英语句法结构的介绍

英文的句法结构

英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。

英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。

英文句子的基本结构

1．简单句的五大基本句型。

英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。

英文简单句的五种基本句型。

（1）主语+ 谓语。

此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。

例如：The fruit shop has closed.

They have been singing and dancing for two hours.

The plane will take off soon.

They will fly to London.

（2）主语+ 系动词+ 表语。

此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保

持）,smell, sound, taste等等。

例如：The motor is out of order.

Her mother has fallen ill.

The weather is getting quite hot.

The roses smell sweet.

Silk feels soft and smooth.

The plan sound perfect.

（3）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语

此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。

例如：He studies English.

The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.

We should help the disabled.

（4）主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。

例如：This new way saved us much time.

Could you do me a favor please?

I paid him fifty yuan.

He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.

Mr Smith lent me his car.

I found him a new textbook.

Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?

The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.

（5）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。

例如：We elected him monitor of our class.

We found her rather difficult to work with.

I warned him not to be late again.

My father saw him steal the money.

I found the galss broken.

The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.

The woman caught her husband reading her diary.

2．并列句结构

并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。

常用的并列连接词有：

（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when

（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise

（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus

（5）表示原因关系for

3．主从复合句结构。

英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。

一、名词性从句

1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点

名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句。其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。

2、主语从句

That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.

地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。

(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)

Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )

他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。

(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)

Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。

What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.

学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。

What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。

Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。

(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)

When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.

2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。

(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.) How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.