马永祥版化学专业英语第2-17-33课翻译
化学专业英语翻译全中文
01 元素和元素周期表质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。
这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。
这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。
在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。
目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。
每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。
对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如:一些元素,长久以来,根据他们的拉丁名字符号,例如:在十七世纪后期开始的工作罗伯特²波以耳,提出当前一个元素的接受和运用的概念,产生了可观的知识大量调查的特性及其compounds1元素。
在1869年,D.Mendeleev和l .迈耶,独立工作能力,提出了周期性的律法。
在现代形式,法律规定的特性是周期函数的元素的原子编号。
换句话说,当元素的顺序列出增加原子序数、元素有相近的财产落在了明确的间隔沿名单。
由此,我们有可能安排的名单表格元素的元素有相似的性质columns2放置在垂直。
这样的安排被称为一个周期每个水平排的元素构成一段时间。
但应该注意的是,不同长度的时期。
这是一个非常短只包含二元素,后面跟着两个短的每8元素,然后两个长期的18个元素组成。
下一个阶段包括32元素,最后一期明显不完整的。
这样的安排、元素在同一垂直柱有相似的特点。
这些圆柱构成化学家庭或组。
这个团体的成员为首的两8-element时期为主要集团指定的元素,其他组的成员被称为过渡或内在过渡元素。
在元素周期表,沉重的走线分元素到金属以及非金属矿物等。
元素的左本线(除氢)是金属,而那些右边是非金属矿物等。
这个师为方便使用,metalloids-have接壤的line-the元素的性质特点——两者都是金属以及非金属矿物等。
化学专业英语修订版翻译
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE01 元素和元素周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。
这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。
The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。
化学专业课程中英文对照+化工装置常用词汇
化学专业课程中英文对照+化工装置常用词汇第一篇:化学专业课程中英文对照+化工装置常用词汇普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验 Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry 分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics 化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics forChemistry化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topics in Applied Chemistry化工装置常用词汇1一概论introduction方案(建议书)proposal 可行性研究feasibility study 方案设计concept design 工艺设计process design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 开工会议kick-off meeting 审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment 中外合资joint venture 中外合营joint venture 补偿贸易compensation trade 合同合同附件contract 卖方vendor 买方buyer 顾客client 承包商contractor 工程公司company 供应范围scope of supply 生产范围production scope 生产能力production capacity 项目project 界区battery limit 装置plant 公用工程utilities 工艺流程图process flow diagram 工艺流程方块图process block diagram 管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图equipment layout 设备表equipment list 成品(产品)product(final product)副产品by-product 原料raw-material 设计基础数据basic data for design 技术数据technical data 数据表data sheet 设计文件design document 设计规定design regulation 现场服务site service 项目变更project change 用户变更client change 消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer 技术知识technical know-howtechnical knowledge 技术保证technical guarantee 咨询服务consultative services 技术服务technical services 工作地点location 施工现场construction field 报价quotation 标书bidding book 公司利润company profit 固定价合同fixed price contract 固定单价合同fixed unit price contract 成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract 定金mobilization 银行保证书bank guarantee letter 保留金retention 所得税income taxes 特别承包人税special contractor's taxes 城市和市政税city and municipal taxes 工作手册work manual 工作流程图work flow diagram 质量保证程序QA/QC procedures 采购计划procurement plan 施工计划construction plan 施工进度construction schedule 项目实施计划project execution plan 项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule 设计网络计划engineering network logic 项目质量保证project quality assurance 项目质量控制project quality control 采购procurement采购周期procurement period 会签the squad check 计算书calculation sheets 询价inquiry 检验inspection 运输transportation 开车start up / commission 验收inspection & acceptance 校核check 审核review 审定approve 版次version 部门department 专业specialty 项目号project number 图号drawing number 目录contents 序言foreword 章chapter 节section 项item MRmaterial requisition SPECengineering specification DATA SHEET(技术表)technical data sheet TBA(技术评标)technical bid analysis PDPpreliminary design package PM(项目经理)project manager LDE(专业负责人)lead discipline engineer MRQ(材料询价单)Material requisition for quotation MRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchase BEP(基础工程设计包)basic engineering package P&ID(管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument drawing(diagram)PFD process flow diagram NNFnormally no flow FOfailure open FCfailure close C/S/Acivil/structure/architecture DDP(详细设计阶段)detail design phase化工装置词汇二.工艺流程连续过程continuous process 间歇过程batch process 工艺叙述process description 工艺特点process feature 操作operation 反应reaction 副反应side reaction 絮凝flocculation 浮洗flotation 倾析decantation 催化反应catalytical reaction 萃取extraction 中和neutralization 水解hydrolysis 过滤filtration 干燥drying 还原reduction 氧化oxidation 氢化hydrogenation 分解decomposition 离解dissociation 合成synthetics 吸收absorption 吸附adsorption 解吸desorption 结晶crystallization 溶解solution 调节modulate 控制control 悬浮suspension 循环circulation 再生regeneration 再活化reactivation 沥取leaching 破碎crushing 煅烧caloination 沉降sedimentation 沉淀precipitation 气化gasification 冷冻refrigeration 固化、结晶solidification 包装package 升华sublimation 燃烧combustion 引烧ignition 蒸馏distillation 碳化carbonization 压缩compression化工装置词汇三、化学物质及特性固体solid 液体liquid 气体gas 化合物compound 混合物mixture 粉powder 片状粉未flake 小粒granule 结晶crystal 乳化物emulsion 氧化物oxidizing agent 还原剂reducing agent 有机物organic material 真空vacuum 母液master liquor 富液rich liquor 贫液lean liquor 萃出物extract 萃余物raffinate 絮凝剂flocculants 冷冻盐水brine 酸度acidity 浓度concentration 碱度alkalinity 溶解度solubility 凝固点solidificalion point 沸点boiling point 熔点melting point 蒸发率evaporation rate 粘度viscosity 吸水的water absorbent(a)无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance 无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent 密度density 比重specific gravity 催化剂catalyst 燃烧combustion 引燃ignition 自然点self-ignition temperature 可燃气体combustible gas 可燃液体inflammable liquid 易燃液体volatile liquid 爆炸混合物explosive mixture 爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment)爆炸极限explosive concentration limit 废水waste water 废液waste liquid 废气off-gas 噪声noise pollution 成分composition 挠度deflection 力和力矩force and moment 弯矩bending moment 应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram 百分比percentage 环境温度ambient temperature 工作温度operating 设计温度design temperature(pressure)相对湿度RH=relative humidity 油渣、淤泥sludge 杂质impurity 化工装置词汇四、化工设备泵pump 轴流泵axial flow pump 真空泵vacuum pump 屏蔽泵canned pump 柱塞泵plunger pump 涡轮泵turbine pump 涡流泵vortex pump 离心泵centrifugal pump 喷射泵jet pump 转子泵rotary pump 管道泵inline pump 双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump 计量泵metering pump 深井泵deep well pump 齿轮泵gear pump 手摇泵hand(wobble)pump 螺杆泵screw(spiral)pump 潜水泵submersible pump 斜转子泵inclined rotor pump 封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵air-lift-pump 轴承bearing 叶轮impeller 虹吸管siphon 高压容器high pressure vessel 焚化炉incinerator 火焰清除器flame arrester 工业炉furnace 烧嘴burner 锅炉boiler 回转窑rotary kiln 加热器heater 电加热器electric heater 冷却器cooler 冷凝器condenser 换热器heat exchanger 反应器reactor 蒸馏釜still 搅拌器agitator 混合器mixer 静态混合器static mixers 管道混合器line mixers 混合槽mixing tanks 破碎机crusher 磨碎机grinder 研磨机pulverizer 球磨机ballmill 过滤器filter 分离器separator 干燥器drier 翅片fins 烟囱stack 火炬flare 筛子screen 煅烧窑calciner 倾析器decanter 蒸发器evaporator 再沸器reboiler 萃取器extractor 离心机centrifuger 吸附(收)器adsorber 结晶器crystallizer 电解槽electrolyzer 电除尘器electric precipitator 洗涤器scrubber 消石灰器slaker 料仓bin 料斗hopper 加料器feeder 增稠器thickener 澄清器clarifier 分级器classifier 浮洗器flocculator 废液池sump 喷射器ejector 喷头sprayer 成套设备package unit 仪器设备apparatus 附属设备accessory 旋转式压缩机rotary compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor 螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor 流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor 管式反应器tubular reactor 列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger 螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column 板式塔plate column 填料塔packed column 洗涤塔scrubber 吸收塔absorber 冷却塔cooling tower 精馏塔fractionating tower 汽提塔stripper 再生塔regenerator 造粒塔prill tower 塔附件tower accessories 液体分配(布)器liquid distributor 填料支持板support plate 定距管spacer 降液管downcomer 升气管chimney 顶(底)层塔盘top(bottom)tray 挡板baffle 抽出口draw nozzle 溢流堰weir 泡罩bubble cap 筛板sieve plate 浮阀float valve 除沫器demister pad 塔裙座skirt 椭圆封头elliptical head 高位槽head tank 中间槽intermediate tank 加料槽feed tank 补给槽make-up tank 计量槽measuring tank 电解槽cell 溜槽chute 收集槽collecting tank 液滴分离器knockout drum 稀释罐thinning tank 缓冲罐surge drum 回流罐reflux drum 闪蒸罐flash drum 浮顶罐floating roof tank 内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid 气柜gas holder 湿式气柜wet gas-holder 干式气柜dry gas-holder 螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder 星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve 抽滤器mutche filter 压滤器filter press 压滤机pressure filter 板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter 带式过滤器belt filter 翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter 旋风分离器cyclone separator 盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier 真空干燥器vacuum drier 隧道式干燥器tunnel drier 回转干燥器rotary drier 穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier 气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器dish feeder 螺旋式加料器screw feeder 颚式破碎机jaw crusher 回转破碎机gyratory crusher 滚洞破碎机roll crusher 锤式破碎机hammer crusher 冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker 气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer 棍磨机rod mill 雷蒙机raymond mill 锤磨机hammer mill 辊磨机roller mill 振动筛vibrating screen 回转筛rotary screen 风机fan 罗茨鼓风机root's blower 起重机crane 桥式起重机bridge crane 电动葫芦motor hoist 发电机generator 电动机motor 汽轮机steam turbine化工装置词汇五、管道工程piping engineering 1 阀门valve 阀杆stem 内螺纹阀杆inside screw 阀座valve seat(body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring 阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等)trim 阀盘disc 阀体body 阀盖bonnet 手轮hand wheel 手柄hand level(handle)压盖gland 闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat 楔形单闸板split wedge 截止阀globe valve 节流阀throttle valve 针阀needle valve 角阀(角式截止阀)angle valve Y型阀(截止阀)Y-valve(Y-body globe valve)球阀ball valve 三通球阀3-way ball valve 蝶阀butterfly valve 对夹式(薄片型)wafer type 偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc(eccentric)butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve 连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve 止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀piston type valve 旋塞阀plug valve 三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve 四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve 旋塞cock 衬套旋塞sleeve cock 隔膜阀diaphragm valve 橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve 止回阀check valve 升降式止回阀lift check valve 旋启式止回阀swing check valve 落球式止回阀ball check valve 弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve 底阀foot valve 切断式止回阀stop check valve 活塞式止回阀piston check valve 翻板止回阀flap check valve 蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve 安全泄气阀safety[SV] 安全泄放阀relief valve[RV] 安全泄压阀safety relief valve 杠杆重锤式lever and weight type 罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve 波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve 电磁阀solenoid(operated)valve 电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve 低温用阀cryogenic service valve 蒸汽疏水阀steam trap 机械式疏水阀mechanical trap 浮桶式疏水阀open(top)bucket trap 浮球式疏水阀float trap 倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap 自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap 恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap 压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap 脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap 放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic)air vent valve 换向阀diverting(reversing)valve 呼吸阀breather valve 减压阀pressure reducing valve 控制阀control valve 执行机构actuator 差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve 切断阀block(shut-off, stop)valve 调节阀regulating valve 快开阀quick opening valve 快闭阀quick closing valve 隔断阀isolating valve 三通阀three way valve 夹套阀jacketed valve 非旋转式阀non-rotary valve 2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe(按标准制造的配管用管)tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe 铸铁管cast iron pipe 衬里管lined pipe 复合管clad pipe 碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe 合金钢管alloy steel pipe 不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe 焊接钢管welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe 电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe 排污阀blowdown valve 集液排放阀drip valve 排液阀drain valve 放空阀vent valve 卸载阀unloading valve 排出阀discharge valve 吸入阀suction valve 取样阀sampling valve 手动阀hand operated(manually-operated)valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet 抽出液阀(小阀)bleed valve 旁路阀by-pass valve 软管阀hose valve 混合阀mixing valve 破真空阀vacuum breaker 冲洗阀flush valve 根部阀root(primary, header)valve水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe 塑料管plastic pipe 玻璃管glass tube 橡胶管rubber tube 壁厚wall thickness[WT] 壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.] 加厚的,加强的 extra heavy(strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy(strong)弯头elbow 异径弯头reducing elbow 长半径弯头long radius elbow 短半径弯头short radius elbow 长半径180°弯头long radius return 短半径180°弯头short radius return 三通tee 异径三通reducing tee 等径三通straight tee 带支座三通base tee 45°斜三通45°lateral Y型三通true“Y” 四通cross 异径管reducer 同心异径管concentric reducer 偏心异径管eccentric reducer 管接头coupling;full coupling 活接头union 短管nipple 预制弯管fabricated pipe bend U型弯管“U”bend 法兰端flanged end 万向接头universal joint 对焊的butt welded[BW] 螺纹的threaded[THD] 承插焊的socket welded[SW] 法兰flange[FLG] 整体管法兰integral pipe flange 钢管法兰steel pipe flange 螺纹法兰threaded flange 滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰socket welding flange 松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF] 对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF] 法兰盖blind flange;blind 异径法兰reducing flange 压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF] 凸面male face 凹面female face 全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality 粗滤器strainer 过滤器filter 临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type)Y型过滤器Y-type strainer T型过滤器T-type strainer 永久过滤器permanent filter 洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower 视镜sight glass 阻火器flame arrester 喷咀;喷头spray nozzle 喷射器ejector 取样冷却器sample cooler 消音器silencer 膨胀节expansion joint 波纹膨胀节bellow 补偿器compensator 软管接头hose connection[HC] 快速接头quick coupling 金属软管metal hose 橡胶管rubber hose 挠性管flexible tube 特殊法兰special flange 漏斗funnel 8字盲板spectacle(figure 8)blind 爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.] 不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.] 铸铁cast iron[C.I.] 铝aluminum 铜,紫铜copper 钛titanium 抗拉强度tensile strength 非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料plastic 陶瓷ceramic 搪瓷porcelain enamel 玻璃glass 橡胶rubber 垫片gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket 填料packing 型钢shaped steel 角钢angle steel 槽钢channel 工字钢I-beam 宽缘工字钢或H钢wide flanged beam 扁钢flat bar 圆钢round steel;rod 钢带strap steel 网络钢板checkered plate 材料表bill of material[BOM] 材料统计material take-off[MTO] 散装材料bulk material 综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS] 汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line 装置边界boundary limit[BL] 区界area limit 设备布置equipment arrangement(layout);plot plan 标高,立面elevation[EL] 支撑点point of support[POS] 工厂北向plant north 方位orientation 危险区hazardous area classification 净正吸入压头net positive suction head 绝对标高absolute elevation 坐标coordinate 管道研究piping study 管道布置平面piping arrangement plan[PAP] 管道布置piping assembly;layout 详图detail “X”视图view “X” “A-A” 剖视section “A-A” 轴测图isometric drawing 索引图key plan 管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表list of nozzles 地上管道above ground piping 地下管道under ground piping 管线号line number 总管header;manifold 旁路by pass 常开normally open 常闭normally closed 取样接口sampling connection 伴热管tracing pipe 蒸汽伴热steam tracing 热水伴热hot-water tracing 电伴热electrical tracing 夹套管jacketed line 全夹套管full jacketed 比例scale 图figure 草图sketch 图例legend 符号symbol 件号part n第二篇:化学专业课程中英文对照本文由wkai2003贡献doc文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。
化学专业课程中英文对照精校版
化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and PhysicalChemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topics in Applied Chemistry化工装置常用词汇1概论introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design工艺设计process design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design开工会议kick-off meeting审核会议review meeting外商投资foreign investment中外合资joint venture中外合营joint venture补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件contract卖方vendor买方buyer顾客client承包商contractor工程公司company供应范围scope of supply生产范围production scope生产能力production capacity项目project界区battery limit装置plant公用工程utilities工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balancediagram设备布置图equipment layout设备表equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品by-product原料raw-material设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data数据表data sheet设计文件design document设计规定design regulation现场服务site service项目变更project change用户变更client change消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer技术知识technical know-how牋牋牋牋technical knowledge技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location施工现场construction field报价quotation标书bidding book公司利润company profit固定价合同fixed price contract固定单价合同fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract定金mobilization银行保证书bank guarantee letter保留金retention所得税income taxes特别承包人税special contractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes工作手册work manual工作流程图work flow diagram质量保证程序QA/QC procedures采购计划procurement plan施工计划construction plan施工进度construction schedule项目实施计划project execution plan项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule设计网络计划engineering network logic项目质量保证project quality assurance项目质量控制project quality control采购procurement采购周期procurement period会签the squad check计算书calculation sheets询价inquiry检验inspection运输transportation开车start up / commission验收inspection & acceptance校核check审核review审定approve版次version部门department专业specialty项目号project number图号drawing number目录contents序言foreword章chapter节section项item领料单MR material requisition工程规范SPEC engineering specification技术表DATA SHEET technical data sheet技术评标TBA technical bid analysis初期设计包PDP preliminary design package项目经理PM project manager专业负责人LDE lead discipline engineer材料询价单MRQ Material requisition forquotation材料采购单MRP material requisition for purchase 基础工程设计包BEP basic engineering package管道及仪表流程图P&ID piping and instrument drawing(diagram)PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP详细设计阶段detail design phase化工装置词汇二.工艺流程连续过程continuous process间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation 合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization 溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation 沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化,结晶solidification包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization 压缩compression三,化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉末flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent 还原剂reducing agent 有机物organic material 真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate粘度viscosity吸水的water absorbent(a)无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限explosive concentration limit 废水waste water废液waste liquid废气off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度design temperature(pressure) 相对湿度RH=relative humidity油渣,淤泥sludge杂质impurity四,化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump 涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump气升泵air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers管道混合器line mixers混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附(收)器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories 液体分配(布)器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机root's blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五,管道工程piping engineering阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座valve seat (body seat)阀座环,密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等)trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valve Y型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve 对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀solenoid (operated) valve电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe(按标准制造的配管用管) tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe锻铁管wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet 抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀root (primary, header) valve 水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.] 加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong) 弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头long radius return短半径180°弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee 45°斜三通45°lateralY 型三通true"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bendU型弯管"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器Y-type strainerT 型过滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC]快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8) blind爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片gasket[GSKT] 平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢I-beam宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面piping arrangement plan[PAP] 管道布置piping assembly; layout详图detail"X"视图view "X""A-A" 剖视section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and instrumentdiagram[P&ID]管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection 伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch图例legend符号symbol件号part no。
化学专业英语(马永祥版)第七课中文翻译
化学专业英语(马永祥版)第七课中文翻译无机化合物的命名随着上千种新无机化合物的发现,我们有必要修改传统命名的规则。
国际委员会已经推荐了一套化合物命名的规则,并且现在世界各地都采用了。
许多旧的名字仍然在使用,但是我们将讨论新旧规则的许多例子,但以新规则为讨论重点。
其中主要的变化就是被Albert Stock提出的为一些存在多种氧化态的金属的化合物(氧化物、氢氧化物、盐)命名的Stock方法。
在这种情况下,金属氧化态是紧接着金属的英语名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示,该数字与金属的氧化数一致。
如果金属只有一个常见的氧化数,则不使用罗马数字。
另一个重要的变化是在命名复杂的离子和配位化合物。
我们推迟后者的命名直到我们讨论这些化合物。
金属氧化物、酸碱、盐的命名一个学生如果掌握了给出离子电荷和较常见离子名称的价表3,他在掌握命名方面就必定有了一个好的开端。
阴阳离子以恰当的比例来平衡电荷组成了化合物,并且化合物的名字来自于离子的名称,例如NaCl叫氯化钠。
Al(OH)3叫氢氧化铝,FeBr2叫溴化铁(Ⅱ)或者溴化亚铁。
Ca(C2H3O2)2叫乙酸钙,Cr2(SO4)3叫硫酸铬(Ⅲ)或者硫酸铬,等等。
表4给出一些额外金属化合物命名的例子。
两种常见的系统被使用时,Stock系统是首选。
注意的是,即使在这个系统中,然而阴离子的名称仍需要查化合价表4。
带负电荷的离子,阴离子,可能是单原子的或者是多原子的。
所有单原子的阴离子都有以ide结尾的名字。
氢氧根离子OH-和氰根离子CN-的两个多原子离子也有以ide结尾的名字。
许多多原子离子除了其他元素还包含了氧元素。
在这些含氧阴离子中氧原子的数量以后缀ite和ate来表示,ite和ate分别意味着较少和较多的氧原子。
在某些情况下,有必要表示多于两个相同元素的氧阴离子,分别表示更少和更多氧原子的前缀hypo和per可能被使用。
一系列的氧阴离子被命名在表5中。
非金属氧化物的命名仍被广泛使用的旧的命名系统使用希腊语前缀表示氧原子的数目和化合物中其他的元素。
化学专业大学所学课程翻译对照
1.大学英语1级College English 12.思想道德修养Cultivation of Ethic Thought3.体育1 Physical Education 14.军事理论Military Theory5.高等数学B1 Advanced Mathematics B16.无机化学Inorganic Chemistry7.普通化学实验General Chemistry Experiment8.大学英语2级College English 29.中国近代史纲要Modern History of China10.微型机应用(基础篇、提高篇)Applications of Microcomputer (Basics and Improve Articles)11.体育2 Physical Education 212.高等数学B2 Advanced Mathematics B213.大学物理B1 College Physics B114.人际关系心理学A Interpersonal Psychology A15.分析化学Analytical Chemistry16.分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment17.公务员考试与录用Civil Service Examination and Recruitment18.分析化学课程实习Analytical Chemistry Courses Internship19.研究性实验1 Research Experiment 120.大学英语3级College English 321.马克思主义基本原理概论Principles of Marxism22.Visual Basic程序设计(理)Visual Basic Programming (Science)23.体育3 Physical Education 324.大学物理B2 College Physics B225.西方文化礼仪Etiquette of Western Culture26.有机化学1 Organic Chemistry 127.有机化学实验1 Organic Chemistry Experiment 128.概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics29.大学英语4级College English 430.毛概、邓论和“三个代表”31.体育4 Physical Education 432.大学物理实验B Experiment of College Physics33.青春期健康教育Adolescent Health Education34.有机化学2 Organic Chemistry 235.有机化学实验2 Organic Chemistry Experiment 236.物理化学1 Physical Chemistry 137.物理化学实验1 Physical Chemistry Experiment138.现代化学前沿Frontiers in Modern Chemistry39.研究性实验2 Research Experiment 240.物理化学2 Physical Chemistry 241.物理化学实验2 Physical Chemistry Experiment 242.结构化学Structural Chemistry43.结构化学实验Structural Chemistry Experiment44.仪器分析与波谱分析Instrumental and Spectral Analysis45.仪器分析与波普分析试验Instrumental and Spectral Analysis Experiment46.中级无机化学Medium Inorganic Chemistry47.化工实验Chemical Industry Experiment48.无机化学实验Inorganic Chemistry Experiments49.生物化学Biochemistry50.化工基础及制图Elementary Chemical Industry & Graphing51.高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry52.环境化学Environomental Chemistry53.综合实验Comprehensive Experiment54.化学专业英语Specialty English of Chemistry。
化学专业英语 马永祥 兰州大学--翻译
1. The Elements and The Periodic Table元素和周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The numbers of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass of the number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.refer to sb. [sth.] as 称某人(物)为be determined by 由…确定原子核中质子的数目称为原子序数,或者质子数,以Z表示。
电中性原子中电子的数目也等于原子序数Z。
经测定,原子的总质量与原子核中质子与中子的总数差不多。
(几乎相同)(或者说原子的总质量几乎可以由原子核中质子与中子的总数确定。
)这个总数叫质量数,以A表示。
因此,原子中的质子的数目,质子数,可以定量地由A-Z给出。
即原子中质子数=A-ZThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all kinds of a single kind. To the chemist the “kind” of an atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z=1 to Z=107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters,for example:元素这个术语指的是仅仅由同一种类的原子组成的物质。
化工专业英语.
化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry 有机化学Organic Chemistry 物理化学Physical Chemistry 谱学导论In troducton of Spectroscopy 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry 普通化学和分析化学实验Experime nts of Gen eral a nd Analytical Chemistry 现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry 现在基础化学实验Experime nts of Moder n Fun dame ntal Chemistry有机化学实验Experime nts of Orga nic Chemistry 仪器分析和物理化学实验Experime nts of In strume ntal A nalysis and Physical Chemistry合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry 化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry 化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering 化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry 无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry 近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry 分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry 有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Orga nic Compo unds 有机合成及反应机理Orga nic Syn thesis and Mecha nic^t 学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry 工业催化In dustrial Catalysis 环境化学En vir onmen tal Chemistry 环境监测Environmental Monitoring 化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry化工制图Chemical Engin eeri ng Cartography# 算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics 应用化学专题Special Topics in Applied Chemistry化工装置常用词汇1一概论introduction方案(建议书proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design X艺设计process design基础设计basic design详纟田设计detail design 开工会议kick-off meeting 审核会议review meeting夕卜商投资foreign investment中夕卜合资joint venture中外合营joint venture 补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件con tract卖方ven dor买方buyer顾客clie nt承包商con tractor 工程公司compa ny 供应范围scope of supply 生产范围product ion scope生产能力product ion capacity项目project界区battery limit装置pla nt公用工程utilities 工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balanee diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balanee diagrar设备布置图equipment layout 设备表equipment list 成品(产品product(final product 畐寸产品by-product 原料raw-material 设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data 数据表data sheet® 计文件desig n docume nt设计规定desig n regulatio n 现场服务site service 项目变更project change用户变更client change 消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer技术知识technicalknow-how technical knowledge 技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location 施工现场con struct ion field 报价quotatio n 标书biddi ng book 公司利润compa ny profit 固定价合同fixed price con tract 固定单价合同fixed unit price contract 成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee con tract定金mobilizatio n 银行保证书bank guara ntee letter保留金rete nti on 所得税in come taxes 特别承包人税special con tractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes 工作手册work manual 工作流程图work flow diagram 质量保证程序QA/QC procedures 采购计戈U procureme nt pla n 施工计戈U con struct ion pla n 施工进度construction schedule项目实施计戈U project execution plan项目协调程序project coord in ati on procedure 项目总进度计戈U project master schedule® 计网络计戈U engineering network logic 项目质量保证project quality assuranee项目质量控希9 project quality control 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浮洗flotatio n 倾析deca ntati on 催化反应catalytical reacti on 萃取extract ion 中和n eutralizatio n 水解hydrolysis 过滤filtrati on 干燥drying 还原reducti on 氧化oxidati on 氢化hydroge nati on 分解decompositi on 离解军dissociati on 合成syn thetics 吸收absorpti on 吸附adsorpti on 解吸desorptio n 结晶crystallizatio n 溶解soluti on 调节modulate 控希9 con trol 悬浮suspe nsion 循环circulati on 再生rege nerati on 再活化reactivati on 沥取leachi ng 破碎crush ing 煅烧cal oin atio n 沉降sedime ntati on 沉淀precipitati on 气化gasification 冷冻refrigeration 固化、结晶solidification 包装package升华sublimati on 燃烧combusti on 引烧ign iti on 蒸馏distillatio n 碳化carb oni zati on 压缩compressi on三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compou nd混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsi on氧化物oxidizi ng age nt还原剂reduc ing age nt有机物orga nic material 真空vacuum 母液master liquor 富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物rafin ate絮凝剂floccula nts冷冻盐水brine 酸度acidity 浓度con ce ntration 碱度alkali nity 溶解度solubility 凝固点solidificalion point 沸点boiling point 熔点melting point 蒸发率evaporation rate粘度viscosity 吸水的water absorbent(a无水的anhydrous(a外观appearanee无色的colorless(a透明的transparent(a半透明的translucent密度density 比重specific gravity 催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion 引燃ignition 自然点self-ignition temperature 可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体in flammable liquid 易燃液体volatile liquid 爆炸混合物explosive mixture 爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(e nvir onmen爆炸极限explosive concen trati on limit 废水waste water废液waste liquid 废气off-gas 噪声noise pollution 成分composition 挠度deflect ion 力和力矩force and mome nt 弯矩bending mome nt 应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature X作温度operating 设计温度design temperature(pressur相目对湿度RH=relative humidity 油渣、淤泥sludge 杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump 轴流泵axial flow pump 真空泵vacuum pump 屏蔽泵canned pump 柱塞泵plunger pump 涡轮泵turbine pump 涡流泵vortex pump 离心泵centrifugal pump 喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump 双作用往复泵double action reciprocati ng pump 计量泵meteri ng pump 深井泵deep well pump 齿轮泵gear pump 手摇泵han d(wobble pump 螺杆泵screw (spiral pump 潜水泵submersible pump 斜转子泵inclined rotor pump 圭寸闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump气升泵air-lift-pump 轴承bearing 叶轮impeller 虹吸管siphon 高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator 火焰清除器flame arrester X业炉furnace 烧嘴burner 锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater冷却器cooler冷凝器conden ser换热器heat excha nge反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers管道混合器line mixers混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grin der研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill 过滤器filter 分离器separator干燥器drier 翅片fins 烟囱stack 火炬flare 筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor 离心机centrifuger 吸附(收器adsorber结晶器crystallizer 电解槽electrolyzer 电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper 加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor水环式压缩机nashcompressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor多级压缩机mutiple stages compresso固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat excha nge 螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat excha nge 萃取塔extract ion colu mn 板式塔plate colum n填料塔packed colum n洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooli ng tower 精馏塔fraction at ing tower 汽提塔stripper 再生塔rege nerator 造粒塔prill tower 塔附件tower accessories液体分配(布器liquid distributor 填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney 顶(底层塔盘top (bottom tray 挡板baffle 抽出口draw nozzle 溢流堰weir 泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆圭寸头elliptical head高位槽head tank 中间槽in termediate tank 加料槽feed tank 补给槽make-up tank 计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell 溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank 液滴分离器knockout drum 稀释罐thi nning tank 缓冲罐surge drum 回流罐reflux drum 闪蒸罐flash drum 浮顶罐floating roof tank 内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid 气柜gas holder 湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder 螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder 星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter 板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter 带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment traydrier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier喷雾干燥器spray drier 气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher 锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲中击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer 棍磨机rod mill 雷蒙机raymond mill 锤磨机hammer mill 辊磨机roller mill 振动筛vibrati ng screen回转筛rotary scree n风机fan罗茨鼓风机起重机桥式起重机电动葫芦发电机电动机汽轮机root's blower crane bridge crane motor hoist gen erator motor steam turb ine五、管道工程piping engineering1阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆in side screw阀座valve seat (body sea阀座环、密圭寸圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密圭寸圈,杆等trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet 手轮hand wheel手柄ha nd level (ha ndle压盖gla nd闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge 截止阀globe valve 节流阀throttle valve 针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀angle valve Y 型阀(截止阀Y-valve(Y-body globe valve 球阀ball valve 三通球阀3-way ball valve 蝶阀butterfly valve 对夹式(薄片型wafer type 偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (ecce ntric butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀can ted disc butterfly valve 连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve 止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀piston type valve 旋塞阀plug valve 三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve 旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve 底阀foot valve 切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve 蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief valve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve 杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve 波纹管密圭寸阀bellow sealed valve 电磁阀sole noid (operated valve 电动阀electrically(electric- motoroperated valve气动阀pneumatic operated valvd低温用阀cryogenic servicevalve 蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀in verted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balaneed pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀(automatic air vent valve 换向阀diverting (revers ing valve 呼吸阀breather valve 减压阀pressure reduc ing valve控制阀con trol valve 执行机构actuator 差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop valve 调节阀regulating valve 快开阀quick openingvalve 快闭阀quick closing valve 隔断阀isolating valve 三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve 2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe(按标准制造的配管用管tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe 衬里管lined pipe 复合管clad pipe 碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe 不锈钢管sta ini ess steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管auste nitic sta ini ess steel pipe 铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管wrought- iron pipe 无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc-welded steel-plate pipe螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe 排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve 卸载阀unloading valve 排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve 取样阀sampling valve 手动阀hand operated(ma nu ally-operated valve 水龙头bibb;bib;faucet 抽出液阀(小阀bleed valve 旁路阀by-pass valve 软管阀hose valve 混合阀mixi ng valve 破真空阀vacuum breaker冲中洗阀flush valve 根部阀root (primary, header valve 水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe塑料管plastic pipe 玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube 壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow 长半径弯头long radius elbow 短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180弯头long radius return短半径180弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee 带支座三通base tee 45斜三通45 lateral true"Y" Y型三通四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling 活接头union 短管nipple 预制弯管fabricated pipe bend U型弯管"U"bend 法兰端flanged end 万向接头universal joint 对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange 钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange 平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰socket weldi ng flange 松套法兰lap joi nt flan ge[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flan ge[WNF]法兰盖bli nd fla nge;bli nd 异径法兰reduci ng flange 压力级pressure rating(class突面raised face[RF]凸面male face 凹面female face全平面; 满平面flat face;full face[FF] 3.管道特殊件piping speciality 粗滤器strainer 过滤器filter 临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type Y型过滤器Y-type strainer T 型过滤器T-type strainer 永久过滤器permanent filter 洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower 视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消肖音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow 补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC]快速接头quick coupling 金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube 特殊法兰special flange 漏斗funnel 8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8 blind爆破板rupture disk 4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stai nless steel[S.S.铸铁cast iron [C.I.]铝alumi num 铜,紫铜copper 钛titanium 抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料plastic 陶瓷ceramic 搪瓷porcela in en amel 玻璃glass 橡胶rubber 垫片gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket 填料pack ing 型钢shaped stee角钢冈an gle stee I 槽钢cha nnel 工字钢I-beam 宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar 圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel 网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take- off[MTO]散装材料bulk material 综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet 5设备布置及管道设计中心线center line 装置边界boundary limit[BL] 区界area limit 设备布置equipment arrangement (layout;plot plan 标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north 方位orientation 危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positivesuction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate 管道研究piping study 管道布置平面piping arrangement plan[PAP]管道布置piping assembly; layout 详图detail "X"视图view "X" "A-A" 剖视section"A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and in strume nt diagram[P&ID] 管口表list of no zzles 地上管道above ground pipi ng 地下管道un der ground pip ing 管线号line nu mber 总管header; mani fold 旁路by pass 常开normally open 常闭normally closed 取样接口sampling connection 伴热管tracing pipe 蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing 电伴热electrical tracing 夹套管jacketed line 全夹套管full jacketed 比例scale 图figure 草图sketch 图例lege nd 符号symbol 件号part n。
化学专业英语(删减版)翻译
20THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS20有机合成中保护基团的使用If a satisfactory protective group has not been located,the chemist has a number of alternatives:rearrange the order of some of the steps in the synthetic scheme so that a functional group no longer requires protection or a protective group that was reactive in the original scheme is now stable;redesign the synthesis,possibly making use of latent functionality(i.e.,a functional group in a precursor form;e.g.,anisole as a precursor of cyclohexanone).Or,it may be necessary to include the synthesis of a new protective group in the overall plan.如果找不到符合要求的保护基,化学家仍然具有大量可供选择的方法:重新安排合成系统中一些步骤的顺序,保证官能团不再需要保护或者在原来的系统中的活性保护基现在变得稳定;可能利用潜在的功能重新设计合成(也就是功能性基团以前驱体形式出现;例如:茴香醚作为环己酮的前驱体)。
或者,有必要在总体计划中包括新保护基的合成.22POLYMERS22聚合物The process by which small molecules undergo multiple combinations to form macromolecules is polymerization.Small molecules from which a macromolecule or polymer can be made are called monomers.Two types of polymerization are recognized: (1)condensation polymerization and(2)addition polymerization.A polymer-forming reaction involving elimination of a small molecule such as water or alcohol between monomer units is described as condensation polymerization.In addition polymerization, unsaturated or cyclic molecules add to each other without elimination of any portion of the monomer molecule.The empirical formula of the polymer is then,of course,the same as that of the monomer.小分子进行多重结合形成大分子的过程叫做聚合反应。
马永祥版化学专业英语第2-17-33课翻译
第二课我们很早就注意到非金属的性质与金属的性质有显著的区别。
通常,非金属单质是电和热的不良导体(石墨碳除外);易碎,颜色较深,熔点和沸点变化范围很广。
它们的分子结构(通常含有一般的共价键)变化很大,从简单的双原子分子H2, C12, I2 和 N2到巨型的金刚石、硅和硼晶体都有室温下为气体的非金属单质是那些分子量低的双原子分子和惰性气体分子,这些分子间的作用力极小。
随着分子量的增加,我们就会遇到一种液体Br2和一种固体I2,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分子间作用力较小。
一些非金属元素单质的某些性质见表2。
V和VI族元素的较重原子在一般情况下不形成简单的双原子分子。
这一点与这些族的第一个元素(分别形成N2 and O2)恰好相反。
差别的出现是由于与第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能级的p-轨道形成的-键稳定性较低。
第三周期和更高周期元素的原子半径较大,电子云更密集,不允许p-轨道进行良好的重叠,而这恰恰是形成强-键的必要条件。
一般,强-键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。
因此,元素N 和O形成同时含有O键和 Pi 键的稳定分子,而同族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在o键基础上的较稳定的分子。
请注意VII元素也形成双原子分子,但是并不需要pi键来使原子价达到饱和。
硫有几种同素异形体。
固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在。
菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如CS2中经过结晶得到,它的熔点是112C。
单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得,它的熔点是119C。
两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由S8分子组成的S硫,S8分子是一种折叠形的环,160C以下可以稳定存在,高于160C,S8环开始破裂,有些碎片互相结合形成高黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。
当加热到一定温度范围时,液体硫的黏度变得如此最大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。
当黏度增加时,硫的颜色也从熔点时的淡黄色一直变到深棕红色.当接近沸点444C时,大的线圈型(铰链型)硫部分降解(破裂),液体硫的黏度降低。
化学专业英语翻译2
02. THE NONMETAL ELEMENTSWe noted earlier. that -nonmetals exhibit properties that are greatly different from those of the metals. As a rule, the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity (graphitic carbon is an exception) and heat; they are brittle, are often intensely colored, and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points. Their molecular structures, usually involving ordinary covalent bonds, vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2, Cl2, I2, and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond, silicon and boron.我们前面提到的。
-非金属表现出的性质有很大的不同,这些金属。
作为一项规则,非金属都是热的不良导体电(石墨碳是个例外)和热;他们是脆的,往往是强烈的色彩,并显示一个非常广泛的熔点和沸点。
其分子结构,通常涉及一般共价键,从简单的双原子分子氢,氯,碘,和氮气的大分子的金刚石,硅和硼。
The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are the low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very small intermolecular forces. As the molecular weight increases, we encounter a liquid (Br2) and a solid (I2) whose vapor pressures also indicate small intermolecular forces. Certain properties of a few nonmetals are listed in Table 2非金属,在室温下是气体的分子量和双原子分子的惰性气体,施加很小的分子间力。
化学专业英语[修订版]翻译
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE01 元素和元素周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.在一个原子核中的质子数量被称为原子序数,或质子数,Z。
在一个电中性原子中的电子数量也等于原子序数,Z。
一个原子的总质量被测定是非常接近于原子核中质子和中子的总数。
这个总数被称为质量数,A。
在一个原子中的中子数量等于A – Z的数量。
The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:这个术语(指chemical element)也可以指由相同质子数的原子组成的纯化学物质。
化学化工专业英语翻译2
•Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤,石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
•Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
•An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质,而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。
•These books are packed in tens. 这些书每十本装一包。
•These products are counted by hundreds. 这些产品是成百成百计数的。
•They went out by twos and threes. 他们三三两两地出去了。
•They consulted tens of magazines. 他们查阅了几十本杂志。
•Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over. 自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
•More weight must be placed on the past history of patients. 必须更加重视患者的病史。
•The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行,而不必暴露在大气中。
化学专业英语翻译(修订版)17有机化学氧化还原
化学专业英语翻译(校准版)17 OXIDA TION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY17 有机化学氧化还原一级醇和二级醇的一个重要反应是将醇转化成tan基化合物,这也是有机化学反应中的一个典型的氧化反应的例子。
我们如何知道一个有机化合物被氧化呢?在最后一小节,我们将认识到醇转化成是一个氧化反应,因为他是通过减少铬的价态来实现的。
但也有其他的氧化剂进行的氧化反应是不明显的。
在这一章节我们的目标的能够认识到一个氧化反应或一个还原反应仅仅是通过有机化合物本身的转化检验。
这样做的程序包括了三个步骤:步骤一:针对反应物和生成物将氧化树分配到每一个碳原子上。
(它只是需要将氧化数分配到转化过程中有发生化学变化的碳原子上,其他碳原子可以被忽略)特殊碳原子的氧化数是通过考虑其在整体碳原子范围内相关电负性而被分配,如下:A.每一个电负性比碳小的元素(包括氢)跟碳结合,都会使碳原子带上一个负电荷,标记为-1B.若每一个键都是与另一个碳原子相连,则每个碳都会有一个不成对的电子,将其认为是0价。
C.若每一个键是与电负性比碳大的元素相连,则碳原子上就会带上一个正电荷,将其认为+1价。
D.综合考虑下将编号加到指定的A、B、C中去获得每个碳原子的氧化数。
让我们将这第一个步骤应用到异丙醇转化成丙酮的反应中。
因为两个甲基上的碳原子在反应中没有发生变化,所以我们不需要将氧化数分配到这两个碳原子上。
注意到对待丙酮上的碳氧双键时,是将其计为两个键的,故每个键给出+1价总的由两个键就给出了+2价。
步骤二:每个化合物的氧化数Nox是通过所有碳原子的氧化数相加而计算得来的。
在结构上,只有一个碳原子改变其氧化数,所以反应物和生成物的Nox值是等于这个碳原子分别的氧化数。
因此,反应物的氧化数为0而生成物的氧化数为+2。
在其他包含了1个碳原子以上的反应,Nox值是通过所有经历了化学变化碳原子氧化数之和而计算得到。
化学专业英语(马永祥版)第一课的英文翻译
元素和周期表在原子核中质子的数目被称为原子序数,或质子数,Z。
电中性原子中的电子数目也等于原子序数,Z。
一个原子的总质量几乎由它的原子核中的质子和中子的总数所决定。
此总量称为质量数,A。
原子中中子的数目,中子数,其值由下式给出:A-Z。
元素这一术语指的是,由单一种类的原子所组成的纯物质。
对化学家来说“类”是由其原子序数指定的,因为这是个决定了它的化学行为的属性。
目前,所有的原子从Z = 1,Z = 107都为人所知了;共有107种化学元素。
每个化学元素被赋予一个名称和一个特定的符号。
对于大多数的元素来说符号是简单的英文名称的缩写,由一个或两个字母组成,例如:氧==O 氮== N氖==Ne镁==Mg已经为人所知了很长一段时间的一些元素,其符号是基于其拉丁语中的名称,例如:铁==Fe(ferrum)铜==Cu(cuprum)铅==Pb(plumbum)在表1中可以找到的元素的完整列表。
早在17世纪末期,罗伯特.波义尔就开始了这项工作,他提出了现在公认的元素概念,大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的研究。
1869年,D.Mendeleev和L.Mayer,各自通过独立的工作,提出了周期性规律。
在现代的形式中,该规律表明元素的属性和原子序数呈周期性的函数关系。
换句话说,当元素依照原子序数的升序排列时,具有大致相同的特性的元素将沿着列表中的一定间隔降序排列。
因此,将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,从而将元素排成表格的形式是可能的。
这种安排被称为一个周期表。
每个一行中的元素构成一个周期。
应当指出的是周期表的长度是变化的。
有一个很短的周期只由2个元素组成,随后的两个周期各有8个元素,接下来的两个长周期各有18个元素。
再接下来的一个周期包括32个元素,最后一个周期显然是不完整的。
这样的安排,使得相同的垂直列中的元素具有类似的特性。
这些列构成的化学族或群。
那些以两个八元素周期为首的族中的元素被指定为主族元素,和其他各组的成员被称为过渡或内过渡元素。
化学专业英语-马永祥-兰州大学
ContentsTHE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE01. ......................................................- 3 -THE NONMETAL ELEMENTS02. ..................................................................................- 5 -GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTS03. ............................................................................- 7 -GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS04. ............................................................................- 9 -INTERHALOGEN AND NOBLE GAS COMPOUNDS05. ...........................................- 11 -06. ....................................- 13 -THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDSTHE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS07. ....................................- 15 -BRONSTED'S AND LEWIS' ACID-BASE CONCEPTS08. ..........................................- 19 -09. ..........................................................................- 22 -THE COORDINATION COMPLEXALKANES10. ..................................................................................................................- 25 -11. .............................................................................- 28 -UNSATURATED COMPOUNDSTHE NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS12. ...................................- 30 -SUBSTITUTIVE NOMENCLATURE13. .......................................................................- 33 -14. .......................................................- 37 -THE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGENPREPARATION OF A CARBOXYLiC ACID BY THE GRIGNARD METHOD15. ..- 39 -THE STRUCTURES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS16. ............................................- 41 -OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY17. ............................- 44 -SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS AND DESIGN OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS18. ..........- 47 -ORGANOMETALLICS—METAL π COMPLEXES19. ................................................- 49 -THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS20. ...................- 52 -ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS21. ........................- 54 -POLYMERS22. ................................................................................................................- 57 -ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND PROBLEMS IN SOCIETY23. ............................- 61 -VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS24. ......................................................................................- 63 -QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS25. ..................................................................- 65 -VAPOR-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY26. .................................................................- 67 -INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY27. ..................................................................................- 70 -NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (I)28. ..............................................................- 72 -NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(II)29. ..............................................................- 75 -A MAP OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY30. ......................................................................- 77 -THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS31. ................................................................- 79 -CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS32. ........................................................- 82 -THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS33. ............................................................- 85 -NATURE OF THE COLLOIDAL STATE34. .................................................................- 88 -ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS35. .................................................................................- 90 -BOILING POINTS AND DISTILLATION36. ...............................................................- 93 -EXTRACTIVE AND AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION37. ............................................- 96 -CRYSTALLIZATION38. ................................................................................................- 98 -39. ...................................................................................- 100 -MATERIAL ACCOUNTINGTHE LITERATURE MATRIX OF CHEMISTRY40. ...................................................- 102 -01. THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen==O nitrogen ==N neon==Ne magnesium ==MgSome elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: iron==Fe(ferrum) copper==Cu(cuprum) lead==Pb(plumbum)A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1.Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, D.Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodic Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements.In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the line—the metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the elemental state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the alkali metal family, form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements of group IB —copper, silver, and gold—are comparatively inert. They are similar to the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well.The elements of group IIA are known as the alkaline earth metals. Their characteristic ionic charge is 2+. These metals, particularly the last two members of the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. The group IIB elements—zinc, cadmium, and mercury are less reactive than are those of group II A5, but are more reactive than the neighboring elements of group IB. The characteristic charge on their ions is also 2+.With the exception of boron, group IIIA elements are also fairly reactive metals. Aluminum appears to be inert toward reaction with air, but this behavior stems from the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the surface, which protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The metals of group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium.Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and germanium, and two metals, tin and lead. Each of these elements forms some compounds with formulas which indicate that four other atoms are present per group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, GCl4. The group IVB metals —titanium, zirconium, and hafnium —also forms compounds in which each group IVB atom is combined with four other atoms; these compounds are nonelectrolytes when pure.The elements of group V A include three nonmetals — nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic—and two metals — antimony and bismuth. Although compounds with the formulas N2O5, PCl5, and AsCl5 exist, none of them is ionic. These elements do form compounds-nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides — in which ions having charges of minus three occur. The elements of group VB are all metals. These elements form such a variety of different compounds that their characteristics are not easily generalized.With the exception of polonium, the elements of group VIA are typical nonmetals. They are sometimes known, as the, chalcogens, from the Greek word meaning "ash formers". In their binary compounds with metals they exist as ions having a charge of 2-. The elements of group ⅦA are all nonmetals and are known as the halogens. from the Greek term meaning "salt formers.” They are the most reactive nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and with most nonmetals, including each other.The elements of groups ⅥB, ⅦB, and VIIIB are all metals. They form such a wide Variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups.The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that. excluding the first period, each period begins with a very reactive metal. Successive element along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming nonmetals, and finally, in group ⅦA, a very reactive nonmetal is found. Each period ends with a member of the noble gas family.02. THE NONMETAL ELEMENTSWe noted earlier. that -nonmetals exhibit properties that are greatly different from those of the metals. As a rule, the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity (graphitic carbon is an exception) and heat; they are brittle, are often intensely colored, and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points. Their molecular structures, usually involving ordinary covalent bonds, vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2, Cl2, I2, and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond, silicon and boron.The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are the low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very small intermolecular forces. As the molecular weight increases, we encounter a liquid (Br2) and a solid (I2) whose vapor pressures also indicate small intermolecular forces. Certain properties of a few nonmetals are listed in Table 2.Table 2- Molecular Weights and Melting Points of Certain NonmetalsDiatomic Molecules MolecularWeightMelting Point°CColorH22-239.1'NoneN228-210NoneF238-223Pale yellowO232-218Pale blueCl271-102Yellow — greenBr2160-7.3Red — brownI2254113Gray—blackSimple diatomic molecules are not formed by the heavier members of Groups V and VI at ordinary conditions. This is in direct contrast to the first members of these groups, N2 and O2. The difference arises because of the lower stability of πbonds formed from p orbitals of the third and higher main energy levels as opposed to the second main energy level2. The larger atomic radii and more dense electron clouds of elements of the third period and higher do not allow good parallel overlap of p orbitals necessary for a strong πbond. This is a general phenomenon — strong π bonds are formed only between elements of the second period. Thus, elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both σand π bonds, but other members of their groups form more stable structures based on σbonds only at ordinary conditions. Note3 that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules, but πbonds are not required for saturation of valence.Sulfur exhibits allotropic forms. Solid sulfur exists in two crystalline forms and in an amorphous form. Rhombic sulfur is obtained by crystallization from a suitable solution, such as CS2, and it melts at 112°C. Monoclinic sulfur is formed by cooling melted sulfur and it melts at 119°C. Both forms of crystalline sulfur melt into S-gamma, which is composed of S8 molecules. The S8 molecules are puckered rings and survive heating to about 160°C. Above 160°C, the S8 rings break open, and some of these fragments combine with each other to form a highly viscous mixture of irregularly shaped coils. At a range of higher temperatures the liquid sulfur becomes so viscous that it will not pourfrom its container. The color also changes from straw yellow at sulfur's melting point to a deep reddish-brown as it becomes more viscous.As4 the boiling point of 444 °C is approached, the large-coiled molecules of sulfur are partially degraded and the liquid sulfur decreases in viscosity. If the hot liquid sulfur is quenched by pouring it into cold water, the amorphous form of sulfur is produced. The structure of amorphous sulfur consists of large-coiled helices with eight sulfur atoms to each turn of the helix; the overall nature of amorphous sulfur is described as3 rubbery because it stretches much like ordinary rubber. In a few hours the amorphous sulfur reverts to small rhombic crystals and its rubbery property disappears.Sulfur, an important raw material in industrial chemistry, occurs as the free element, as SO2 in volcanic regions, asH2S in mineral waters, and in a variety of sulfide ores such as iron pyrite FeS2, zinc blende ZnS, galena PbS and such, and in common formations of gypsum CaSO4 • 2H2O, anhydrite CaSO4, and barytes BaSO4 • 2H2O. Sulfur, in one form or another, is used in large quantities for making sulfuric acid, fertilizers, insecticides, and paper.Sulfur in the form of SO2 obtained in the roasting of sulfide ores is recovered and converted to sulfuric acid, although in previous years much of this SO2 was discarded through exceptionally tall smokestacks. Fortunately, it is now economically favorable to recover these gases, thus greatly reducing this type of atmospheric pollution. A typical roasting reaction involves the change:2 ZnS +3 O2—2 ZnO + 2 SO2Phosphorus, below 800℃ consists of tetratomic molecules, P4. Its molecular structure provides for a covalence of three, as may be expected from the three unpaired p electrons in its atomic structure, and each atom is attached to three others6. Instead of a strictly orthogonal orientation, with the three bonds 90° to each other, the bond angles are only 60°. This supposedly strained structure is stabilized by the mutual interaction of the four atoms (each atom is bonded to the other three), but it is chemically the most active form of phosphorus. This form of phosphorus, the white modification, is spontaneously combustible in air. When heated to 260°C it changes to red phosphorus, whose structure is obscure. Red phosphorus is stable in air but, like all forms of phosphorus, it should be handled carefully because of its tendency to migrate to the bones when ingested, resulting in serious physiological damage.Elemental carbon exists in one of two crystalline structures — diamond and graphite. The diamond structure, based on tetrahedral bonding of hybridized sp3orbitals, is encountered among Group IV elements. We may expect that as the bond length increases, the hardness of the diamond-type crystal decreases. Although the tetrahedral structure persists among the elements in this group — carbon, silicon, germanium, and gray tin — the interatomic distances increase from 1.54 A for carbon to 2.80 A for gray tin. Consequently .the bond strengths among the four elements range from very strong to quite weak. In fact, gray tin is so soft that it exists in the form of microcrystals or merely as a powder. Typical of the Group IV diamond-type crystalline elements, it is a nonconductor and shows other nonmetallic properties7.03. GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTSPhysical properties of Group IB and IIBThese elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds, and their physical properties vary widely.Gold is the most malleable and ductile of the metals. It can be hammered into sheets of 0.00001 inch in thickness; one gram of the metal can be drawn into a wire 1.8 mi in length1. Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work. Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures, but may be rolled into sheets at between 120° to 150℃; it becomes brittle again about 200℃-The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to the preparation of zinc-coated iron .galvanized iron; clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats of liquid zinc in its preparation. A different procedure is to sprinkle or air blast zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.Cadmium has specific uses because of its low-melting temperature in a number of alloys. Cadmium rods are used in nuclear reactors because the metal is a good neutron absorber.Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous, though the free metal may be taken internally under certain conditions. Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile nature, free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory. Evidence shows that inhalation of its vapors is injurious.The metal alloys readily with most of the metals (except iron and platinum) to form amalgams, the name given to any alloy of mercury.Copper sulfate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4 • 5H2O) is the most important and widely used salt of copper. On heating, the salt slowly loses water to form first the trihydrate (CuSO4 • 3H z O), then the monohydrate (CuSO4 • H2O), and finally the white anhydrous salt. The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids. For example, some of the anhydrous copper salt added to alcohol (which contains water) will turn blue because of the hydration of the salt.Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Fishermen dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms that would rot the fabric. Paints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine craft contain copper compounds to inhibit the growth of barnacles and other organisms.When dilute ammonium hydroxide is added" to a solution of copper (I) ions, a greenish precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(I) salt is formed. This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added. The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated complex with the copper (I) ion of the composition, Cu(NH3)42+. This ion is only slightly dissociated; hence in an ammoniacal solution very few copper (I) ions are present. Insoluble copper compounds, execpt copper sulfide, are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids. The formation of the copper (I) ammonia ion is often used as a test for Cu2+ because of its deep, intense blue color.Copper (I) ferrocyanide [Cu2Fe(CN)6] is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble ferrocyanide to a solution of copper ( I )ions. The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper (I) ions.Compounds of Silver and GoldSilver nitrate, sometimes called lunar caustic, is the most important salt of silver. It melts readily and may be cast into sticks for use in cauterizing wounds. The salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.3Ag + 4HNO3—3AgNO3 + NO + 2H2OThe salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver, including the halides used in photography. It is readily reduced by organic reducing agents, with the formation of a black deposit of finely divided silver; this action is responsible for black spots left on the fingers from the handling of the salt. Indelible marking inks and pencils take advantage of this property of silver nitrate.The halides of silver, except the fluoride, are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide (Ag2G). One might expect the hydroxide of silver to precipitate, but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into the oxide and water — if, indeed, it is ever formed at all3. However, since a solution of silver oxide js definitely basic, there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.Ag2O + H2O = 2Ag+ + 2OH-Because of its inactivity, gold forms relatively few compounds. Two series of compounds are known — monovalent and trivalent. Monovalent (aurous) compounds resemble silver compounds (aurous chloride is water insoluble and light sensitive), while the higher valence (auric) compounds tend to form complexes. Gold is resistant to the action of most chemicals —air, oxygen, and water have no effect. The common acids do not attack the metal, but a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (aqua regia) dissolves it to form gold( I ) chloride or chloroauric acid. The action is probably due to free chlorine present in the aqua regia.3HCl + HNO3----→ NOCl+Cl2 + 2H2O2Au + 3Cl2 ----→ 2AuCl3AuCl3+HCl----→ HAuCl4chloroauric acid (HAuCl4-H2O crystallizes from solution).Compounds of ZincZinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts. 1 he action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. An electric couple to facilitate the action is probably Set up between the two metals.Zn + 2H+----→ Zn2+ + H2Zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used zinc compound, is a white powder at ordinary temperatures, but changes to yellow on heating. When cooled, it again becomes white. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in air, by heating the basic carbonate, or by roasting the sulfide. The principal use of ZnO is as a filler in rubber manufacture, particularly in automobile tires. As a body for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide. Its covering power, however, is inferior to that of white lead.04. GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTSGroup I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2 —the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4 )3 and Ce(SO4 )2, which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89 Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.Group IVB ElementsIn chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides of these elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia. Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44%of the earth's crust. It is over 5.0%in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.Pure TiO2 is a very white substance which is taking the place of white lead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2 is used in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO2 also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and TantalumThese are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence iscomparatively rare.These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture ofhigh-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsChromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in lower oxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chromium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.Group VIIIB MetalsGroup VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earth's crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.CorrosionIron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peelsoff .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amounts of carbon dioxide5.Corrosion of iron is inhibited by coating it with numerous substances, such as paint, an aluminum powder gilt, tin, or organic tarry substances or by galvanizing iron with zinc. Alloying iron with metals such as nickel or chromium yields a less corrosive steel. "Cathodic protection" of iron for lessened corrosion is also practiced. For some pipelines and standpipes zinc or magnesium rods in the ground with a wire connecting them to an iron object have the following effect: with soil moisture acting as an electrolyte for a Fe — Zn couple the Fe is lessened in its tendency to become Fe2+. It acts as a cathode rather than an anode.。
化工专业英语翻译(全21单元)
化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业 ...................................................................................... - 1 -Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发................................................................... - 3 -Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作............................ - 5 -Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源 ................................................................................. - 7 -Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品...................................................................................... - 9 -Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程.......................................... - 10 -Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素 ................................................... - 12 -Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工 .............................................................................. - 15 -Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物 ................................................................................................... - 16 -Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 .............................................. - 18 -Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学 ........................................... - 21 -Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象 ...................... - 23 -Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作...................... - 24 -Unit14 Distillation蒸馏....................................................................................................... - 26 -Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取,浸取和吸附................ - 28 -Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥................................. - 31 -Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ..................................................... - 33 -Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模 ............................................................. - 36 -Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介...................................................... - 37 -Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程........................... - 39 -Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境 ......................................... - 42 -Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。
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第二课我们很早就注意到非金属的性质与金属的性质有显著的区别。
通常,非金属单质是电和热的不良导体(石墨碳除外);易碎,颜色较深,熔点和沸点变化范围很广。
它们的分子结构(通常含有一般的共价键)变化很大,从简单的双原子分子H2, C12, I2 和N2到巨型的金刚石、硅和硼晶体都有室温下为气体的非金属单质是那些分子量低的双原子分子和惰性气体分子,这些分子间的作用力极小。
随着分子量的增加,我们就会遇到一种液体Br2和一种固体I2,它们的蒸气压也表明它们的分子间作用力较小。
一些非金属元素单质的某些性质见表2。
V和VI族元素的较重原子在一般情况下不形成简单的双原子分子。
这一点与这些族的第一个元素(分别形成N2 and O2)恰好相反。
差别的出现是由于与第二主能级相反,第三和更高主能级的p-轨道形成的-键稳定性较低。
第三周期和更高周期元素的原子半径较大,电子云更密集,不允许p-轨道进行良好的重叠,而这恰恰是形成强-键的必要条件。
一般,强-键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。
因此,元素N和O形成同时含有O键和Pi 键的稳定分子,而同族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在o键基础上的较稳定的分子。
请注意VII元素也形成双原子分子,但是并不需要pi键来使原子价达到饱和。
硫有几种同素异形体。
固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在。
菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如CS2中经过结晶得到,它的熔点是。
单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得,它的熔点是。
两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由S8分子组成的硫,S8分子是一种折叠形的环,以下可以稳定存在,高于,S8环开始破裂,有些碎片互相结合形成高黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。
当加热到一定温度范围时,液体硫的黏度变得如此最大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。
当黏度增加时,硫的颜色也从熔点时的淡黄色一直变到深棕红色.当接近沸点时,大的线圈型(铰链型)硫部分降解(破裂),液体硫的黏度降低。
热的液体硫如果用冷水淬火,就形成了无定型硫。
无定形硫是由大的线圈型螺旋链组成,这些螺旋链是S8环断裂后,首尾相连形成的。
可以把无定型硫的全部性质描述为弹性硫,因为它伸缩的时候象一般的橡胶一样有弹性。
几个小时后,弹性硫就转变为较小的斜方硫,弹性也随之消失。
作为化学工业的重要原材料,硫的存在形式多种多样。
如单质硫,火山喷发地区的SO2,矿泉水中的H2S,以及各种硫化物矿如黄铁矿FeS2,闪锌矿ZnS,方铅矿PbS和以常见形式存在的石膏,硬石膏(无水石膏)和重晶石。
以多种形式存在的硫,大量地用于制造硫酸、化肥、杀虫剂和纸业。
通过煅烧硫化物矿获得可以再回收利用的SO2,进一步转化成硫酸,而在以前大部分SO2通过高高的烟囱后被废弃。
幸运的是,现在回收这些气体非常经济,从而大大地减少了此类气体对大气的污染。
包含此类变化的一个典型的煅烧反应如下:O + 2SO2磷,在以下,是以四面体形分子P4存在的。
它的分子结构中每个原子形成了三个共价键,可预期这三个共价键是由该原子结构中的三个未成对的p电子形成的,且每个原子都与另外三个相接。
分子中的键角是,键之间不是互相成的直角取向。
可以推测虽然这种张力较大的结构因为四个原子之间的互相作用可以稳定存在(每个原子与其它三个原子键合),但是它是磷的单质中化学活泼性最强的一种。
这种形式的磷,也就是白磷变体,在空气中能够自燃。
当加热到,它就变成了红磷,红磷的结构尚不清楚。
红磷在空气中是稳定的,但是象所有其它形式的磷一样,也应该小心处理,因为当误食后,它会向骨头迁移,而造成严重的生理损害。
碳的同素异形体有两种晶体形式-金刚石和石墨。
由sp3杂化轨道形成的四面体成键方式的金刚石结构在IV族其它元素中也可以见到。
可预测,当金刚石型晶体的键长增加的时候,晶体的硬度将降低。
尽管四面体结构在这一族的C、Si、Ge和灰锡中都存在,但是原子间的距离(键长)却从碳中的1.54 Å增加到灰锡中的2.80 Å。
因此,这四种元素的对应单质中的化学键也由极强变为极弱。
实际上,灰锡很软,以至它以微晶的形式或仅仅以粉末的形式存在。
碳作为典型的第IV族金刚石型晶体的元素,它是不良导体,且显示其它非金属性质。
第十七课一级醇和二级醇的一个重要反应是将醇转化成tan基化合物,这也是有机化学反应中的一个典型的氧化反应的例子。
我们如何知道一个有机化合物被氧化呢?在最后一小节,我们将认识到醇转化成是一个氧化反应,因为他是通过减少铬的价态来实现的。
但也有其他的氧化剂进行的氧化反应是不明显的。
在这一章节我们的目标的能够认识到一个氧化反应或一个还原反应仅仅是通过有机化合物本身的转化检验。
这样做的程序包括了三个步骤:步骤一:针对反应物和生成物将氧化树分配到每一个碳原子上。
(它只是需要将氧化数分配到转化过程中有发生化学变化的碳原子上,其他碳原子可以被忽略)特殊碳原子的氧化数是通过考虑其在整体碳原子范围内相关电负性而被分配,如下:A.每一个电负性比碳小的元素(包括氢)跟碳结合,都会使碳原子带上一个负电荷,标记为-1B.若每一个键都是与另一个碳原子相连,则每个碳都会有一个不成对的电子,将其认为是0价。
C.若每一个键是与电负性比碳大的元素相连,则碳原子上就会带上一个正电荷,将其认为+1价。
D.综合考虑下将编号加到指定的A、B、C中去获得每个碳原子的氧化数。
让我们将这第一个步骤应用到异丙醇转化成丙酮的反应中。
因为两个甲基上的碳原子在反应中没有发生变化,所以我们不需要将氧化数分配到这两个碳原子上。
注意到对待丙酮上的碳氧双键时,是将其计为两个键的,故每个键给出+1价总的由两个键就给出了+2价。
步骤二:每个化合物的氧化数Nox是通过所有碳原子的氧化数相加而计算得来的。
在结构上,只有一个碳原子改变其氧化数,所以反应物和生成物的Nox值是等于这个碳原子分别的氧化数。
因此,反应物的氧化数为0而生成物的氧化数为+2。
在其他包含了1个碳原子以上的反应,Nox值是通过所有经历了化学变化碳原子氧化数之和而计算得到。
步骤三:计算(Nox)的差值如果这个差值的正的,则这个反应是氧化反应,如果这个差值是负的,则这个反应是还原反应。
如果这个差值为0,则没有氧化或还原反应发生。
对于例子17-1的反应,其差值是负的,则这个反应是还原反应。
如果这个差值为0,则没有氧化或还原反应发生。
对于例子17-1的反应,其差值为2-0=2.因此这个反应是氧化反应。
虽然这个氧化数的形式体系非常有用,但是我们不能看不见下面所述的有机氧化还原反应中的两个一般的特征。
这两个观点能够使我们一目了然地辨别一个反应是氧化反应还是还原反应。
1.大多数有化合物的氧化反应,C-H上的H以及C-C上的C都将会被具有更高电负性的元素所取代,例如卤素和氧。
相反的则是还原反应。
2.分子的氧化状态是由其本身的碳原子的氧化状态所决定的。
氧化数的概念是与经常用于无机反应中的氧化数的定义相关的。
根据这个定义,养护费用是失去电子的反应,还原反应则是得到电子的反应。
让我们通过一个例子,乙醇氧化成乙酸的反应的考虑,来看看这个定义如何应用于有机化合物中。
我们可以写下这个平衡的半反应,总的平衡反应是用水来平衡掉失去的氧,用质子来平衡掉市区的氢,用虚拟的电子来平衡价态的变化。
根据这个半反应,在乙酸生成时4个电子也从乙醇分子上失去了。
(因为这是一个半反应,相应的电子数是必须从带来氧化的物质中获得。
也就是说,乙醇氧化成乙酸是四个电子的氧化。
这种来自半反应形式体系的术语,被频繁地应用在生物学上。
如果我们计算乙醇和乙酸的氧化数,我们可以从17-4的例子中看到氧化数是+4(验证了这个说明)。
这个例子说明了以下观点:氧化数的改变量等于失去的电子数目。
如果氧化数的改变量为负,则这个反应是还原反应,并且这个数目是与获得的电子数目是一致的。
氧化反应和还原反应,就像酸碱反应一样,总是成对地出现。
所以,当有物质被氧化时也必定有物质被还原。
当一个有机化合物被氧化,引起这个转化的试剂称为氧化剂。
同样地,当一个有机化合物被还原,影响这个转化的试剂则称为还原剂。
例如:17-2这个反应中,铬酸跟离子则被还原成三价铬离子。
从还原剂铬酸跟中获得三个电子而使其形成三价铬离子。
对于17-3的例子,因为在氧化反应中失去四个电子,根据化学计量学,则需要每三个乙醇分子被氧化成乙酸(失去十二电子),四个铬酸跟离子被还原(得到十二个电子)通过考虑反应中氧化数的变化,通过考虑转化中氧化数的变化,,我们可以辨别一个反应是需要氧化剂还是还原剂。
例如,以下这个反应既不需要氧化剂也不需要还原剂。
虽然一个碳原子被氧化,但另一个碳原子则被欢还原。
即使我们知道这个反应中没有其他物质,也会很清晰地了解到一个氧化剂和一个还原剂单独存在也将不会影响到这个反应的进行。
(事实上,醇的重拍反应,亦将会生成矿物酸)氧化数的概念可以被用来组织成具有一样氧化数的官能团有机物。
在给定的反应器皿中的化合物经常会通过一些试剂发生互变,并且这些试剂既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂。
例如,我们知道乙醇与溴化氢在一起可以转化成溴乙烷,而溴化氢既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂。
另一方面,醇转化成羧基酸包含了氧化数的变化,并且在这个转化中需要氧化剂的存在。
当碳原子连有更多数目的氢原子时有更多可能的氧化态存在。
所以,三级醇在a碳上不能被氧化(没有可以锻炼的C-C键)因为这个碳原子上没有连有氢。
另一方面,乙烷可以被氧化成二氧化碳(当然,任何碳氢化合物都可以被氧化成二氧化碳只要C-C键被打破)33课在本章中,我们来看看化学反应是如何发生的。
我们研究的主要的方面是反应速率,我们将看到温度和存在的物质的浓度是如何影响化学反应速率的。
研究反应速率的主要原因有两个。
首先是具有实际重要性的一点,也就是能够预测反应混合物何时到达它的平衡状态:化学反应速率可能取决于一些我们控制之下的因素,如温度,压力,和催化剂的存在,而且,根据我们的目的,我们也许能够使化学反应以一个最佳的速度进行。
比如,在工业流程中,可能由于化学反应进行得非常迅速从而带来经济效益,但是也不能太过迅速以至于产生爆炸。
相反,在一个生物进程中,化学反应可能只有进行得缓慢才是合适的,并且反应根据一些生物活动的需求进行和停止。
研究反应速率的第二的原因(我们将在下文看到的,并与第一个原因息息相关)是研究可以揭示化学反应机制。
在本文中“机制”这个词有两个涵义。
首先是以基元反应的步骤去分析一个化学反应。
例如,我们可能会发现氢和溴的反应是通过一连串的步骤组成的,这些步骤是Br2分裂成两个溴原子,然后再攻击H2的其中一个原子,等等。
这个就是所有的化学反应都是由基元反应步骤构成的观点。
“机制”的另一个涵义是关系到一个单独步骤的本身,以及,关注他们的具体性质。
在这个涵义上的“机制”是关注当一个溴原子接近和攻击一个旋转、振动的氢分子时发生了什么。