --> 00:35:02,638
It was so unreal.

416
00:35:02,673 --> 00:35:04,552
But we came through it.

417
00:35:04,587 --> 00:35:06,397
The next morning...

418
00:35:06,432 --> 00:35:11,193
There was intensive care
and I says, "How are you feeling?"

419
00:35:11,228 --> 00:35:14,830
He says, "I just feel really tired,"

420
00:35:14,865 --> 00:35:18,432
and,
"When am I getting out of here?"

421
00:35:22,033 --> 00:35:27,952
Moira and Graham's experiences
are a familiar story in Glasgow,

422
00:35:27,987 --> 00:35:29,718
where in parts of the city,

423
00:35:29,753 --> 00:35:33,033
life expectancy is
amongst the lowest in Europe.

424
00:35:38,152 --> 00:35:42,513
In some areas, male life expectancy
is as low as 57,

425
00:35:42,548 --> 00:35:50,392
no better
than it was 50 years ago.

426
00:35:52,632 --> 00:35:55,197
Comparing Glasgow around the world,

427
00:35:55,232 --> 00:35:58,157
you can see that we don't
fare too well.

428
00:35:58,192 --> 00:36:01,912
Some of the poorer parts of Glasgow
have a life expectancy

429
00:36:01,947 --> 00:36:05,113
that's on a par with poorer parts in
central Europe

430
00:36:05,148 --> 00:36:06,757
or even

in South America.

431
00:36:06,792 --> 00:36:09,592
A life expectancy of just
below 60 years

432
00:36:09,627 --> 00:36:12,153
is not is not a good thing to have.

433
00:36:13,552 --> 00:36:16,558
Hello, welcome.
Thanks for coming today, Moira.

434
00:36:16,593 --> 00:36:20,793
Professor Chris Packard is
studying families like the Jacksons

435
00:36:20,828 --> 00:36:22,798
to try to understand why Glasgow

436
00:36:22,833 --> 00:36:26,077
is at the wrong end
of the life expectancy charts.

437
00:36:26,112 --> 00:36:29,552
And we'll see how many you can do
within the two minutes, OK?

438
00:36:29,587 --> 00:36:31,397
Go.

439
00:36:31,432 --> 00:36:35,553
Been treated for a few things -
damage to...

440
00:36:35,588 --> 00:36:38,073
Physiotherapy, sciatica.

441
00:36:39,393 --> 00:36:43,478
I feel about 70,
maybe 80 sometimes,

442
00:36:43,513 --> 00:36:46,958
trying to get out of the seat
when I can't.

443
00:36:46,993 --> 00:36:51,193
I can actually stand,
but my right leg stays bent

444
00:36:51,228 --> 00:36:53,433
and will not straighten.

445
00:36:55,033 --> 00:36:58,952
It's like.. I think
I'm learning to cope with it.

446
00:37:02,353 --> 00:37:06,672
Moira's body is showing signs
of age-related disease.

447
00:37:06,707 --> 00:37:09,398
We're interested in
the carotid artery here.

448
00:37:09,433 --> 00:37:12,753
Quite happy with that, actually -
that's quite nice and clear.

449
00:37:12,788 --> 00:37:15,077
But the most obvious causes -

450
00:37:15,112 --> 00:37:19,312
like diet, smoking and alcohol
may not be to blame.

451
00:37:19,347 --> 00:37:21,398
One of the challenges for Glasgow

452
00:37:21,433 --> 00:37:24,392
is to explain why it
has this record of ill health.

453
00:37:26,913 --> 00:37:28,598
We start where everybody starts

454
00:37:28,633 --> 00:37:30,993
in looking at the
classical risk factors -

455
00:37:31,028 --> 00:37:33,438
diet, smoking, blood pressure.

456
00:37:33,473 --> 00:37:36,952
When we compare Glasgow
with other cities around the UK,

457
00:37:36,987 --> 00:37:39,638
we find comparable levels
of these things

458
00:37:39,673 --> 00:37:42,712
and therefore our ill health -
our excess ill health -

459
00:37:42,747 --> 00:37:44,758
is not explained properly by them.

460
00:37:44,793 --> 00:37:47,793
We're left with a large
proportion of the problem

461
00:37:47,828 --> 00:37:50,593
that we have to find
new explanations for.

462
00:37:57,553 --> 00:37:59,918
Coming up to Maryhill.

463
00:37:59,953 --> 00:38:02,612
This is the north of Glasgow now

464
00:38:02,647 --> 00:38:05,237
and this was where my mum and dad

465
00:38:05,272 --> 00:38:08,832
spent the early years
of their married life

466
00:38:08,867 --> 00:38:11,712
in a place called Hopehill Road.

467
00:38:14,233 --> 00:38:16,198
They lived in a si

ngle end

468
00:38:16,233 --> 00:38:20,633
which means just the one room
for to eat, sleep and cook and...

469
00:38:20,668 --> 00:38:24,592
There was my mum and dad,
my brother and my sister,

470
00:38:24,627 --> 00:38:29,518
myself and a gran
that I don't remember,

471
00:38:29,553 --> 00:38:33,952
all living in the one room,
all sharing beds except me.

472
00:38:33,987 --> 00:38:35,313
I was in the pram.

473
00:38:37,713 --> 00:38:39,758
Sort of glad I don't remember it,

474
00:38:39,793 --> 00:38:42,792
but this is it -
this is Hopehill Road -

475
00:38:42,827 --> 00:38:45,792
and didnae look like this
as far as I know.

476
00:38:48,433 --> 00:38:51,077
In the early years of the 20th
century,

477
00:38:51,112 --> 00:38:55,033
Glasgow underwent a period
of rapid industrialisation.

478
00:38:57,832 --> 00:39:01,552
Tenements were thrown up to house
the expanding population.

479
00:39:01,587 --> 00:39:04,957
In the area where Moira
and Graham lived as children,

480
00:39:04,992 --> 00:39:09,873
there were a million people
living in just a few square miles.

481
00:39:12,592 --> 00:39:15,472
In Glasgow in the middle
of the last century,

482
00:39:15,507 --> 00:39:18,317
we had wave after wave
of childhood infections -

483
00:39:18,352 --> 00:39:22,397
scarlet fever, typhoid -
which were rife throughout the city,

484
00:39:22,432 --> 00:39:26,313
and overcrowding was very common
and in those conditions, of course,

485
00:39:26,348 --> 00:39:29,273
infections passed from
person to person very quickly.

486
00:39:30,273 --> 00:39:32,278
In order to survive their
conditions,

487
00:39:32,313 --> 00:39:35,237
the people living
in the tenements at the time

488
00:39:35,272 --> 00:39:39,273
developed heightened immune
defences to combat infection,

489
00:39:39,308 --> 00:39:42,358
a condition known as
inflammatory response.

490
00:39:42,393 --> 00:39:47,712
So if you have a tendency towards
a high inflammatory response,

491
00:39:47,747 --> 00:39:50,437
then when childhood infections come,

492
00:39:50,472 --> 00:39:54,558
you tend to survive long enough to
have children yourself,

493
00:39:54,593 --> 00:39:58,433
so people with that tendency
will be increased in the population.

494
00:40:01,953 --> 00:40:04,477
Inflammatory response evolved

495
00:40:04,512 --> 00:40:07,953
to protect those living
in the tenements at the time,

496
00:40:07,988 --> 00:40:12,552
but it also had
a trade-off later in life.

497
00:40:12,587 --> 00:40:14,998
An over-active immune system

498
00:40:15,033 --> 00:40:19,312
can end up attacking the body
it is meant to protect.

499
00:40:21,433 --> 00:40:25,238
But of course, when they reach
adult life or late adult life,

500
00:40:25,273 --> 00:40:29,512
they've got more of a propensity
for inflammatory-related diseases

501
00:40:29,547

--> 00:40:32,310
like diabetes, heart disease
and arthritis,

502
00:40:32,345 --> 00:40:35,073
which of course,
are common in Glasgow.

503
00:40:37,192 --> 00:40:39,673
Even though
their environment has changed

504
00:40:39,708 --> 00:40:41,558
and their lifestyle is healthy,

505
00:40:41,593 --> 00:40:44,078
Moira and Graham
are still showing signs

506
00:40:44,113 --> 00:40:48,192
of a heightened immune response
they inherited from their parents.

507
00:40:48,227 --> 00:40:50,477
The tenements themselves have gone,

508
00:40:50,512 --> 00:40:52,918
the overcrowding
is a thing of the past

509
00:40:52,953 --> 00:40:57,512
and the city fathers have
put in new housing
where people are being moved to,

510
00:40:57,547 --> 00:41:00,557
and it's improved dramatically
their conditions,

511
00:41:00,592 --> 00:41:05,113
but the legacies - through
the processes we've described -
are still there.

512
00:41:05,148 --> 00:41:08,150
The ill health
still hangs over us to some extent

513
00:41:08,185 --> 00:41:11,152
and we have to allow that
to work out of the system.

514
00:41:14,392 --> 00:41:17,833
So how can you make it to 101
without trying?

515
00:41:19,353 --> 00:41:22,637
The answer is not only
to look at your own life,

516
00:41:22,672 --> 00:41:27,312
but also to understand
how your parents and
grandparents lived theirs.

517
00:41:27,347 --> 00:41:31,232
Every community
has a delicate relationship

518
00:41:31,267 --> 00:41:33,558
between past and present,

519
00:41:33,593 --> 00:41:37,792
between the environment
our ancestors evolved to survive

520
00:41:37,827 --> 00:41:40,352
and the one we live in today.

521
00:41:41,512 --> 00:41:44,752
Nowhere is the delicate nature of
this relationship

522
00:41:44,787 --> 00:41:47,993
revealed more starkly
than on the islands of Hawaii.

523
00:41:49,833 --> 00:41:51,752
This is bad for his health, right?

524
00:41:53,472 --> 00:41:57,238
He lived till 100,
let him eat whatever he wants!

525
00:41:57,273 --> 00:42:03,112
101 year old Donald Nago moved
from Okinawa to Hawaii as a child.

526
00:42:03,147 --> 00:42:05,672
He's been healthy his entire life.

527
00:42:07,392 --> 00:42:12,393
But the same cannot be said of
his children and grandchildren.

528
00:42:12,428 --> 00:42:17,590
I didn't know
that I had high blood pressure

529
00:42:17,625 --> 00:42:22,752
until the Okinawans
sent a team of doctors...

530
00:42:22,787 --> 00:42:23,877
here to Hawaii

531
00:42:23,912 --> 00:42:28,712
to investigate
all the Okinawans in Hawaii

532
00:42:28,747 --> 00:42:31,717
and they put down the reason, obese.

533
00:42:31,752 --> 00:42:34,712
Was your family already here,
or did you...?

534
00:42:34,747 --> 00:42:37,637
Alongside his work in Okinawa,
Bradley Willcox

535
00:42:37,672 --> 00:42:42,232
has also been analysing

the health
of Okinawans who now live in Hawaii.

536
00:42:42,267 --> 00:42:46,393
One of the things we've noticed
with subsequent generations,

537
00:42:46,428 --> 00:42:49,317
their risk
for coronary heart disease goes up.

538
00:42:49,352 --> 00:42:54,033
The third generation
were born here and
are getting much more culturated,

539
00:42:54,068 --> 00:42:57,672
are more obese,
have higher blood-sugar levels,

540
00:42:57,707 --> 00:42:59,237
higher insulin rates,

541
00:42:59,272 --> 00:43:02,398
higher levels of calcium
in their coronary arteries

542
00:43:02,433 --> 00:43:05,878
and we're worried that they may not
achieve the right balance

543
00:43:05,913 --> 00:43:10,353
like their parents did, and they
may have actually a shorter lifespan

544
00:43:10,388 --> 00:43:12,952
than their second generation parents.

545
00:43:16,273 --> 00:43:20,673
Bradley has studied the health
of over 8,000 Japanese-American men

546
00:43:20,708 --> 00:43:25,198
analysing the impact
of immigration on life expectancy.

547
00:43:25,233 --> 00:43:31,233
So, you've got you know a population
of Japanese Americans in Hawaii

548
00:43:31,268 --> 00:43:35,638
that evolved eating
different foods in Japan

549
00:43:35,673 --> 00:43:40,473
and then,
after a couple of generations
on a typical Western diet,

550
00:43:40,508 --> 00:43:45,273
they're at higher risk, I think,
for certain diseases like diabetes

551
00:43:45,308 --> 00:43:50,310
than are populations that grew up
eating western food.

552
00:43:50,345 --> 00:43:55,312
The American lifestyle
appears to be far more detrimental

553
00:43:55,347 --> 00:43:58,272
to people of Japanese descent
than other Americans.

554
00:44:00,313 --> 00:44:03,592
Having evolved to thrive
on a low-calorie diet,

555
00:44:03,627 --> 00:44:05,998
to survive periods of famine,

556
00:44:06,033 --> 00:44:11,512
it seems their bodies are simply
not suited to the abundance of food.

557
00:44:13,072 --> 00:44:16,472
It's a case of
they've got good genes,

558
00:44:16,507 --> 00:44:19,837
but they're in
the wrong environment

559
00:44:19,872 --> 00:44:26,472
so, very much... healthy ageing
is a gene environment interaction,

560
00:44:26,507 --> 00:44:29,677
so there's many changes that have
occurred

561
00:44:29,712 --> 00:44:34,672
across human populations
that grew up in certain circumstances

562
00:44:34,707 --> 00:44:37,552
that affect modern-day populations.

563
00:44:40,552 --> 00:44:43,277
It's a lesson
that needs to be heeded

564
00:44:43,312 --> 00:44:47,953
even in the places where people live
longer than anywhere else on earth.

565
00:44:57,952 --> 00:45:01,052
What Bradley has discovered
in Hawaii

566
00:45:01,087 --> 00:45:04,153
may being replicated
in Okinawa itself.

567
00:45:08,112 --> 00:45:10,878
are a younger generation
of Okinawans

568
00:45:10,913 --> 00:45:14,112
who have failed to learn the lessons
from their grandparents.

569
00:45:29,233 --> 00:45:33,398
In two generations, Okinawans
have gone from the leanest

570
00:45:33,433 --> 00:45:39,072
and most robust of the Japanese
to the heaviest of the Japanese,

571
00:45:39,107 --> 00:45:41,957
and some diseases
such as diabetes

572
00:45:41,992 --> 00:45:45,832
are now higher here
than in mainland Japan.

573
00:45:53,472 --> 00:45:55,958
Okinawans are at a crossroads
right now

574
00:45:55,993 --> 00:45:58,833
with regard to
the future of health in Okinawa.

575
00:45:58,868 --> 00:46:00,997
They go down one path,

576
00:46:01,032 --> 00:46:03,917
they try to recapture the old ways.

577
00:46:03,952 --> 00:46:08,192
Then population health will improve
in the younger generations

578
00:46:08,227 --> 00:46:12,433
and they'll continue to lead
the world in terms of longevity.

579
00:46:12,468 --> 00:46:15,038
But if they go down
the other pathway,

580
00:46:15,073 --> 00:46:20,558
then they'll continue to lose ground
in future generations

581
00:46:20,593 --> 00:46:25,593
and may end up even the
shortest-lived of the Japanese
if things continue.

582
00:46:32,593 --> 00:46:37,253
But for the time being, at least,
many of the secrets of long life

583
00:46:37,288 --> 00:46:41,913
can still be found by observing the
people who are the living examples

584
00:46:41,948 --> 00:46:44,272
of healthy, active old age.

585
00:46:46,593 --> 00:46:49,952
What's the best thing, Marge,
about being older?

586
00:46:49,987 --> 00:46:52,438
The best thing?

587
00:46:52,473 --> 00:46:54,652
I can't, I don't know of any.

588
00:46:54,687 --> 00:46:56,832
I don't know, maybe wiser?

589
00:46:58,472 --> 00:47:02,158
No. Just...

590
00:47:02,193 --> 00:47:04,473
Oh, I know, I get more attention.

591
00:47:40,992 --> 00:47:45,033
But the race is on
to learn their unique lessons

592
00:47:45,068 --> 00:47:46,792
before it is too late.

593
00:47:48,392 --> 00:47:52,197
There's a pressing need
to study these cultural habits

594
00:47:52,232 --> 00:47:56,478
that have led to this longevity
phenomenon before it disappears.

595
00:47:56,513 --> 00:48:01,713
I mean, anthropologists could be out
of a job in a couple of generations

596
00:48:01,748 --> 00:48:04,792
because we're all getting
this homogeneous culture

597
00:48:04,827 --> 00:48:07,197
where we're all eating
the same foods

598
00:48:07,232 --> 00:48:11,397
and local traditions
and knowledge is being lost

599
00:48:11,432 --> 00:48:16,232
and unless we try to preserve
some of these traditions,

600
00:48:16,267 --> 00:48:20,272
then...
then we WILL lose it for ever.

601
00:48:20,307 --> 00:48:22,958
Bye-bye! Bye-bye!

602
00:48:22,993 --> 00:48:26,353
I might have to go
study the Sardinians.

603
00:4

8:45,753 --> 00:48:48,773
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604
00:48:48,808 --> 00:48:51,793
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