英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01

Example:
In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830’s, passenger coaches on western and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840’s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #
(ways of developing paragraphs)
Development by Time
In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
▪ Writing:
▪ Write a paragraph (to be developed either by time or by process or by space)
Chapter 3 Developing Paragraphs (021009b)
❖ An effective paragraph ❖ Planning a paragraph ❖ Development by time ❖ Development by process ❖ Development by space (Go to Ex.)
Hale Waihona Puke development of the early colonies in New England and
the War of Independence. Right under them can be
found books on the slave trade, the plantation system
Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-tomouth breathing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards, so that his chin is pointing up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose. Then, place your mouth tightly over the victim’s. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise. Then turn your head to the side and listen for the outrush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process. # .
and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd,
but it is convenient. #
.
Assignments
Reading:
pp 41-45
Exercises:
pp 49-54 ▪ Exercise 1: Chronological order ▪ Exercise 2: Process ▪ Exercise 3: Space
the topic sentence. 3. Close connection between the sentences is
observed. #
Planning a paragraph
A topic sentence is generally expected, which is written in complete sentence.
Development by Process
When you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences
An effective paragraph
❖ 3 features of an effective paragraph: 1. A paragraph should have one, and only
one, central idea. 2. The main idea is generally expressed in
Details or examples are needed to support the main idea.
An outline is worked out (before writing) to put the details in good order. #
An example of an effective paragraph
Development by Space
Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.
contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in
California. From the description above, one can see that
Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S.
(example) Development by Space
Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges
the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the
upper right hand corner, there are books about the
with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are
often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.
(example) Development by Process
and growth of the southern states. The left side of the
shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of
the Westward Movement, Indian culture, and cowboys’