心理咨询中的几个概念,需要与积极关注

• A visual aid Maslow created to explain his theory, which he called the Hierarchy of Needs, is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, psychological and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid he reaches self actualization. At the bottom of the pyramid are the “Basic needs or Physiological needs” of a human being, food and water and sex. The next level is “Safety Needs: Security, Order, and Stability.” These two steps are important to the physical survival of the person. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter and safety, they attempt to accomplish more. The third level of need is “Love and Belonging,” which are psychological needs; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they are ready to share themselves with others. The fourth level is achieved when individuals feel comfortable with what they have accomplished. This is the “Esteem” level, the level of success and status (from self and others). The top of the pyramid, “Need for Self-actualization,” occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding
无条件积极关注（Unconditional positive regard）：父 母，咨询师以及其他人群无条件积极关注该对象，不 管他做的是否是错事。无条件积极关注的结果就是会 让对象愿意开放自由地尝试事物，尽管事情可能会导 致一些错误，趋向于自我实现的人群更加愿意接受来 自他人的无条件积极关注，特别是孩子在儿时与父母 的交往中。 有条件积极关注（conditional positive regard）：举例 来说在孩童期，父母会确定事情的正确性，然后才会 对孩子进行表扬和支持。这样以后，孩子被奖励的标 准就是他的行为是否得到父母的认可，而不是取决于 执行奖励的是谁。延伸开来讲，就像小孩子一样，个 体寻求到夸奖的的条件取决于其他人的认可。
积极关注的意义
积极关注满足了个体心理上的需要，满足了个体被关爱，尊重和价值 的实现。 对于儿童来讲，积极关注更是对其自我价值和人格特质的塑造有着突 出的作用。父母对儿童期孩子的积极关注有助于建立良好的亲子关系和 品格，而青少年期老师以及社会环境的人群对其的积极关注会影响其学 习方向、方式和态度以及对待事情归因的方式和处理的办法。 积极关注还会影响 个体的同一性，
• Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. • Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child
积极关注 积极关注 需要
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汪勇彪
2011/1/10
积极关注的概念以及相关的延伸
积极关注的意义
积极关注的实施准则
积极关注的概念以及相关的延伸
积极关注的意义
积极关注的实施准则
积极关注的概念以及相关的延伸
积极关注（positive regard）：人本主义心理学家罗杰斯认为
孩子拥有2种额外的需要，自我价值和积极关注。自我价值对于心 理健康的确保和自我目标的实现具有非常重大的意义。而自我价值 的成长来源于儿时同父母亲的关系，长大后来源于与周围人的交往。 。 罗杰斯还相信从小到大我们都需要被Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu他人积极关注，我们需要感 受到价值，被尊重，被关爱。积极关注所做的就是在社会交往中其 他人对我们自身的评估和判断。积极关注可以分为无条件积极关注 和有条件积极关注。
自我实现 尊重的需要 归属与爱的需要 安全的需要 生理的需要
积极关注（positive regard）：人本主义心 理学家罗杰斯认为孩子拥有2种额外的需 要，自我价值和积极关注。自我价值对于 心理健康的确保和自我目标的实现具有非 常重大的意义。而自我价值的成长来源于 儿时同父母亲的关系，长大后来源于与周 围人的交往。 罗杰斯还相信从小到大我们都需要被其他 人积极关注，我们需要感受到价值，被尊 重，被关爱。积极关注所做的就是在社会 交往中其他人对我们自身的评估和判断。 积极关注可以分为无条件积极关注和有条 件积极关注。
积极关注的概念以及相关的延伸
积极关注的意义
积极关注的实施准则
马斯洛的需要层次理论
自我实现
尊重的需要
归属与爱的需要
安全的需要
生理的需要
• 马斯洛的需要层次理论是一个金字塔型的递进模型，由低到高分别满 足个人的生理和心理需求。当个体的需要慢慢升到时最后就会到达最 高的需求层次，即自我实现。在金字塔的最底层是个体最为基础的需 求生理需求，这是个体对于吃喝泄睡觉呼吸性等等的一些基础的需求。 第二层次的需求就是安全的需求，这是个体对于安全稳定性秩序的需 求。前两个层级是满足个体生存的需求。第三个需求是归属于爱的需 求，这就是个体心理上的需求。当个体能够满足自己物质上的需求的 时候，她们就会将这种物质上的东西与别人进行分享。第四种是个体 对于她们所完成的事情感到轻松和舒适，这就是尊重的需要，这个阶 段是关于地位和成功的阶段。最后一个阶段是自我实现的需要，到了 这个阶段，个体进入了一种和谐共通的状态，拥有创造性接纳性自主 性等特点。
• Carl Rogers viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. • How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve selfactualization. • Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others will affect feelings of self-worth. • Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard.