unit 5 答案(词汇学)
英语词汇学课后题原题及答案整理缩印版
下列定义所表示的名称:1.a minimum unit of meaning :(morpheme)2.a morpheme to which affixescan be added : (root)3.a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word: (free form)4.a morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme: (bound form)5.a bound morpheme attached to a base (root or stem): (affix)6.an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem ): (prefix)7.an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) : (suffix)8.an affix (in English,usually a suffix) that changes the form of a word without changing its part of speech or basic meaning: (inflectional affix)9.the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words: (derivation)10.the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently : (compounding)各组单词中共同的粘着词根、其词源及语义:1.acoustic,acoustical,acoumeter,acoustician,acoustics,acouphone:(acou-听,GK)2aerodomestics,erodrome,erodynamic,aerofoil,aerogramme,aerolite,aerography,aeronauti cs,aerophysics,aeroplane,aerosphere: (aero-空气GK)3.agenda,agent,agile, active,actor,actual,enact,inactive,transact,interact,react:(ag-,ac-做L)4.agrarian,agricultural,agriculture,agrimotor,agrobiology,agrochemical,agrology,agronom ic,agronomy,agrostology,agrotechnique,agrotechny,agrotown,agrotype: (agr-土地L)5.altimeter,altimetry,altitude,alto,exalt,contralto: (alt-高L)6.amateur,amatory,amiable,amicable,amorous,enamoured,unamiable:(am-,amor-爱L)7.Ample,ampleness,amply,amplidyne,amplification,amplifier,amplify,amplitude,radioam plifier: (ampl-充足L)8.annals,annual,perennial,centennial,annuity,biennial: (ann-年L)9anthropology,philanthropist,misanthropical,anthropotomy,anthropogeneses,anthropogra phy,anthropophagus: (anthrop- 人类GK)10aqualung,aquanaut,aquaplane,aquanelle,aquarium,aquatic,aqueous,aquiculture,aquosity ,subaquatic,subaqueous,terraqueous,aqueduct: (aqu-水L)11archangel,archbishop,arch-criminal,archdeacon,archdiocese,archenemy,archfiend: (arch- 首要GK)12asterisk,asterism,asteroid,astrodome,astrodynamics,astrograph,astrologer,astrology,astr onautics,astronavigation,astronomer,astronomy: (astr- 星GK)13atmosphere,atmolysis,atmometer,atmeter,atmoseal,atmospherics:(atmo-气体GK)14audible,audibility,inaudible,audience,audiology,audio-visual,audiometer,audiophile,aud iophile,audition,auditor,auditorium: (aud- 听L)15atoalarm,autobiographer,autoboat,autobus,autochrome,autoclave,autocrat,autograph,au toinfection,automate,automatic,automation,automobile,autonomy,autotruck,autotype: (auto- 自己GK)16barodynamics,barogram,barograph,barometric,barothermograph:(bar-压力GK)17bathymeter,bathymetric,bathysphere,bathythermograph:(bathy-深海的GK)18Bible,bibliofilm,bibliography,bibliology,bibliolater,bibliomania,bibliophile,bibliophilis m,bibliopole,bibliotheca,bibliotic,bibliotist: (biblio- 书籍GK)19bioassay,biocatalyst,biochemistry,biocide,bioclean,bioclimatic,bioclimatolgy,bioelectri city,biology,biogeneses,biogenic,biogeography,biography,biometerology,bionics,bioscope ,biosyntheses,biotic: (bio- 生命GK)20.Breve,breviary,brevirostrate,brevity,brief,abbreviate,abridge: (bre- 简短L)用否定前缀in-(及其变体),non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词:mature:im regular:ir considerate:in noble:in contentious:non legitimate:il metal:non passive:im ferrous:non accuracy:in endurable:un variance:in inductive: non legible:il reasonable:un rational:ir scrupulous:un staple: non balance:im legalize:il写出下列单词中前缀的意义:antecedent: before byproduct: near apocope: off enclose: in endobiotic: inside epitaph: outside expire: out foretell: before hypocrite: beneath include: in infrared: under intercede: between: intramural: within introspect: into outbid: exceeding overwork: beyond postgraduate: after precede: before proceed: forward retrospect:back subscribe: below superman: above supramundane: beyond transmit: across ultraconservatism: extreme以所列的单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合名词(A)green: 1.a stretch of land,round a town,where building is not allowed,so that fields woods,etc,remain:greenbelt 2.a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:greengrocer3.a young,inexperienced person,especially male,who is easily cheated: greenhorn4.a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors musicians,etc.,can rest when not performing :greenroom(B)hand: 1.a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in: handbag2.a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: handbook3.an apparatus that stops a vehicle,worked by the driver’s hand: handbreak4.a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,especially near stairs: handrail(C)after:１.The care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital,prison,etc: aftercare 2.an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect: aftereffect 3.a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer there : aftertaste 4.an idea that comes later: afterthought (D)sleeping: １a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:sleeping bag ２a railway carriage with beds for passengers:sleeping car３a pill which helps a person to sleep:sleeping pill４.a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation: sleeping partner (E) running :1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance,especially those of President and vice-Prisident: running mate 2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen : running hand 3.a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):running head 4.a footboard especially at the side of an automobile: running board(F)wash: 1.a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face: washbasin2.a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing: washboard3.a woman whose job is to wash clothes,often in her own home:washerwoman4.a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body : washcloth (G)sun:1.the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:sunburn 2a flash of sunlight,especially through a break in clouds: sunburst3.the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:sunset4.strong sunlight,as when there are no clouds:sunshine(H)break:1.aa sudden failure in operation:breakdown2.the unlawful cantering of a building,using force : break-in3.the action of forcing a way through the enemy: breakthrough4.a division int smaller parts:breakup(I)out:1.sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:outbreak2.a public show of anger:outcry3.money spent for a purpose :outlay4.a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas )may go out: outlet将下列复合动词译成汉语Blue-pencil:修改,校正cold-shoulder:冷淡court-martial:对...进行军法审判Handcuff:将...上手铐pitch-fork:骤然；把...塞进sandbag:用沙袋阻塞Shipwreck:船只失事short-circuit:使短路snowball:(滚雪球似的)增长Wisecrack:说俏皮话找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.A shy,frightened child…”Name the Czar of Russia”2.At once the villagers formed a circle…3.Agamermnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away..4.Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves..5.I began to see… would expect a large purse stuffed with..6.A few years ago the landlady locked the front7.An upstairs…,questioned the men and …8.The children headed toward school…9.Like the…,branching out…10.An hour went by and darkness still shrouded…11.They boarded boats12.The day-to-day…hard to measure,13.,smog results14.There are a few success stories in battling air…15.Pollution can be trapped before16.If nations traded item17.She’s the one who’s sapped your confidence.18.…,fairly well dressed but19.The young… by pocketing the money.20.But the preparation … to flake off even…形容词转动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Calming d own,…2.Such was Pompeii … has been cleared away.3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently4.…”helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air”5.…There his father opened a business…6.The Academy of Science was closed to him7.…to rise are cooled and…8.He emptied out…9.…,and it took half an hour to free him10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.动词转名词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Why is thisenormous increase in population …to the spread of the …2.…came to the aid of the surgeon…3.I know my friends from the feel of their faces.4.…personalities by touch5.…,between serves6.…of his slow grins7.…an appealing look.8.…has given rise to these…9.…as if it were a chew of tobacco.10.…get rid of Rex.写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称 auto workers end strike.(automobile)2.Soviet sub off Japan.(submarine)3.Palestinian demos mark massacres.(demonstrations):first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.(nuclear)5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.(Vietnamese)6.Iran asks for into on stolen gems.(information)7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.(corporation)8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.(cooperatives)9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.(high-technology)10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.(European)写出下列首字母拼音词的全称并译成汉语1.AIM: Air Intercept Missile 空中截击导弹2.BADGE: Base Air Defence Ground Environment 基地防空地面警备系统3.BAR: Browning Automatic Rifle 勃朗宁自动步枪4.CAR: Civil Air Regulations 民航条例5.CORE: Congress of Racial Equality 争取权平等大会6.DOP: developing-out paper 相纸7.FIA T: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili 菲亚特汽车公司8.MAP: Military Aid Program 军事援助计划9.MOSS: manned orbital space station 在人轨道空站10.MOUSE: minimum orbital unmanned satellite the earth 不载人的最小地球卫星11.NANA: North America Newspaper Alliance 北美报业联盟12.NA TO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织13.OPEC;Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织14.SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈15.SAM: surface-to-air missile 地对空导弹16.SEA TO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organizaion 东南亚条约组织17.SHAPE: Supreme Head quarters of Allied Powers in Europe 欧洲盟军最高司令部18.UFO :Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物19.Vera: Vision electronic recording apparatus 电子录像机20.Zip: Zone improvement plan 邮政编码制度写出下列复合动词是什么词逆生而来1.globe-trot:globe-trotter2..brainwash:brainwashing3.ghost-write:ghost-writer4.sleep-walk:sleep-walker5.spoon-feed:spoon-fed6.air-condition:air-conditioning7.book-keep:book-keeper 8.browbeat:browbeating9..caretake:caretaker 10.gatecrash:gatecrasher11.housebreak:housebreaker 12.housekeep:housekeeper13.mass-produce:mass-production 14.muckrake:muckraker15.proof-read:proof-reading 16.sightsee:sightseeing17.stage-manage:stage-manager 18.merry-make:merry-making19.street-walk:street-walker 20.window-shop:window-shopping下列概念意义可以用什么英语单词确切的表达出来:A.1.to walk laboriously,with effort:pold,trudge2.to walk like a duck:waddle3.to walk in a pompous or affected manner:struct4.to slide and drag the feet:stagger5.to walk in a loose,ungainly way:slouch6.to walk with long steps:stride7.to walk affectedly with short steps:mince8.to walk slowly,wasting time:dawdle9.to walk as if wearing slippers:shuffle10.to walk in a busy,active way:hustleB.1.to speak in a slow,prolonged manner:drawl2.to make involuntary breaks in utterance:stammer3.to express displeasure with compressed lips:mutter4.to talk rapidly,making inarticulate sounds:gabble5.to pronounce the sibilant letter imperfectly:lisp6.to have a friendly talk about family things:chat,yarn7.to spread idle gossipe:tattle8.to talk on and an about trifling,childish things:prattle9.to speak with contempt:sneer10.to speak fanatically:rave根据下列动物的属性,指出他们的象征意义:1.ant:frugality and provision2.ape:uncleanness,malice,lust3.bat:blindness4.bear:ill—temper5.bee:industey6.bull:strength7.calf:lumpshness 8.camel:submission9.cat:deceit 10.cock:vigilance11.crocodile:hypocrisy 12.crow:longevity13.dog:fidelity 14.dove:innocence15.eagle:majesty 16.elephant:sagacity17fly:feebleness 18.fox:cunning19goose:conceit 20.hare:timidity下列名词都来自古英语,写出与下列名词对应的源拉丁语的形容词:1.brother:fraternal2.Cat:feline3.child:puerile4.daughter:filial5.day:diurnal6.dog:canine7.ear:auricular 8.earth:terrestrial 9.egg:oval10.eye:ocular 11.father:paternal 12.fire:igneous13.foe:hostile 14.fox:vulpine 15.friend:amicable16.hand:manual 17.head:capital 18.heart:cordial19.heaven:celestial 20.horse:equine 21.husband:marital22.kidney:renal 23.knight:equestrian 24.life:vital25.light:lucid 26.lip:labial 27.man:humank:lactic 29.mind:mental 30.moon:lunar31.mother:maternal 32.mouth:oral :nominal34.night:nocturnal 35.nose:nasal 36.ox:bovine37.room:spacious 38.sea:marine 39. sheep:ovine40.sight:visible 41.skin:cutaneous 42.son:filial43.spring:vernal 44.stream:fluvial 45.star:stellar46.sun:solar 47.time:temporal 48.tongue:lingual49.tooth:dental 50.town:urban 51.tree:arboreal52.truth:veracious 53.war:bellicose 54.water:aqueous55.wife:conjugal 56.world:mundane 57.worm:vermicular58.woman:feminine 59.youth:juvenile 60.book:literaey选择适当的单词填入句子1.He waited with( bated) breath.2.The brother and sister are both (blondes).3.There is a (break)in the clouds.4.Her (bridal) grown was trimmed with lace.5.A (pedal) of the bicycle fell off.6.Cromwell (reigned) over England like a king.7.The wreckers began to (raze) the building.8.Although we watched carefully,the guard remained (stationary) for one hour.9.Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement) of men for hiscrew,and …..10.Eric was a tireless scholar,he would (pore)over his books without a breakuntil….将下列各组词分别填入句子A 1 .John’nature was so (sanguine) that we all felt cheered up….2. The battle was so (sanguinary) that hardly a combatant …...B 1. We could not have a worse judge than the one we had,he wascompletely (uninterested) in the case and …..2. We could not have a better judge than Judge Blandford; he wasfriendly,knowledgeable,and above all completely (disinterested).C 1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,the second halfwas a (rout). 2. To get to our cottage you follow (route)….D 1. The (official) in charge of the game…2. Time was so (officious)in his new job…..E 1. The dress was made of synthetic ( material).2. The general needs more troops and (materiel).F 1. The (moral) of the story….2. The (morale) of our troops is high.G 1. All men are (fallible).2.The argument,convincing ……..to be (fallacious).H 1. Some say Shakespeare takes (precedence) over all ….2. There was no (precedent)for the granting of a ….I 1. John,who was sulle n and (taciturn) by nature,found that ….2. They arrived at a (tacit) agreement.J 1.The building plans are (impracticable).2.My husband …..,but he is so (unpractical)that he cannot …用英语解释下列句子中help 及其派生词的意义1.If you want to lose some weight,Jim,you must start avoiding second helpings.(secondservings)2.“God help me !”he murmured…..(protest)3.He gave us a helping hand when we were in trouble.(i.e.he helped us)4. Yes,I know he’s a rascal,but I can’t help liking him.( i.e.I can’t but like him)5.Did you have any help from anyone with …..(assistance)6.Don’t be away longer than you can help.(avoid)7.I do think you could have been a bit more helpful .(ready or willing to assist)8.“Help!Help! I’m drowning !”(Save me)9.I am very sorry but I can’t help it .( i.e.I can’t do otherwise)10. Can I help you in any way ?(assist you)11. We are a bit hard up this month,my dear,so don’t spend more than you canhelp .(avoid)12. Give me only a very small helping,please.(serving)13. I’m telling you the truth,so help me God!( i.e.May God punish me if I am not ！)14.We’re awfully sorry that we were giggling –but we couldn’t help it .( i.e.do anything tostop it )15.Would you help me to carry this suitcase,please?(assist)16.Would you help me to some potatoes,please ?( i.e.serve me with)17.Your liver is not in a very good condition …….if I could help it .(avoid)18.Your presence was extremely helpful,…(i.e.it gave great assistance)19.The helping you gave me would have fed a football team !(serving)20.The whisky is on the table…Help yourself.( i.e.Take what you want,when you want it )写出下列各组同义词的共同基本意义1Sorrow,grief,anguish …..(distress of mind )2Bad,evil,wicked,…(not ethically acceptable )3Regard,respect ,esteem …(to recognize the worth of a person or thing )4Disprove,refute, confute…(to show or try to show by presenting evidence thar somethingis not true)5.Incline,bias,dispose …(to influence one to have or take an attitude toward something )6.Level,flat,plane …(having a surface without bends,curves or irregularities )7.Generous,liberal,liberate,….(giving freely and unstingily)8.Free,release,liberate, …(to loose from constraint or restraint )9.Frank,candid,open…(show willingness to say what one things or feels)10Envious,jealous (begrudging another’s possession of something )11Assert,declare,affirm,protest …(to state or put forward positively,usually inanticipation of or in the face denial or objection )12. Aggressive,militant,assertive…(conspicuously or obtrusively active or energetic )13.Agile,polite….(acting or moving with easy alacrity)14.Civil,polite,gallant …(observant of forms required by good breeding )15.V ociferous,clamorous,blatant,…(so loud or insistent as to compel attention)16.Bear,suffer,endure …(to put up with something trying or painful )17.Decrease,lessen,diminish…(to grow or make less )18.Heritage,inheritance,patrimony…(something received from a parent orpredecessor)19.Keep retain,detain ..(to hold in one’s possession or under one’s control)20.Bare,naked nude …(deprived of naturally or conventionally appropriate covering)指出并改正误用词语1.The convict paced within the ….(confound) 应改为(confines)2.I remember the name,but …..(replace )…(recall)3.His antisocial behaviour results from lack of…..(formidable)… (formative)4.When I grow up I want to be a…..(pronouncer)…(announcer)5.He left enough leave-way for ….(leave-way)…(leeway)6.The flagrance of her….(flagrance)…(fragrance)7.I found the Oriental dishes….(palpable) …(palatable)8.The corpse had been so dissected over….(dissected)…(dislocated)9.The colonel’s appearance was so marital with….(marital )…(martial)10.Our elementary needs were planned for…..(elementary)..(alimentary)11.It is hoped that this course will enlarge….(perimeter)…(parameter)12.If we look long enough in this material we…(statue)…(statute)13.He desserted his friends just wh en they needed him .(desserted)…(deserted)14.Kurt had been innocuous against influenza,but he….(innocuous)…(inoculated)15.Eric was so ingenuous about household….(ingenuous)..(ingenious)16.The dinosaurs may have been unable to adopt…(adopt)…(adapt)17.After their brief alteration they shook hands,…(alteration )..(altercation)18.The game came to a climatic finish with …(climatic)…(climactic)19.The mountain lions are all extant in the mountains; not….(extant)…(extinct)20.Mother’s dreams were irreverent to the …(irreverent)..(irrelevant)用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词1arm:disarm 2.honour:dishonor 3.join:disjoin 4.legible:illegible5.legitimate:illegitimate6.mature:immature7.moderate:immoderate8.fertile:infertile9.sanitary:insanitary 10.resolute:irresolute 11.reverent:irreverent 12.trust:mistrust13.fit:misfit 14.understand:misunderstand 15.adjacent:nonadjacent16.existence:nonexistence 17.alliance:non-alliance 18.conscious:unconscious19.intelligence:unintelligent 20.symmetrical:unsymmetrical找出下列各组同义词相应的反义词A1.fast(slow) 2.rapid(leisurely) 3quick(sluggish) 4.hasty (deliberate) 5.speedy(dilatory)B. 1.beautiful (ugly) 2.pretty (plain) 3.fair (foul) 4.lovely (unlovely)C. e (go) 2.arrive (depart) 3 .reach (leave ) 4 .gain (lose )D.1.happiness (misery) 2.joy (sorrow) 3.delight(distress) 4.enjoyment (suffering)下列各词都经历了词义范围的变化,a演变前b演变后,判断词义是扩大还是缩小;1.starve 缩小 a.to die b.die or suffer acute ly from hunger2.person 缩小 a.person b.paster3.box 扩大 a.containter made of boxwood b.container in general4.beef 缩小 a.ox b.meat of the ox5.citizen 扩大 a.city b.inhabitant of state or nation6.voyage 缩小 a.journey b.journey by waterl 扩大 a.place for grinding b.place for milking things8.frock 扩大 a.garment of a monk b.various kinds of garments9.dismantle扩大 a.to strip of dress or mantle b.to strip of furniture or equipment10.campus 缩小 a.field b.grounds of a college11.operate 缩小 a.to perform any operation b.to performance a surgical operation12.charge 扩大 a.load;burden b.task; responsibility,price,etc.13.drowse 缩小 a.to sink b.to sink into sleepyman 扩大 a.one who is not of clergy b.one who is not an expert15.ferry 缩小 a.to carry b.to transport across a river16.chant 缩小 a.to sing b.to intone17.butcher 扩大 a.one who kills he-goats b.one who kills animals for food18.chamber扩大 a.room b.room; legislative body,etc.19.hound 缩小 a.dog b.hunting dog20.tail 扩大 a.hairy caudal appendage of an animal b.anything like an animal’s tail in form or position现代英语中专门术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义,找出与下列术语对应的一般意义1.alibi excuse2.scenario description of a possible3.charismatic having popular appealpulsive habitual5.catalyst any stimulus in hastening a result6.ambiance quality,feeling,etc.of a place7.osmosis subtle or gradual absorption or mingling8.psychology mental processes9.syndrome distinctive or characteristic patern of behaviour10.subliminal of which one is not consciously aware11.parameter determining factor .characteristic12.philosophy practical opinion or body of opinionsplex obsession of any kind14.schizophrenia any mental or emotional disorder15.interface connection16.neurotic nervous,eccentric,given to worry17.sadism cruelty18.bottom line conclusion,clincher19.paradigm typical example of sth20.exhibitionism showing off下列词经历了词义褒贬的变化,a和b是演变前后的词义,判断是褒义化还是贬义化1.sturdy 褒 a.stern stubborn reckless b.stout vigorous firm2.reek 贬 a.smoke b.stink3.counterfeit 贬 a.to copy to reproduce b.to imitate with intent to deceive4.fame 褒 a.rumour report b.celebrity renown5.mischievous 褒 a.disastrous b.playfully annoying6.civil 褒 a.of itizens b.cultured; courteous7.smirk 贬 a.smile b.simper8.glamour 褒 a.spell; enchantment b.attractiveness;allure9.busybody 贬 a.busy person b.officious and meddlesome person10.churl 贬 a.freeman b.boor; niggard11.luxury 褒 a.lust b.sumptuousness12.err 贬 a.wander b.go astray13.chiffon 褒 a.rag b.sheer fabric of silk,etc.14.brook 贬 a.to enjoy ; to make use of b.to endure; to tolerate15.elocution 贬 a.style of speaking b.studied or artificial style of speaking16.fair 贬 a.beautiful;pleasant b.moderate ; tolerable17.sergeant褒 a.servant b.non-commissioned officer18.dizzy 褒 a.foolish b.vertiginous19.inquisition贬 a.investigation b.persecution20.sophisticated 褒 a.overly complex or refined b.sufficiently complex or knowing 动物名称比喻人,还可转化为动词描绘人的动作,说明下列词的隐喻意义A.动物名词1.bull 粗壮的男子2.butterfly 举止轻浮的人(尤指妇女)3.cat 刁钻或居心叵测的女子4.dove 温柔或纯真的妇女,儿童;鸽派(美国)5.goose 傻瓜6.hawk 掠夺成性的人;骗子;鹰派(美国)7.jackal 为虎作伥的人;狗腿子mb 温顺的人;小宝贝9.lion 勇猛异常的男人10.magpie 喋喋不休的人11.mule 执拗或顽固的人12.phoenix 超群出众的人13.pig 肮脏或贪吃的人;警察猪猡14.puss 少女或小姑娘15.serpent 阴险的毒辣的人16.sheep 忸怩,温驯或胆小的人17.skunk 卑鄙可恶的人18.sucker 容易上当受骗的人19.swine 下流坯;鄙俗的人20.vixen 泼妇B.动物名称转化为动词 1.to crow over 洋洋自得 2.to ferret 搜索3.to fish for 探求；绕弯打听4.to gull 欺骗,使人上当5.to hound 追逐逼迫6.to monkey 胡闹；嘲弄；模仿7.to parrot 机械仿效,随声附和8.to rat 变节,告密9.to shark 诈骗.勒索10.to snake 蜿蜒前进；拖曳隐喻的基础是形状,功能,褒贬的类似,据此区别以下斜体词语属哪种类型1.the tail of a procession 形状2.a ray of hope 功能3.a wolf in sheep’s clothing 贬义4.an early bird 褒义5.piercing sound 功能6.a flight of fancy 功能7.the cup of the valley 形状8.crocodile tears 贬义9.forks of the road 形状10.to rivet one’s gaze 形状11.golden hours 褒义12.a saddle in the mountains 形状13.loud colours 功能14.stony politeness 贬义15.the mantle of darkness 功能16.Richad the Lion-Heart 褒义17.torments of jealousy 功能18.the ribs of vault 形状19.a watery style of writing 贬义20.skyrocketing prices 形状21.the book of time 功能22.a loan shark 贬义23.to bridle one’s anger 功能24.a smart invention 褒义25.the head of the school 功能26.to dive into a book 形状27.to lend wings to someone 功能28.a mere wisp of a girl 形状29.the lungs of a city 形状30.an unlicked cub 贬义提喻是局部和整体之间的替代.判断下列A组各词和B组中的黑体词是局部喻整体(1)还是整体喻局部(2)所喻意义A1.head cattle 12.redbreast robin 13.corn maize 24.roof house or home 15.cattle cows 26.wheels automobiles 17.blade sword 18.cutthroat murderer 19.the smiling year spring 210.hard tails mules 111.to dial to telephone 112.fox/beaver the fur of the animal 2B. 1.a motor trip/the motor industry 12.meat and drink 13.a mink coat 24.a basket of provisions 25.to have a word with someone 16.to tread a measure 27.All hands on deck! 18.The law was there in force. 2写出下面委婉用语所代替的词1.to refresh oneself: to eat2.deranged: mad3.necropolis: cemetery4.perspiration: sweat5.unwise: foolish6.expectorate: spit7.indigestion : overeating 8.inexpressibles: trousers9nether garments: pants 10.loan-office: pawnshop11.non-whites :blacks 12.in an interesting condition: pregnant13public comfort station :toilet 14.deuce: devil15Golly : God d: Lord17prevaricate : lie id to rest: buried19paying-guests: tenants 20.to be no more: to die简化下列复合名词并译成汉语1.banner headline:banner头号标题2.howler hat:bowler 圆顶大礼帽3.crepe paper:crepe绉织物(如绉绸、绉布等)4.dandy-cart:dandy 二轮小车5.duck egg:duck 零分6.flashback:flash倒叙7.hoarfrost:hoar 白霜8.human being:human 人9.jacquard loom:jacquard 提花机10.jockstrap:jock(运动员等用的)下身护体11.porter’s knot:knot 垫肩12.kraft paper:kraft牛皮纸13.turning-lathe:lathe 车床14.poet laureate:laureate桂冠诗人15.eyelid:lid 眼睑16.linen paper:linen 亚麻纸17.road metal:metal 碎石料18.smelling salts:salts嗅盐19.sapwood:sap 白木质20.Teddy boy:Teddy 无赖青年指出各对同义词的本族语词1.beak-bill2.break-sever3.feed-nourish4.amity-friendship5.prevent-hinder6.begin-commence7.womanly-feminine 8.wet-humid9.solitary-lonely10.people-folk11.deep-profound 12.exterior-outer13.cordial-hearty14.dale-valley15.have-possess 16.conceal-hid e17deed-action 18.holy-sacred19.give-present 20.aid-help21.inner-interior 22.deadly-mortal23.motherly-maternal 24.question-ask25.masculine-manly26.buy-purchase27.thin-tenuous 28.earthly-terrestrial29.royal-kingly30.fatherly-paternal31violin-fiddle32.domestic-homely33.mount-rise34.world-universe35.answer-reply 36.celestial-heavenly37.vivacious-lively38.bodily-corporal39.brotherhood-fraternity 40.aqueous-watery英译汉 1.Chinese cabbage白菜 2.chinese spinach菠菜3.Chinese date 枣子4.Chinese eddo芋头5.Chinese gooseberry 猕猴桃6.Chinese oil桐油7.Chinese goose 鸿雁8.Chinese wall长城9.Chinese block 木鱼10.Chinese boxes套盒11.Chinese ink 墨12.Chinese puzzle七巧板13.Chinese red 橙红色14.Chinese lantern灯笼15.Chinese chequers 跳棋16.Chinese calendar农历17.Chinese herbal medicine中草药18.Chinese restaurant syndrome中国餐厅综合症将下列科学术语译成汉语:1、aerotrain:飞行火车 2.artificial intelligence:人工智能3.astrobiology:太空生物学4.barratrics:肥胖症治疗法5.callositics:遗传分类学6.cogeneration:废热发电7.cosmodon:太空站8.cryonics:人体冷冻学9.cytoecology:细胞生态学10.datamation:自动化数据处理11.dysgenesis:发育不良12.ecosphere:生态层13.euphenics:优种学14.exocrinology:外分泌学15.fetology:胎儿学16.fibre optics:纤维光学17.hard science:硬科学(指自然科学) 18.inertia welding:惯性焊接rmation retrieval:信息检索unch vehicle:运载火箭21.linear algebra:线性代数22.macroinstruction:宏观指令23.marsquake:火星地震24.microprocessor:微型电脑25.neonatology:新生儿生理学26.nerve agent:神经毒剂27.oncogenicity:致癌性28.parameter:参数,参量29.photobotany:光植物学30.planetology:行星学31.plasma physics:等离子物理学32.quantum chemistry:量子化学33.retro-rocketry:制动火箭学34.revascularization:换血管术35.saucerman:外太空人36.sealab:海底实验室37.selenodesy:月面测量学38.test-tube baby:试管婴儿39.thermal breeder-reactor:热增殖反应堆40.videophone:电视电话将下列新复合词译成汉语:1.after-sale service:售后服务2.apartment complex:公寓建筑群3.arm wrestling:扳手腕4.bad-mouth:恶意中伤5.bait-and switch:“上钩掉包”诱售法的6.beam weapon:激光束武器7.bed-in:露宿示威8.body language:身势语9.bubble top:(汽车)透明防弹圆罩10.buzz word:时髦词语11.convenient food:方便食品12.cruise missile:巡航导弹13.cup-tied:参加优胜杯决赛的14.dark comedy:黑色喜剧15.data bank:数据库16.day-care:日托的17.diet pill:减肥丸18.dunk shot:篮球塞射(砸篮)19.family planning:计划生育20.flick-knife:弹簧折刀21.floor exercise:自由体操22.free-associate:自由联想23.happy hour:(酒吧)减价供应饮料的时间24.honey wagon:垃圾车25.hot-dog:太棒了26.man-on-man:(球赛)人盯人27.overhead walkway:行人大桥28.pop-top/ring pull:易拉罐29.pop wine:果味甜酒30.rent strike:集体抗租31.retort pouch:软装罐头32.shunpike:驾车走支路33.sick-out:集体托病怠工34.shinny-dip:裸泳35.sober-up:解酒的36.space talk:宇航术语37.spy-in-the-sky:侦查卫星38.talk show/chat show:名人现场采访节目39.value-added tax:增值税40.vanity surgery:美容外科将下列各词的英式拼写改为美式拼写:1.draught: draft2.plough: plow3.litre: liter4.offence: offense5.pyjamas: pajamas6.cheque: check7.flyer: flier 8.scepticism: skepticism 9.harbour:harbor10.ensure: insure 11.cosy: cozy 12.manoeuvre: maneuver13.civilise: civilize 14.anaemic: anemic 15.gaol:jail16.inflexion: inflection 17.moustache: mustache 18.oesophagus: esophagus19.queue: cue 20.shew: show将下列各词的英式拼写简化为美式拼写:1.counsellor:counselor2.remould: remold3.axe: ax4.cigarette: cigaret5.jewellery:jewelry6.omelette: omelet7.storey: story 8.good-bye: good-by 9.speciality: specialty10.towards: toward 11.waggon: wagon 12.catalogue: catalog13.aluminium: aluminum 14.levelled: leveled 15.moult:molt16.programme: program 17.judgement: judgment 18.licence: license19.amidst: amid 20.practice,practise: practice用一个英语单词代替下列成语:1.of one’s own accord: voluntarily2.exchange blows with: fight3.get away: escape4.on the nail: immediately5.play false: betray6.a slap in the face: insult7.in a body: collectively 8.make head or tail of: understand9.behind the times: unfashionable e across: discover11.under false colours: falsely 12.make away with: destroy13.from time to time: occasionally 14.call on :visit15.neither rhyme nor reason:nonsense 16.throw cold water on: discourage17.by the way: incidentally 18.by word of mouth: verbally19.lord and master: husband 20.behind closed doors: privately将下列名词性成语译成汉语:1.the ace of trumps:主要的王牌,最有力的理由或要据.2.an apple of discord:争端,祸根3.the apple of one’s eye:珍爱的人或东西4.a beast of burden:驮畜5.a bed of roses:称心如意个环境6.a bird of passage:候鸟,漂泊不定的人7.a fish out of water:不适应环境的人8.a Jack of all trades杂而不精的人9.the lion’s share:最大的一份10.a lion in the tongue:拦路虎(尤指臆想的危难)11.a slip of the tongue:口误12.a snake in the grass:隐患13.a wild goose chase:徒劳的搜索,无益的劳动14.a wet blanket:扫兴的人15.a white elephant:无用而累赘的东西16.a swan song:最后的作品17.sour grapes:酸葡萄18.an iron hand:高压手段19.the green-eyed monster:嫉妒20.a dog in the manger:占着茅坑不拉屎的人将下列隐喻成语的适当形式填入句子:1.The shopkeepers speak in slow,measured tones,and the buyers,overwhelmed by thesepulchral atmosphere, follow suit2.Neither does the river theory“hold water”,in the face of what is known about noduledistribution.3.What now seems to be in the air is a multilateral deal be tween the seven countries…..4.When they find who done that last night,who killed that kid an’its mother,thenhightailed it,they’ll throw the book,and never mind who it is……5.For the mighty army of consumers,the ultimate applications of the computer revolutionare still around the bend of a silicon circuit.6.More than 100 reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first timein history were to broadcast a jury trial.7.The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer,and the trial gotunder way.8.P&O,for example,while still out to increase the total…But P&O has no intention ofthrowing in the towel.9.He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase,and Pug gave him a hand.10.On our way back,every U-boat in the Atlantic will certainly be on battle alert.We shallhave to run the gamut.11.One night Churchill took the floor in the Augusta washroom after dinner,…….12.If,at some future date,it becomes the wish of our sister colonies to effect aseparation,we will not stand in the way .13.The fact that their marriage may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have beenbroken or even that…14.The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and,sincethat meat was cheap,the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.15.Like me,they had been divorced from their origins,and it turned out to make very littledifference….they were mo more at home in Europe than I was.16.But what is Anna Karenina describing if not the tragic fate of the isolated individual,atodds with her time and place?17.The illicit jump we find here,on the threshold of the inquiry,is characteric of the …18.These people vote without a qualm for the political parties that quite sensibly-theircountry arm…to the teeth.19.Nowadays New Year is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of stepwith American politics.20.The mother was on the verge of panic.She clutched his arm and kept repeating,…1、It may be objected that he is not sophisticated enough to mediate the disputebetween them.有人可能会提出异议说，他没有足够的本领能调解他们之间的纠纷。
英语词汇学实用教程 陈新仁 课后答案
A word of warning: Not all the keys provided here are correct. Use your brainsUnit 1 pp. 9-16P.9 Check Your Understanding: a-d: F e. TIn-Class Activities 1 … f. Word has it they’re divorcing.a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; messageP10 2. (1) five criteria:Potential pause: The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fall between words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the roughChinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No, they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚are danchuci (单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.P11 3. (1)Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of, to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着3. (2)They are basically functional words.possessive words (of, 的)number words (a,一)copula words (is, 是)conjunctions (and, 和) andlocalizers (in, 在);English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you, that and it which are absent in Chinese.4.words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated)onomatopoeic words “sl-” is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.(1) Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2) Football and handball concern the body part which kick/pass the ball from one place to another, and basketball isnamed after a basket into which the ball is put.(3) People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns themetaphor and second metonymy.(4) Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5.British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short)P13(1) half, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) grammatical differences: In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say“leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) distinctive spellings:For Chinese characters “博览会”, British English has “fair”while American English users trade show. “L ift and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) same words with different meanings:one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorpants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. Barack Obama’s choice of words(1) Empathy means identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s sho esSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Hope, according to Obama, is that something better is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it, if we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) “As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers: Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country. (据说他已经离开这个国家了).” But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. underline word equivalentsLanguage is composedof not just individualwords, but also wordequivalents, such asword groups (orcompound words),chunks such as idioms,formulaic sequences,and so. The latter isattracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.Unit 2 pp. 24 -29Check Your Understanding: a-e. FIn-Class Activities 1.(1) S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or avowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. prefixes of negation: a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-symmetry→asymmetry typical→atypical forgettable →unforgettable tie→untiearticulate →inarticulate, discreet →indiscreet mature →immature, partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such asemployment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.(1) No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun.(2) morphological structure:inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind.4. (1) Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) complete conversions5. (1) Tue →Tuesday, Sun →Sunday, PM →post meridiem(2) 1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.(1) Marathon--telethon/ talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) 无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7. (1)a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line: B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) “safety line” vs. “safe line”:NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. A;d. C;e. A;f. D2. a. intangibility b. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistim/migrate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick” (and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion;stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. prince/princeling, under/underling, world/worlding, child/childish, self/selfish, fool/foolish6. Acronyms:NATO = North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationInitialisms:EU 欧盟= European Union;ABC = American Broadcasting Corporation 美国广播公司orAustralian Broadcasting Corporation 澳大利亚广播公司;U.S. =the United StatesKeys to Unit 3Check Your Understandinga. Fb. Fc. Td. Fe. FIn-class Activities1. (1) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In SentenceA-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(2) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(3) The words “high” and “highly” cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in Group C. In Sentence C-a,“high” is an adjective and functions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, “highly” is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2. (1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。
词汇学。
1. 定义：Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2. sound和meaning关系：There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German， ’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.
a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabularctional words are in a small number.
b. Content words are growing.
Borrowed words外来语 （loan words， borrowing） – words taken over from foreign language. 80%
According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.
英语词汇学复习题5
英语词汇学复习题(五)I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)1.The great majority of the basic word stock of the English language are nativewords, that is, words of Anglo-Saxon origin.2.Suffixation is different from conversion in that it does not change the word-classof the base.3.Words of a semantic field are synonymous.4.Clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which isalso available in its full form.5.Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical meaning.6. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to treatcomponents in terms of binary opposites.7. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word.8.Many English words cannot be analyzed in terms of semantic features.9.All words have antonyms.10.The impact of context on meaning differs from one word to another and from oneinstance or passage to another.II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%)11.The English language from ______ to the present is called Modern English.(A) 450 (B) 1100(C) 1500 (D) 180012.The sentence “John was fired for petty thieving.” Is stylistically ________.(A) literal (B) colloquial(C) archaic (D) neutral13.Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.(A) OPEC (B) CIA(C) stylistic (D) affective14.The definition of a word given in the dictionary is called its _____ meaning.(A) connotative (B) denotative(C) stylistic (D) affective15.In terms of oppositeness of meaning, ________ is a pair of conversives.(A)“deep” and “shallow”(B)“present” and “absent”(C)“love” and “hate”(D)“above” and “below”16.In the group of words “ride, run, walk, go, fly”, “go” is a ________.(A) superordinate term (B) hyponym(C) subordinate term (D) hyponymy17. The word “success” used to mean “result, outcome”, now it means “a favorableoutcome or result”. This is an example of __________ of meaning.(A) elevation (B) degeneration(C) extension (D) restriction18. The language the early immigrants brought them to America was differentfrom present English; the greatest difference lies in ________.(A) spelling (B) pronunciation(C) grammar (D) vocabulary19. _________ serves as a typical example of euphemism.(A) “Pious” meaning “hypocritically virtuous”(B) “A mental hospital” referring to “a madhouse”(C) “A landscape architect” meaning “a gardener”(D) “Slow learners” referring to “underachievers”1.Oxford English Dictionary is a ___________ dictionary.(A) pocket (B) medium-size(C) descriptive (D) prescriptiveIII. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word, B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)21. acidhead 26. fashion22. formal 27. recycle23. preplant 28. honesty24. lab 29. phone25. ready 30. ashtrayIV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)31. back-formation32. polysemyV. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%)33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate yourpoints with examples.34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%)35. Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How iscontext classified?英语词汇学参考答案(五)I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 9.F 10. TII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%)11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D16. A 17. D18. D 19.B 20. CIII. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word,B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)21. B 26. A22. C 27. C23. C 28. C24. D 29. D25. A 30. BIV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)31. Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb “resurrect” was formed from the noun “resurrection” by removing the supposed derivative suffix “-ion”. 32. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy. For example, the word “fair” has various meanings; (of results) average, quite good”; (of attitude, behaviour) just and honest; impartial”; (of the weather) clear and sunny”; (of amount) satisfactory, abundant”, etc. V. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%)33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate your points with examples.A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of a language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.A morpheme is not identical with a syllable, since the latter had nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la·dy, croc·o·dile, and sal·a·man·der. Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond, as shown in the above examples where a morpheme is represented by more than one syllable. Another good example is the word disagreeable, which consists of five syllables as against three morphemes(dis+agree+able).34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound symbol and its sense. E.g. the thing called “house” in English, is called maison in French, 房子(fang zi) in Chinese, dom in Russian, and casa in Spanish. A more convincing evidence of conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound symbol and meaning can be illustrated by a set of homophones, write, right and rite. They are pronounced the same but convey entirely different meanings.Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. The great majority of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated.Motivation can arise in three major ways: 1. Phonetic motivation: words phonetically motivated are called echoic or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. E.g. woof of a dog, miaow of a cat; 2.Morphological motivation: A word is morphologically motivated when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. E.g. readable means “that can be read”, modernize means “ to make sth modern”; 3. Se mantic motivation: refers to motivation based on semantic factors, it is a kind of mental association. E.g. a stony heart, the leg of a table, etc.VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%) Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How is context classified?Context can be classified into two major types: linguistic context and extra-linguistic context/context of situation.A. Linguistic context, which can further be divided into three types:1) Lexical context: lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. For instance, the verb make can be used in many different senses when it is combined with different lexical items, e.g.:The regulations were made (enacted) to protect children.We made (had) a good lunch before leaving.The train was making(traveling at a speed of) 70 miles an hour.2) Grammatical context: In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take the verb get for example; its meaning varies in different syntactical structures:get+n.(meaning “to receive”): I got a letter today.Get+adj. (meaning “to become”): He’s getting better.Get+infinitive(meaning “to succeed in doing”): If I get to see him, I’ll tell him.3) Verbal context in its broad sense: the verbal context, in its braodest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. B. Extra-linguistic context/Context of situationBesides linguistic context, extra-linguistic context or context of situation also exerts a considerable influence on word meaning. It includes:1) The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs. E.g. the word operation may mean “a surgical operation” in the situation of a hospital, a strategic movement in the situation of military actions, or the way a machine works when related to mechanics.2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set. E.g. the word peasant means totally different ideas in the western and Chinese cultures.。
词汇学考试解答题。。。
Simple Questions一51.Exemplify the difference between elevation and degeneration?51. When the word meaning narrows towards a more favorable meaning, it is called elevation or amelioration. e.g.: inn (小客栈—旅店as in Holiday Inn), marshal (喂马的人horse tender—元帅、高级指挥官).Degeneration: When the meaning of a word narrows towa4rd an unfavorable meaning or depreciates with time, it is called degeneration or pejoration. The following examples can illustrate it: crafty once meant “strong”and now refers to “wily”; “cunning” once meant “knowledgeable” and now means “clever in a sly way”.52. Exemplify the difference between synonymy and hyponymy.52. Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer a major type of sense relation between lexical items, in which words have the same lexical meaning but differ in morphological structure, phonological form and usage. In short, synonymy is used to mean the sameness between lexical items; (1 score) while hyponymy refers to the sense relation between the general lexical term and the specific lexical term. (1 score)Take the following two groups of words for example:go: walk, ride, run, fly, sail, stride, trot, etc. (1 score)go: leave, depart, advance, move, proceed, etc. (1 score)The lexical items in Group (1) best illustrate hyp onymy, for those words are subordinates of “go”, the superordinate, providing a specific way of “going”; the words in Group (2) have similarity in meaning with “go”, being the “coordinators”of “go”, therefore they are synonyms. (1 score)53. Make a summary about the compounds. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.53. Out-going, sit-in and forty-story are compounds.Out-going is an adjective compound combined of adverb “out”and -ing participle “going”. Sit-in is a noun compound combined of verb “sit” and adverb “in”. The last one forty-storey is also an adjective compound consists of a numeral “forty”and a noun “storey”.54. How can we classify English vocabulary by its level of usage?54. Key points:Bye level of usage, we can classify English vocabulary as common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words:Common words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to daily life. Literary words are chiefly used in writing, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Colloquial words are described as everyday words which have been around for a long time and are often used in informal speeches. Slang words are every-changing set of colloquial words generally considered distinct from and socially lower than the standard language. Technical words include formal specialized language or jargon to trade, job, or group.55. What’s wrong with the following sentence? Please give your explanation and try to improve it. The police were orderedto stop drinking about midnight.55. Key points：（1）it is ambiguous ;（2）ambiguity caused by the structure; （3）stop drinking can be understood as 1）police stop drinking by themselves , 2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement:1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.总的：1. Analyze the underlined words in the following sentence.Sentence: When the going gets tough, the tough get going.The two “goings”and “toughs”are different. (1 score) The first “going”has been converted into a noun, while the second “tough” has been converted into a noun from an adjective. (2 score) Conversion has made these two words change from one part of speech to another word-class. (2 score)2. Exemplify the difference between synonymy and hyponymy.Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer a major type of sense relation between lexical items, in which words have the same lexical meaning but differ in morphological structure, phonological form and usage. In short, synonymy is used to mean the sameness between lexical items; (1 score) while hyponymy refers to the sense relation between the general lexical term and the specific lexical term. (1 score)Take the following two groups of words for example:go: walk, ride, run, fly, sail, stride, trot, etc. (1 score)go: leave, depart, advance, move, proceed, etc. (1 score)The lexical items in Group (1) best illustrate hyponymy, for those words are subordinates of “go”, the superordinate, providi ng a specific way of “going”; the words in Group (2) have similarity in meaning with “go”, being the “coordinators”of “go”, therefore they are synonyms. (1 score)二：51. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.51. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome52. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?52. Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.53. Make a summary about the compounds. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.53. Out-going, sit-in and forty-story are compounds.Out-going is an adjective compound combined of adverb “out” and -ing participle “going”.Sit-in is a noun compound combined of ver b “sit” and adverb “in”. The last one forty-storey is also an adjective compound consists of a numeral “forty”and a noun “storey”.54. What are the features of compounds?54. Generally, the compound’s head is its rightmost element, e.g.: high chair, living-room.Most compounds are endocentric and one constituent determinates the other; one feature of some compounds is that the two constituents are equal and neither determines the other, e.g.: fighter-bomber; Compounding is recursive because a compound word can be a component of another compound; compounds usually contain no inflection or modification.55. How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.55. 46.There are four types of motivation:1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.三：51. How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases? Give examples to support your point.51. (1) Phonological criterion—stress pattern. In a compound, the stress usually falls on the second element, e.g. green hand (compound), (free phrase); dark house (compound),(2) Semantic criterion. The meaning of a compound is generally different from the combination of the two elements whereas that of a free phrase is not, e.g. red tape as a compound means “bureaucracy”, but as a free phrase it means “a tape that is red in co lour”,the same is true of dog days, which means “a period of summer which is extremely hot”, not the days for dogs.(3) Grammatical criterion. Each compound is a grammatical unit which is inseparable, so generally no changes should occur within it, e.g. fine art cannot be changed into “finer arts”, nor cry boy into “cries boy” or “heartsbeat”, etc.52. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.52. (1) suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.(2) Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.53. What’s wrong with the following sentence? Please give your explanation and try to improve it.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.53. Key points：（1）it is ambiguous ;（2）ambiguity caused by the structure; （3）stop drinking can be understood as 1）police stop drinking by themselves , 2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement:1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.54. What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.54. Key points: borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (students must provide the necessary examples)55. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner55. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.Essay writing56. Please illustrate how this course, English Lexicology, benefits you in English language learning. （atleast 250 words）56. What could be implication of lexicology in language learning or teaching? Please write an essay to illustratewhat you think is valuable. (at least 250 words)56. Please illustrate how the different types of word formation process that can benefit you in vocabulary learning. （at least 250 words）。
夏洋邵林主编英语词汇学教程unit5
蟋蟀、蜘蛛、葡萄、蜈蚣、人、天 人民、机器、不吃 扩音机、水仙花、三轮车
Morpheme vs. Character 词素与字
▪ “X帝”是词素还是语素？ ▪ 词素对于汉语分类是一个关键问题。如果解决汉语中的词素问题，即发现词素的表征特点，这对于汉语词类 研究应该有很重要的作用。 ▪ In Chinese, a morpheme is usu. a character. ▪ I. one character may be correspondent to more than one morphemes.一个汉字代表着几个不同的词素。 如：“副”这个字就起码代表三个词素——“副1”：表示“第二的、次级的”的意思；“副2”：表示“相配、相称”的意 思；“副3”：表示某种事物的计量单位。 ▪ II. One morpheme may be represented by more than one character.同一词素可以同时由不同的汉字来表示 如：“来吧”的“吧”也可以写成“罢”。 ▪ III. One character may involve two morphemes.一个汉字可以包含两个词素。
eg1: Give the noun forms of the following words. invent describe justify decide
Allomorph
key: invent + ion justify + cation
describe + tion decide + sion
re + act + ion act + ion re + act act
base
Practቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱce
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
词汇学答案
2009年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（A）1.1-6A. meaningB. soundC. combination of soundsD. group2. The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（C）1.3-8A. more slowly thanB. as quickly asC. more rapidly thanD. not so quickly as3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（A）1.5-11A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound4. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（B）.2.3-30A. green revolutionB. fast foodC. moon walkD. space shuttle5. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （B）.2.4-31A. formB. meaningC. lookD. pronunciation6. Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance,in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（D）.2.4-32A. fourB. fellC. forD. autumn7. The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______（B）3.2-38A. /t/B. /g/C. /p/D. /k/8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（C）3.3.1-39A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（A）3.3.2-41A. worksB. prewarC. postwarD. bloody10. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（B）4-45 A. compounding B. affixationC. conversionD. shortening11. The word “motel” is created by ______.（C）4.4-63A. compoundingB. clippingC. blendingD. suffixation12. “BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（A）4.6-66A. acronymyB. clippingC. back-formationD. prefixation13. The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（D）.5.3-87A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. literal meaning14. By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（D）.5.2.4-85A. onomatopoeicB. morphologicalC. semanticD. etymological15. ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.（B）.5.1.2-82 A. Reference B. ConceptC. SenseD. Motivation16. Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（D）.6.6-119A. word formationB. word meaningC. meaning changeD. sense relations17. When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（C）6.1-95A. semanticB. onomatopoeicC. monosemicD. polysemic18. The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereasthe first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（B）6.3.4-109A. ire/angerB. rich/wealthyC. forlorn/distressedD. bliss/happiness19. Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his wordswere used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（A）7-134A. sensesB. formsC. dialectsD. terms20. The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（A）7.1.1-135 A. extension B. elevationC. narrowingD. degradation21. In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word“respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（B）7.1.4-140A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（D.8.2-155A. Elimination of ambiguity.B. Indication of referents.C. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D. Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23. The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.（ B）.8.2.1-155A. grammatical contextB. polysemyC. antonymyD. hyponymy24. In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but asou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（C）.8.2.3-158A. relevant detailsB. synonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy25. The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms areconcerned.（A）9.3.2-173 A. alliteration B. metaphorC. metonymyD. rhyme26. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（C）9.9-165A. Sentence idioms.B. Idioms adverbial in nature.C. Clausal idioms.D. Idioms nominal in nature.27. The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（D）9.3.3-176A. replacementB. additionC. shorteningD. repetition28. Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（B）10-184A. spellingB. syntactical usageC. pronunciationD. definition29. As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, mostelaborately treated one（A）10.3.3-202A. A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC. A New English-Chinese DictionaryD. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation30. Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（C）10.1.4-188A. unabridgedB. deskC. specializedD. encyclopedicⅡ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer;2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function ofaffixes. (10%)A B（C. transfer of sensations）31. She burst into passionate sobbing. A.juxtaposition9.3.2-174（I. associated transfer）32. He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B. notional word 1.5.2-16（G. functional word）33. and C. transfer of sensations 7.1.4-143（H. inflectional affix）34. the man’s coat D. abstract to concrete7.1.4-144（A. juxtaposition）35. here and there E. derivational affix3.3.2-41（B. notional word）36. moon F. alliteration 9.3.2-173（F. alliteration）37. rough and ready G. functional word 1.5.2-16（E. derivational affix）38. ex-prisoner H. inflectional affix3.3.2-41（J. rhyme）39. fair and square I. associated transfer7.2.1-140（D. abstract to concrete）40. Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J.rhyme9.3.2-173Ⅲ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a _meaningful_______ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.1.1-642. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: _creation_______, semantic change and borrowing.2.4-3143. We might say that free morphemes are free _roots_______.3.3.1-3944. The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called___affixation_____. 4.1-4645. Semantic ___motivation_____ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 5.2.3-8546. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully _identical_______ with regard to spelling and pronunciation. 6.2.3-10247. Vocabulary is the most _unstable_______ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.7-13448. Ambiguity often arises due to _polysemy_______ and homonymy.8.2.1-15549. Idioms consist of set _phrases_______ and short sentences.9-16250. Monolingual dictionaries are written in __one______ language.10.1.1-184Ⅳ. Define the following terms.（10%）51. Morpheme 3.1-38答案：T he morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'.52. Homonym 6.2-100答案：Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.53. connotation 5.3.2-87答案：connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.54. Elevation 7.1.3-138答案：Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.55. Idiom 9-162答案：Idiom are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）56. As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words? 2.3-30答案：Generally, there are three main sources of new words：the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures andlanguages.57. What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point.4.2.1-52答案：Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, “a green handis an ‘inexperienced person’, not a hand that is green in colour.58. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of thecharacteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example. 6.4-112Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.答案：False. Contrary terms are gradable anttonyms, differing in degree of intensity. Antonyms of Contrary terms are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Antonyms such as rich /poor，old/young, big /small represent two points at both ends of the pole. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other. We can say:A man is rich or very rich；one man is richer than the other. Sue’s house is big and Mary’s house is small; Sue’s house is bigger than Mary’s. This shows semantic relativity. Sue’s house is relatively big,compared with Ma ry’s house, Mary’s house may be relatively big now than before, considering the fact that there are fewer people living with her- This is obviously subjective and depends on the speaker’s atti tude.59. How do you account for the context function as indication of referents? 8.2.2-156-157答案：English has a large number of words such as now/ then, here/ there, I/you, this/ that, which are often used to refer directly to people, time, place, etc. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing. For example, the word now always means the time of speaking, naturally referring to a past time when the speech took place in the past or a present moment if the person is speaking. It is the same with all referring expressions. Even a phrase like the Prime Minister may bring about ambiguity without adequate verbal context, for it can be used to refer to any of the Prime Ministers in British history.Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）60. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font. —“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied. 6.2.4-102答案：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet after a long time. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to his advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant. Long time no sea implies that “sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating.”61. Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below. 7.2.2-144（1）gold, bulb;（2）deer, beast, animals;（3）fortuitous, fruition.答案：(1) internal factors: The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within thelanguage system. One type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which reta ins the meaning of the whole, e.g. gold is used for ‘gold medal’, and bulb for ‘light bulb’,(2) the influx: The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning. For instance,deer formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, animal retained the original meaning, the meaning of deer was narrowed and beast changed in colour.(3) analogy: Finally, the change of meaning is brought about by analogy. Fortuitous formerlydenoted ‘happening by chance’, ‘accidenta l and later took on the meaning ‘fortunate’ probably by analogy because the two words look similar. It is the same with fruition, the original meaning being ‘a pleasure obtained from using or possessing something’，which had nothing to do with fruit. Its meaning of ‘the bearing of fruit’ was due to the later association with the word fruit.2009年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（C）1.5-11A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （A）1.5.1-13A. Orchestra.B. Bottom line.C. Ballpark figures.D. Bargaining chips.3. In the sentence “It is fun to play with children.”, there are ______ content words. （B ）1.5.2-16A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（B）2.3-30A. open heart surgeryB. fast foodC. moon walkD. space shuttle5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance,the Americans use “sick” for ______ in British English. （D）2.4-32A. sixB. ailmentC. throwing upD. ill6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______endings. （ A ）2.2.2-28A. leveledB. shortC. longD. paralleled7. The p lural morpheme “-s” is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.（ B ）3.2-38 A. packs B. bagsC. cheatsD. ships8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（D）3.3.1-39A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （ D ）3.3.2-41A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks10. The suffix “-tion” is a ______ suffix. （D）4.1.2-50A. adjectiveB. verbC. adverbD. noun11. From the sentences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can seesuch a means of word formation as ______. （C）4.3-57A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy12. The word “beg” comes from the word “beggar”. Such a way of creating a new word is called______. （D）4.7-68A. suffixationB. clippingC. blendingD. back-formation13. “Pen” and “sword” in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.” are ______motivated words. （ A ）5.2.3-85A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically14. “Tables, men, potatoes” have the same ______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning.（B）5.3.1-86A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. conceptualD. associative15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （ C ）5.3.2-88A. formalB. literaryC. argumentativeD. slang16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （C）6.1.2-99A. neckB. boardC. candidateD. harvest17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographsand homophones. （C ）6.2.1-100A. intensityB. propertyC. similarityD. variety18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including______ and associative meanings. （A）6.3.2-105A. conceptualB. perceptualC. eventualD. actual19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning.（ A ）7.1.2-137 A. specialization B. realizationC. evolutionD. creation20. As far as transfer is concerned, the phrase “loud colours” falls into the category of transfer ______.（D）7.1.4-141A. from concrete to abstract meaningsB. from abstract to concrete meaningsC. through associationD. of sensations21. In the sentence “She said with an embarrassed laugh.”, the word “embarrassed” can beclassified into ______ sense of transfer. （A）7-148A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers”.（ C ）8.1.2-153 A. cultural B. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ ornon-linguistic context. （A）8.1-149A. extra-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. syntactical24. In the sentence “Many United Nations employee s are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaksfive languages.”, the word “polyglot” is explained by ______ clue. （B）8.2.3- 157 A. definition B. exampleC. synonymyD. hyponymy25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （A）9.3.1-171A. Frozen style.B. Slang.C. Literary style.D. Colloquialisms.26. “Chop and change” is an idiom ______ in nature. （A）9.2.3-167A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The change of idiom “the last straw” from the origina l form is ______.（ D ）9.3.3-177A. replacementB. dismemberingC. additionD. shortening28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries.（B）10.1.2-185A. linguisticB. encyclopediaC. specializedD. unabridged29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （A）10.1.4-188A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT______. （ C ）10.3.1-195A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usagesB. its simple and clear definitionsC. its use of extra columnD. its meticulous and complete grammatical informationⅡ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% )A B(A. contradictory term of antonym ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A.contradictory term of antonym6.4.1-113(I. idiom verbal in nature ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate6.5-117(C. homograph ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C.homograph6.2.1-100 (G. bound morphemes) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature9.2.1-166(F. relative term of antonym ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words1.5.2-16(H. free morphemes ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym6.4.1-113(B. superordinate/subordinate ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes3.3.2-39(J. idiom adjectival in nature ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes 3.3.1-39(E. notional words ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature9.2.3-167(D. idiom nominal in nature ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in nature 9.2.2-166Ⅲ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of _meaning_____.1.1-642. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and_borrowing_____.2.4-3143. _Bound_____ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.3.3.2-3944. Prefixes only modify the _meaning_____ of the stem.4.1.1-4645. Lexical _meaning_____ of a word has two components: conceptual meaning and associativemeaning.5.3.1-8746. In dictionaries, a _polysemant_____ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereashomonyms are listed as separate entries.6.2.3-10247. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changedbecause the _referent_____ has changed. 7.2.1-14148. The sentence “I lost Betty's picture.” is ambiguous due to _polysemy_____.8-15549. Based on the criterion of _grammatical_____ functions, idioms may be classified into fivegroups.9.2-16550. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both _linguistic_____ dictionariesand encyclopedia.10.1.2-185Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%)51. word 1.1-7答案：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.52. clipping 4.5-64答案：Clipping is a common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead .53. onomatopoeic 5.2.1-83答案：The meaning of a word relating to its sound.54. synchronic approach 6.1.1-97答案：An approach to polysemy, by which polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.55. desk dictionaries 10.1.3-187答案：Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000, most used on desks.Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions? 2.2.3- 29答案：In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? 3.3.2-41 答案：Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages? 7.2- 141答案：There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning. One is Extra-linguistiic Factors( historical reasion, class reason and Psychological reason), and the other is Liguistic Factors( shorting, the influx of borrowings and analogy).59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell whatcontextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings. 8.2.3-157答案：Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In manycases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages togive hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea.A: Example B: Explanation C: DefinitionⅥ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of theextra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below. 7.2.1-141pen, atomchurlcopperhead答案：1. Historical reason . it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaninghas changed because the referent has changed. Take pen for example. Originally, it denoted feather, which was used in the west as pen in old times, hence the present meaning. The concept of atom too has changed with the increase of scientific knowledge. The word is derived from the Greek form atomos，which meant ‘any of the indivisible particles’. Now science has proved that atom is not the smallest and can be divided into even smaller particles, hence the abandonment of the original meaning.2. Class reason . The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in thecase of elevation or degradation. For instance, Churl, hussy, wench, villain as we already know were originally neutral in colour but have all down-graded as ‘ill-mannered or bad people .3. Psychological reason .The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc.are often due to psychological factors. Take copperhead for example. This word designates a ven-omous snake in North America. During the American Civil War it was employed to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding and abetting the South.61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation andconcatenation with the words neck and treacle. 6.1.2- 98-99答案：1.Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. The word neck affords another good example. The primary meaning is that part of man or animal joining the head to the body;the second meaning is that part of the garmente.g. the neck of lamb , the neck of a violin .2. Concatenation meaning ‘linking together’,is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts. The word treacle is anillustrative example ( WNWD)：(1)wild beast；(2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts；(3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison；(4)any effective remedy；(5) (BrE) molassesSenses (1) and (2) are now entirely lost; (3) and (4) are obsolete, and only (5) remains common in use. Without a knowledge of etymology of the word，no one can make any connection between sense (1) and sense (5).2010年4 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （ B ）1.1-6A. smallB. meaningfulC. vocalD. large2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standardgeneral words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （ C ）1.5.1-14A. TerminologyB. JargonC. SlangD. Argot3. “I'm sure that they will come today.”There are____content words in the above sentence. （ B）1.5.2-16A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabularydevelops? （D）2.4-31A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.5. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT____.( A )2.3-30A. kungfu dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate6. In modern times, ____is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. （D ）2.4-31A. semantic changeB. borrowingC, expansion D. creation7. The plural morphme “-s” is realizd by/Iz/after the following sounds EXCEPT____.( B )3.2-38A. /s/B. /g/c. /z/ D. /ろ/8. The wo rd “idealistic” comprises ____morphemes. （C）3.3.2-39A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____.( B )3.3.2-41A. happierB. workerC. harderD. taller10. “Washing machine” is a word formed by____.（B ）4.2.1-53A. prefixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending11. “TV” is a(n) ____.（A ）4.6.1-66A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound12. The prefix “mis-” in the word “mistrust” is a ____prefix. （ C ）4.1.1-47A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative13. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of “word meaning”? （ D ）5.1-81A. Reference.B. Concept.C. Sense.D. Pronunciation.14. Such synonymous pair as “die-pass away” has the same ____but different stylistic values. （ B ）5.1.2-83A. referenceB. conceptC. motivationD. style15. The word “airmail” is ____motivated. （D ）5.2.2-84A. onomatopoeicallyB. etymologicallyC. semanticallyD. morphologically。
英语词汇学课本习题答案
Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents, we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖, ―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。
选择性Unit5Poems高中英语新教材超前集中词汇学习(人教版2019)教师版
【人教版2019】高中英语新教材超前集中词汇学习选择性必修第三册Unit 5Poems 教师版主题语境：人与社会——文学艺术第一部分集中熟记Ⅰ. 课文词汇drama/ˈdrɑːmə/n. 戏；剧；戏剧艺术sorrow /ˈsɒrəʊ/ n. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事vi. 感到悲伤imagery /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/ n. 形象的描述；意象；像literary /ˈlɪtərəri/ adj. 文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的rhyme /raɪm/ n. 押韵词；押韵的短诗vi. & vt. （使）押韵rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ n. 节奏；韵律；规律nursery /ˈnɜːsəri/ adj. 幼儿教育的n. 托儿所；保育室nursery rhyme 童谣；儿歌folk /fəʊk/ adj. 民间的；民俗的；普通百姓的mockingbird /ˈmɒkɪŋbɜːd/ n. 嘲鸫（美洲鸣禽，能模仿别种鸟的鸣叫）diamond/ˈdaɪəmənd/ n. 钻石；金刚石；菱形brass/brɑːs/ n. 黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器billygoat /ˈbɪli ɡəʊt/ n. 公山羊bull /bʊl/ n. 公牛recite /rɪˈsaɪt/vt. 背诵；吟诵；列举bee /biː/ n. 蜜蜂dewdrop /ˈdjuːdrɒp/ n. 露珠；水珠dawn /dɔːn/ n. 黎明；开端；萌芽clover /ˈkləʊvə(r)/ n. 三叶草butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ n. 蝴蝶lawn /lɔːn / n. 草坪；草地amateur /ˈæmətə(r)/ n. 业余爱好者adj. 业余的；业余爱好的cinquain /sɪŋ'keɪn/ n. 五行诗be made up of 由……组成（构成）mood/muːd/ n. 情绪；心情；语气tease /tiːz/ vi. & vt. 取笑（某人）；揶揄；逗弄haiku/ˈhaɪkuː/ n. 俳句syllable /ˈsɪləbl/ n. 音节format/ˈfɔːmæt/ n. 格式；总体安排；（出版物的）版式vt. 格式化respectively/rɪˈspektɪvli/ adv. 分别；各自；依次为respective /rɪˈspektɪv/ adj. 分别的；各自的blossom /ˈblɒsəm/ n. 花朵；花簇delicate/ˈdelɪkət/ adj. 精美的；精致的；脆弱的await /əˈweɪt/ vt. 等候；期待；将发生在revolve/rɪˈvɒlv / vi. 旋转；环绕；转动utter /ˈʌtə(r)/ vt. 出声；说；讲adj. 完全的；十足的；彻底的comprehension/ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃn / n. 理解力；领悟力；理解练习shelf /ʃelf/ n. (pl. shelves / ʃelvz/ ) 架子；搁板core /kɔː/ n. 核心；精髓；（水果的）核儿cherry /ˈtʃeri/ n. 樱桃；樱桃树；樱桃色adj. 樱桃色的；鲜红色的cherry blossom 樱花blank/blæŋk/ adj. 空白的；无图画（或韵律、装饰）的；没表情的n. 空白；空格verse /vɜːs/ n. 诗；韵文；诗节civilian /səˈvɪliən/ n. 平民；老百姓prose /prəʊz/ n. 散文sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/ adj. 同情的；有同情心的；赞同的sympathy/ˈsɪmpəθi/ n. 同情；赞同version/ˈvɜːʃn/ n. 版本；（从不同角度的）说法innocence /ˈɪnəsns/ n. 天真；单纯；无罪innocent/ˈɪnəsnt/ adj. 天真无邪的；无辜的；无恶意的era/ˈɪərə/ n. 时代；年代；纪元correspondence /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/ n. 来往信件；通信联系correspond/ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/ vi. 相一致；符合；相当于；通信sow /səʊ/ vt. & vi. (sowed, sown /səʊn/ or sowed ) 播种；种seed /siːd/ n. 种子；起源；萌芽dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ adj. 首要的；占支配地位的；显著的sonnet /ˈsɒnɪt/ n. 十四行诗deadline/ˈdedlaɪn/ n. 最后期限；截止日期contest /ˈkɒntest/ n. 比赛；竞赛；竞争/ kɒnˈtest/vt. 争取赢得（比赛、选举等）；争辩polish /ˈpɒlɪʃ/ vt. 修改；润色；抛光n. 上光剂；抛光；擦亮string /strɪŋ/ n. 细绳；线；一串vt. ( strung / strʌŋ /,strung ）悬挂；系adj. 弦乐器的；线织的wherever /weərˈevə(r)/ conj. 在任何地方；在所有……的情况下adv. （用于问句）究竟在（到）哪里barren/ˈbærən/ adj. 贫瘠的；不结果实的grief /ɡriːf/ n. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事complicated/ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 复杂的；难懂的variation/ˌveəriˈeɪʃn/ n. 变化；变体；变奏曲；racial /ˈreɪʃl/ adj. 种族的；人种的prejudice /ˈpredʒʊdɪs/ n. 偏见；成见vt. 使怀有（或形成）偏见Shakespeare /ˈʃeɪkspɪə/ 莎士比亚（英国作家、诗人）The Crescent /kresnt/ Moon《新月集》Tagore /təˈɡɔː/ 泰戈尔（印度诗人、文学家Elizabeth Barrett Browning /ɪ'lɪzəbəθ'bærətˈbraʊnɪŋ/伊丽莎白・巴雷特・布朗宁（英国诗人）Robert Browning 罗伯特・布朗宁（英国诗人）the Victorian /vikˈtɔːriən/ era 维多利亚时代Sonnets from the Portuguese /ˌpɔːtʃuˈgiːz/ 《葡萄牙人的十四行诗集》Langston Hughes /ˈlæŋstənˈhjuːz/Ⅰ. 核心词汇分类记忆阅读词汇学其意1. diamond n. 钻石；金钢石；菱形2. literary adj. 文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的3. mood n. 情绪；心情；语气4. rhyme n. 押韵词；押韵的短诗vi. &vt. (使)押韵5. rhythm n. 节奏；韵律；规律6. nursery adj. 幼儿教育的n. 托儿所；保育室7. format n. 格式；总体安排；(出版物的)版式vt. 格式化8. dominant adj. 首要的；占支配地位的；显著的9. prejudice n. 偏见；成见vt. 使怀有(或形成)偏见10. variation n. 变化；变体；变奏曲高频词汇知其形1. sorrow n. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事vi. 感到悲伤2. folk adj. 民间的；民俗的；普通百姓的3. recite vt. 背诵；吟诵；列举4. amateur n. 业余爱好者adj. 业余的；业余爱好的5. delicate adj. 精美的；精致的；脆弱的6. shelf n. 架子；搁板7. blank adj. 空白的；没表情的n. 空白；空格8. sow vt. &vi. 种；播种9. dawn n. 黎明；开端；萌芽10. tease vi. &vt. 取笑(某人)；揶揄；逗弄11. deadline n. 最后期限；截止日期12. string n. 细绳；线；一串vt. 悬挂；系adj. 弦乐器的；线织的拓展词汇通变化1．sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；伤心事vi. 感到悲伤→sorrowful adj. 悲伤的2．literature n．文学→literary adj. 文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的3．recite vt. 背诵；吟诵；列举→recitation n．背诵4．respect n．& vt. 尊敬；敬重→respectable adj. 值得尊敬的→respectful adj. 恭敬的→respective adj. 分别的；各自的→respectively adv. 分别；各自；依次为5．imagery n．比喻；图像→imagine v．想像6．comprehend v．理解→comprehension n．理解力；领悟力；理解练习→comprehensive adj. 理解的7．sympathy n．同情；赞同→sympathetic adj. 同情的；有同情心的；赞同的8．innocence n．天真；单纯；无罪→innocent adj. 天真无邪的；无辜的；无恶意的→innocently adv. 无罪地9．correspond vi. 相一致；符合；相当于；通信→correspondence n．来往信件；通信联系→corresponding adj.相应的；相关的→correspondent n．通讯员；记者高频词块明搭配1．to the point 简洁中肯；简明恰当2．be made up of 由……组成(构成)3．consist of 由……组成(构成)4．be popular with 受某人的欢迎5．make sense 讲得通；有意义6．play with the words 玩文字游戏7．give it a try 试一试8．hold onto 握住9．be related to 与……有联系10．in particular 特别；尤其11．convince sb of sth 使某人相信某事12．come across 偶然发现；偶然遇到13．pour out sth 毫无保留的表达感情(或思想等)；表露无遗；畅所欲言14．inspire sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事15．correspond with 与……相一致；符合；和某人通信词汇风暴连连看1. 头脑风暴一如此“成功”①make it 成功①manage to do 设法成功做到①be able to do 做成；做到①succeed in doing sth 成功做某事①be successful in doing sth 成功做某事2. 头脑风暴二1）诗歌①poem A. n. 押韵词①poetry B. n. 诗人①rhyme C. n. 诗歌(总称)①poet D. n. 诗；诗歌①poetic E. adj. 诗歌的答案①—① DCAB E2）以f结尾的名词变复数，直接加s①grief A. 证明；检验；证据①gulf B. 信心；信仰①roof C. 屋顶；天花板①chief D. 海湾；鸿沟①belief E. 负责人；首领①proof F. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事答案①—① F DC E BA3. 头脑风暴三——与课文话题关联词汇1）诗歌特点①spend all my spare time reading poetry A. 正式而有感情地朗诵某人的诗歌①write poems on famous buildings B. 在著名的建筑物上题诗①free in style, pure in language and perfect for reciting C. 隐喻爱情①a metaphor for love D. 喜欢作诗①recite one's own poetry formally and with great feeling E. 富于形象①like to make/compose a poem F. 风格自由、语言纯美和适于朗诵①abound in imagery G. 把我所有的业余时间都用来读诗答案①—① GB F CAD E2）诗歌评价①inspiration A. vt. 欣赏①masterpiece B. adj. 非凡的①extraordinary C. n. 杰作①series D. n. 灵感；启发①Appreciate E. n. 系列①unique A. v. 反映①reflect B. n. 作品①background C. n. 背景①production D. adj. 独特的答案①—① DCB E A答案①—①DACB3）诗歌类型①lyric A. n. 章①essay B. n. 抒情诗①myth C. n. 神话①chapter D. n. 散文；文章；随笔①original A. 作品欣赏①draft B. 以……为背景①be set in C. adj. 原创的n. 原作①works appreciation D. n. 草稿；草案vt. 起草；草拟答案①-① BDCA答案①-① CDBAⅠ. 经典句型牢记心1. 句型公式：why引导的定语从句There are various reasons why people compose poetry.人们创作诗歌有各种各样的原因。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。
有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘..(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on White). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A‗bull market‘is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Y es. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。
(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter5
The sound and meaning of words related
Two ways:
1.Conventionality约定俗成
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbol.
Chapter 5Word meaning and Semantic Features词义与语义特征
5.1 Conventionality and Motivation约定俗成与有理据词
5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning词义的分类
5.3 Componential Analysis and Semantic Features语义成分分析与语义特征
Eg.△
□English –houseFrench –maisonChinese –fángziRussian –domSpanish –casa
2. Motivation有理据词
Motivation:refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.
Arbitrary:adj.decided by or based on chance or personal opinion rather than facts or reason.
Conventional or arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.
E.g. anticancer抗癌的
kilogram公斤，千克
(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案
Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word “wor d”is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, “sl-“ is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, “bill” means “bank note” in AE but “a demand for payment of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters“博览会”, British English has “fair” while American English usees trade show. “ Life and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above thatis the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish “empathy” from “sympathy”?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define “hope”– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is something b etter is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few wordsthat have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above? Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like “tall”, “ill”, and “black”? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut “unwomanly” into “unwoman” and “-ly”?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word “inaccessibility”?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like “history” and “human” encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does “safety line” mean the same as “safe line”? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick”(and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to helpInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.。
(完整版)词汇学Unit6-7答案
Unit 6 Semantic Networks of English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meaning of a hyponym is included in the meaning of its superordinate.d. There is always a superordinate term for its hyponyms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of antonyms, such as long andshort forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have incommon that both relate to an end section of the same scale, and the group is complete sincethere are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of general words for persons, objects, places, etc. Lookat the following three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the general words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyponyms for eachof them? Does any of the general words have a certain hyponym that finds no equivalent inChinese?(2) Do you think it is reasonable to use superordinate terms on these occasions?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omitdog” is a3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ““dog is a hyponym ofis a hyponym of “animal”,hyponym of “mammal” a nd “mammal” animal”.ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity?(2) Is meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym ofcolor.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, “pis a part of “eye”, and “eye” is a part of “face”, while “pupil” is not a part of4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item inanother language and thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important ormust be cited often?他铅笔盒里有五支笔” into English? Why(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence “or why not? Name some of the hyponyms of “笔” in both Chinese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item cancontrasts with operate at both superordinate and subordinate levels; for example, “man” “animal” at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with “woman” (in effect, “of man”).ASK:(1) Can you find other autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way?Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a generalterm and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in bothspeaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one, the specific synecdoche. For example, in the sentence “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”term “apple” refers to the general term “fruit”; in the sentence “How many mouths doe to feed”, the part word “mouth” is used to replace the whole word “person”. Read the fo sentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.wheels.b. I’ve gotc. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK:(1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your own?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class Task1.How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences.Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a “part of” or “member of” leaf is a part of a tree; an oak is a relation while the latter a “kind of” relation. For example, akind of tree.Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since “dog” is“dog is a hyponym ofis a hyponym of “animal”,a hyponym of “mammal” a nd “mammal” animal”. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation. For example, although.2.Read the following tree diagram on the relationship of hyponymy among lexical items in thesemantic field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.fruit?? etc. berryapple pearblackberry raspberry etc.Key: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear. 3. Meronymy is classified into the following seven types. Find more examples for each type.1. component — object (branch — tree,)2. member — collection (fish — shoal)3. portion — mass (strand — hair)4. stuff — object (gold — ring)5. feature — activity (paying — shopping )6. place — area (Cambridge — Massachusetts)7. phase — process (adolescence — growing up)Key: Omit4. Identify the meaning relationship between the following pairs.a. window houseb. football gamec. Chinese Languaged. New York USAe. CPU computerf. scarlet redKey: 1)meronymy 2) hyponymy 3) hyponymy 4) meronymy 5)mernymy 6) hyponymy5. The Chinese word “吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressions. Translate thefollowing Chinese slangs into English.吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开Key:吃闲饭”（lead an idle life），“吃香”（be very popular），“吃不消”（more than one can stand, too much）吃力(word hard, be tired)，吃苦（have a tough time）吃不开（beunpopular）Please draw a lexical network of “pop” 6. The following passage is an introduction to “pop”.constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.PopEven if the word “pop” disappears from the English vocabulary, the influence of pop will remain. Pop has become part of British- and American-history.There has always been a close cultural link, or tie, between Britain and English-speakingAmerica, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music. Before theSecond World War the Americans exported jazz and the blues. During the 1950s they exportedrock ’n’ roll.Then in the early 1960s a new sound was heard, very different from anything, which hasso far come from the American side of the Atlantic. This was the Liverpool, or Merseyside,Situated on the River Mersey in the northeastern corner of the industrial Black “beat”.Country, Liverpool was not a place which anyone visited for fun. Until the 1960s it was known only as one of the Britain’s largest ports. Then, almost overnight, it became world famous as the birthplace of the new pop culture which, in a few years, swept across Britainand America, and across most of the countries of the western world.The people responsible for the pop revolution were four Liverpool boys who joinedtogether in a group and called themselves The Beatles. They played in small clubs in the backstreets of the city. Unlike the famous solo stars who had their songs written for them, theBeatles wrote their own words and music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration ofpeople of all ages and social backgrounds. As they developed, their songs became more serious. They wrote not only of love, but of death and old age and poverty and daily life. Theywere respected by many intellectuals and by some serious musicians. Largely thanks to theBeatles, pop music has grown into an immense and profitable industry.The influence of British pop in America was immense. American pop groups soonbecame as famous as British groups. Both British and Americans are experimenting with newideas, and pop is developing and changing, and merging with modern folk music.Key:is fromis a kind ofis fromis a kind ofis fromis a kind of is a kind ofis fromcreatesoriginated fromis a city of jazzU.S. The blues musicRock popBritainThe BeatlesLiverpoolUnit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradable antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to berelational opposites.e. The cohesive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaningrelations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are (both) X andY, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, (either) X or Y, neither X nor Y, from X to Y, and now X, now Y.Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathy's visit, short or long.s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuec. The Danderlea’went out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue)ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of antonyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could wellbe replaced by, “(fellows) regardless of age” or “(fellows) of all ages”, rather t “those who are young and those who are old”; short or long in the second sentence hasbuying and selling in thethe emphasis of “any visit” or “visit of any length in time”;third simply means the action of “trading”.(2) OmitA good beginning makes a good ending” and2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in ““All things are d ifficult before they are easy”. Now look at the following incomplete sa yings.a. Adversity leads to __________.b. A good husband makes a good __________.c. A young idler, an __________beggar.d. Be swift to hear, __________ to speak.e. Easy come, easy __________.f. Every advantage has its __________.g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes ___________.h. Pride goes before, and shame comes __________.i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows __________.j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go__________.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymousrelationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
(完整版)英语词汇学作业答案
1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.1.A. ignored2.B. neglected3.C. denied4.D. refused2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.1.A. rough, hard2.B. rough, rough3.C. hard, rough4.D. hard, hard3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A. hyperbole2.B. euphemism3.C. litotes4.D. metonymy4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.1.A. face to face2.B. eye to eye3.C. back to back4.D. heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A. dad2.B. old man3.C. father4.D. male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.1.A. tiger, monkeys2.B. cat, mice3.C. hawk, birds4.D. old, young7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.1.A. off the sleeve2.B. off the cuffs3.C. off the cuff4.D. off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1.A. archenemy2.B. primary enemy3.C. main enemy4.D. major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.1.A. i.e.2.B. e.g.3.C. etc.4.D. viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.1.A. /iks/, “out”2.B. /iks/, “former”3.C. /eks/, “out”4.D. /eks/, “former”11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.1.A. activate2.B. interact3.C. counteract4.D. active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two ________.1.A. choices2.B. options3.C. alternatives4.D. stools13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.1.A. chicken2.B. chickens3.C. duck4.D. ducks14、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A. metaphor2.B. euphemism3.C. irony4.D. litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.1.A. broke up2.B. b roke forth3.C. broke through4.D. break upon16、persona non grata means ________.1.A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B. someone who is slim3.C. someone who does not take the leading role4.D. someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.1.A. metaphor2.B. hyperbole3.C. irony4.D. metonymy18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A. transmitting2.B. submitting3.C. transforming4.D. switching19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.1.A. thrown out the beans2.B. thrown out his beans3.C. spilled the beans4.D. spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.1.A. normal2.B. ordinary3. C. average4. D. regular21、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect exampleT22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meaningsT29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etcT32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etcF39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalizationF40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is usingsubstitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most of the words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones.43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings.44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope.45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-classelements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clippedfrom.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.Forexample,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s heels (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away),turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B: Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。
词汇学课本练习答案
Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期） from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴） brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的） study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介） of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms （新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者） after World War Ⅱ.Give four examples for each cause.① marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad② socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example:roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter③ the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example:cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman （调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock （词库） of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary asa result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful partof the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的） style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd. hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph 3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read， faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 ) Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance 表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?P26页第4段开头 P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes（派生词缀） are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀 and suffixes后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的） level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠ Explain1、 (p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem.Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡ Compounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion② Phonological criterion③ Semantic criterionⅢ Derivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind.（P44） The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter- , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation,anti-nuclear , pro-student ,counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –noun suffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , -ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective –verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun –adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant ofvillage6) a diner is‘ a dining carriage on a train’7) a lifer is‘ slang. A person sentenced to imprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‘one who performs an action ’ as for 4、5 ， this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .Ⅳ Conversion1、what is the difference between conversion（此类转化法） and suffixation （加后缀）?(P55 介绍conversion的第一段 )：Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-classis shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also calledzero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)? （P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix. Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix,meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffix Wirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class of round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round andround(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序） is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts withinsentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion?(58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency of “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.Second, there are only a few verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic typesunder noun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partialconversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in thesentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word:summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderful performance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of theword-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter41. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initialletters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word iscoined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的） relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words （拟声词） or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don’t show any such relationship.Onomatopoeic words（拟声词） can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia（间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences areassociated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect of onomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!”5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class （词类） and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。
词汇学第五章
第五章词义Symbols符号Acquire获得Reference参考Referent指示物Sign标记Phenomenon现象Conventionally惯例Arbitrary随意的Region地区Pin down固定Generalization归纳JassyExtension But在第一章中我们接触到了词义的概念。
我们知道词是形式和意义的结合体。
通过形式我们了解它的读音和拼写。
意义是形式代表的东西。
例如，语言形式cat被用来表示“一种小的四足动物，有软毛和锋利的爪子。
”可以说成是“一种有软毛和锋利爪子的小的四足动物”就是词语cat的意义。
但是“意义”不像看的那样简单。
有一些相关的概念需要作更多的解释。
另外，我们将讨论意义的不同类型。
5.1“意义”的意义。
5.1.1参考词语只是符号，许多只当它们获得参考的时候才有意义。
参考是语言和世界之间的联系。
“通过参考的方法，一个说者表述哪些世界中的事物正在被描述。
”换句话说，只有当语言符号和一样参照物之间的联系已经被建立，就是说一样物体，一个现象，一个人等等。
符号才变得有意义。
形式“猫”因为语言使用者约定俗成的使用它来指代相关的“动物”。
词义的这部分就是讨论中的参考。
一个指代语言以外事物的单词的参考是随意和约定俗成的。
这种联系是归纳和抽象的结果。
单词“cat”指同种的全部动物没有尺寸，颜色，地区，助人和其他因素的区分。
它包括所有世界上的猫。
尽管参考是一种抽象，然而在背景的帮助下，它能指示特定的事物。
Cat在没有背景的情况下代表全部猫，还代表特定的猫，象是“jean昨天晚上忘记喂她的猫了。
”因此，意义可以通过使用者，时间，地点等而固定。
同样的事物毫无疑问可以有不同的参考表达。
Cat可以用来指代“动物“”亲爱的“”jassy“”这“”她“等等。
Cognition认识Alike同样的UniversalCollocate并置Synonymous同义的Socio-culturalStylistic风格上5.1.2概念在很多时候意义指代“概念”。
词汇学
Objectives1. Understand the morphological structures of words;2. Gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements;3. Understand the basic conceptions of morpheme and allomorph;4. Know how to classify morphemes and differentiate root and stem.Main points :MorphemesAllomorphsTypes of morphemesFree MorphemesBound MorphemesRoot and stemUnit 4●Word Formation I●● Morpheme3.1 MorphemesIt seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take denaturalization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, nature, -al, -ize, -ation, each having meaning of its own. These fragments cannot be further divided; otherwise, they would not make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants such as -tion,-sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function. These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'.●● Allomorph3.2 AllomorphsMorphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning'. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire, etc. These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand bythemselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. Allomorphs as such do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable. The plural morpheme {-s} is realized by /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/ as in packs, cheats, shapes; by /z/ after /d, b, g, l/ as in beds, bottles, fads and by /iz/ after /s, z, ∫, t∫, d3/ as in classes, dishes, garages, damages, etc. There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are unusual. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morph as in deer-deer, fish-fish.The same is true of the past tense marker {-ed}, which is realized by /t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ as in worked, helped; by /d/ after vowels and sounds like /m, n, -, l/ as in tried, warmed, lived, enabled, and by /id/ after /t, d/ as in wanted, landed, etc. This is also applicable to affixational morphemes. The prefix {in-} has allomorphs such as /im, ir, il/ depending on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added. If the first sound is /p, b, m/, the realization is /im/ as in improper, immovable, imbalance, but /ir/ with the sound /r/ as in irreconcilable, and /il/ with the sound /l/ as in illegible, and so on.●● Types of morphemes3.3 Types of MorphemesThere are different ways of classifying morphemes. The popular method is to group them into free morphemes and bound morphemes.●●● Free morpheme3.3.1 Free MorphemesMorphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, for example, man, earth, wind, car, anger. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.●●● Bound morpheme3.3.2 Bound MorphemesMorphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes, recollection (re + collect + ion), idealistic (ideal + ist + ic), ex-prisoner (ex + prison+ er). There are altogether nine morphemes, of which only collect, ideal and prison can exist by themselves. These are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex- and -erare bound as none of them are freestanding units. The English language possesses a multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, e.g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced-, -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'. These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.1. Bound root. As illustrated by the example antecedent, a bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example. It is a Latin root which conveys the meaning of 'say or speak', but it is not a word in its own right. Yet with affixes, it can form quite a number of words. For example, with the prefixes contra (=against) and pre (=before) we obtain the verbs contradict meaning 'speak against' and predict meaning 'tell beforehand'; with the suffix -ion, we form contradiction and prediction; with the suffix -or, we have contradictor and predictor. Apart from these, dictum, dictate, dictation, dictator, diction, dictionary are all derived from the root -dict-. In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. They give birth to thousands and thousands of derived words in modern English.2. Affixes. Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few can be used as independent words. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.1) Inflectional affixes. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language. Most endings are lost, leaving us only a few inflectional affixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios, potatoes. The same forms -s (-es) can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular, e.g. like - likes, work - works, go - goes. The form -`s is another one used to indicate the possessive case of nouns such as the children's library, the man's role, a waitress's voice, the mother-in-law's complaints. We have also the suffixes -er, -est which are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees, e.g. happy - happier - happiest, hard - harder - hardest. Apart from these, there is the past tense marker -ed as mentioned above, and the -ing form added to verbs to form present participles or gerunds. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable, which makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.2) Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the word and the suffixes after the word, for instance, pre+war, sub+sea, north+ward, blood+y. Of these word-building morphemes, pre- and sub- are prefixes as they each appear before the base word whereas -ward and -y are suffixes as they are fixed at the end of each word (Refer to Word-formation for detailed discussion).Based on our discussion, we can sum up the types of morphemes in the following diagram.●● Root and stem3.4 Root and StemBefore we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some related concepts which need clarifying as these concepts may frequently be referred to in due course. The affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements affixes and root or stem. Indeed, some people use root or stem interchangeably. In this book, these two terms are used differently.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. As mentioned earlier, the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. In the word internationalists, removing inter-, -al, -ist, -s leaves the root nation. If we further divide nation as *an/tion/ or *at/ion,[3] though -tion and -ion coincide with the noun suffix, the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a 'root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed'.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Look at internationalists again. In this word, nation is a root and a stem as well. All the rest national, international, internationalist are stems. To be safe, in the discussion of means of word-formation, we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than a root.ExerciseWrite the terms in the blanks according to the definitions:1. a minimal meaningful unit of a language2. one of the variants that realize a morpheme3. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme4. a morpheme that can stand alone5. a morpheme attached to a stem or root6. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships7. an affix that forms new words with a stem or root8. what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes9. a form to which affixes of any kind can be addedAnalyse the words in terms of root and stem.individualistic undesirablesAnswer individualistic undesirablesindividualist (stem) undesirable (stem)individual (stem) desirable (stem)dividual (stem) desire (stem)dividu (root, stem) desire (root, stem)Put the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships:AnswerComplete the following sentences with proper words according to the text.1. Structurally, a word is not the unit because many words are analyzable or segmentable.2. The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of .3. Morphemes fall into different classes by different criteria of classification. Now people tend to group morphemes into and .4. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: and .5. The number of inflectional affixes is and which makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.6. Derivational affixes can be further divided into and .7. A , whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.8. A can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Answer欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
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Key to Unit 5.The Semantic Types of English WordsPre-Class ReadingCheck Your Understandinga. Fb. Tc. Td. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1. a. rush, hurry, stumble, dance, sail, moveb. bumpy, winding, stony, muddy, slipperyc. whimper, sweep, moan, groan, yelld. glimpse, watch, examine, glance, stare,2. concrete words:(1) Sunlight, trees, birds, corn, people, harvest; night, wind, rain, singer; deeds, work(2) Beauty is an abstract concept, yet by using the above concrete words, the author creates vivid images about “what beauty consists of”, i.e. beauty exists in the nature and in our daily life.3. (1) Proper nouns: Government of Victoria, Professor Liu Kang, Parliament House, Melbourne, Monday, International Community Education Conference Common nouns: reception, delegates(2) “International Community Education Conference”can be converted intocommon nouns if they are used in small letters, and refer to general international community education conferences. In much the same way, “Delegates” here refers to THOSE delegates who are going to attend the particular conference, thus can be regarded as a proper noun.4. (1) Proper nouns have a certain degree of specificity, i.e. they are used in a contextshared by the speaker and the hearer. Phonological information helps clarify the context. These words do not apply to other general cases. Sentences (e – h) either violates the specificity, or the background information can not be recovered.a. Mary is a person both of them know.b. There is a person called Mary who called you. (And the implied meaning alsoincludes “I don not know this girl.)c. Both of us know Which Plymouth I mean.d. There are many places called Plymouth.(2) Different languages have different working mechanisms of reference. There may be similar cases in Chinese, but we rely on other modifiers (or specifiers) to clarify the information.a. 玛丽喜欢语言学。
b 早上有个叫玛丽的人给你打电话了。
c. 普利茅茨是个小镇。
d. 有所著名的大学就位于英国的普利茅茨.5. (1) From words “rap, reedy, strange, fierce, thin, frail, tough, sinew, hawk” we may form a mental picture about an old but still energetic, somewhat unfriendly woman.(2) These words are mostly used as evaluative words, as they are to a large degree the subjective judgment by the author.(3) As this is an unexpected visitor, nothing can be said exactly. The author’s impression is largely based on his/her guess and personal evaluation.6. (1) Exact words: 1909, 59th, May 25, 1975Fuzzy words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest(2) Evaluative words: significantly, unchallenged, oldest, continuously, largest Post-Class Tasks1.Hedges create a friendly and more realistic atmosphere and offer a range offlexibility in communication.2. a. Words: sneaked quietly, moved carefully, checked, trembled, digging swiftly,made a small hole, a wrinkled ten-dollar bill, slipped, breathed deeply, no one would find, etc.b. Verbs: watch around, steal, hide, bury, shake, shiver, be scared, feel relieved,etc.;Adverbs: alone, cautiously, alertly, cunningly, etc.3. a. Descriptive words: lofty, enjoy international reputation, a natural laboratoryEvaluative words: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation, etc.b. Factual words: San Francisco Peaks, the natural and cultural history of the Colorado Plateau, northern Arizona and the Four Corners area, the Grand Canyon, Monument Valley and Bryce and Zion national parks,Subjective opinion: best, scenic, unparalleled, diversity and stimulation.4.Specific figures give the reader a very clear and exact picture about thisnurse-training program: the job perspectives and potential wages. As hedges only describe an attractive picture about the program, it provides the training institution great range of flexibility and relieves itself the burden of risks and responsibilities.5. a. byzantine: of things difficult to understandb. Hamlet question: lack of proper solutionc. siren: a warning signd. nylon: chemical fiberse. pasteurize: to kill bacteria by boiling the milkf. ampere, Kelvin, tesla: units for electricity, temperature and magnetic fieldrespectively6. a. Proper nouns: George Hotel, Queens Moat House Hotel, the Hotel, the DutyCashier, The ManagementCommon nouns: Valuables, Jewelry, Money and Articles of Value, Room Rate,Details of room Chargesb. Common nouns are capitalized to raise the guests’attention and serve afunction of precaution.。