Organizational Patterns

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英语作文实现衔接的手段

英语作文实现衔接的手段Title: Techniques for Achieving Cohesion in English Writing。

Cohesion is a crucial aspect of effective writing in English. It refers to the smooth flow of ideas within a text, achieved through various linguistic and structural devices. In this essay, we will explore some of the most effective techniques for achieving cohesion in English writing.Firstly, one of the fundamental techniques for achieving cohesion is the use of cohesive devices such as conjunctions, transitions, and pronouns. These words and phrases serve as signposts for readers, guiding them through the logical progression of ideas within a text. For example, words like "however," "therefore," and "moreover" signal shifts in thought or emphasis, helping to maintain coherence and clarity.Moreover, the repetition of key words or phrases can also enhance cohesion by reinforcing important concepts throughout a text. By echoing certain terms, writers create a sense of unity and coherence, linking disparate ideas together and reinforcing the central themes of their writing. However, it is essential to use repetition judiciously, avoiding redundancy and monotony.Additionally, the use of parallel structure can contribute significantly to cohesion in English writing. Parallelism involves structuring sentences or phrases in a consistent manner, making it easier for readers to follow the flow of ideas. By maintaining consistent grammatical patterns and word choices, writers create a sense of harmony and balance within their writing, facilitating comprehension and retention.Furthermore, the organization of ideas within a text plays a crucial role in achieving cohesion. Writers can employ various organizational patterns, such as chronological order, cause and effect, or spatial arrangement, to structure their writing effectively. Byarranging information logically and coherently, writers guide readers through the text, facilitating understanding and engagement.In addition to linguistic devices and organizational strategies, the effective use of transitions can significantly enhance cohesion in English writing. Transitions serve as bridges between sentences, paragraphs, and sections, facilitating the smooth flow of ideas and guiding readers through the text. Whether through wordslike "however," "conversely," or "in contrast," or through phrases like "on the other hand" or "as a result," transitions help establish connections and relationships between ideas, contributing to the overall coherence of the text.Moreover, coherence in English writing can also be achieved through the use of cohesive referencing. Pronouns, demonstratives, and other referencing devices enablewriters to refer back to previously mentioned concepts, establishing connections and reinforcing coherence. By using pronouns like "it," "they," or "these," writers canavoid repetition while maintaining clarity and cohesion.Furthermore, the use of cohesive markers, such as definite and indefinite articles, possessive pronouns, and demonstratives, can help establish connections betweenideas and enhance overall coherence. These markers provide context and clarification, guiding readers through the text and facilitating comprehension.In conclusion, achieving cohesion in English writing requires the skillful use of various linguistic, structural, and organizational techniques. By employing cohesive devices, repetition, parallel structure, effective organization, transitions, referencing, and cohesive markers, writers can create texts that are clear, coherent, and engaging. Whether writing essays, reports, or creative works, mastering these techniques is essential foreffective communication in English.。

英语作文常用的顺序

英语作文常用的顺序英文回答：There are various types of organizational patterns that can be used in English essays, each serving a specific purpose and contributing to the overall coherence and effectiveness of the writing. Here are some commonly used organizational patterns:1. Chronological order: This pattern arranges events or ideas in the order in which they occurred or will occur. It is commonly used in narratives, historical accounts, and procedural texts.2. Spatial order: This pattern organizes information based on physical location or spatial relationships. It is often used in descriptions of places, landscapes, or objects.3. Comparative order: This pattern compares andcontrasts two or more subjects, ideas, or perspectives. It can be used to highlight similarities, differences, advantages, or disadvantages.4. Problem-solution order: This pattern presents a problem and then offers one or more solutions. It is commonly used in persuasive essays, technical reports, and troubleshooting guides.5. Cause-effect order: This pattern examines the relationship between causes and effects. It can be used to explain the origins of events, phenomena, or behaviors.6. Inductive order: This pattern starts with specific examples or observations and then draws a general conclusion or theory. It is often used in scientific writing, research papers, and literary analysis.7. Deductive order: This pattern starts with a general statement or theory and then provides supporting evidence or examples. It is commonly used in academic writing, persuasive essays, and speeches.8. Topical order: This pattern organizes information into separate sections or paragraphs, each focusing on a specific topic or subtopic. It is often used in longer essays, reports, and technical documents.9. Circular order: This pattern begins and ends with the same idea, creating a sense of unity and closure. It can be used in narratives, essays, and speeches.The choice of organizational pattern depends on the writer's purpose, the type of essay, and the audience. By selecting the appropriate pattern and organizing information effectively, writers can ensure that their essays are clear, coherent, and persuasive.中文回答：常见的英语作文顺序。

作文的结构术语有哪些英文

作文的结构术语有哪些英文The structure of an essay can be divided into several key components, each with its own specific terminology in English. Here are the main elements:1. Introduction:Hook: The opening statement that grabs the reader's attention.Background Information: Provides context and sets the stage for the essay.Thesis Statement: The central argument or main idea of the essay.2. Body Paragraphs:Topic Sentence: The sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph.Supporting Details: The evidence, examples, or explanations that support the topic sentence.Transitions: Words or phrases that connect ideas between sentences and paragraphs.3. Conclusion:Restatement of Thesis: Summarizes the main argument or central idea of the essay.Final Thoughts: Provides a final perspective or call to action.Concluding Statement: The final sentence that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.In addition to these core elements, there are other structural components that can be used to enhance the organization and flow of an essay:4. Organizational Patterns:Chronological: Presents information in the order in which events occurred.Comparison and Contrast: Examines the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.Cause and Effect: Explores the reasons for and the consequences of a particular event or situation.Problem-Solution: Identifies a problem and proposes a solution or solutions.5. Paragraph Structure:Topic Sentence: The sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph.Supporting Details: The evidence, examples, or explanations that support the topic sentence.Concluding Sentence: The final sentence that reinforces the main idea of the paragraph.6. Transitions:Additive: Words or phrases that add information, such as "furthermore," "in addition," or "moreover."Adversative: Words or phrases that indicate a contrast or opposition, such as "however," "on the other hand," or "in contrast."Causal: Words or phrases that show a cause-and-effect relationship, such as "as a result," "consequently," or "therefore."Sequential: Words or phrases that indicate order or sequence, such as "first," "next," "finally," or "in conclusion."Understanding and effectively utilizing thesestructural elements is crucial for crafting a well-organized and cohesive essay. By mastering the English terminology associated with essay structure, writers can enhance the clarity, coherence, and overall impact of their written work.。

Organization of Speeches

Organization of SpeechesI. Organizational Patterns:A. Topical Division - organizes a speech according to aspects, subtopics, or topics.B. Chronological Division- organizes speech according to a time sequence.Historical Topics, Process or procedure topics (how to cook, paint)C. Spatial Division - organizes a speech according to the geography or physical structure of the subject. Best for topic dealing with parts of an object (i.e. the parts of a gun), or a place (Grocery Store, Museum)).D. Causal Division - Organizes a speech from cause to effect, or effect to cause.Identify / Trace an a condition from its causes (i.e. recession, medical topic disease) Also useful in persuasionE. Pro-Con Division - organizes a speech according to arguments for and against some policy, position, or action. Since it is balanced approach - easier to use in informative than persuasion . Broader context and provides more balance/objectivity. ex. used in policy options / political choices / May be useful in workplace setting.F. Gimmick Division - Organizes a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word. ex. IRSG. Problem Solution Pattern - A pattern of organization that analyzes a problem in terms of 1. harm, 2. significance, 3. cause; ant that proposes a solution which is 1. Described 2. feasible, and 3. advantageous. Identifies and analyzes a problem and proposes a solution.II. How to Develop Key Ideas. -A. Signpost- words that indicate that you are going to make a point - initially, finally, next. (Give directions)B. State your idea - word precisely (Tag)C. Support your ideaD. Summarize your ideaIII. Organizing the Body of the Speech- How to organize body of a speech-A. Main points - how to break down and decide1. 2-5 main points / 3 = best / Simplicity2. 1 major idea per point3. Symmetrya. body should be longest partb. points should be balanced in respect to timec. intro and conclusion should be about the same length4. Coherence- make sure the points relate to each other / conclusion ties back into the intro.5. Orderliness - need a consistent pattern of development. (i.e. problem then solution, chronological start at beginning and go to end / don't jump around.) org structureB. Sub points - how to break down main points into more specific areas. Makes speech more developed and organized.1. 2-4 subpoints2. 1 idea per subpoint3. balance time4. follow a clear developmentC. Support materials - narrative, definitions, descriptions, comparison, examples, ets1. Make sure they really support main point2. Supporting material must be specific.D. Connectives or Transitions:1. Internal transitions - connects 2 main pointssummary of last point and preview of next pointnow that I have, I will2. Internal preview- list subpoints at beginning of main pointcats are clean for three reasons; litter box, bathing, dry food3. Internal summary - restate subpoints at end of a main pointIE: it was seen that cats are clean because the use a litter box, bathe frequently and eat dry food.4. Sign posts - mini transitions between subpointsE. Types of Transitions: transition - a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection.Complementary - adds one idea on to another, also, and , next, in addition to Causal - establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas; consequently, resulting in, becauseContrasting - shows how two ideas are different; but, although, on the other hand Chronological Transitions - shows how one idea proceeds or follows another in time: next, further, thenIV. Functions of an Outline-A. Tests the scope of a speaker's contentB. Tests the logical relations among parts of the speechC. Tests relevance of supporting ideas.D. Checks balance of proportion of speechE. Serves as notes during delivery of speech.V. Types of an Outline-A. WordB. PhraseC. SentenceCoordinate Ideas - (main points)Subordinate ideas - (subpoints) Must have at least 2 for each main point.Outlining guidelines1. Each number or letter should represent only 1 idea.2. Should use consistent numbers and letters.3. If there is a subpoint there must be at least 2.4. Should use a complete sentence/ phrase/ word depending on outline.5. Coordinate points should have parallel grammatical construction.VI. Stages of outlines:Working outline: An informal, initial outline recording a speaker's process of narrowing focusing, and balancing a topic. Make lists / sublists / piles/ etc- break it downFormal outline - A complete sentence outline written in sufficient detail that a person other than the speaker can understand it.Speaking outline- A brief outline for the speaker containing source citations and delivery completeHints for notecard outline1. Don't write word for word/ use key words/ be brief2. Use a well organized outline3. Don't write too small4. Use different colored pens or highlighters to set apart points, organize tags5. draw lines between main pointsVII. OUTLINE OF A SPEECHI. IntroductionA. Opener Or Attention GetterB. Significance of topicC. Up-to-date (is it recent) topicD. Relevance to Audience or Audience linkE. Thesis and PreviewII. BodyA. Main Point One(Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material(internal summary)(INTERNAL TRANSITION)B. Main Point Two(Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material(sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material (internal summary) (INTERNAL TRANSITION) C. Main Point Three (Internal preview)1. Sub-point 1a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)2. Sub-point 2a. Support materialb. Support material (sign post)3. Sub-point 3a. Support materialb. Support material (internal summary)III. ConclusionA. Summary of topic and what we learnedB. Review the three main points.C. Return to attention catcher for your exitOutline/Organization Activity1. Read over all of the information in your envelopes. Based on the given specific purpose thesis, construct an outline for the body of this speech by doing the following.A. Select three main points from the given choices.B. Select two sub-points from the given choices.C. Choose the general support matrerial from the given list that will appropriately support each main point.D. Be sure to include the appropriate connectives needed to tie the speech together.。

高一英语作文读后续写

高一英语作文读后续写The English language has always been a fascinating and dynamic medium of communication, offering a vast array of possibilities for self-expression and intellectual discourse. As a high school student, I have been fortunate to delve into the intricacies of this language, exploring its nuances and honing my writing skills. One particular assignment that has left a lasting impression on me is the task of writing an English essay based on a given prompt.The prompt "高一英语作文读后续写" or "Continue Writing an English Essay for High School" presents an intriguing challenge. It invites me to not only analyze and respond to a pre-existing piece of writing but also to build upon it, creating a cohesive and compelling continuation that seamlessly integrates with the original work.As I approach this task, I am mindful of the importance of maintaining a cohesive and coherent narrative. The continuation must flow naturally from the initial essay, preserving the tone, style, and voice established by the original author. At the same time, I must infuse my own unique perspective and creativity to expand thestory or argument in a meaningful and engaging way.One of the key considerations in this endeavor is the need to thoroughly understand the context and content of the original essay. This requires a close reading and analysis of the text, identifying the central themes, key points, and the overall direction of the piece. Only by grasping the essence of the initial work can I hope to craft a continuation that seamlessly builds upon it.Moreover, I must be attentive to the stylistic and structural elements of the original essay. The continuation should mirror the writing style, sentence structure, and organizational patterns employed by the initial author. This attention to detail will ensure a smooth transition between the two parts of the essay, creating a cohesive and unified whole.As I delve into the writing process, I find myself drawing upon my knowledge of English grammar, vocabulary, and rhetorical devices. The ability to effectively communicate complex ideas, construct well-structured sentences, and employ appropriate literary techniques will be crucial in crafting a compelling continuation. I must also be mindful of the audience and tailor my writing accordingly, ensuring that the continuation is accessible and engaging for the reader.One of the most exciting aspects of this assignment is theopportunity to exercise my creativity and critical thinking skills. The prompt allows me to explore various narrative possibilities, to develop new characters, or to introduce unexpected plot twists. By carefully considering the direction of the original essay and the potential avenues for expansion, I can craft a continuation that not only complements the initial work but also offers fresh insights and a unique perspective.Throughout the writing process, I am cognizant of the need to maintain a clear and coherent structure. The continuation must build upon the foundation laid by the original essay, seamlessly integrating new ideas and developments. This may involve the introduction of additional supporting evidence, the exploration of counterarguments, or the expansion of the central thesis or narrative.As I write, I am also mindful of the importance of effective transitions between paragraphs and sections. The continuation must flow smoothly, with each idea building upon the previous one and leading the reader effortlessly through the narrative or argument. The use of appropriate transitional phrases and devices will be crucial in achieving this cohesion.Ultimately, the task of continuing an English essay based on a given prompt is a multifaceted challenge that requires a combination of analytical, creative, and technical skills. It demands a deepunderstanding of the original work, the ability to think critically and imaginatively, and the proficiency to articulate ideas in a clear and compelling manner.As I embark on this journey, I am excited to put my English language skills to the test. I look forward to the opportunity to showcase my ability to analyze, interpret, and build upon a pre-existing piece of writing, while infusing it with my own unique voice and perspective. This assignment will not only enhance my writing abilities but also deepen my appreciation for the power and versatility of the English language.。

大学英语高级写作教程Unit 3

Expository essays include: • Essays that describe how to do something. • Essays that analyze events, ideas, objects, or written works. • Essays that describe a process. • Essays that explain/describe an historical event. • Essays that convey information and explain the topic. • Essays that report about an event/situation.
II. Guidance for Expository Writing
1. Definition of Expository Writing
• Expository essays require that the writer give information, explain the topic or define something. They are best developed by the use of facts and statistical information, cause and effect relationships or examples. • Since they are factual, they are written without emotion and usually in the third person. The use of the pronoun “I” is not usually found in this form of essay.

学习规划英语作文带翻译

学习规划英语作文带翻译Title: Effective Strategies for English Composition Study。

English composition is an essential skill for both academic and professional success. Developing proficiency in writing requires consistent practice and effective strategies. In this essay, I will discuss severalstrategies for planning English composition study, along with their translations into Chinese.1. Set Clear Goals (设定明确目标)。

Before embarking on English composition study, it's crucial to define clear and achievable goals. Determine what you want to achieve with your writing skills, whether it's improving academic performance, enhancing communication abilities, or advancing career prospects. Clear goals provide direction and motivation for your study efforts.2. Build Vocabulary (扩展词汇)。

Vocabulary is the cornerstone of effective writing. Expand your vocabulary by reading extensively in English, using vocabulary-building apps, and keeping a vocabulary journal. Learn synonyms, antonyms, and idiomatic expressions to enrich your writing and express ideas more precisely.3. Study Grammar and Syntax (学习语法和句法)。

通用学术英语(技能篇)_西安交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

通用学术英语（技能篇）_西安交通大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.The following claim is against which dimension of the ARS triangle?Claim: The college entrance examination（高考） in China should be banned because my friend told me that the validity of the exam is weak.答案:Acceptability2.Which logic dose the following reasoning belong to?Fact 1: The victims of cyber bullying are emotionally upset.Fact 2: The victims of cyber bullying are likely to withdraw from family members and friends.Fact 3: The victims of cyber bullying may avoid school or groupgathering.Conclusion: Cyber bullying is harmful.答案:Induction.3.We can use a startling fact, an emotional example and a quote from areliable source to start a cause and effect essay.Do you think thestatement is true or false?答案:True.4.Which of the following description is from the perspective ofconsequences ?答案:Those who suffer from procrastination（拖延症）are likely to cram from a task.5.Suppose that you are listening to a lecture. You heard that “In theprevious lecture, we have talked about how mammals giving birth to babies. Today, we are going to discuss …” What functions do thesesentences have?答案:Review of the previous lecture and topic today.6.Do you think the following statement is true or false ?Statement: An abstract of a research article can be regarded as asummary.答案:True.7.Which of the following is true about the organizational patterns of acontrast essay ?答案:The point-by-point pattern is essential if your material is complicated.8.What are the two strategies that you adopt to identify similarities anddifferences of subject ?答案:Venn diagram and table.9.Which of the following is NOT true in terms of the structure of aresearch article ?答案:The four sections (IMRD) are the only components in a research article.10.Which of the following is NOT true in terms of the major information ineach section of a research article ?答案:Researchers usually explains thoroughly the findings they obtained in theResults section.11.Things are classified into different categories in a tree structure, orpossibly a forest structure. What type of classification does it belong to ?答案:Hierarchical classification.12.Read the original sentence (below) and decide which paraphrase (1 to 3) isthe best.Throughout most of the developed world, universities have seen a steadyincrease in the number of women enrolling in engineering courses.答案:The number of women studying engineering at university has been rising steadily in the majority of developed countries.13.If you are reading the introduction part of a chapter, what do you thinkthe chapter is about?Team work is vital in business. A plan must be developed for dividingwork among the members of the management team. Each member must be given enough authority to be able to accomplish the assigned talk.Moreover, for the greatest efficiency the authority of each member must be expanded by various means.答案:Ways to expand each member's authority.14.Which of the following is a good paraphrase for the sentence below:The car industry began in France and Germany, but took off in theUnited States.答案:France and Germany initiated the car industry, which was later accelerated in the United States.15. In ARS triangle, A refers to acceptability, R stands for relevance, S is theacronym of ______.答案:sufficiency16.Which of the following is a FACT ?答案:Hummingbirds are the only bird that can fly backwards.17.From which aspect does the following sentence extend the definition?“A population is the number of living things that live together in the same place. The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants being 60% of the world population.”答案:Examples.18.Which strategy is the following note possibly employing?答案:Mapping.19.The table shows the number of school days each month during the lastschool year.Which of the graphs best represents the data?答案: Graph 2.20.If a lecturer talks about the following content in his lecture: camouflage,mobbing, running away, chemical weapons of animals on the topic“How animals protect themselves”, which of the following is thepossible organization of the lecture?答案:Classification.21.You and your classmate are having a discussion in class. If your partnerasks “What do you mean by phototropism? ”, what type of question does it belong to?答案:Asking for clarification.22.What is the communicative function of the following sentence in 3MT?Now historians have tended to use adults' reflective sources such asautobiographies to tell us about childhood, but I argue that we really need touse and hear the children's voices. So I use hundreds of evacuee letters in my work.答案:Methods23.What is the communicative function of the following sentence in 3MT?The big question that we want to know is how effective are these readingprograms for these struggling readers, considering their limited resources.答案:Termination。

自考商务英语写作名词解释题

写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; moving around; cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication)表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé)3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter )后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月顺序(chronological résumé format) 按任职顺序(functional résumé format) 复合式(combination résumé format)简短文件(short document)信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes’ content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up) 会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures)业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System )商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal: introduction; problem identified and defined; objective & goal set; solutions proposed; implementation & measuring; costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy)律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer) 接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同Contracts for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contracts 租赁合同Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同Carriage contracts运输合同Technology contracts 技术合同Safekeeping contracts 保管合同Warehousing contracts 仓库合同Agency appointment contracts 委托合同Trading-trust contracts行纪合同Brokerage contracts居间合同。

商务英语写作

Questions for Discussion: 1.Who writes the first letter? 2.How does the Chinese writer develop his letter? 3. Which is the real purpose for the letter?
Section 1 Different Organizational Patterns 1.Linear Pattern and Cyclical Pattern Chinese writing is indirect or spiraling. English writing is linear. We usually indicate the different thinking patterns of writing by the following pictures. English Oriental(Chinese)
Thanks
both awkward and unproductive. Your statement for $2000 arrived today, and I am temped not to pay it. In any event, it would seem that we are entitled to some kind of discount for the inconvenience we suffered at your hands. I expect an explanation from you before I authorise payment.
Chapter 1 Differences between English and Chinese Writing

商务英语写作

1.Expressive writing (表达式写作) is personal and informal, employed to encourage comprehension reflection on the part of the writer. Open-ended and creative, expressive writing is a good way to start learning about a topic.municative writing(沟通式写作) is analytic, formal and more or less impersonal. It presupposes that writer already considerable knowledge and understanding of the topic, and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader.3.The purpose of the writer can be classified into two categories: expressive writing and communicative writing.4.In a persuasion paper, the business writer hopes to convince the reader and attempts to do so through a series of steps: (1)gain the reader‟s attention(2)outline the problem or situation(3)anticipate or recognize opposing point of view(4)appeal to both reason and emotion in the choice of examples and details(5)offer an insightful conclusion.5.Style & Manner of writing: (1) Clarity [To writer clearly, not only the most expressive, but the plainest words should be chosen.](2)The plain style [The simplest style is the most beautiful.](3) Concision [Concision is intimately connected to clarity] (4)Rhetoric [The study of rhetoric stretches back to classical Greece. Today the term is most commonly taken pejoratively, meaning bombastic or exaggerated language.]6.There are two duties incumbent upon any man who enters on the business of writing: truth to the fact and a good spirit in the treatment. Truth to the fact is of importance to the education and comfort of mankind, and so hard to preserve. The second duty, far harder to define, is moral.7.Business communication draws on information derived from a wide variety of other disciplines, including (but not limited to) linguistics, semantics, rhetoric, psychology, sociology, graphic design, management, marketing, economics, and information technology.8.Aspects of Business Communications:(1)Managerial Communication[管理沟通](2)Organizational Communication[组织沟通](3)Human Relationships and Team Building[人际关系与团队建设](4)Sales Communication[销售沟通](5)Business Documentation[商务文件](6)International Communication(Intercultural Communication)9.The American Heritage Dictionary defines the term of business as:(1)a. the occupation, work, or trade in which a person is engaged; b. a specific occupation or pursuit;(2)commercial, industrial or professional dealings;(3)a commercial enterprise or establishment.10.Business writing[商务写作]differs from other writings in the following features: (1)purposeful (2)transactional (3)reader-oriented (4)dynamic (5)economical. 11.Any business document is intended to meet one or more of the following four generic purposes: (1)to inform somebody of something(a procedure, contractual obligation, etc.)(2)to persuade somebody to do something(buy a product, accept a proposed solution, etc. )(3)to instruct somebody on how to do something(operate a machine, file a claim, etc.)(4)to regulate somebody(rules and policies, etc)12.The benefits of good business writing include, but not limited to, the following:(1)saving the reader‟s time(2)saving your time(3)increasing confidence(4)increasing efficiency and effectiveness(5)building goodwill.12.Business writing process: (1)planning (2)research (3)organization(4)composition (5)revision (6)editing &proofreading13.Planning:(1)purpose(2)audience(3)thought process14.The writing purpose can be classified into:(1)general purpose—the main objective of your writing(2)specific purpose—a brief summary of your reason for this writing(3)core idea—the central message in your writing(purpose statement).It is ideally written in one sentence placed at the beginning of the document.15Thought process1)Brainstorming2)Free-writing3)Clustering(Minding-napping) 4)Outline anization Patterns include:(1)Deductive organizational patterns(2)Inductive organizational patterns(3)Direct organizational patterns (4)Indirect organizational patterns17.The point now is that how you can demonstrate three important writing qualities while composing:1)Writing what you really mean(2)Writing Business English(3)Shaping and sharpening your business writing based on sufficient raw material and information.18.W riters typically go through t hree distinct stages of revision:1)Adding on(2)Moving around(3)Cutting mon Resume Formats:(1)Chronological Resume Format(2)Functional Resume Format(3)Combinational Resume Format(4)Targeted Resume Format.20.Good resume and resume cover letters must be able to:(1)Cut the clutter(2)Catch the eye(3)Sell your skills, strengths and success(4)Direct the reader your way(5)Get you to next step.21.Top 10 Resume Tips:(1)A page or two to land you a job or at least aninterview(2)Fundamentals do exist(3)Customization is critical(4)Reveal enough to excite(5)A resume is 99% of the time read by a stranger(6)Once your basic content is ready, compare it with the job profile you are applying for(7)Reevaluate choice of words, sentence structure and language(8)Spell check, spell check, spell check(9)When you are presenting hard copies of your resume, make sure you use quality stationery(10)Keep copies of the various customized versions of your resume.22.Here are 7 points that resumes must incorporate:(1)Full Name(2)Objective(3)Contact Information (4)Qualifications (5)Work Experience (6)Achievements (7)Date 23.5 steps to a better resume and resume cover layout are as follows:(1)Complete the final draft of your resume and cover letters before putting it into layouts(2)A resume and cover letter layouts should ideally not exceed two pages(3)Use justifications and indents in such a way that there is a fine balance between content and white space(4)Use consistent point size and conservative font styles as far as possible(5)Choose good quality paper in white or ivory or even a light blue to make sure that your layouts are taken forward well and stand out from the rest.24.There are three general types of cover letters for job applications as follows:(1)The application letter which responds to a known job opening(2)The prospecting letter which inquires about possible positions(3)The networking letter which requests information and assistance in your job search.25.A resume cover introduces your resume and covers points that the resume does not. It is, therefore, a well-written outline, with a brief summary of who you are and what you are doing, and what you want to do for the prospective employer.26.To be effective, your resume cover should follow the basic content format of a typical business letter and should include three general issues:(1)First paragraph—Why you are writing(2)Middle paragraph—What you have to offer(3)Concluding paragraph—How you will follow up.27.How to write a resume cover letter:(1)Writer a tailored cover page for each job for which you are applying(2)Start by expressing your interest in the job(3)Employers like to know where you heard about the job, so mention it(4)State what you can do for the company(5)Summarize and highlight your skills, qualifications and major accomplishments related to the job, but don‟t simply reiterate tour resume(6)Most importantly, explain why your qualifications and the job requirements are a good match(7)Start wrapping it up by stating when you‟ll be available for work(8)State the best time and place the recipient can reach you(9)Mention that your resume is enclosed or attached(10)Offer to provide more information, work samples and reference(11)Indicate that you‟d like an interview in person or by phone(12)Thank the recipient for his or her time and consideration(13)Say that you look forward to hearing from the recipient(14)Proofread your cover letter and make corrections28.A resume is a brief summary of one‟s life history or the main events of his/her life, and gives a brief, factual summary of your qualifications beginning with the writer‟s birth and listing his/her education background, work experience, professional accomplishments and hobbies, while a resume cover letter explains your qualifications to show how well you can fit in the position.29.A Curriculum Vita is a detailed, lengthy and structured list of education, publications, projects, awards and work history.30.A good follow-up letter will:(1)Remind the employer of your resume and application(2)Express your continued interest in the position(3)Help you stand out from other applicants.31.A good strategic plan should:(1)serve as framework for decision-making for managers at all levels(2)form a basis for more detailed operational plans and procedures(3)explain the business to others in order to inform, instruct, motivate, and involve(4)assist benchmarking and performance monitoring(5)inspire and stimulate change and innovation.32.A sound strategic plan should include the elements of vision, mission, corporate values, objectives, strategies, goals, and programs.33.Strategic Planning Process:(1)Getting ready(2)Articulating mission and vision(3)Assessing the situation(4)Developing strategies, objectives and goals(5)Completing the written plan.34.The Strategic Planning Worksheet is a framework that helps the company, large or small, brainstorm out all strategic factors affecting its operations systematically. It is a tool, rather a plan itself. It assists the strategic planning process and records all important ideas, thoughts, specific plans and programs during the process.35.Policy statements are the most important written business documents, They include, but not limited to,the following:(1)Corporate policy—It defines the overall intentions of the organization regarding its purpose and mission(2)Operational policies—They define and entail the functions and processes to be undertaken to achieve the organization‟s purpose and mission. They include marketing policy, financial policy, personal policy, operational policy, quality policy, etc(3)Others—They may include harassment, business ethics, use of company‟s property policies, etc36.A procedure may extend to a company‟s suppliers, distributors and customers. There are various types of documented practices in the business world:(1)Divisional procedures(2)Control procedures(3)Operating procedure.37.A procedure life cycle: (1)Preparation (2)Commissioning (3)Implementation(4)Qualification38.The format of a procedure entails the following elements:(1)Title of the procedure(2)Purpose(3)Scope(4)Definition(5)Responsibility(6)Procedural steps(7)Reference material(8)mon problems in procedure documentation:1.Flow chart and steps[(1)Simple flow chart and Detailed flow chart(2)Fixed-order steps(3)Variable-order steps(4)Nested steps]2.Forms and records.40.ISO—International Organization for Standardization41.Benefits of getting your quality system certified to the ISO 9000: The ISO series of Standards is a key instrument for achieving global competitiveness. Companies in China and other countries world-wide have seen dramatic benefits from using the Standard; larger market shares, higher sales and profitability, stronger market confidence, higher staff morale and greater operational efficiency and stability are just a few of these benefits.42.T here are three tiers of business documentation: conceptual, conceptual/operational and operational. The first tier of documentation of policy statements is more conceptual and less operational/technical. The second tier of documentation is both conceptual and operational/technical. The third tier is more operational/technical and less conceptual.43.Overall structure of Business Documentation:(1)Different tiers of documentation(2)Policy statements (3)Procedures (4)Plans/Proposals (5)Work instructions (6)Guides (7)Standards (8)Forms(9)Communication(10)Others[Document families]44.Several other good reasons for documenting procedures to run a business:(1)To cause people to act in a uniform way and so make processes predictable(2)To provide freedom for management and staff to maximize their contribution to the business(3)To provide legitimacy and authority for the deeds needed(4)To make responsibility clear and to create the conditions of self-control(5)To provide co-ordination for inter-departmental action(6)To improve communication and to provide consistency and predictability in carrying out repetitive tasks(7)To encourage the people involved into thinking a problem through(8)To minimize variance and eliminate bottlenecks(9)To provide auditable criteria for execution against authorized practice.45.Content of procedures:(1)A flowchart of the process that depicts the sequence of actions and decisions, inputs, outputs and interfaces with other procedures(2)Paragraphs describing the actions and decisions required, indicating the role responsible by matching the flowchart in the sequence in which they occur(3)The minimum information and equipment needed to perform each activity or make each decision(4)The criteria for decisions as a list of aspects to be considered or a statement of requirement which the decision should satisfy(5)The criteria for choosing optional routes and the sequence of steps to be taken(6)The entry conditions for starting the process(7)The exit conditions for ending the process or task(8)The source of information or product needed(9)The routing instructions for information or product emerging from the procedure(10)Any precautions needed to prevent incident, accident, error, problem etc(11)Any rules that have to followed(12)Controls needed to verify the quality of any products with feedback loops(13)Control needed to verify that the process or task achieves its purpose and to verify that critical activities and decisions occur when required(14)Any forms to be completed, together with form-filling instructions and responsibilities, the numbering system to be used and the registers to be maintained(15)Cross-reference to other documents in which essential supplementary information can be found.46.Guides are aids to decision-making and to the conduct of activities. They help people implement procedures and instructions. Guides are useful as a means of documenting your experience and should contain examples, illustrations, hints and tips to help staff perform their work as well as possible. All guides arecompany-specific and type-specific.47.Work instructions define the work required in terms of who is to perform it. When it is to commence and be completed, what standard it has to meet and any other instructions which constrain the quality, delivery and cost of the work required. Work instructions are the product of implementing a SOP or a documented standard. They must be tied up to SOPs.48.Standards define the acceptance criteria for judging the quality of an activity, a document, a product or a service. They may be company-specific and type-specific or may not. There are national standards, international standards, standards for a particular industry and company standards. Standards may be in diagrammatic form or narrative form or a mixture of the two.49.Interpersonal communication: usually refers to the face-to-face dialogue, interviewing, conversation or discussion and takes place in dyads(two persons)50.the dyadic life cycle: any dyad, whether inside or outside an organization, has a life cycle that begins when two people first meet and ends when the two no longer engage in interpersonal communication51.Coping with Stage Fright: stage fright, fear of public speaking, is the most common type of performance anxiety.52.the extemporaneous method: it involves significant effort but results in a degree of quality that tells your audience that you care about them.53.（人际沟通的功能）functions of giving information：1】gaining and giving information 2】building a context of understanding3】establishing identity4】Interpersonal needs54.（人际沟通的目的）purpose of Interpersonal communication：resolving issues and conveying emotions55.（人际沟通的四个阶段）the dyadic life cycle：1】the initial stage 2】the formative stage 3】the mature stage 4】the severance stage56.（有效倾听者）effective listening involves：1】face the speaker and maintain eye contact2] f ocus on content，not delivery 3】stay active 4】be flexible 5】avoid emotional involvement 6】empathy and rapport 7】advise properly 8】be ready for Interpersonal communication57.（经理有效听说）：1】listening（listening is crucial when emotions are high，most important time to listen is in the team situations，listening is vital when employees are sharing ideas）2】facilitating（hearing what is said，integrating it into the topic at hand and saying‟ something to move the conversation forward）3】questioning（avoid those that elicit yes/no answers，open questions are those that elicit longer responses，personal questions have a special role in leadership）4】using discretion5】directing 58.（两种沟通氛围）communication climat e:1】open communication （in this climate，people perceive communication more accurately and are more willing to communicate honestly）2】discourage communication（they giving people the feeling that they are being judged and criticized）59.（沟通过程中的人际冲突）Interpersonal conflict：1】defensive attitudes（evaluation，control，strategy，neutrality，superiority，certainty）2】supportive attitude （description，problem orientation，spontaneity，empathy，equality，provisionality）60.conflict management by management:1】speak your mind and heart 2】listen well 3】express strong feelings appropriately 4】remain rational for as long as you can 5】review what has been said 6】learn to given and take 7】avoid all harmful statements61．Primary groups交流：it consist of family and close rmal groups交流：informal groups are formed to foster improved interpersonal relationships rather than to accomplish any particular task or objective63.formal groups交流：they have special task and objective （三个作用：informational，educational-and-training，problem-solving）64．团队的特点：groups have two definite patterns of movement，one approximating a life cycle and the other involving the decision-making process65.group dynamics：the stage in the group life cycle are initiation，exploration and clarification，conflict，resolution，and dissolution。

Analysis Through Comparison and Contrast

2.主题对主题对比（Subject by Subject) 主题对主题对比（主题对主题对比 • This organizational pattern,sometimes referred to as “comparison of the whole,”gives all the details concerning the first subject,then all the details concerning the next subject,and so on.
3.近似点与不同点对比（Simlilarities 近似点与不同点对比（近似点与不同点对比 /Differences)
• In this pattern,a comparison of the similarities of the subjects is given first,followed by a contrast of differences betwe较的三种模式（Three Patterns 比较的三种模式（比较的三种模式 Compared)
• These three organizational patterns can be delineated as follows.
Point by Point Point A of Subject Ⅰ Point A of Subject Ⅱ Point B of Subject Ⅰ Point B of Subject Ⅱ Point C of Subject Ⅰ Point C of Subject Ⅱ Subject by Subject Subject Ⅰ Point A Point B Point C Subject Ⅱ Point A Point B Point C Similarities/Differences Similarities of SubjectsⅠ&Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Point A Point B Point C Differences between SubjectsⅠ&Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Point A Point B Point C

作文常见英文结构

作文常见英文结构英文：When it comes to common English essay structures, there are a few key formats that are frequently used. One of the most common structures is the five-paragraph essay, which includes an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, the writer presents the topic and provides some background information. The body paragraphs each focus on a specific point or argument related to the topic, and the conclusion summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.Another common structure is the argumentative essay, which presents a thesis statement in the introduction and then uses the body paragraphs to provide evidence and support for that thesis. This type of essay often includes a counter-argument and refutation to address opposing viewpoints.In addition to these structures, there are also narrative essays, descriptive essays, and compare and contrast essays, each with their own unique formats and organizational patterns.中文：说到常见的英文作文结构，有几种格式是经常被使用的。

英语教学法简答题及答案

简答题1.What are the qualities of a good language teacher?a.non-intellectual qualitiesPsychological qualities are essential factors. strong will-power（顽强的意志品质）good motivation（明确的动机）good motivation（明确的动机）perseverance （持之以恒的精神）out-going characteristics（外向的性格）b. Intellectual qualitiesLanguage learning abilitySelf-study abilityFour language skills abilityApplication of CAIc. Application of CAI( computer-assisted instruction)d. Teaching practice qualitiese. self-assessment qualities2.What are the difference between linguistic competence andcommunicative competence? What is communicative competence? 1)2)It covers a variety of development in syllabus design and in themethodology of foreign language teaching and includes both knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situation.3. What is deductive method of teaching grammar? What is inductive method of teaching grammar?1)Deductive method: it refers on reasoning, analysing and comparison.First ,the teacher write an example on board or draws attention to an example in the textbook. Then the teacher explains the underlying rules regarding the forms and positions of certain structural word.2)Inductive method: in the inductive method ,the teacher provideslearners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation. It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples.3.What are the principles for good lesson planning?1)Variety:Planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning isalways interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students. 2)Flexibility:Planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.3)Linkage:The stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement.4)Learnability:The contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students’coping ability will diminish their motivation.4.What are the difference between macro planning and micro planning?Ideally, lesson planning should be done ay two levels: macro planning and micro planning. The former is planning over time, for instance, the planning for a month,a term, or the whole course. The latter is planning for a specific lesson, which usually lasts 40 or 50 minutes. Of course, there is no clear cut difference between these two types of planning. Micro planning should be based on macro planning, and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on.5.What are the components of a lesson plan?1)Teaching aims:The first thing to do in lesson planning is to decide theaims of a lesson, which include what language components to present, what communicative skills to practise, what activities to conduct and what materials and teaching aids to be used.2)Language contents and skills:language contents: structures (grammar),vocabulary,functions,topics and so on. Language skills: communicative skills involved in listening, speaking reading and writing3)Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major stepsthat language teachers go through in the classroom.Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.The most popular language teaching stages are the three P’s model, which include presentation, practice and production.6.What are the aspects of pronunciation?Pronunciation is an umbrella term covering mang aspects besides sound and phonetic symbols, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm.7.What are the principles for teaching listening?①Focus on process②Combine listening with other skills③Focus on the comprehension of meaning④Grade difficulty level appropriately8.What are the purposes for pre-listening, while-listening andpost-listening activities?1)Pre-listening:To spark interest and motivate students to attend to thespoken message,To activate or build students' prior topical and linguistic knowledge,To set purposes for listening.2)While-Listening: To foster students' comprehension of the speaker'slanguage and ideas, To focus students' attention on such things as the speaker's organizational patterns, To encourage students' critical reactions and personal responses to the speaker's ideas and use of language.3)Post-listening: To examine relationships between prior knowledgeand experience, and new ideas and information gained from the speaker or discussion ,To invite and encourage student reflection and response,To clarify and extend comprehension beyond the literal level to the interpretive and critical levels.9.Can you name some types of speaking activities?①Controlled activities: it mainly focuses on form and accuracy.②Semi-controlled activities: it focuses on more on meaning and communication.③Communicative activities: it allows for real information exchange.10.W hat is the bottom-up model of teaching reading?11.W hat is the top-down model of teaching reading?12.W hat are the purposes of pre-reading activities?To interest and motivate studentsTo activate students’prior knowledge13.W hat is the process approach to writing?14.W hat is the interrelationship between listening and speaking? What isthe interrelationship between reading and writing?15.W hy should we integrate the four skills? What is skills integration?a.Skills integration generally refers to linking two or more of thetraditional four skills of language learning: reading, writing, listening, and speaking.There are many situations in which we use more than one language skill .b.An integrating approach for the development of communicative skillsin the classroom, in which the four skills in the acquisition of knowledge of a foreign language can be taught in a coherent way, and practiced together.16.W hat are the conditions for language learning according to JaneWillis’Framework for Task-Based Leaning? What are the essential conditions and what is the desirable condition?a.Essential and desirableb.Essential: 1.Exposure to a rich but comprehensible input of realspoken and written language in use e of the language to do things3 Motivation to listen to and read the language and to speak and write itC . Desirable: instruction in language (i.e. chances to focus on form)17.W hat are the means to integrate the four skills in teaching?①Simple integration②Complex integration18.W hat are the methods of assessment?Positive assessment;neglect assessment;teacher’s assessment;continuous assessment;Ss’self-assessment;portfolios (个人成长档案)19.W hat are the criteria for assessment?1.Criterion-referenced assessment2.Norm-referenced assessment3.Individual-referenced assessment20.W hat are the features of good textbooks?21.W hat are the methods of adapting textbooks? What are the 8 optionsin adapting textbooks?。

组织规律英文作文模板

组织规律英文作文模板英文：Organizational patterns are essential in daily life to ensure efficiency and productivity. Whether it's in the workplace or at home, having a structure in place helps us manage our time and resources effectively. In my personal experience, I've found that creating a to-do list and prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance has been a useful organizational tool.Another organizational pattern that I've found helpful is grouping similar tasks together. For example, if I need to make several phone calls, I'll do them all at once instead of spreading them out throughout the day. This saves time and allows me to focus on other tasks without interruption.In the workplace, having clear job responsibilities and a chain of command is crucial. This ensures that everyoneknows their role and can work together towards a common goal. Additionally, having regular meetings and communication channels in place helps to keep everyone on the same page and avoid misunderstandings.Overall, organizational patterns are essential for success in both personal and professional settings. By implementing these patterns, we can increase productivity, reduce stress, and achieve our goals more efficiently.中文：组织规律对于日常生活中的效率和生产力至关重要。

既好又坏的英语作文短句

既好又坏的英语作文短句The Good and Bad of Short English EssaysShort English essays can be both a blessing and a curse for students and writers alike. On the one hand they provide an opportunity to concisely express one's thoughts and ideas without the burden of lengthy exposition. The brevity of a short essay allows the writer to be direct get to the heart of the matter quickly. This can be particularly useful when the essay topic is narrow in scope or the writer has a limited amount of time to complete the assignment. Additionally short essays often require a level of clarity and precision that can be challenging to achieve but ultimately very rewarding for the writer.However the constraints of a short essay format can also present significant challenges. Limiting the length of an essay to just a few hundred words forces the writer to be highly selective in the information and arguments they include. This can make it difficult to fully develop complex ideas or provide sufficient context and supporting evidence. The pressure to be concise may also leadwriters to oversimplify nuanced topics or gloss over important counterpoints. In some cases the brevity of a short essay can even lead to an appearance of superficiality, where the writer seems to be skimming the surface of a subject rather than engaging with it in depth.Another potential downside of short essays is that they often fail to showcase a writer's full range of skills and abilities. Lengthier essays provide more opportunities to demonstrate sophisticated writing techniques such as effective transitions effective use of sources and complex sentence structures. In a short essay the writer may be limited to more basic organizational patterns and simpler language. This can be frustrating for students who are capable of producing higher-level work but are constrained by page or word count requirements.Despite these challenges however short essays can also have significant benefits. The need to be concise and focused can push writers to hone their analytical and critical thinking skills as they determine what information is truly essential to include. Crafting a compelling short essay also requires careful word choice and precision in articulating ideas something that can be valuable practice for any writer. And for students short essays can serve as helpful building blocks leading up to the demands of longer research papers and dissertations.Ultimately the value of a short essay depends largely on how the writer approaches the format. Those who embrace the constraints of brevity and use it as an opportunity to sharpen their skills can produce insightful and impactful work. But writers who struggle to fit complex ideas into a limited space may end up producing something that feels rushed or incomplete. The key is finding the right balance between focus and depth between concision and nuance.One strategy that can help writers navigate the challenges of short essays is to start with a clear thesis or central argument. This provides a solid foundation upon which to build the essay and ensures that every sentence is working to support the main point. Writers should also carefully select the most compelling evidence and examples to include rather than trying to cram in too much information. Effective use of topic sentences and transitions can also help short essays flow logically even with limited space.In addition using the short essay format as an opportunity for experimentation can yield interesting results. Writers might try out a new organizational structure or writing style that would be more difficult to sustain over the length of a longer piece. Or they could focus on perfecting a particular rhetorical technique such as a vivid description or a persuasive counterargument. The freedom to be creative within the constraints of a short essay can lead to innovativeand memorable writing.Of course not all short essays will be successful even with careful planning and execution. There will always be topics that are simply too complex to do justice in a limited number of words. And some writers may struggle to adjust their natural inclination towards verbosity. But the process of crafting a short essay can still be a valuable learning experience even if the final product falls short of the writer's goals.In conclusion short English essays present both opportunities and challenges for writers. While the brevity of the format can force a level of focus and clarity that is useful for developing critical thinking and writing skills it can also limit a writer's ability to fully explore nuanced topics or showcase the full range of their abilities. Ultimately the value of a short essay lies in how the writer rises to meet its unique demands whether that means honing their analytical skills experimenting with new techniques or coming to a deeper understanding of the subject matter. By embracing the constraints of the short essay format writers can grow as thinkers and communicators in ways that may not be possible with longer forms of writing.。

英语专四作文万能套用

英语专四作文万能套用The ability to effectively communicate in English has become increasingly crucial in today's globalized world. As a result, many universities and organizations have implemented language proficiency tests, such as the College English Proficiency Test (CEPT), to assess an individual's English language skills. While the CEPT can be a daunting challenge for some, developing a versatile template for the writing section can be a game-changer in achieving a successful outcome.The CEPT writing section typically requires candidates to compose an essay on a given prompt within a limited time frame. This task can be particularly intimidating, as it demands a well-structured, coherent, and persuasive piece of writing. However, by mastering a versatile template, test-takers can approach the writing task with confidence and effectively demonstrate their English language proficiency.One of the key elements of a versatile template for CEPT writing is the ability to adapt to a variety of prompts. Rather than relying on a rigid structure that may not fit all scenarios, the template should beflexible enough to accommodate different types of essay questions. This could involve incorporating a range of organizational patterns, such as cause-and-effect, comparison-and-contrast, or problem-solution, depending on the specific prompt.Another crucial aspect of the versatile template is the inclusion of a strong thesis statement. The thesis statement serves as the foundation of the essay, guiding the overall direction and providing a clear focus for the writer's arguments. By crafting a well-developed thesis statement that can be easily tailored to different prompts, test-takers can ensure that their essays remain coherent and persuasive, regardless of the topic.In addition to the thesis statement, the versatile template should also emphasize the importance of supporting evidence. Effective essays in the CEPT writing section require the use of relevant examples, facts, and logical reasoning to support the writer's claims. By compiling a repertoire of potential supporting evidence that can be adapted to various prompts, test-takers can strengthen the overall quality and persuasiveness of their essays.Furthermore, the versatile template should prioritize the development of a clear and logical organizational structure. This includes the effective use of transitions, topic sentences, and well-developed body paragraphs that flow seamlessly from one to thenext. By mastering this structural foundation, test-takers can ensure that their essays are easy to follow and effectively communicate their ideas to the reader.Another crucial element of the versatile template is the ability to address counterarguments or alternative perspectives. Strong essays in the CEPT writing section often acknowledge and respond to potential objections or opposing viewpoints, demonstrating the writer's critical thinking skills and depth of understanding. By incorporating a section dedicated to addressing counterarguments, test-takers can showcase their ability to engage in a balanced and nuanced discussion of the topic.Finally, the versatile template should emphasize the importance of a strong conclusion. The concluding paragraph should effectively summarize the main points of the essay, reaffirm the thesis statement, and leave the reader with a lasting impression. By crafting a well-structured and impactful conclusion, test-takers can ensure that their essays leave a lasting impact on the reader and demonstrate their overall English language proficiency.In conclusion, developing a versatile template for the CEPT writing section can be a powerful tool for test-takers. By incorporating elements such as adaptable organizational patterns, a strong thesis statement, supporting evidence, logical structure, counterargumentconsideration, and a compelling conclusion, test-takers can approach the writing task with confidence and effectively showcase their English language skills. Through consistent practice and refinement of this versatile template, individuals can maximize their chances of success in the CEPT writing section and unlock new opportunities in their academic and professional pursuits.。

教你如何拯救老师英语作文

教你如何拯救老师英语作文Title: Strategies for Improving English Composition Skills to Aid Teachers。

In today's globalized world, English proficiency is an indispensable skill, especially for educators. As a teacher striving to enhance your English composition abilities,it's crucial to employ effective strategies tailored toyour needs. Here, we delve into actionable steps to aid in your journey towards mastery:1. Immersive Learning: Surround yourself with English content by reading books, watching English movies or series, and listening to podcasts or audiobooks. This exposure will help familiarize you with various vocabulary, sentence structures, and idiomatic expressions.2. Writing Practice: Allocate dedicated time forwriting exercises regularly. Start with simple tasks like journaling or summarizing articles, gradually progressingto more complex compositions such as essays or opinion pieces. Consistent practice hones your writing skills and boosts confidence.3. Feedback Loop: Seek feedback from proficient English speakers or language professionals. Join writing groups, participate in online forums, or engage with language exchange partners. Constructive criticism provides valuable insights and identifies areas for improvement.4. Vocabulary Expansion: Actively enrich your vocabulary by learning new words daily. Utilize flashcards, vocabulary apps, or mnemonic techniques to reinforce retention. Experiment with synonyms and antonyms to enhance lexical diversity in your writing.5. Grammar Mastery: Strengthen your grasp of English grammar rules through self-study resources or online courses. Practice grammar exercises focusing on syntax, punctuation, verb conjugation, and sentence formation. Understanding and applying grammar principles accurately refine your writing proficiency.6. Reading Comprehension: Read extensively across different genres and topics to enhance comprehension skills. Analyze the structure, style, and tone of proficient writers. Pay attention to transitions, coherence, and rhetorical devices employed in their compositions.7. Modeling Techniques: Emulate the writing style of accomplished authors or educators. Study their works to identify effective strategies, organizational patterns, and persuasive techniques. Adapt proven methods into your own writing repertoire while maintaining authenticity.8. Cultural Context: Explore the cultural nuances embedded within the English language. Understand idiomatic expressions, colloquialisms, and cultural references prevalent in English-speaking societies. Cultivatingcultural awareness enhances communication effectiveness and fosters connection with diverse audiences.9. Technology Integration: Leverage digital tools and resources to streamline the writing process. Utilizegrammar checking software, writing assistants, or online platforms for collaborative editing and proofreading. Harnessing technology optimizes efficiency and accuracy in your compositions.10. Reflective Practice: Reflect on your writing journey regularly to track progress and set goals. Identify strengths and areas needing improvement based on feedback and self-assessment. Adjust strategies accordingly to overcome challenges and sustain growth over time.In conclusion, improving English composition skills is an ongoing journey requiring dedication, perseverance, and strategic implementation of effective techniques. By integrating immersive learning, regular practice, constructive feedback, and continuous self-improvement, you can elevate your writing proficiency as a teacher and effectively convey ideas across linguistic boundaries.。

我总是放弃自己英语作文

我总是放弃自己英语作文Overcoming the tendency to abandon English composition writing can be challenging, but with persistence and the right strategies, it's definitely achievable. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you tackle this issue:1. Understand Your Motivation:Before diving into the technical aspects of writing,it's crucial to understand why you want to improve your English composition skills. Whether it's for academic purposes, career advancement, or personal growth, having a clear motivation will keep you focused and committed.2. Set Realistic Goals:Break down your goal of improving English composition into smaller, achievable milestones. For example, aim to write a certain number of essays per week or focus on mastering specific grammar or vocabulary concepts.3. Practice Regularly:Consistent practice is key to improving any skill, including writing. Set aside dedicated time each day or week to write essays, journal entries, or even shortstories in English. The more you write, the morecomfortable and proficient you'll become.4. Seek Feedback:Don't be afraid to share your writing with others, whether it's friends, teachers, or online communities. Constructive feedback can help you identify areas for improvement and learn from your mistakes.5. Study Grammar and Vocabulary:Brush up on English grammar rules and expand your vocabulary by reading extensively and using resources like grammar books, vocabulary lists, and language learning apps.6. Analyze Model Essays:Read and analyze well-written English essays to understand effective writing techniques, sentence structures, and organizational patterns. Pay attention to how the authors convey their ideas clearly and persuasively.7. Develop a Writing Routine:Create a structured writing routine that works for you, whether it's brainstorming ideas, outlining, drafting, revising, and editing. Having a systematic approach will make the writing process less daunting and more manageable.8. Stay Persistent and Patient:Improving your English composition skills won't happen overnight, so be patient with yourself and stay persistent. Celebrate your progress along the way and don't get discouraged by setbacks or challenges.9. Utilize Resources:Take advantage of online resources, writing guides, tutorials, and workshops to enhance your writing skills. There are plenty of free and paid resources available to support your learning journey.10. Stay Motivated:Keep yourself motivated by setting rewards for achieving your writing goals, connecting with other learners for support and encouragement, and reminding yourself of the benefits of improving your English composition skills.By following these strategies and staying committed to your goal, you'll gradually overcome the tendency to abandon English composition writing and become a more confident and proficient writer. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep writing and never stop learning!。