外文翻译----- Freescale单片机在汽车控制中的应用
AT89S52单片机应用中英文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）AT89S52单片机应用中英文翻译专业名称：电气工程及其自动化年级班级：学生姓名：指导老师：二O一二年六月九日AT89S52 MCU ApplicationsFunction Characteristic DescriptionThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC ：Supply voltage.GND ：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 outputbuffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table 1. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that areexternally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table 2.RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during eachaccess to exter-nal data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data. Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #data. Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Watchdog TimerThe WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information o n the timers’ operation, please click on the document link below:/dyn/resources/prod_documents/DOC4316.PDFTimer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 6-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscil-lator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corre-sponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Nei-ther of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven,. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clock-ing circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Power-down ModeIn the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be heldactive long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Idle ModIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions regis-ters remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory.AT89S52单片机应用功能特征描述AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系统可编程Flash 存储器。
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文English:The design of a wireless remote control car based on a single-chip microcomputer involves integrating various components and technologies to achieve a fully functional and user-friendly vehicle. The first step in the design process is to select a suitable single-chip microcomputer, which will serve as the brain of the car and control all its functions. Once the microcomputer is chosen, the next step is to design and implement the wireless communication system, which will allow the user to control the car remotely. This can be achieved using technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, depending on the range and capabilities required for the car. In addition to the wireless communication system, the car will also require motor drivers to control the movement of the wheels, as well as sensors to detect obstacles and navigate the environment. These components will need to be integrated with the single-chip microcomputer, along with a power supply and user interface elements such as buttons or a joystick for controlling the car. Once all the components are integrated and the car is assembled, it will need to be programmed to respond to the user's commands and perform various maneuversand tasks. Overall, the design of a wireless remote control car based on a single-chip microcomputer involves careful planning and integration of various technologies to create a functioning and enjoyable vehicle for users to control.Translated content:基于单片机的无线遥控小车设计涉及集成各种组件和技术，以实现一个功能齐全且用户友好的车辆。
飞思卡尔中英文翻译对照
中文译文第1章器件概述S12XS-系列1.1简介新S12XS家族16位微控制器是S12XE家族的兼容，简化版本。
这些家庭提供了一种简单的方法来制定共同的平台，从低端到高端应用程序，最大限度地减少软件和硬件的重新设计。
针对通用汽车的应用和CAN节点，这些应用的一些典型的例子分别是：车身控制器，乘员检测，车门模块，RKE接收器，智能执行器，照明模块和智能接线盒以及很多其他。
该S12XS家族保留了许多S12XE家族包括纠错码的功能（ECC）的快闪记忆体，一个独立的数据闪存模块的代码或数据的存储，一个调频锁相环（IPLL），提高了EMC性能和快速的ATD转换器S12XS家族将提供32位的性能与16位MCU的所有优势和效率。
它将保留低成本，目前享有的功耗，EMCand代码大小效率优势由飞思卡尔现有的16位S12和S12X MCU系列的用户。
像其他S12X成员家庭，S12XS家庭将运行16 - bit宽访问无需等待状态的所有外设和回忆。
该S12XS家庭将可在112引脚LQFP ，80引脚QFP ，64引脚LQFP封装选项和保持与S12XE家族针兼容性的高水平。
除了在现有的I / O端口每个模块，多达18个进一步的I / O端口，可与中断功能，允许唤醒从停止或等待模式。
外设集包括MSCAN ，SPI，2个SCI，可，一个8通道24位周期中断定时器，8 - 通道的16位定时器，8通道PWM和多达16 - 通道12位ATD转换器。
软件控制外设到端口的路由可以访问外设模块的灵活组合在较低的引脚数封装选项。
1.1.1特点在S12XS-系列的特性都在这里列出。
请参阅表D-1对于内存选项和表D-2外设功能，可在不同的家庭成员。
•16位CPU12X- 向上与S12指令集除了五个模糊的指令兼容（MEM，W A V，W A VR，REV，REVW），它已被删除-增强的变址寻址-- 访问大数据段独立PPAGE的-•INT（中断模块）-- 七个级别的嵌套中断-- 中断源到每个灵活分配中断级。
智能小车控制器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Design of an Intelligent Car ControllerBased on Embedded PlatformAbstract: The paper presents a design of an intelligent car controller using embedded ARM7 chips as core component. Modular method has been applied in the design of the hardware; the paper focuses on layout of tracking circuit for the car and design ideas for the software. The experiment result proves that the designed intelligent car is stable in operation and good in tracking performance.Keywords: ARM Intelligent Tracking1 、IntroductionIn the 21st century, with development of science and technology, researches on intelligent car and its correlative techniques have become the focus in this field. Aiming to enhance practical ability，innovation, and teamwork performance of college students across the country, theEducation Department sponsored National Undergraduate Intelligent Car Contest. Based on the background, the paper introduces the design of multifunctional intelligent car controller on embedded platform, including design of hardware circuit and software implementation for key functional modules.2、Design of hardwareBy function and application, the controlling platform for the intelligent car is divided into several modules as shown below.2.1 Design of core moduleAT91SAM7S256 microprocessor produced by ATMEL has been adopted for the controller of the car, which a 32-bit low-power RISC microprocessor chip based on ARM7 TDMI-S core, and embedded with 64KB SARM, 256KB high-speed Flash and JTAG port for downloading or debugging of the program. As the core component of the car, the microprocessor plays a key role in controlling all running statuses of the car. PWM generating module inside it can be change duty cycle of outputted square wave by programming, and thus change the voltage loaded on the DC motor, which is amplified to control the revolution speed of the motor. The ports PA0, PA1, PA2 and PA3 of the PWM module respectively control the DC motor and the steering motor to perform functions such as go forward, retreat and turn etc.2.2 Design of power moduleThe car is powered by four AA dry batteries. The voltage is outputted through low-Noise LDO regulator MIC5209-3.3 to supply power for ARM7 chips and peripheral circuits. The working current of MIC5209-3.3 is as high as 500mA. When input voltage is above 3.5V, the module of MIC5209-3.3 can output stable voltage of 3.3V and achieve low power consumption. 2.3 Temperature detection ModuleMono-line digital temperature sensor DS18B20 is used to detect temperature in the car. The measure range is from -55℃ to +125℃, with increment of 0.5℃. It is low in power consumption and small in size, occupying only one I/O port.2.4 Auto tracking module2.4.1 Principles for tracking of intelligent carTracking means that the car goes along the two-centimeter-wide black guide line on the white floor. Infrared acquisition and camera shooting acquisition are commonly used for it.Infrared acquisition: Taking advantage of the feature that infrared light can change its reflective quality according to object surface of various colors. During running the car continuously sends infrared light to the ground, which will, either be reflected back by the white floor and received by the receiving tube in the car, or be absorbed by the black guide line and thus missed by the receiving tube. By this means the black guide line is positioned to identify the path for the car.Camera shooting acquisition: In certain resolution sample the image by interlaced scanning. When scanning a point, image sensor transfers the gray threshold into corresponding voltage which will be outputted via video signal port. As the car achieves auto tracking by recognizing the black guide line on the track, the image processing is a process of extracting the destination guide line. The task of image processing program is to identify the dots in the black-and-white image and filter noise, record dot positions relative to the image, and finally, by algorithm of control strategy, realize tracking and turning of the car along the guide line.2.4.2 Installation of tracking infrared probeChoosing proper detection method and sensor is the important factor to achieve tracking. Here we choose infrared acquisition. Correct installation of device is also a decisive factor for accomplishment of tracking circuit. In terms of simplicity, easiness, practicality and reliability, four infrared probes need be installed on the front chassis of the car to fulfill two-staged directional correction control to enhance the reliability of tracking. Four tracking sensors have been fixed, all in one line, among which L1 and R1 are primary sensors for direction control; L2 and R2 are secondary sensors. The distance between the two ipsilateral sensors should nor be more than width of the black direction control. When the car is running, the black guide line is always kept right between the two primary sensors L1 and L2. When the car goes off the black line, the primary sensors detect it, and thus the ARM7 chip detect level jump and execute the pre-prepared correction program to navigate the car back onto the track. The secondary sensors are actually a back-up for the primary. Once the car offsets the track for inertia, beyond the reach of detection of the primary probes, the secondary perform to correct the motion of the car, so as to ensure the reliability of tracking.3 Design of softwareThe software is developed in C language in Keil Uvision3 IDE, debugged and downloaded in J-Link ARM emulator. J-Link is a JTAG emulator which was brought out by SEGGER in USA to support emulation chips with ARM core. It works with IDEs such as IAREWARM, ADS, Keil, WINARM, and RealView, supports all ARM7/ARM9 core chips simulation, and seamlessly connects with various IDE by RDI interface. Easy to operate and to connect to, it is the most practical tool for study and development of ARM.The key for the design of software lies in the control process of tracking. The sensors are equipped with E3F-DS10C4 integrated infrared probes with photoelectric switch. There are only three wires（power wire, ground wire, and signal wire）at the output pin of the module. Connect the signal wire to I/O port of ARM7 chip, and execute enquiry check. Low level will be detected for the black guide line, while high level for the white floor. According to the principles stated above, flows of the algorithm for control tracking of the car. Two-stage control method is adopted to ensure the car’s adherence to the black guide line, and the effect is satisdied.4 Debugging of the finished carBased on the design scheme presented above, finish making of PCB board for hardware circuit of the car, welding of components, and debugging and downloading of the software. Test the car for several times on the track made of white KT board in the middle of which a two-centimeter-wide black guide line is pasted. The results have showed that, the car runs steadily even at a high speed along straight black guide line. When around the curve, if control the speed properly, the car goes smoothly as well. Two pieces of experience as shown below: (1)E3F-DS10C4 photoelectric sensor should be fixed as close tothe ground as possible to minimize the interference of environmental light to it. Vertical height of the sensor had better be 5~8mm. Too far distance from the ground causes weak reflective signal and unstable output of up level signal;too close distance may damage the sensor and intensify the effect of diffuse reflection.(2)Due to common DC motor adopted for it, the control of thecar is not accurate and stable enough to perform a break turn unless several same photoelectric sensors are added to the bottom of the car.5 ConclusionIntelligent car is a front subject which has synthesized many other subjects and has a widely-applied prospect. It particularly helps to develop the present Chinese undergraduates’ imagination, practical abilities, team awareness, and hi-tech innovation capacity.References[1] Wu Binghua, Huang Weihua, Cheng Lei among others, Systematic Design of Intelligent Car Based on Route Identification [J]. Application of Electronic Technique, 2007(3): 80-83.[2] Wang Chaoyi, Wang Yihuai. Design of Control System of Auto Tracking Car Based on Infrared Sensor [J]; Computer and Automation Techniques, 2008, 34(11):60-62[3] Li Yi, Lu Ren Yi, & Wu Tian. Intelligence Tracking Car [J]. Electronic Techniques, 2008, 45(1): 39-41[4] Wen Quangang, Principles and Application of Embedded System Interface [M]. Beijing: Aeronautics and Astronautics University Press, 2009[5] G.C.Hua, F.C.Lee. Soft-switching technique in PWM converter[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics 995.42(6):595-603.Author BiographyLiu Gang: (1963-) male, senior engineer, received his Bachelor’s degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics & astronautics in 1991, main research direction: computer measurement and control technology ete基于嵌入式平台的智能小车控制器的设计摘要：本论文介绍了智能小车控制器的设计方案。
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文The advent of microcontroller technology has revolutionized the field of robotics and automation. One fascinating application of this technology is the design of a wireless remote control car. This essay delves into the intricacies of designing such a system using a microcontroller as the core component.At the heart of the wireless remote control car lies a microcontroller, a compact and powerful integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks. The microcontroller serves as the brain of the system, responsible for interpreting the commands received from the wireless remote and translating them into precise motor control signals. The choice of microcontroller is crucial, as it must possess sufficient processing power, memory, and input/output capabilities to handle the demands of the application.The wireless remote control aspect of the system introduces an additional layer of complexity. The communication between the remote and the car is typically achieved through radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth technology. RF-based systems offer a longer range andbetter penetration through obstacles, while Bluetooth provides a more secure and reliable connection. The selection of the appropriate wireless communication protocol and the design of the corresponding transmitter and receiver circuits are critical to ensure seamless and responsive control.The car's mechanical design is another important consideration. The chassis must be sturdy and lightweight, allowing for efficient movement and maneuverability. The selection of the appropriate motors, wheels, and suspension components is crucial to provide the desired speed, torque, and handling characteristics. Additionally, the integration of these mechanical components with the electronic control system is a delicate process that requires careful planning and execution.One of the key challenges in designing a wireless remote control car is the power management system. The car must be equipped with a reliable and efficient power source, such as a rechargeable battery pack, to ensure prolonged operation. The microcontroller and the various electronic components must be designed to operate efficiently, minimizing power consumption and maximizing battery life. This may involve the implementation of power-saving modes, intelligent power management algorithms, and efficient motor control techniques.Another important aspect of the design is the user interface. The wireless remote must be intuitive and easy to use, with clear and responsive controls that allow the operator to precisely maneuver the car. This may involve the use of joysticks, buttons, or even touchscreen interfaces, depending on the complexity of the desired control functions.To enhance the overall user experience, the design may also incorporate additional features such as on-board sensors, camera integration, and even autonomous driving capabilities. Sensors can be used to detect obstacles, monitor the car's performance, and provide feedback to the operator. Camera integration can enable live video streaming, allowing the user to navigate the car remotely with a first-person perspective. Autonomous driving functionalities, such as line following or object avoidance, can further expand the capabilities of the wireless remote control car.The development of a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining electrical, mechanical, and software engineering principles. The design process typically starts with a thorough analysis of the requirements and constraints, followed by the selection of appropriate components and the development of the necessary hardware and software.The hardware design encompasses the microcontroller, the wireless communication module, the motor driver circuits, and the power management system. The software design involves the programming of the microcontroller to interpret the remote control inputs, control the motors, and implement any additional features or functionalities.Throughout the design process, extensive testing and debugging are crucial to ensure the reliability, responsiveness, and safety of the wireless remote control car. This may involve the use of simulation tools, prototyping, and real-world testing to identify and address any issues that may arise.In conclusion, the design of a microcontroller-based wireless remote control car is a fascinating and challenging endeavor that combines various engineering disciplines. By leveraging the capabilities of microcontroller technology, designers can create innovative and engaging remote-controlled vehicles that offer a wide range of features and functionalities. As the field of robotics and automation continues to evolve, the development of such systems will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping the future of personal and recreational technology.。
单片机自动控制温度外文翻译外文文献英文文献
外文文献AbstractClimate conditions control emphases of automatic control greenhouses introduced from abroad are different from these in home and the introducing and product ion cost of them is so high ,so it is difficult to popularize and use cosmically .At present, in greenhouses designed and built in home itse，the degree of environment control and modern management of most of them is so low ,so they cannot satisfy crops' dema nd for high product ion and pla nti ng all the year; some can only carry out control on partial environment factors without considering mutual affect and coupling of them in the process of control; some still need manual con trol;so these factors greatly restrict exerti on of econo mic ben efit of greenhouses .Changing traditional modes of control; practicing computer monitoring and establishing greenhouse automatic monitoring system accord with the situation of China have important meaning for quickening modern degree of gree nhouse product ion in our country and in creas ing ben efit of gree nhouses.Based on summarizing formers' researches, the paper analyzes environmental parameters the integrative control property of greenhouse systems and the con trol process which is a non li near, delay and complicated system; Based on an alyz ing modes ofcurre nt gree nhouse mon itori ng systems and properties of sin gle-chip microcomputers, a practical automatic monitoring system for greenhouseenvironment is designed which can realize the monitoring of every parameter in greenhouseen vir onment by syn thetically using sen sor tech no logy, fuzzy con trol theory,com muni cati on tech no logy and microcomputer tech no logyThe system hardware is composed of two parts: a lower-level and a higher-level computer. The higher-level computer is a PC microcomputer which is the headquarter of the system and finishes the unified management and control of a gree nhouse by way of COM port RS-232 connecting with the lower-level computer. In monitoring environment, the system can finish monitoring for this nonlinear and delay system and realize crops' dema nd for gree nhouse en vir onment by using fuzzy con trol theory and tech no logy .The cen tral comp onent of the lower-level computer is 8098 single-chip microcomputer of MCS-96 series, which is used to collect, retreat con trol and com muni cate with the higher-level computer.The system software consists of two parts .The higher-level software is developed by VB and composed of seven modules of setting system parameters, demarcating sensors, ascertaining fuzzy control table, connecting and monitoring real-time data, recurring to history data and help, and each module has certain function and each other is independent from others. The lower-level software is developed by 8098 assemble Ianguage and composed of six modules of a main program, a sending and interrupting service program, a receiving and interrupting service program, ascertaining a samplingcycle, connecting data and pretreating data. Simulative experiment shows that the whole system is convenient to operate high efficient, easy to expand, has better adaptability and uni versal property and establishes certa in base for realiz ing con trol system desig with many factors in gree nhouse en vir onment.Key words: Automatic con trol, Gree nhouse. Si ngle-chip microcomputer, Computer mon itori ng and con trolli ng, Fuzzy con trol一ForewordAlong with calculator technique of development, the calculator data collect a technique and control the system acquire in the production line automation Extensive of application, it is comprehensivethe calculator, data collect, the process control, n etwork com muni cati on and sketch mani festatio n etc. tech niq ue, With the in formatio n obta in, process ing, supervisi on with excelle nt turn a product ion line for purpose, have function strong, application vivid, operation squareThen etc. characteristics, have thus exte nsive of applicatio n foregro und Gal. Be close to more tha n ten in the last yearses,it F the beg inning is to the agriculture research, produce to get The area permeate and promoted tradition agriculture production control mode to calculator imitate, auto control mode change.Especially establish Agriculture of rise and glasshouse cultivati on tech nique of expa nsion, accelerati on th calculator is on the agriculture of application step[atl Iasl fttl.Together Hour control theories also along with in dustry and moder n scie nee tech nique and fly of calculator soon developme nt but experie nee from"classic con trol Theories" on e"moder n con trol theories"~"big system theories" and"intelligence control theories" one"misty control theories" Of a few stage.Misty control theories along with calculator technique of progress and on eself theories of continu ously developme nt, at not line Of, complicati ons of hard establishme nt precisi on mathematics model of in the system ge exte nsive of applicati on。
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文
基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文Wireless Remote Control Car Design Based on MicrocontrollerIntroduction:In this article, we will discuss the design of a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller. The objective of this project is to build a car that can be controlled remotely without any physical connection. This technology has become widely used in various applications, such as toy cars and industrial automation. By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of how to design and implement a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller.Design Components:1. Microcontroller:A crucial element in our design is the microcontroller. It serves as the brain of the car, processing signals received from the wireless remote control and controlling the various components of the car. We have chosen an Arduino board for this project due to its popularity andversatility.2. Wireless Communication Module:To establish communication between the remote control andthe car, we need a reliable wireless communication module.In our design, we will use an RF (Radio Frequency) module like NRF24L01 for its simplicity and lower power consumption.3. Motor Driver:The motor driver circuit is responsible for controlling the motors' speed and direction in response to signals from the microcontroller. We will utilize an H-Bridge motor driverL293D chip, which allows bidirectional control of DC motors.4. Motorized Wheels:A set of motorized wheels is necessary for moving the car forward, backward, left, and right. These wheels should be compatible with your chosen DC motors and providesufficient traction on different surfaces.Implementation Steps:1. Connect the RF module to both your transmitter (remote control) and receiver (car). Ensure proper power supply connections are made according to their specifications.2. Program the Arduino microcontroller with appropriate code for establishing communication with the RF module and decoding received data packets.3. Interface the motor driver circuit with Arduino to manage motor speed and direction controls effectively.4. Connect the DC motors to the motor driver circuit, ensuring a proper connection with respect to polarity.5. Assemble the wheels onto the car chassis and attach the motors securely in place.6. Power up both the transmitter and receiver, ensuring they have independent power sources.7. Test your wireless remote control car by transmitting commands from your remote control to make it move forward,backward, and change directions.Conclusion:Designing a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller provides an exciting opportunity to explore various aspects of electronics and programming. Throughthis project, you will gain hands-on experience with components like microcontrollers, wireless communication modules, motor drivers, and DC motors. This knowledge canbe extended to develop more complex robotic applications or automation systems in the future.简介：在本文中，我们将讨论使用单片机设计无线遥控小车的过程。
智能汽车中英文外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)中文译文基于智能汽车的智能控制研究摘要本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车” 的平台进行智能控制研究,该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元,同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。
智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。
下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能,最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制:开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID 控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。
最后一步是基于智能控制系统的智能测试。
关键词:MC9S12DG128;智能控制; 开环控制; PID ;鲁棒;1 研究背景随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展, 智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点,相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用, 如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。
如果这些技术一起工作,它将会蔓延到其他领域。
为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术,“智能汽车”被选为研究平台, 并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。
通过智能控制, 智能汽车可以自主移动, 同时跟踪的路径。
首先, 本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。
然后, 根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现中, 舵机的方向和速度的控制。
它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。
此外, 本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID 算法和鲁棒算法。
2 智能车系统的总体设计该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片,以及一个CCD 传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。
速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。
路径可以CCD 传感器后绘制收集的数据,并且系统计算出相应的处理。
在同时,用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。
基于单片机的外文翻译、中英文翻译
英文原文DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs theduring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through adivide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access toport pin or to external memory.RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except thatP3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.中文翻译描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。
智能车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds thenumber of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings.Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best option.Microcontroller and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect there, and hard disk memory device, is it different properties of these components are relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is mainly part of the core components as the control.t is an online real-time control computer, on-line is on-site control, need to have strong anti-interference ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program is only one button on it though, will reach tens of K in size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing but speaking for the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up get home PC, home PC, also bear not work.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people donot know how. This computer is to give all kinds of machinery, intelligent single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually in the charged with possession of mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has been very widely used in the field, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent", such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.外文文献的翻译：单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。
文献翻译—线控技术在汽车上的运用
附录附录 A1 Wire control technology in car use1.Line Control Move (Volkswagen wire) ByLine control servo system powered by realize electronic device, control device, gearing, brake four parts. ECU (electronic control units) for brake system for overall control by new electronic brake, each brakes have their own control unit. Mechanical connection reduce gradually, the brake pedal and brake the power transfer between separated, to be replaced by wire, wire transfer energy, cable relay signals. Line control move in cars since ABS since widely used on the braking system of once again skip-type development.Current line control servo system is divided into two types: one is the electro-hydraulic braking system hydraulic EHB (Electronic - Volkswagen), another kind is Electronic Mechanical braking system Mechanical EMB (Electronic - Volkswagen). Electric hydraulic brake system of electronic and hydraulic system is to combine electronic control system, by hydraulic system provide motivation; Electronic and mechanical braking system will replace traditional brake system with wire the air or brake fluid force transmission medium, such as electric brakes to replace traditional brake, electronic and mechanical braking system is the development direction of future braking system. Line control servo system is the common features is Angle with the pedal force can step by step; the proportion of electronic control Has control of braking torque and pedal Angle corresponding program control unit; Program control unit can be based on other sensors or controller input signal active braking and other function realization.2. Wire Control Steering SystemWire control Steering System referred By Steering SBW (By Wire System), it has the function of the network connection fault-tolerant control unit, actuators and sensors and redundancy of electronic control units, cancel the Steering dish and Steering wheel mechanical connection between entirely By electricity, realize Steering, from the traditional Steering System of various restrictions. Not only can free design of steering force transfercharacteristics, but also can design the horns of the vehicle steering transmission characteristics, the design of steering characteristics to bring infinite space.The driver turned to the disk operating, turning to dish sensor test driver's steering data (yaw angles sensors, camera, etc), to turn auxiliary system detection data, providing environmental ECU to data and environmental testing data through the network bus real-time transmission to the electronic control unit ECU, ECU to data and in accordance with the driver detection data, environment controlling steering actuators action achieve turning and will wheel corner, torque and road such as feeling of feedback to drivers, to ensure that the steering system reliable safety and system has set up redundancy electronic control units, in emergency situations, the system will ignore error messages, make the vehicle safety running smoothly.3. Line Oil-control DoorLine oil-control door, also called electronic throttle, namely engine accelerator is through electronic control. The traditional throttle control mode is the accelerator pedal, drivers through by throttle levers of direct control engine accelerator open degree, thus decided to speeds up or slows down, the driver action and throttle action is through bars between the role of the mechanical connection. And with electronic connection line oil-control door instead of mechanical connection, the pilots on the accelerator pedal control by still pull rod, rod is not straight , but one received throttle attached to an accelerator pedal position sensor, the position of rod sensor that will change into electrical signals transmitted to the electronic control unit, automotive electronic control unit will to collect relevant sensor signal processed sends commands to throttle actuators control module, throttle actuators control module to send signals to the throttle actuators, thus control throttle opening-closing degree. That is the driver with throttle action of action between the electrical signals by electronic components is connected. Line than traditional throttle control oil door way according to precise, engine running of the various auto finely tuned into the cylinder of information, the fuel air mixture, improve engine combustion status, which greatly improve the performance and fuel economy of car.Toyota models adopted in Lexus all electronic thread oil-control door systems, have 2 accelerator pedal position sensor, all send data to the engine control unit ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warninglight; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy.In the new generation of accord sedan V6 engine 2.4 L and 3.0 L had adopted line on new technology of oil door. Through the sensor to monitor the accelerator pedal position of power control, ECU. Its advantage is improved started smooth, improved fuel efficiency engine response, defect is a slight lag. In addition the wire control technology brings another advantage is that fixed speed cruise function, its control key is integrated in on steering wheel, simple operation is convenient.Honda motor company Civic series to the eighth and evolution of 2005. The vehicle adopted 1 four cylinder engine, 1.8 L newly developed 1.8 cixin Li - VTEC control variable valve timing (intelligent and lift) inline 4 cylinder engine can burst 103kW for maximum power peak torque can reach more than 174Nm, almost all the natural inlet type with displacement of domestic models. This engine applied the Honda's latest I - VTEC technology, match with use wire the throttle control technology, can very effectively improve fuel economy, reducing harmful emissions. And intake efficiency and compression ratio are further improved, and made strong output power. Making yuan ECM, if one of the accelerator pedal position sensor no signal, car can still driving, and engine warning light; If two accelerator pedal position sensor are no signal, the engine working in idle state. Line of oil door system according to the driver intention of action, analysis the driver, accurate control of the throttle and increase the driving stability and dynamic economy.Example: wire control technology in fuel-cell car can drive applications - general HY HY wire control car change traditional mechanical transmission mode of connecting rod, using electronic signals to manipulate throttle, braking and steering mechanism. Canceled the traditional steering dish, throttle, brake pedal all operations are concentrated in a handles with one hand, the pilot can finish all of the operation. When pilots to speeds up or slows down, can promote the handle to the right or to the left; Braking buttons also installed in the handle, braking click braking button; When cornering, drivers simply up or down push lever.Electronic wire control device constitute a set of convenient operation control unit that a set of control unit is called "X - drive". It replaced the traditional steering plate etc, with just one hand make drivers can be completed in all haste and slow (brake), turn operation.Traditional car is through a set of mechanical device, like steering bar etc, the rotation through manipulation steering dish to wheel rotation. Wire control technology is the driver to turn into an electronic pulse instructions, the sensor captures an electronic pulse, the electronic pulse signal is driven by the electronic control motor to make wheel bogie rotation. Line control system is transformed into the instructions driver with the electrical signals, electrical signals to drive motor. Because the software determines the automobile driving characteristics, such as accelerated, deceleration (brake), turn, etc., all work just reproduced, implement the corresponding software programs.附录 A2 线控技术在汽车上的运用1.线控制动（brake by-wire）线控制动系统由实现电子化的供能装置、控制装置、传动装置、制动器4个部分组成。
基于单片机的智能小车外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部机电工程系专业车辆工程学生姓名学号指导教师职称讲师2013年2 月Electric intelligent car based on SCMThrough research and to realize a photoelectric sensor for sensitive components ,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car ,the system is also including dc motor ,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc. The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controller.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter ,back ,turn left and right turn function .Through the Angle sensor detection the seesaw Angle change ,use incremental pl algorithm to control the electric car for balance ,and using photoelectric sensor detection black line ,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium .1. Project DesignLight buy a sensor ,the reality of the electric car is moving quickly degrees ,bit ,buy, transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condition ,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monolithic machine into line processing, but buy single chip machine according to the measured buy root different forms of several inspection according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdom can control system .This kind of square case real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system ,control system spirit alive ,can depend ,pure degree is high ,can full foot of each item of the stockings to bed .(1)straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pulse width modulation experience .meanwhile gather speed is experience .meanwhile ,its main electrical pulse width modulation by road system type variable change device ,Jane says PWM variable change device .Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience .Meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high ,only on electricity barnado electricity sense of filter wave can be use to get to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricity flow barnado electric capacity easily even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile ,adjustable speed stability van is surrounded relatively wide ,can reach 1000 left light .By on electrical flow wave shape than V-M system .be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small .with the sample buy in open shut frequency rate is high ,and if a fast speed electrical machine ring should match close ,fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frequency band ,because of the fast speed ring should be good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful .According to the root ,with more than ensemble close and this set of electrical machine control project by tolerance of the quantity and electrical machine speed straight flow of hair ,the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed .1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper “road”, so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area , including Run straight along the arc district and driving district two area .Because f the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different ,can according to receive reflected light .The strength of the judge “road”-the black line .this paper USES is simple and practical detection methods, namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method ,I use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties characteristics .In the car driving process Continually to the ground to launch the infrared ,when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light ,aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving ; if Fruit is met black line is absorbed ,and than the infrared cars receiving tube receiving less than signal .1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES a LM324 comparator ,of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the results after Feed to the microcontroller ,used to detect sensor sensitivity ,diagram shown in figure 5 shows .When two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward .When the sensor can’t detect light ,in cut-off state ,double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller ,by program processing ,If left not detected light ,then left correct direction; If the right has not been detected light ,then turn correct direction .1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values ,respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different ,thus to control its advance and turning .In system design process ,use two L9110 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor design two channels push-pull power amplifier application-specific integrated circuit device ,discrete circuits in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high .The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into ,have good anti-jamming ,two output terminal can pick flooding dynamic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force ,each call way can pass over 800mA continuous current ,peak current capacity of 1.5 ~OA ; At the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity ,The built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse ,making it the drive relays ,dc motors ,stepping motor or switch power tube the useof safe and reliable .Follow tracing car system to common AT89C51, complementarywith relatively simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function ,and fully considered appearance ,costs ,so most of the circuit car by manual welding is complete .In the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions ,but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.2. System hardware design2.1 motor driver module designIn making intelligent car, right wheel respectively with two speed and Torque basic identical dc motor driven deceleration. bolt-on trunk-lid spoiler Department to install a direction wheel, then through the I/O mouth to control tow dc slowing down Motor speed and steering can be achieved on the car to the left, turn right and straight line.Motor drive using a integrated electrical machine flooding dynamic core slice L 298 N. L298N is ST the production of the company, the internal containing four channel logical drive circuit, it is a kind of tow phase four phase motor drive, namely the special contains tow H bridge of high voltage large current commander bridge type drive，acceptance criteria TTL logic level signals, be driven 46V, 2A below the motor.2.2 tracing module designTracing module mainly composed by photoelectric sensor reflex, Photoconductive resistance of the resistance of the light with the surrounding environment changes, when the LTT white lines above, light emission strongly; The LTT black line above, light emission are relatively weak. So when photoconductive resistance in white line and black line above the elements will occur significantly changes, the resistance changes value after comparator can output high level. But this way environmental influences big, work is not stable. This article actual use is RPP220 type reflex sensors made tracing module.RPR220 is an integration of reflective photoelectric detector, transmitter is a gas infrared light emitting diode and the receiver is a high sensitivity silicon photoelectric triode flat. When the light emitting diode reflected back, triode conduction and output low level2.3 obstacle avoidance module designObstacle avoidance module mainly composed by infrared reflection sensor. Infrared reflection sensor by one infrared tubes and photoelectric diode constitute, infrared tubes out to meet the infrared object reflective sex strong after be turned back, by photoelectric diode receiving, causephotoelectric diode current increases, light born this change into voltage signal, it could be processor receives and processing.2.4 remote control module designThis module will launch end USES high sensitive HL-5000 type universal television remote control, the receiver using receive frequency for 38kH receiving head 1838, this module and the single chip computer interface is very convenient. In addition, for the red outside meet after harvest of plait code letter number the department tasseled set when shipped with project of AT89C52 single chip microcomputer external interruption. In order to recognize a complete key signal, must for each coding pulse width were measured with discriminate receives the pulse is o still 1. the microcontroller timer/counter to measuring pulse width. Timer/counter except points than can be set, from except 2 to except 2048, measurable pulse width can reach 500m/s. This paper set except point for 12, namely than 12 points frequency, because the external clock is about 12MH, clock cycle for 1s, so the timer/counter for 1 per timing once s.2.5 alarm module designAlarm module core chip 110 IC, can choose application in automobile, motorcycle, alarms, personal riot device, door magnetic alarm device and etc.3. System software designThis system software modular structure, he main program, initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines, delay subroutines, buttons pronunciation subroutines, buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.3.1 tracing subroutines designTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic respectively, p22 and p23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal. Through L 298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.2 avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflection sensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively p20 and p21 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MZUp32 tube feet, then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control, then letmicrocontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.4. Summar yAdopts singlechip, using photoelectric senor and infrared reflection senor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to walk, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantage of simple circuit, reliability, low cost, and easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.From 基于单片机的智能小车通过研发实现了一种一光电传感器为敏感元件，以AT89C51单片机为控制核心的电机循迹小车的智能控，该系统还包括直流电机、L9110芯片和LM324比较器等。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译一、外文文献Title: The Application and Development of SingleChip Microcontrollers in Modern ElectronicsSinglechip microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronic systems They are small, yet powerful integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip These devices offer significant advantages in terms of cost, size, and power consumption, making them ideal for a wide range of applicationsThe history of singlechip microcontrollers can be traced back to the 1970s when the first microcontrollers were developed Since then, they have undergone significant advancements in technology and performance Today, singlechip microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of architectures and capabilities, ranging from simple 8-bit devices to complex 32-bit and 64-bit systemsOne of the key features of singlechip microcontrollers is their programmability They can be programmed using various languages such as C, Assembly, and Python This flexibility allows developers to customize the functionality of the microcontroller to meet the specific requirements of their applications For example, in embedded systems for automotive, industrial control, and consumer electronics, singlechip microcontrollers can be programmed to control sensors, actuators, and communication interfacesAnother important aspect of singlechip microcontrollers is their low power consumption This is crucial in batterypowered devices and portable electronics where energy efficiency is of paramount importance Modern singlechip microcontrollers incorporate advanced power management techniques to minimize power consumption while maintaining optimal performanceIn addition to their use in traditional electronics, singlechip microcontrollers are also playing a significant role in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things （IoT) and wearable technology In IoT applications, they can be used to collect and process data from various sensors and communicate it wirelessly to a central server Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers rely on singlechip microcontrollers to monitor vital signs and perform other functionsHowever, the design and development of systems using singlechip microcontrollers also present certain challenges Issues such as realtime performance, memory management, and software reliability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the applications Moreover, the rapid evolution of technology requires developers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to keep up with the latest advancements in singlechip microcontroller technologyIn conclusion, singlechip microcontrollers have revolutionized the field of electronics and continue to play a vital role in driving technological innovation Their versatility, low cost, and small form factor make them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications, and their importance is expected to grow further in the years to come二、中文翻译标题：单片机在现代电子领域的应用与发展单片机已成为现代电子系统中不可或缺的一部分。
单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献
单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于单片机的智能小车单片机之所以被称为微控制器，是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。
单片机是由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片内，INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而且性能不错获得了广泛的好评。
此后在8031基础上研制出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的但是对其要求严格的控制设备当中。
片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的普遍的认可。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机与专用处理器相比适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
信息技术在汽车中的应用英语作文
信息技术在汽车中的应用英语作文The world of automobiles has been revolutionized by the integration of information technology. You can't imagine driving a car today without the help of those tiny but powerful chips and sensors. My favorite feature is the voice-activated navigation system. Just say where you want to go, and it'll guide you there, hands-free!Another cool thing is the connectivity between your smartphone and the car's infotainment system. You can play your favorite playlists, answer calls, or even send messages while on the road. It's like having a personal assistant in the driver's seat.Safety is also enhanced with the use of IT in cars. Radar and cameras work together to detect potential hazards and alert you in time. Features like automatic braking and lane-keeping assist are becoming standard in many modern vehicles.But it's not just about safety and entertainment. Cars are becoming more efficient with the help of technology too. Things like real-time traffic updates and eco-driving modes help drivers optimize their fuel consumption and reduce emissions.And let's not forget about the future! Autonomousdriving is the next big thing, and it's all powered by advanced IT. Soon, we might be able to sit back and relax while our cars take us to our destinations, all without lifting a finger. Who knows, maybe one day we'll even have flying cars!。
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附录A原文：FreescaleSingle-chip Microcomputer 'sin automobile control applicationFreescale has the rich micro processing unit (MCU), but widely uses in the automobile electrically controlled engine, the automobile body, the crew member safety, the vehicle door and the chair, the glass, ventilation and air conditioning, skylightand light control, automobile local area network's gateway, communication facility, global positioning system and in other automobile control unit. Its product mainly includes 8/16 bit micro controller (including HC08/HCS08, HC12/HCS12 and so on), 32 bit micro controllers (including PowerPC, ColdFire, ARM and so on)1. 8 bit Single-chip Microcomputer MC68HC11F1 and application1.1 Characteristicsof MC68HC11F18 bit micro controllerMC68HC11F1 is high performance flash memory technology low cost chip based on the CPU of 8 bit HC08 the CPU . Its dozens of kind of different specification's product may cause the user to make a choice conveniently, the superior price performance ratio may cause the cost of the automobile electronic products to be more inexpensive.Chief feature of MC68HC11F1 : Two kind of power saving mode, stop and waiting; working normal in 3.0-5.0V voltage ; 0, 256b, 512b or 768b in on-chip RAM, Data of RAM will be retained in standby; 0, 12kb or 20kb inon-chip RAM or EPROM; Serical Communication InterfaceSCI,8 channel, 8 bit A/D transducer ; 16 bit timer systems; 8 bit pulse accumulators, real-time interrupt electric circuit and so on.1.2 MC68HC11F1is employed inin automobile electronic control systemSince Marelli simple point electronic fuel injectionn engine management system is promoted based on MC68HC11F1,our country Shenyang gold cup sea lion passenger car , the gold cup China passenger vehicle, AnhuiChery passenger vehicle, the Tianjin Xiali passenger vehicle and so on has used this kind of engine management system . Below to take gold cup simple point Marelli logic circuit for an example, I introducesMC68HC11F1 employed inin automobile electronic control system.1.2.1 Compositions of systemAs shown in Figure 1, gold cup simple point Marelli logic circuit is mainly composed of the below part:1.Electric circuit's control core MC68HC11F1 (CPU), is Freescale 8 bit MCU of automobile special-purpose ;2.Tristate bus driver 74HC244 with enable, is the switch of status information input for air conditioning, oil pump, EVAP solenoid valve, idling motor and so on ;3.8 groups rises along D trigger74HC273 with reset , isdriving signaltake-off valves for idling motor, host relay, trouble lamp, air conditioning relay power and so on;4. 512kb 8 bit read-only memory M27C512, uses for to save computer's master routine.Figure 1 gold cup simple point Marelli logic circui1.2.2 principles of workPuting through the power source, power source chip L9710 starts to provide the work power source and sensor's reference voltage, the 8th foot output the low electric potential reset signal and delivers to reset end of the CPU, simultaneously delivers to zero clearing end of 74HC273 to makeits output end reset , CPU to enter launching state.First carries on the replacement to the internal hardware, establishes corresponding register, then starts Boot loader procedure, carries on the procedure loading. Reads master routineintheM27C512 in internal RAM , and enters run condition of the progr amthrough the skipping instruction. The master routine outputs logic “1” (high electric potential) through data bus D2 , after this signal is locked by the 74HC273 outputingthe high electric potential control signal from the 6th foot,makes the main relay go through，Adds the 12V power source to the external instrumentation such as the fuel injector the ignition coil and so on . Then readin rotational speed signal and the exterior sensor signal through PA, PE, to judgethe vehicles current operating condition, and according to the current operating mode outputs the corresponding driving signalfrom PD, PG mouth and the data bus ( locked by the 74HC273 )to make the equipment enter the running status . Again reads in the corresponding equipment's status messagesthrough PA, PD, PG and the data bus (drived by the 74HC244 ), carries on the comparison withcontrol rule chart of the M27C512 , tooptimizate and adjustignition timing and spurts oil system's control. The logic circuit, the sensor and the implementing agency constitutionmake up of closed-loop control system to make the engine be at the optimum condition.2. 16 Single-chip Microcomputer MC9S12DP256 and application2.1 Characteristics of MC9S12DP256MC9S12DP256 is high speed, the high performance, 5.0V the Flash memory's 16 bit micro controllers which based on 16 bit HCS12 CPU and 0.25 um microelectronic technology . Its high performance-to-price ratio is suitable in some upscale automobile control system, the simple background development pattern will also further reduce the development cost , simultaneously also will cause the scene development and the system upgrade becomes more convenient.Basic frequency of MC9S12DP256 reached as high as 25 MHz, many standard modules are also integrated on the piece, including 2 Serical Communication Interface ,3 Serial Peripheral Interface, 8 channels the timer input capture/output comparison ,2 of ten bit 8 channels conversion module of A/D,one of 8 channels Pulse Width Modulate, 49 of independent digit I/O mouth (which of 20 have the function of the external interrupt and awakens), combined 5 of CAN module with CAN2.0A/B agreement as well as a internal IC bus module; Its internal has 256kb Flash EEPRROM, 12kb RAM, 4kb EEPROM.2.2 MC9S12DP256 is employed in in automobile electronic control systemFigure 2 is the typical schematic diagram of automobile gating system .Its central microcontroller selects Single-chip Microcomputer MC9S12DP256, MC33389A, MC33884, MC33887, MC33486 and so on is the Freescale intelligence simulation component. Which of MC33389A is power switch chip providing the CPU working voltage (5V);it turns the ignition swithing signal, the vehicle door switching signal and the panel switch signal by SPI on the micro controller to carry on awakens, reset , interrupt and so on; Also it has the fault-tolerant function driver of CAN physics level ; In addition, it may turn the system on finished Automobile network. Leading role of MC33884 is the real-time monitor panel switch's condition and actuates board's headlamp. MC33887 is a driving circuit chip, which uses in the rear view mirror position electrical motor, the rear view mirror electrical folding motor and the door lock electrical motor's actuation, this function may also select MC33884 to coordinate independent driving tube MOS to complete. MC33290 mainly uses in overall system's diagnosis.Figure 2 automobile gating control system3 32 Single-chip Microcomputer MPC500 and application3.1 Characteristics of MPC500As this domain's lead goat, the MPC500 series has passed through designed specially, has satisfied the strict working conditions request which the high speed travel automobile needed. the entire product line including not flash memory MPC561,MPC566 which built-in 1M flash memory and so on, aims at many kinds of different application environment. May apply in dynamic transfer systems like gasoline engine management, direct fuel injection, electronic transmission control and so on as well as the stable control system and hanging application system. MPC500 series MCU also has innovation functions of floating point unit and intelligent clock and so on , can satisfy the control speed and the accuracy requirement.The MPC500 intension including a system integration mold (SIM), a time processing unit (TPU), a queue serial interface mold (QSM), the 2k static state stochastic memory, has the TPU simulation ability (TPURAM). Uses the HCMOS technology, mayfurther reduce the product power loss, simultaneously the command system contains special-purpose low power loss instruction LPSTOP. Under the system clock stopped state, the power dissipation is lowest.3.2 MPC500 is employed in in automobile electronic control systemMPC500 mainly applies in the new motor car engine management system , like GM P5, P6 series engine management system . Figure 3 is engine management system which based on 32 bit MPC500 .4 SummarySince the mid-1990s, the intelligence electronic products' has been getting more and more widespread apply in automobile , already rapidly expand for automobile synthesis electronic control technology. It take the large scale integrated circuit and the controller local area network as the characteristic, including the Single-chip Microcomputer , the clever power source and the intelligent sensor, it utilizes the computer network and the communicationtecnology, both can expand the originallimited comprehensiveelectronic control system into the automobile whole integrated control system, and may joinwith the automobile exterior road, the transportation, the correspondence condition , makes the automobile to become a part of the intelligence transportation system or an intelligence road system.Figure 3 compositestrategy of 32 bit MPC500 micro controller's engine management system译文：Freescale单片机在汽车控制中的应用Freescale拥有丰富的微处理单元（MCU），可广泛用于汽车电控发动机、车身、乘员安全、车门和座椅、车窗、通风和空调、天窗和灯光控制，汽车局域网的网关、通信设备、全球定位系统及其他汽车控制单元中。