英国文学史1 part1
英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature
Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。
(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。
II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。
传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。
传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。
(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”（查理曼大帝和他的贵族）c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”（亚历山大大帝）d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。
英国文学史及选读第一册
英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学)Form: Alliterative verseThe coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language.Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo- Saxon.The literature:The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightTerm explanation:Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by aknight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves fighting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340?-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatestnarrative poets of England. Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the14 century.thChaucer chose the metrical form(格律诗) which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language.Works: The Canterbury TalesTerm explanation:Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale .Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of his love for the poor and downtrodden.Works: Robin Hood and Allin-a-DaleGet up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE(1485-1603) an age of drama and lyrical poetryThe 16 century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal threlations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Term explanation:Renaissance:1) renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14 century to the 17 century. With the development ofth thbourgeois relationships and formation of the English national statethis period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known asthe Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated arevival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after thedark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义). The greatest ofthe English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.2) Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of Godas the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3) Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.Works:1. Thomas More: humanist,utopia (give a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2. Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher;his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professionalessays3. Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.4. Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5. John Lyly: Eupheus; gave rise to the term “euphuism”,designating an affected style of court speech.6. Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English drama;made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7. Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield8. William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, amaster hand at realistic portrayal of human characters andrelations.Hamlet ( Hamlet is considered to be thesummit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole tragedy is permeat edwith the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is theprofoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and hiscriticism of contemporary life.)PART V THE 17 TH CENTURYTHE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATIONLiterary characteristics in this period:The 17 century was one of the most tempestuous periods in Englishthhistory. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.(1)The Puritan influence:medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of thepeople.(2) the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somber. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so- called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton.(3) The French influence is most marked in the drama.Rimed couplets instead of blank verse;The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual;The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.(4) restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne:His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.Song (“ Go and Catch a Falling Star”)A Valediction: Forbidding MourningSonnet: Death be not proudJohn Milton: poet, Puritan, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost: it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea--- the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Blindness\Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeJohn Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The Pilgrim’s Progress: written in old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women.PART VI THE 18 THCENTURY ( an age of prose and novel)THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLANDThe theme: social reality, common people’s life.The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the thenprogressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.Joseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The SpectatorThese two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to thedevelopment of the 18 century novel.thSir Roger是Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学第一章：英国的组成1、大不列颠人（英国人）在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立王国。
七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。
英国文学史1[1]
![英国文学史1[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/213c084d2b160b4e767fcf61.png)
At the time of his marriage he was writing series of humorous stories to accompany illustrations of Cockney sporting life, the richly comic adventures of the Pickwick Club in the English countryside. The sales of the Pickwick papers jumped with the introduction into the story of the engaging Cockney servant, Sam Weller, and by 1837, when its publication in numbers was completed
Humorous scenes may attend the actions of the positive characters, but this humor is tinged with lyricism and serves to stress the human quality, the sincerity and kindness of such character. At the same time, bitter satire and ever grotesque is used to expose and criticize the seamy side of reality.
Typical writers
Charles Dickens
The greatest English realist of the time
With a striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and suffers of common people.
英国文学史及选读
英国文学史及选读1Part 1. The Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulf (the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. CaedmonParaphrase of the Bible/ (the first known religious poet of England) Cynewulf The Christ /( poet on religious subjects)Part 2. The Anglo-Norman PeriodSir Gawain and the Green Knight/ a mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry and French poetry. (alliterative verse with metrical verse ), The poem reflects the ideal of feudal knighthood. A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church, but also possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.Part 3. Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400The House of Fame ; Troilus and Criseyde (long narrative poem);Legend of Good Women (first used heroic couplet); The Parliament of Fowls poetry ：Canterbury Tales / Significance(重要性): It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time ; It has a dramatic structure; It re flects Chaucer’s humor ; It shows Chaucer’s contribution to the English language and poetry. his contribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), 2.Is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. 3.He is considered as the founder of English poetry. Part 4. The English renaissance(英国文艺复兴)Thomas More(托马斯.莫尔) Utopia(乌托邦) ( He is the outstanding humanist) Lyrical poems(抒情诗) Thomas Wyatt(托马斯.怀亚特)(the first to introduce the sonnet<十四行诗> into English literature); Henry Howard; Philip Sidney; Thomas Campion Epic poem(史诗) Edmond Spenser The Faerie Queen Novels John Lyly(Eupheus gives rise to the term euphuism ); Thomas Lode (they dealing with court life and gallantry Thomas Deloney; Thomas Nashe (they are realistic authors devoted to the everyday life of craftsman, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.) Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯.培根)1561-1626 The philosophical: Advancement of Learning ; Novum Organum 新工具; De Augmentis The literary: Essays(随笔)(Of Truth, Of Death; Of Revenge, Of Friendship ) The professional: treatises entitled Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses The founder of English materialist philosophy Drama Christopher Marlowe ( the greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principle vehic le of expression in drama); Robert Greene George Green /the Pinner of WakefieldWilliamShakespeare1564-1616 (37plays, two narrative poems, 154sonnets) The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Verona维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）; The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗The Great Comedie(伟大的喜剧)s: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of V enice; As You Like It ;Twelfth Night;The Great Tragedies(伟大的悲剧): The Tragedy of Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; The Tragedy of Macbeth;The Later Comedies(romances): Pericles; Cymbeline; The Winter’s Tale; The Tempest;Part 5. The English Bourgeois revolution period and RestorationJohn Milton1608-1674 Shorter poems: L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas;Principle pamphlets: Areopagitica论出版自由; Eikonoklastes; Defense for theEnglish people;Poem: Paradise Lost (The poem was written in blank verse); Paradise Regained;John Bunyan1628-1688 The Pilgrim’s Progress(It is the greatest English allegory, its style is simple and biblical)John Donne1572-1631 Poetry(love lyrics & religious poems);Sonnets(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden Critic, poet and playwright of restoration periodPart 6. The eighteenth CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment or The Age of ReasonEnlightenment Alexander Pope；Joseph Addison&Richard Steele The Spectator；Jonathan Swift；Daniel Defoe；Henry Fielding；Richard B. Sheridan；Oliver Goldsmith；Edward Gibbon；Samuel JohnsonPope exercised the greatest influence on the 18th century poetry;Swift is the most outstanding personality, Gulliver’s TravelsNeoclassicism John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon The Decline & Fall of theRoman Empire Neoclassical poetry, as represented by Dryden, Pope & Johnson, reachedits stylistic perfection during the periodModern Realistic Novel Defoe Robinson Crusoe,Richardson,Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith, T.G..Smollet’s satirical novel The adventures of Roderick RandomFielding and Smollet are the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.Richardson displays the innermost life of an individual, Pamela or Virtue Rewarded, he History of a Young Lady, The History of Sir Chares GrandionGothic Novel The real originator of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole Castle of Otranto；Mary Shelley Frankenstein;Ann Radcliff The Mysteries of UdolphoSentimentalism Novels: Laurence Stern Sentimental Journey;Tristram Shandy；Oliver Goldsmith The Vicar of WakefieldPoetry: Thomas Gray’s An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard;Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village;George Crabbe The VillageSatire Pope , Swift, Richard B. Sheridan School for ScandalPre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy Macpherson & Chatterton, and represented by William Blake&Robert Burns。
英国文学史课程考试大纲
Part One Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of EnglandI.The Britons : a tribe of Celts, the early inhabitants in the Island, form which (Britons)Britain ( i.e. Land of Britons) got its name.（识记，重点）II.The Roman Conquest : In 55 B.C. Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. The Roman conquest lasted for about 400 years (to AD 410). Road systems in London were built. （识记，重点）III.The English Conquest : Britain invaded by three tribes (pirates) from North Europe: The Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Seven kingdoms were established----then combined into a united kingdom called England (the land of Angles)--- the three tribes mixed into one people called English or the Angles, and the three dialects grew into one single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. （识记，重点）IV.The Social Condition of The Anglo-Saxons (识记，一般)V.Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence: The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people, believing in old mythology in North Europe. They were Christianized in the 7th century.（识记，次重点）Chapter 2 BeowulfI.Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Beowulf (a poem of more than 3000 lines) is the national epic of theEnglish people. （识记，重点）II.The Story (理解，一般)III.Analysis of its Content(理解，一般)IV.Features （应用，重点）1)the use of alliteration ( certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonants;2)the use of metaphors/kennings (e.g. “Ring-giver” for king , or “whale’s road” for sea)3)the use of understatements (e.g. “not troublesome” for very welcome, “need not praise” for aright to condemn)Chapter 3 Feudal England1）The Norman ConquestI.The Danish Invasion (识记，一般)II.The Norman Conquest（1）The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. William was later crowned as King of England.（识记，次重点）（2）The Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England. （识记，次重点）（3）The influence of Norman Conquest on the English language. （应用，重点）2) Feudal England (skip)4)The RomanceI. The content of the Romance(1)The most prevailing kind of literature in Feudal England was the romance. （识记，重点）(2)The essence of the Romances id chivalry. （识记，次重点）II. The Romance Cycle(1)Matters of Britain (King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, the culmination of whichis Sir Gawain and the Green Knight); （理解，重点）(2)Matters of France; (识记，一般)(3)Matters of Rome. (识记，一般)Chapter 4 Langland（1）William Langland: author of Piers the Plowman;（2）Piers the Plowman is one of the greatest of English poems, written in the form of a dream vision,;（3）depicting the feudal England by allegory and symbolism. （识记，重点）Chapter 5 The English Ballads(1)definition of Ballad （应用，重点）(2)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. (识记，一般)(3)The Robin Hood Ballads （理解，重点）Chapter 6 Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1343-1400)(1) father/founder of English poetry(2) major works: Troilus and Criseyde; The Canterbury Tales（识记，重点）(3) The Canterbury Tales: （应用，重点）A. Dramatic structure: a framed story (definition); (识记，一般)B. realistic presentation of characters (e.g. Wife of Bath) and contemporary life; (识记，一般)C. Heroic couple (definition), which is Chaucer’s chief contribution to the metric scheme of theEnglish poetry; （理解，重点）D. He used London dialect (instead of Latin or French) as to write poetry, thus making EnglishLanguage of literature. （识记，重点）Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old English in TransitionI. The New Monarchy(1) Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453) (识记，一般)(2) The War of the Roses (1455-1485) (识记，一般)(3) Tudor Dynasty , a centralized monarchy (to meet the needs of the rising bourgeoisie(识记，一般)II. The Reformation(1) Henry VIII declared the break with Rome, and established Protestantism; (识记，一般)III. The English Bible(1)The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe (1324?-1384), themorning star of the Reformation,” and his foll owers. （识记，重点）(2)King James Bible, the Authorized Version. （识记，重点）V.The Enclosure Movement (识记，一般)VI.The Commercial Expansion (识记，一般)VII.The War with Spain(1)the rout of the Spanish fleet “ Armada” (Invincible)（识记，次重点）(2)The English Bourgeoisie came to the fore in the arena of history. (识记，一般)VII．The Renaissance and Humanism(1)definition of The Renaissance（应用，重点）(2)Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. （识记，重点）Chapter 2 More(1)Thomas More (1478-1535): the greatest of the English humanists, author of Utopia. （识记，重点）(2)Utopia（理解，重点）Chapter 3 The Flowering of English LiteratureI. The Flowering of English Literature （Skip）II. Sidney and Raleigh(1) Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1686): well-known as a poet and a critic of poetry. (识记，一般)(2) His Apology for Poetry is one of the earliest English literary essays. （理解，次重点）III. Edmund Spencer (1552-1599)(1) Known as “The Poet’s Poet”, held a position as a model of poetical art among theRenaissance English poets. （识记，重点）(2) The Faerie Queene （理解，重点）(3) The Spenserian Stanza （理解，重点）IV. John Lyly (1554?-1606) (skip)V. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)(1) founder of English materialist philosophy; (识记，次重点）(2) founder of modern science in England (Knowledge is power.) （识记，重点）(3) two works Advancement of Learning and New Instrument （put forward “Inductive method ofreasoning”）（识记，重点）(4) also famous for his Essays. （理解，重点）Chapter 4 DramaI. The Miracle Play(1) The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its drama. （识记，重点）(2) English drama had roots reaching back to the miracle plays of the Middle Ages. （识记，一般）(3) definition of miracle plays (Based on Bible stories) （理解，次重点）II. The Morality Play(1) a little later than miracle plays. （理解，重点）(2) definition (conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages, such as Mercy, Peace, Hate,Folly and so on.) （理解，次重点）III. The Interlude（识记，一般）IV. The Classical Drama（识记，一般）Miracle plays, morality plays, interludes and classical plays were the forms of drama prevailing until the reign of Elizabeth and paved the way for the flourishing of drama. （识记，次重点）V. The London TheatreIn the 16th century, London became the center of English drama. （识记，一般）VI．The Audience（识记，一般）VII. The PlaywrightsThe University Wits (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) （识记，次重点）Chapter 5 Marlowe (1564-1593)I. The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe. （识记，重点）II. Marlowe’s best includes three of his plays: Tamburlaine(1587); The Jew of Malta (1592);Doctor Faustus（识记，重点）III. Doctor Faustus（理解，重点）IV. Social significance of Marlowe’s Plays（理解，重点）V. Marlowe’s literary achievementMarlowe first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. （识记，重点）Chapter 6 Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshire. All through his life he wrote 37 (?39) plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. He was acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.（识记，重点）II. A Chronological list of Shakespeare’s plays（识记，一般）III. Periods of his dramatic composition(1)The 1st period: Historical plays (his first theatrical success was his historicalplays Henry VI) and four comedies. （识记，一般）(2)The 2nd period: great comedies（识记，一般）(3)The 3rd period: great tragedies and dark comedies（识记，一般）(4)4th period: romances or reconciliation plays（识记，一般）IV. The Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of Venice; As You Like It;Twelfth Night（应用，重点）V. The Mature Histories(1) Henry IV（识记，一般）(2)The Image of Henry V: the symbol of Shakespeare’s ideal kingship. （识记，一般）(3) The image of Sir John Falstaff（理解，重点）VI. The Great Tragedies: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth（应用，重点）VII. Hamlet（应用，重点）（1）The story（识记，一般）(2)The character of Hamlet (hesitant humanist) （理解，重点）(3) The melancholy of Hamlet（理解，重点）VIII. The Later Comedies（识记，一般）IX. The Poems(1) Venus and Adonis（识记，一般）(2) The Rape of Lucrece（识记，一般）(3) sonnets (154, definition) （理解，重点）X. Features of Shakespeare’s Drama（理解，次重点）Chapter 7 Ben Jonson (1572-1637Mainly remembered for his comedies: Everyman in his Humour; Volpone, or The Fox; The Alchemist; Bartholomew Fair（识记，一般）Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration (skip)Chapter 2 John Milton (1608-1674)I. Life and work(1) Areopagitica: appealing for the freedom of press. （识记，重点）(2) three epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained; Samson Agonistes（识记，重点）II. Paradise Lost(1) The story（识记，一般）(2)Theme and characterization（理解，次重点）(3) The Image of Satan（理解，重点）III. Samson Agonistes（理解，次重点）IV. Brief summary （理解，次重点）Chapter 3 John Bunyan (1628-1688)(1)The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory. （识记，重点）(2)Content of The Pilgrim’s Progress（理解，重点）Chapter 4 Metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets(1)definition of “Metaphysical poetry”（理解，重点）(2)John Donne was the founder of the Metaphysical School. （识记，重点）(3)Other members of the metaphysical school: George Herbert (1593-1633); Andrew Marvell(1621-1678); Henry Vaughan (1622-1695) （识记，一般）Chapter 5 Some prose writers (Skip)Chapter 6 Restoration LiteratureI. Restoration Comedies (skip)II. John Dryden (1631-1700)(1)The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration period (1660-1688), poet, playwright,and critic. （识记，重点）(2)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy established his position as the leading critic of the day. （识记，次重点）(3)He was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century. （识记，一般）Part Four The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English LiteratureI. The Enlightenment and the 18th century England(1) After the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, England became a constitutional monarchy and powerpassed form the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers. （识记，次重点）(2) The Enlightenment in Europe（理解，重点）(3) The English Enlighteners: The representatives of the Enlightenment in English Literature wereJoseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. （识记，重点）II. (Neo-)Classicism （理解，重点）Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Richard Steele (1672-1729) and The Tatler（识记，重点）2. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and The Spectator（识记，重点）3. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form a character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.（识记，次重点）Chapter 3 PopeI. Life: Alexander Pope (1688-1774) is the most important poet in the first half of the 18th century.（识记，重点）II.Work1. Essay on Criticism(1711) (some proverbial maxims: For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. To err is human, to forgive, divine. A little learning is a dangerous thing.) （识记，重点）2. The Rape of the Lock (1714) （识记，一般）3. Pope’s Homer: He translated the entire Iliad and Half of the Odyssey. （识记，一般）4. Pope’s Shakespeare: He was an editor of Shakespeare’s plays.（识记，一般）5. The Dunciad (1728-1742) （识记，一般）6. Essay on Man (1732-1734) （识记，一般）III. Workmanship and limitationPope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry and was at his best in satire and epigram. （识记，重点）Chapter 4 Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)1. His works:(1) A Tale of a Tub : a satire upon all religious sects. （识记，次重点）(2) The Battle of Books: an attack on pedantry in the literary world of the time. （识记，次重点）(3) Bickerstaff Almanac （识记，一般）(4) Gulliver’s Travels: a political satire（理解，重点）2.His style: 1）simple, clear and vigorous language (“ Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style); 2）master of satire and irony（识记，次重点）Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English NovelI. The Rise of the English Novel: The modern English novel in the 18th century.（识记，重点）Important novelists: Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne. （识记，次重点）II. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)(1)His works: Robinson Crusoe(1719);Captain Singleton(1720); Moll Flanders(1722);Colonel Jacque (1722) （识记，次重点）(2)Robinson Crusoe: 1) the story; 2) the character of Robinson Crusoe (the representative ofthe rising bourgeoisie, practical and exact, religious, mindful of profit, colonizer) （理解，重点）Chapter Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)His Novel: Pamela (, or, Virtue Rewarded: In a Series of Familiar Letters from a Beautiful Young Damsel to Her Parents): epistolary novel (novel of letters) （理解，重点）Chapter 7 Henry Fielding （1707-1754）1.Father of the English novel（识记，重点）2. Joseph Andrews（识记，一般）3. Jonathan Wild (exposing the English bourgeois society and mocking its political system) （识记，一般）4. (The History of )Tom Jones, (A Foundling)1)The Story（识记，一般）2)Characterization（识记，一般）5. Fielding as the founder of the English realist novels（理解，重点）6. Some features of Fielding’s novels. （应用，重点）Chapter 8 Smollett and SterneI. Tobias Smollett (1721-1771)(1) Roderick Random (1748): first important work by Smollett. It is a picaresque novel (i.e. a novelof travels and adventures). （识记，重点）(2)Humphry Clinker (1771): the best and pleasantest of Smollett’s novels (also a picaresque novlenarrated in the form of letters.) （识记，一般）II. Lawrence Sterne (1713-1768)1. (The Life and Opinions of) Trstram Shandy(1760-1767): a plotless, formless novel full ofdigressions, following “stream of consciousness”.（理解，重点）2. A Sentimental Journey(giving the name of the School of “sentimentalism”).（识记，重点）3. Sterne is remembered as a representative of sentimentalism in the 18th century. （识记，重点）Chapter 9 18th Century Drama and Sheridan1. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)1) The Rivals( Mrs. Malaprop, thus giving the term “malapropism”, which means a ridiculousmisusage of big words.) （识记，次重点）2) The School for Scandal: a great “ comedy of manners”, a satire of English high society. （理解，次重点）Chapter 10 JohnsonSamuel Johnson (1709-1784): mainly remembered for his Dictionary. （识记，重点）Chapter 11 Goldsmith (1730-1774)I. A representative of sentimentalists（识记，重点）II. Work:1. poems: The Traveler and The Deserted Village（识记，次重点）2. Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield ( Goldsmith’s masterpiece, for which he was acknowledged to beone of the representatives of English sentimentalism.) （识记，重点）3. Comedies:1) The Good-natured man (1768), a comedy of character; （识记，一般）2) She stoops to conquer (1773), a comedy of manners; （识记，一般）4. Essays: The Citizens of the World (1762), a collection of essays（识记，一般）Chapter 12 GibbonEdward Gibbon (1737-1794): author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire（识记，重点）Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in PoetryI. Sentimentalism in English poetry: Thomas Gray (1716-1771) famous for his Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard, which is a model of sentimental poetry, and fromwhich Gray was called a poet of “Graveyard School”. （识记，重点）II. Pre-RomanticismChapter 14 William Blake1) Songs of Innocence（理解，重点）2) Songs of Experience（理解，重点）3) T he Marriage of Heaven and Hell（识记，一般）4) His position in English poetry （识记，一般）Chapter 15 Robert Burns1. A poet of the peasants; （识记，重点）2. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect; songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects (some examples: A Red, Red Rose; My Heart’s in the Highlands. Auld Lang Syne) （识记，重点）Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Period1. Romanticism (definition and characteristics)（应用，重点）2. Lake poets (or Lakers, or escapist romanticists): Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey（识记，重点）3. Active romanticists: Byron, Shelley and Keats. （识记，重点）4. Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey; （识记，一般）5. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott. （识记，重点）Chapter 2 William Wordsworth (1770-1850)1. In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published Lyrical Ballads, which marked the break with the conventional poetic tradition of the 18th century Neo-classism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. （识记，重点）2. In the preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry. ( “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”) （识记，次重点）3. Some of his short lyrics: Lines Written in Early Spring; To the Cuckoo; I wandered lonely as a Cloud; My Heart Leaps Up; Intimations of Immortality; Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abby; The Solitary Reaper. （识记，次重点）Chapter 3 Coleridge and SoutheyI. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)Poems: The Rime of The Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan（识记，重点）II. Robert Southey (1774-1843) : one of the Lakers. （识记，一般）Chapter 4 George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)1. Childe Harold Pilgrimage( written in Spenserian stanza a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcbcc)（理解，重点）2. Don Juan: his masterpiece, written in “ottva rima”, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameterlines rhymed abababcc)（理解，重点）3. Byronic Hero (definition) （理解，重点）Chapter 5 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1882)1. Queen Mab: Shelley’s first long poem of import ance, in the form of a fairy-tale dream,presenting his views on philosophy, religion, morality and social problems. （理解，重点）2. The Revolt of Islam (expressing his political and aesthetic ideas) （识记，重点）3. Prometheus Unbound: Shelley’s masterpiece, a lyrical drama in 4 acts, symbolizing man’sstruggle against tyranny and oppression. （理解，重点）4. The Masque of Anarchy(criticizing “free competition”)（识记，次重点）5. Song to the Men of England (calling on the working class to rise against the ruling oppressors)（识记，次重点）6. Lyrics on Nature and Love: Ode to the West Wind(“If Winter comes, Can spring be farbehind?”); One Word is Too Often Profaned（识记，次重点）7. In Defence of Poetry(Poetry is the indispensable agent of civilization. “Poets are theunacknowledged legisl ators of the world”, and poetry can play a very important part in the spiritual life of society.) （识记，次重点）Chapter 6 John Keats (1795-1821)1. Five Long Poems : Endymion（识记，次重点）; Isabella（识记，一般）;The Eve of St. Agnes;（识记，一般）Lamia; Hyperion（识记，一般）2. Short Poems: Ode on a Grecian Urn (“Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”) （识记，重点）; On FirstLooking into Chapman’s Homer (a sonnet) （识记，次重点）; On the Grasshopper and the Cricket（识记，次重点）;Ode to Autumn; （识记，一般）Ode on Melancholy（识记，一般）; Ode to a Nightingale（识记，次重点）Chapter 7 Charles Lamb (1775-1834)1. The Essays of Elia(very humorous) （识记，一般）2.Tales from Shakespeare (collaboration with Mary Lamb) （识记，次重点）Chapter 8 Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt1. William Hazlitt: essayist, author of Table Talk; The Plain Speaker; Sketches and Essays（识记，一般）2. Henry James Leigh Hunt (1784-1859), essayist（识记，一般）Chapter 9 De Quincey1. Thomas De Qunicey (1785-1859), essayist, critic, author of The Confession of an English Opium- Eater. （识记，一般）Chapter 10 Walter Scott1. Scott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel. （识记，次重点）2. His Historical Novels1) Rob Roy (Red Robert, about 1715 uprising) （识记，一般）2) Ivanhoe (about Norman Conquest) （识记，次重点）3) features of his historical novels. （理解，次重点）Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 1 The Rise of Critical Realism in England1. English Critical Realism1) definition（应用，重点）2) The greatest English realist of the 19th century is Charles Dickens. （识记，重点）Chapter 2 Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1.The First Period (1836-1841)1) The Pickwick Papers（理解，次重点）2) Oliver Twist（理解，重点）3) Nicholas Nickleby（识记，一般）4) The Old Curiosity Shop（识记，一般）2. The Second Period (1842-1850)1) Dombey and Son（识记，一般）2) David Copperfield（理解，重点）3. The Third Period (1851-1870)1) Bleak House（识记，一般）2) Hard Times（识记，一般）3) Little Dorrit（识记，一般）4) A Tale of Two Cities（理解，重点）5) Great Expectations（识记，一般）4.Dickens : Man and Writer（理解，重点）Chapter 3 Thackeray1. William Thackeray (1811-1863): a representative of critical realism. （识记，重点）2. The Snobs of England, his first literary success, a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling class. （识记，一般）3. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero, Thackeray’s masterpiece, the peak of his li terary career.（理解，重点）Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)1) Sense and Sensibility（识记，重点）2) Pride and Prejudice（理解，重点）3) Emma（识记，次重点）4) Persuasion（识记，次重点）5) Mansfield Park（识记，次重点）2. The Brontë Sisters1) Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855): Jane Eyre (the image of Jane Eyre) （应用，重点）2) Emily Brontë (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights ( the image of Heathcliff) （应用，重点）3) Anne Brontë(1820-1849) （识记，一般）3. Mrs Gaskell ( Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell) (1810-1865): Mary Barton (, a Tale of Manchester):a realistic novel giving a picture of the class struggle in the period of Chartism. （识记，一般）4. George Eliot (1819-1880):1) Adam Bede:a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passion, temperament, human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty. （理解，次重点）2) The Mill on the Floss（识记，次重点）3) Silas Marner（识记，次重点）4) The novels of George Eliot mark the beginning of a new stage in the development of English critical realism. Her characters are not grotesque types, but just common men and women. （识记，一般）Part Seven: Prose-writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlyle1. The Mid and late 19th century is sometimes called the Victorian Age because of the reign of Queen Victoria during 1837-1901. （识记，次重点）2. Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)1) Sartor Resartus (meaning “ the tailor retailored” or “the tailor reclothed”) （识记，一般）2) The French Revolution（识记，一般）3) Heros and Hero-Worship ( “ The History of the World is the Biogarphy of Great Men.”) （理解，重点）4) Past and Present（识记，一般）Chapter 2 Ruskin and Some other Prose-Writers1. John Ruskin (1819-1900): author of Sesame and Lilies; Modern Painters（识记，一般）2. Mathew Arnold (1822-1888)1) Literary Criticism: Essays in Criticism; Essays in Criticism, Second Series（理解，次重点）2) Social Criticism: Culture and Anarchy ( representative work). （理解，重点）3) Dover Beach(Arnold’s masterpiece, a poem expressing disappointment with modern civilization) （识记，重点）3. Thomas Babington Macaulay: Prose stylist, author of History of England, his masterpiece. （识记，一般）Chapter 3 Tennyson1. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892): The most important poet of the Victorian Age. （识记，重点）2. In Memoriam (in memory of A.H. Hallam, e.g. “Break, Break, Break”) （识记，重点）3. The Idylls of the King（识记，一般）Chapter 4 The Brownings1. Robert Browning: His principal achievement lies in his introducing to English poetry a new form, the “dramatic monologue (e.g. My Last Duchess).（识记，重点）2. Mrs Browning (Elizabeth Barrett): Sonnets from the Portuguese（识记，一般）Chapter 5 The Rossettis and Swinburne1. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882): a founder of “Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood”. His best known poem is perhaps The Blessed Damozel. （识记，一般）2. Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894) （识记，一般）3. Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883) : author of Rubaiyat（识记，次重点）4. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909): author of poems and Ballads. His poems, together with those of Rossetti and others, foreshadowed the literary trend of decadence and “art for art’s sake’, represented by Oscar Wilde in the 1890s. （识记，次重点）Chapter 6 William Morris (1834-1896)1. A Dream of John Ball and News from Nowhere are the two most important of Morris’s prose works. Both are in the form of dreams, the first of the past and the second of the future. （识记，次重点）2. News from Nowhere: called “the crown and climax of his whole work”, describing a dream of the future classes society. （理解，重点）Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. Naturalism1) definition（理解，重点）2) representatives (George Gissing and Thomas Hardy) （识记，次重点）2. Neo-Romanticism1) Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) was the representative of neo-Romanticism (inventingexciting adventures and fascinating romances) in English Literature. （识记，次重点）2) Treasure Island is his best-known work. （识记，重点）3) Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde（识记，次重点）3. Aestheticism1. definition (Art should serve no religious, moral, social or any anther purposes except itself) （理解，重点）2. Principle: Art for art’s sake. （识记，重点）3. The two most important representatives of aestheticism in English literature are Walter Pater(1839-1894) and Oscar Wilde(1856-1900). （识记，重点）4. Oscar Wilde: a spokesman for the aesthetic movement in England. （识记，重点）1) Two collections of Fairy tales: The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888) （识记，次重点）;A House of Pomegranates (1891); （识记，一般）2) A collection of short story: Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories; （识记，一般）3) A series of critical essays: Intentions (1891); （识记，一般）4) His only novel: The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) （识记，次重点）5) Four comedies: Lady Windermere’s Fan(1893); A Woman of No Importance (1894); An IdealHusband (1895); The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) （识记，重点）6) One tragedy: Salomé（识记，重点）Part Eight Twentieth Century English LiteratureChapter 1 The New Century: Social and Historical Background (skip)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century1. The Realist:1) Samuel Butler (1835-1902): Erewhon (1872); Erewhon Revisited (1901); The Way of All Flesh (1903, his masterpiece) （识记，一般）2) Goerge Meridith: T he Egoist（识记，一般）3) H(erbert).G(eorge). Wells: realistic novels, scientific fantasies, discussion novels（识记，一般）4) Thomas Hardy (to be discusses in detail)5) John Galsworthy (to be discusses in detail)2. Other important novelists of the early 20th century1) Rudyard Kipling(1865-1936): called “the bard of imperialism”.His works: Kim(1901); The Jungle Book (1894); The Second Jungle Book (1895) （识记，次重点）2) Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)The Old Wives’ Tales（识记，一般）3) Joseph Conrad (1857-1924): a Pole by birth, starting Learning English at his twenties. His works; Heart of Darkness; Lord Kim; Nostromo（识记，重点）3. Henry James (1843-1916)1)Born and educated in the U.S.as an American, but was naturalized as a British subject in 1915.He was the forerunner of the “Stream of consciousness” literature.（识记，重点）2)His representative works: Daisy Miller (1879); The Portrait of a Lady (1881); The Wings ofthe Dove (1902); The Ambassador (1903); The Golden Bow l (19040（识记，重点）4. Katharine Mansfield (1888-1923): Born in New Zealand, famous woman writer of short stories.（识记，一般）Chapter 3 Hardy1. Thomas Hardy （1840-1928）: Novelist and poet, one of the English Critical realism at the turn of the 19th century. （识记，一般）2. His principal works are the Wessex Novels, i.e. novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside. （识记，次重点）3. The Wessex novels: Under the Greenwood Tree (1872); Far From the Madding Crowd (1874); The Return of the Native (1878); The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886); Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891); Jude the Obscure (1896). （识记，次重点）4. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, a Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayed, Hardy’s most famous book.（理解，重点）5. Jude the Obscure:“a deadly war waged between flesh and spirit” and “ the contrast between the ideal life a man wishe d to lead and the squalid real life he was fated to lead.” (Hardy’s words)（理解，次重点）Chapter 4 Galsworthy1. John Galsworthy (1867-1933): a representative of bourgeois realism in the 20th-century English novel，winner of Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.（识记，一般）2. The Forsyte Saga: the prose epic of the Forsyte family in two trilogies, each consisting of three novels and two interludes. （识记，一般）1) The first trilogy: The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property(1906); The Indian Summer of a Forsyte (Interlude, 1917); In Chancery (1920); Awakening (Interlude, 1921); To Let (1921) （识记，重点）2) The second trilogy: A Modern Comedy: The White Monkey (1924); A Silent Wooing (interlude, 1927); The Silver Spoon (1926); Passers-by (interlude, 1927); Swan Song (1928) （识记，一般）3) The two trilogies The Forsyte saga, and A Modern Comedy, should be considered a monumental work of critical realism in the English literature in the 20th century. （识记，次重点）4) The Man of Property（理解，重点）Chapter 5 The Irish Dramatic MovementThe leaders of the Irish Renaissance (The Irish dramatic revival) were the poet, William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) and Lady Augusta Gregory (1852-1932), both founders of the national Irish theatre, called the Abby Theatre. （识记，重点）Chapter 6 Bernard Shaw1. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): Irish playwright, “a good man fallen among the Fabians”. (Lenin’s words)（识记，一般）2.He lived a long life and wrote 51 plays, which include: Widower’s Houses（识记，一般）; Mrs Warr en’s Profession（理解，重点）; The Devil’s Disciple（识记，一般）; Man and Superman （识记，一般）; Major Barbara（理解，次重点）; Heartbreak House（理解，次重点）; Saint Joan （识记，一般）; The Apple Cart（识记，一般）; Pygmalion（识记，一般）。
英国文学史1
3. The Canterbury Tales
Outline of the Story Analysis of The Prologue Social Significance of The Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s Contributions in literature in language
b. The epic reflects the situation of the epoch of pagan tribalism and of the era of the Christianized feudal society.
Exercise ⅠDefine the literary terms listed below alliteration epic ⅡAnswer the following questions 1. What do you know about the Teutons? 2. Please give a brief description of The
Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
1.The Making of England
The Britons The Roman Conquest The English Conquest
2. The literature of this period Two divisions: pagan and Christian The song of Beowulf 1) brief introduction of Beowulf 2) four parts of the story fight with Grendel fight with Grendel’s mother fight with firedrake death and funeral
英国文学史及选读
《英国文学史及选读》复习题Part One: Brief Questions1.What‟s the symbolic meaning of the “Vanity Fair” in Bunyan‟s “The Pilgrim‟sProgress”?2.What can we see from the Soliloquy of Hamlet?This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is one's right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world.3.What‟s the main idea of “Of Studies” by Bacon?It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.4.What‟re the four stories of “Gulliver‟s Travels” by Swift?The first part tells about Gulliver‟s experience in Lilliput;in the second part,Gulliver is left alone in Brobdingnag;the third part deals mainly with his accidental visit to the Flying Island and the last part is a most interesting account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land.5.What‟s the writing feature of Beowulf?1 ) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem, despite the Christian flavor given to it by themonastery scribe. It is the product of all advanced pagan civilization. The whole poem presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society. The social conditions and customs can be .seen in it. So the poem has a great social significance.2) The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable inthis poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stresses.3) The use of the alliteration is another notable feature. Three stresses of the whole lineare made even more emphatic by the use of alliteration.4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem. For example, the sea iscalled "the whale-road" or "the swan road"; the soldiers are called "shield-man"; the chieftains are called the "treasure keepers"; human-body is referred to as "the bone-house"; God is called "wonder-wielder"; monster is referred to as "soul-destroyer''.6.What‟s the contribution made by Geoffrey Chaucer?He introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, esp. the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter (…heroic couplet‟) to English poetry. He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language, making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.7.What‟s the historical significance of the Glorious Revolution?The supremacy of ParliamentThe beginning of modern EnglandThe final triumph of the principle of political liberty8.Explain the literary trends in the 17th century.One of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideas.Medieval standards of chivalry, impossible loves and romances, the ideal of a national church perishedDisapproving of the sonnets and the love poetry, and theatres was closed then.Bible became the only book to read.It tended to suppress literary art.Part Two: Detailed Appreciation9.Read the poem (“Sonnet 18” by Shakespeare) and answer the following questions.a)What is the theme of the poem?Theme: a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.b)Explain the rhyme and tone in the poem by drawing the first two lines. Rhetorical questioning: the 1st line, used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audience.c)Why is the speaker‟s loved one more lovely than a summer‟s day?If I compared you to a summer day, / I'd have to say you are more beautiful and serene: / By comparison, summer is rough on budding life, / And doesn't last long either:Extravagant praise compares a summer day as less lovely and constant as the beloved.10.Read the poem (“Sonnet 29” by Shakespeare) and answer the following questions.a)In the first two thirds of the sonnet, the speaker is complaining about themisfortunes in his life. What suddenly lifts him out of his bad mood?b)In the last line, the speaker scorns to change his state with kings. What doesthe word “state” mean?11.Read the poem (“Song: Go and Catch the Falling Star” by Donne) and answer thefollowing questions.a)What is the speaker‟s tone? What‟s his opinion about the constancy ofwomen?This poem chief concerns the lack of constancy in women.b)How much impossibility does Donne list in the poem? What are they? What‟sthe additional impossibilities does he have in mind throughout this stanza?There is seven impossibility list in the poem and they are catch a falling star, Get with child a mandrake roote, all past yeares, cleft the Divels foot, hear Mermaides singing, keep off envies stinging and advance an honest minde.The additional impossibilities in his mind is Lives a woman true.12.Read the poem (“A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” by Donne) and answer thefollowing questions.a)Why does Donne‟s “Valediction” (a poem of farewell) forbid mourning?b)Comment on the relation of the various images to each other. Is there adevelopment of some kind?13.Read the poem (“The Flea” by Donne) and answer the following questions.a)Who‟re the speaker and the listener? What‟s the situation in the poem?The speaker is a man and the listener is a lady.b)How‟s the speaker‟s reasoning to persuade the listener? And point out theconceits used in the poem.14.Read the poem (“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Gray) and answerthe following questions.a)How does Gray begin the essay?b)Where does Gray begin to make a shift from visual to acoustic perception?Why?c)From which stanza, does Gray begin to describe the country churchyard?d)How many sounds does Gray employ in stanza 5? Wha t‟re they, and why doeshe make a list of these sounds?e)What‟s the main idea of stanza 6?f)What can we see about the occupation of the dead person from stanza 7?Please make a list of the words which can certify your guess.g)What do stanzas 8 and 9 tell us?15.Read the poem (“The Tiger” by Blake) and answer the following questions.a)Analyze the form and rhythm of the poem, and what‟s the central question inthis poem?b)What do the lamb and the tiger represent respectively?The problem with that, though, is that the speaker of “The Lamb” sees the creator as a lamb. The speaker of “The Tyger” sees only tygers, and therefore the Creator must be like a tyger.T he problem is in the basic selection process. And what causes him to make that selection is what he believes. If he believes that the world is shaped by mercy, pity, peace and love, then that‟s what he‟s going to see, a lamb as the creator. And vice versa with the tyger.16.Read the poem (“London” by Blake) and answer the following questions.a)Analyze the form and rhythm of the poem.The poem has four quatrains, with alternate lines rhyming. Repetition is the most striking formal feature of the poem, and it serves to emphasize the prevalence of the horrors the speaker describes.b)What kind of picture about London do you have in your mind after reading thepoem (London)? Describe in your own words with supportive details from thepoem.17.Read the poem (“Lines” by Wordsworth), from the beauteous forms in heart, thepoet could see into the life of things. How did it come? Analyze it by drawing a flow chart.18.Read the poem (“Break, Break, Break” by Tennyson) and answer the foll owingquestions.a)What feelings of loss arise in the speaker as he looks out at the sea breakingendlessly against the shore?b)The meter of lines 1 and 13 obviously differ from that of the whole poem. Howdo they differ, and how do they control the tone of the poem? What is the effectof the repetition?c)In the second stanza, what does the poet describe? What do you think is hisintention for giving such a setting? And how does this setting intensify the speaker‟s mood?19.Read the poem (“Crossing the Bar” by Tennyson) and answer the followingquestions.a)What overall mood and atmosphere does Tennyson create in this poem?This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson‟s life. We can feel hisfearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife.Bar: a bank of sand or stones under the water as in a river, parallel to the shore, at the entrance to a harbor.“Crossing the Bar” means leaving this world and entering the next world.b)Instead of saying death directly, Tennyson uses a metaphor. What is themetaphor? How effective is it used?Metaphor is a figure of speech. It refers to a comparison between unlikethings without the use of "like" or "as". This comparison is done between two things that are basically different but have something in common in some significant way. It is used in reference to something that does not literallysuggest a similarity. Metaphor is different from a simile or analogy because metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing and not just that they are like one another.Sunset,evening star,twilight,evening bell:all images of the end of life.c)What is Tennyson‟s attitude towards death?This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson‟s life. We can feel hisfearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife.Part Three: Reading Comprehension20.“And thus the native hue of resolution / Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast ofthought.”a)Identify the title and the author.The author is William Shakespeare and the title is Hamlet.b)What idea do the lines express?1.lose the honor due to action2.Our conscience makes us cowards, our natural colour is drained by theprospect of it. Things of gravity and importance lose their momentum.The “native hue of resolution” is the resolve to kill one‟s self;it‟s what‟s “sicklied o‟er with the pale cast of thought”Hamlet thus concludes that the dread of the afterlife leads to excessive moral sensitivity that makes action impossible.21.“Whether I went over by the ladder, as first contrived, or went in at the hole in therock, which I called a door, I cannot remember; no, nor could I remember the next morning, for never frighted hare fled to cover, or fox to earth, with more terror of mind than I to this retreat.”a)Identify the title and the author of the selected part.The title is Robinson Crusoe and the author is Daniel Defoe.b)Why was I so frighted, according to the story?22.“If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer‟s cases. So everydefect of the mind may have a special receipt.”a)Identify the author and the essay from which the quoted sentences are taken.The auther is Francis Bacon and the essay is Of Studies.b)What is the essay mainly about?It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.23.“Five hundred carpenters and engineers were immediately set at work to pre pare thegreatest engine they had. It was a frame of wood raised three inches from the ground, about seven foot long and four wide, moving upon twenty-two wheels.”a)Identify the title and the author.The title is Gulliver's Travels and the author is Jonathan Swift.b)Why did they make such a great engine?。
(完整word版)英国文学史人物及代表作
Beowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
英国文学
Part 1. Old and medieval
William Langland 威廉。兰格伦 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰佛利·乔叟 1340-1400
Thomas More 托马斯。莫尔 Philip Sidney 菲力普。锡德尼 Edmond Spenser 埃德蒙。斯宾塞 Francis Bacon 培根 1561-1626
Part 2. The English renaissance Utopia 乌托帮
Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry 诗辩
The Faerie Queene 仙后 The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历
Advancement of Learning 学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具; New Atlantic 新大西岛;Essays 论文集（Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self） The founder of English materialist philosophy Tamburlaine 铁木耳大帝 Dr.Faustus 浮士德的悲剧 The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人 The Passionate Shepherd 多情的牧羊人致 情人 The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz 维罗纳二绅士; The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶 报; The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰; Love’s Labour’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦; The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It 如愿; The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜; Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事; The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third 约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世; The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世（上、下）; The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth 亨利六世（上、中、下）; The Life of King Henry the Eighth 亨利八世； Troilus and Cressida 脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus 考利欧 雷诺斯; Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet 罗密欧与朱丽叶； Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿 斯·凯撒； The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特/王子复仇 记; King Lear 李尔王;Othello 奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利欧佩特 拉; Cymbeline 辛白林;Pericles 波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis 维诺斯·阿都尼斯; Lucrece 露克利斯;The Sonnets 十四行诗
英国文学史资料
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksPart 1. Early and Medieval English Literature早期和中世纪的英国文学1. Beowulf贝奥武夫: the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons2.William Langland威廉·郎兰Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯3. Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟（1340~1400）①<The Canterbury Tales> 坎特伯雷故事集②<Troilus and Criseyde> 特罗勒斯和克莱西（意大利）③<The Romaunt of Rose> 玫瑰传奇（翻译）Part 2. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴时期文学4. Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535①<Utopia>乌托邦5.Philip Sidney菲利普·锡德尼爵士①Astrophel and Stella爱星者和星星②Apology for Poetry诗辩6. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599 （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”）①<The Faerie Queene>仙后--allegory (for Queen Elizabeth)②<The Shepherd’s Calendar>牧人日历7. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626①<Essays> 随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)8.Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马罗1564~1595①<Doctor Faustus> 浮士德博士②<T amburlaine> 铁木真③<The Jew of Malta> 马耳他的犹太人9. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与阿都尼斯The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克丽丝受辱记The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much Ado about Nothing 无事生非The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Measure for Measure 一报还一报The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨The comedy of errors错中错Cymbeline 辛白林Pericles 佩里科尔斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门Coriolanus 科里奥兰纳斯Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃围城记Julius CaesarKing John 约翰王②Four Comedies:<A s Yo u L i k e I t>皆大欢喜;<Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;<The Merchant Of Venice> 威尼斯商人③Four tragedies:<Hamlet> 哈姆莱特;<Othello> 奥赛罗;<King Lear> 李尔王;<Macbeth> 麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>10. Ben Jonson本·琼森1572-1637①<Every Man in His Humour> 人人高兴②<V olpone，or the Fox> 狐狸③<The Alchemist>（1610）炼金术士④<Bartholomew> 巴索罗谬诗集Part 3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命时期文学11. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674①Epics:<Paradise Lost>失乐园<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem:< Samson Agonistes>力士参孙③<Areopagitica>论出版自由④<On His Deceased Wife >1658（梦亡妻）12. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688①allegory< The Pilgrim‟s Progress >天路历程（John Donne约翰·邓恩）13. Andrew Marvell安德鲁·马维尔To His Coy Mistress致他娇羞的女友14. John Dryden约翰·德莱顿1631-1700(long poem) Absalom and Achitophel 亚布萨伦与琦图菲尔 (124)All for love 一切为了爱Part 4.The Eighteenth century英国18世纪文学15. Richard Steele理查德·斯蒂尔1672-1729The Tatler 闲谈者The Spectator旁观者16. Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744①< Essay on Criticism> 批评论②<The Rape of the Lock> 卷发遇劫记③<Essay on Man> 人论<The Dunciad>群愚史诗17. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745(Dublin, Ireland)A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books 书战Gulliver’s Travels 格列夫游记（Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国the Flying Island 飞岛国-Laputa the Yahoos慧马国-Houyhnhnm）Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰的小册子：（1.<A Modest Proposal> 一个小小的建议 2.<The Drapier’s Letters> 布商的书信）18. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学史
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1.The Making of Englanda. The Roman Conquestb. The English Conquestc. The Norman Conquest2. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3. Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the sameconsonant sound.4. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. The romances were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble (由贵族供养的).5.Two department of English literature: the romance and the ballad.6.Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟)a.He was the founder of English poetry. He died in 1400 and was buried in WestminsterAbbey(西敏寺)，thus founding the“Poets’ Corner.” (诗人角)b.《The Canterbury Tales》●The whole poem is a collection of 24 independent stories.●The host of the inn is the judge of the story-telling contest.●24 stories are divided into groups: marriage, religious belief, scholarship, status ofwomen●Prologue/introduction is the summary.●Story-tellers are from different ranks and professions. It provide an overall pictureof British life.c.His contribution●Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a masterof word-pictures.●He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially therhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (英雄双行体)to English poetryinstead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.●Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modernEnglish speech.Part Two: The English Renaissance1.The Authorized V ersion was sometimes called the King James Bible.2.Renaissance:The Renaissance or the rebirth of art and literature is an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.4.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞《The Faerie Queene》仙后5. Francis Bacon is an essayist6. Drama: the miracle play, the morality play, the interlude, the classical drama.7.Christopher Marlowe was the most gifted of the "university wits".8.Marlowe's three plays: 《Tamburlaine》greed for power《The Jew of Malta》for wealth《Doctor Faustus》for knowledge9.William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616.10.Shakespeare's plays:The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of V enice 威尼斯商人Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门The winter's Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨11.The principal idea of historical plays is the necessity for national unity under one king.12. The melancholy of Hamlet:●The keynote of Hamlet's character is melancholy, but his melancholy is not thenegative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habitof mind.●What Hamlet seeks is not only his personal revenge but also the great responsibility inreforming the world as a whole. But to realize his ideal in his own time is beyond him.This and this only, is the cause of Hamlet's profound melancholy and his delay inrevenge.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolutionton 《Paradise Lost》2.The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, bymysticism in content and fantasticality in form. (P116)Part Four: The Eighteenth Century1.Enlightenment (启蒙运动)The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2.Classicism(古典主义)The classicists upheld reason, law and order.3.Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:●Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.●They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century●In the hands of Steele and Addison, the English essay had completely established itself asa literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they usheredin the dawn of modern English novel4.Swift:《Gulliver’s Travels（格利弗游记）》《A Modest Proposal（一个温柔的建议）》5.Defoe:《Robinson Crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）》6.Richardson:《Pamela（帕美拉）》(the first English psycho-analytical novel)He was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.7.《Pamela（帕美拉）》was a new thing in three ways:●It discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroicromances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people●Its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction●It described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secretthoughts and feelings.8.Samuel Johnson:《Johnson’s Dictionary(1755)》●It marked an epoch in the study of the English language●It marked the end of English writer s’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support9.Sentimentalism (感伤主义)By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance. It came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart”.10. Compare: 《Songs of Innocence (1789)（天真之歌）》and 《Songs of Experience (1794)（经验之歌）》P197●视角：SI was written from the eyes of children, while SE was a much more mature workwhich was written from the eyes of adults●内容：SI mainly describes the nature, such as the sun, the hills, the streams the insectsand the flowers as well as the innocence of the child and the lamb. SE draws pictures ofneediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable●主题：SI shows a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. SE brought a fuller sense ofthe power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.Part 5: Romanticism in England1.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, theromanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of Capitalism. But owning to difference in social and political attitudes, they spilt into two schools: escapist romanticists (Wordsworth 华兹华斯, Coleridge柯勒律支and Southey骚赛) and active romanticists (Byron拜伦, Shelley雪莱and Keats济慈). (P211)2.William Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the 《Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集)》. Hebased his own potential principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”所有好的诗歌都是强烈情感的自然流露(P213)3.Coleridge’s best poem: 《The rime of the ancient Mariner》4.Keats四大颂歌《Ode to Autumn(秋月颂)》《Ode on Melancholy(忧郁颂)》《Ode on a Grecian(希腊古翁颂)》《Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂)》5.Charles Lamb:《Tales from Shakespeare》《The essay of Elia》mb was a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weavingromance into the daily life. But his romanticism is different from that of Wordsworth.Wordsworth was the romanticist of nature, and Lamb the romanticist of city. While Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes, Lamb’s imagination was fired with the busy life of London.(P258)Part Six: English Critical Realism1.English Critical Realisma.English Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point.b.With striking force and truthfulness, English critical realist creates pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. They hold a critical attitude to the society.c.The critical realists laid bare the cruelty hypocrisy of the capitalists.d.They also paid sympathy for the working class by showing their misery sufferings etc.2.Dickens’s Novelsa. the first period:The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿b. the second period:American Notes 访美札记Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔c. the third period:Bleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时事A Tale of Two CitiesGreat Expectations 远大前程3.Thackeray 萨克雷——V anity Fair 名利场p303Jane Austen——《Sense and Sensibility》《Emma》《Pride and Prejudice》The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte——《Jane Eyre》Emily——《Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄》（哥特式小说horror）AnneMrs. Gaskell 盖斯凯尔夫人——《Mary Barton（玛丽巴顿）》（Mary Barton is still a realisticnovel giving a picture of the class struggle in the period of Chartism）George Eliot 爱略特——《Adam Bede（亚当比德）》《The Mill on the Floss（弗洛斯河上的磨坊）》Part Seven: Prose-writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19thCentury1.Naturalism 自然主义Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half oh the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “trueto life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details of life without any selection.Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”.Naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism.2.Aestheticism 唯美主义Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The aestheticists declared the theory of “art for art’s sake” that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself, trying to separate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations.(Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde 卡明斯王尔德)（艺术的自足论自足体autonomy）Part Eight: 20th Century English Literature1. Joseph Conrad (康拉德)：one of the most original novelists of early 20th century, was a Pole bybirth.——《Heart of Darkness（黑暗的心脏）》《Lord Jim (吉姆老爷)》Henry James: “stream of consciousness”意识流的创始人——《Daisy Miller（黛西米勒）》《The Ambassadors（使者）》Thomas Hardy——《Tess of the D’Urbervilles （德伯家的苔丝）》2. ModernismModernism in English literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique in writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.wrence 劳伦斯——《Sons and Lovers》《Women in Love》《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》James Joyce乔伊斯——《Dubliners》《Ulysses》《Finnegans》Virginia Woolf沃尔芙——《To the Lighthouse（去灯塔）》《The Waves（海浪）》《ARoom of One’s Own（一个自己的房间）》（女性主义）W.B.Y eats (诗人)T.S.Eliot 艾略特(诗人理论家) ——《The Waste Land（荒原）》《Four Quartets（四个四重奏）》Tradition and the Individual Talent 传统和个人才能。
英国文学史及选读第一册
英国文学史选读第一册Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)The literature: The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan(异教徒文学) and Christian(基督徒文学)Form: Alliterative verseThe coming of Christianity meant not simply a new life and leader for England; it meant also the wealth of a new language.Caedmon(开德蒙) wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.The great epic—The Song of Beowulf : The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf—one of the national heroes of the English people.Part II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (1066-1350) Background: the Normans headed by William, defeated the Anglo-Saxon.The literature:The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon language.Literary work:Sir Gawain and the Green KnightTerm explanation:Romance(传奇): Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by aknight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry. The content of romance: love, religion, chivalry. It involves fighting and adventures.Part III GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340?-1400)Geoffrey Chaucer, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the 14th century.Chaucer chose the metrical form(格律诗) which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. And also found the London dialect as the English literary language.Works:The Canterbury TalesTerm explanation:Popular Ballads：The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth line rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families. Bishop Thomas was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads. There are various kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. The paramount ballad is Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale .Comments on Robin Hood: Robin Hood is a partly historical and partlylegendary character. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in William Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. His hatred for the cruel oppressors is the result of his love for the poor and downtrodden.Works:Robin Hood and Allin-a-DaleGet up and Bar the DoorSir Patrick SpensPART IV THE RENAISSANCE(1485-1603) an age of drama and lyrical poetryThe 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.Term explanation:Renaissance:1)renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the14th century to the 17th century. With the development ofbourgeois relationships and formation of the English national statethis period is marked by a flourishing of nation culture known asthe Renaissance. The term renaissance originally indicated arevival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after thedark ages of medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主义). The greatest ofthe English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.2)Theme: the expression of secular values with man instead of Godas the center of the universe. It emphasizes the dignity of man, values of man.3)Two major types: drama and lyrical poetry.It affirms the earthly achievement, man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.Works:1.Thomas More: humanist,utopia (give a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.2.Francis Bacon: scientist and philosopher;his works may be divided onto three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professionalessays3.Thomas Wyatt: the first to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.4.Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen5.John Lyly:Eupheus; gave rise to the term “euphuism”,designating an affected style of court speech.6.Christopher Marlowe: the greatest pioneers of English drama;made bland verse the principal vehicle expression in drama.7.Robert Greene: George Green, the Pinner of Wakefield8.William Shakespeare: one of the first founders of realism, amaster hand at realistic portrayal of human characters andrelations.Hamlet(Hamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole tragedy is permeated withthe spirit of Shakespeare’s own time. Hamlet is the profoundestexpression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism ofcontemporary life.)PART V THE 17TH CENTURYTHE PERIOD OF REVOLUTION AND RESTORATION Literary characteristics in this period:The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.(1)The Puritan influence:medieval standard of chivalry, the impossible love and romances perished. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and love poetry. The Bible became now the one book of thepeople.(2) the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poetsPoetry took new and startling forms. Prose became somber. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so-called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite workmanship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton.(3) The French influence is most marked in the drama.Rimed couplets instead of blank verse;The unities, a more regular construction, and the presentation rather than individual;The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.(4) restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy those chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.John Donne:His prose style, involuted and ornate, cumulative and Ciceronian, is one of the more glorious monuments to the spirit of the early seventeenth century.Song (“ Go and Catch a Falling Star”)A Valediction: Forbidding MourningSonnet: Death be not proudJohn Milton: poet, Puritan, fight for human rights; in 1652 became totally blind.Paradise Lost:it is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the reader will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.Sonnet: On His Blindness\Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeJohn Bunyan: spiritual independence, gave us the only great allegory. He was imprisoned for preaching without a license.The Pilgrim’s Progress: written in old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.Bunyan speaks in terse, idiomatic prose, and his characters are living men and women.PART VI THE 18TH CENTURY ( an age of prose and novel)THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLANDThe theme: social reality, common people’s life.The enormous amount of eighteenth century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, gossip.Enlightenment: on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. The problem of man comes to the fore, superseding all other problems in literature.1.J oseph Addison, Richard Steele: the publishers of a moralistic journal The Tatler and The SpectatorThese two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers, and also brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome.The essays and stories of Addison and Steele, devoted not only to social problems, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to the development of the 18th century novel.Sir Roger是Joseph Addison塑造的经典形象。
英国文学简史1
PART ONE: EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATUREChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons(primitive people), a tribe of Celts(凯尔特人). From the Britons the island got its name of Britain, the land of Britons.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror.(78A.D--410A.D.)①The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years, during which the Romans, for military purposes, built a network of highways, later called the Roman roads.②Along these roads grew up scores of towns, and London, one of them, became an important trading centre.③With the Roman conquest the Roman mode of life came across to Britain also. Roman theatres and baths quickly rose in the towns.④Christianity was introduced to Britain.3. Three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain. By the 7th century, 7 small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.The three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, which is quite different from the English that we know today.4. The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. Chapter 2 Beowulf1. English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of Old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems.One long poem of over 3000 lines is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.2. The story of BeowulfBeowulf is the nephew of Hygelac(赫依拉), King of the Geats(高特), a people in Jutland(日德兰), Denmark.Hrothgar(赫斯加), King of the DanesGrendel(格伦德尔), a terrible monster①Beowulf sails for Denmark with fourteen companions and offers to fight Grendel.②Old she-monster comes to avenge Grendel's death. She is also killed.③Beowulf bids farewell to his household and goes to seek the fire dragon with eleven companions. The dragon is killed at last. But Beowulf is hopelessly wounded.3. Analysis of its content①Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from their continental homes.②It was written down in the tenth century.③It is partly-historical and partly-legendary.④Its main stories(the fights with monsters)are evidently folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.Beowulf reflects the features of the tribal society of ancient times.4. Features of Beowulf①the use of alliteration: Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determines the alliteration.②the use of metaphors and of understatementsCharacteristics of Anglo-Saxon Literature:Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature is at most exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Its creator for the most part is unknown. It was only given a written form long after its composition.Chapter 3 Feudal England1)The Norman Conquest1. King Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德王)More important as a literary work is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(盎格鲁--撒克逊编年史), written under his encouragement and supervision, which begins with Caesar's conquest and is a monument of Old English prose.2. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(Norman Conquest)He pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There were almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French.By the end of the fourteenth century, Normans and English intermingled. English was once more the dominant speech in the country.2)Feudal England1. The chief feature of the society was distinct division into classes, mainly two classes: landlords and peasants.2. The miseries of peasants: Black Death(1348-1349), a Statute of Laborers, war expenditure(the war between England and France for 40 years), a poll-tax3. The Rising of 1381: Wat Tyler(沃特.泰勒) and John Ball(约翰.保尔)The peasants' rising had shaken the feudal system in England to the root.3)The Romance1. The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. One who wanted to be a knight should serve an apprenticeship as a squire until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.2. The Romance Cycles: ①matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士) ②matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的贵族) ③matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth亚历山大大帝等等)The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature, its culmination in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)(metrical romance), and its summing up in Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur(亚瑟王之死）(in English prose).3.The class nature of the Romance①The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality.②The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle.③The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.④They composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.4. Malory's Le Morte D'ArthurLe Morte D'Arthur(the Death of King Arthur) is a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.King Arthur is a romantic hero, whose original may be traced to an ancient Celtic chieftain Arthur of Wales who led victorious battles against the Saxons.The legends of King Arthur are the foundation of Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur.the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur's court, the quest of the Holy Grail, the illicit love affair of Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere, the death of Arthur, and the dissolution of the fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table.Malory treated the Arthurian legends in the spirit of medieval knighthood and chivalry.King Arthur is the masterpiece of the 15th-century English literature.Chapter 4 Langland1. Piers the Plowman, a long poem of over 7,000 lines, was written by William Langland.It was written in the old alliterative verse: each line contained three alliterative words, two of which were placed in the first half, and the third in the second half.2. The poem sets forth a series of wonderful dreams, through which we can see a picture of feudal England. (the corruption of the ruling class and the hard life of the poor peasants)①The exposure of the ruling classReligion was personified as a rich gentleman, a roamer from manor to manor, a buyer of land, who had no pity for the poor.②The story of the Cat(king) and Rats(parliament): my counsel is LET THAT CAT BE.③The marriage of Lady Meed: the corruption of the ruling class is incarnated in a Lady Meed(Bribery), the enemy of Truth.the quarrel between Lady Meed and Conscience(well-to-do peasants)④The condition of the peasants: hard life⑤The search for TruthPiers is a peasant, whose simple, honest, and straight-forward character enables him to direct the other pilgrims on the way to Truth.The author considers the toiling peasant to be the nearest to truth and salvation.⑥He is by no means a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantry. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. This speaks for the conservatism of his political attitude. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, only of setting it on a proper course.He accepts the existing social relations, and only asks the landlord to "Do no harm to thy bondsmen, that it may be well with thee."⑦Social SignificanceThe poem remains a classic of popular literature. It's popular throughout the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries.The exaltation of the peasant, of the oppressed, the threat to the powerful and rich of heavenly vengeance, which kindled the toiling people's sense of human dignity and equality before God, had played a part in arousing their revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381.3. Artistic features①Piers the Plowman is one of the greatest of English poems. It is written in the form of a dream vision.②It is an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth. Its artistic merit may be shown by its portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins(pride, lechery, envy, wrath, sloth, glutton).Chapter 5 The English Ballads1. The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral.2. The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The subjects of ballads are various in kind.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood, in which the whole life of the hero is portrayed.△The character of Robin Hood①The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. He is a man with a twinkle in his eye, a man fond of a merry joke and a hearty laugh. But the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden. As a counterpart to his hostility towards the upper ranks of society is his tenderness for the peasants.②his reverence for the kingIt was the peasants' traditional illusion for the King that disarmed the peasants in 1381, deluded as they were by the King's false promises of freedom.△Social significance①The ballads show the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry.②In them are best exemplified the views of the exploited classes of feudal society.Chapter 6 Chaucer1. Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry.His diplomatic missions to Italy enabled him to study the poems of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, famous Italian writers of the Renaissance period, which were later to have profound influence upon his own writing.2. His literary career can be divided into three periods.①works translated from France, as The Romaunt of the Rose(玫瑰传奇). The author is trying his hand on meter, on language, on subject.②works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde(特罗勒斯和克莱西). The poet's own creativeness shows itself through borrowed themes.③The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集), which is purely English. The poet is no longer the mere interpreter of other poets. He has his own choice of subject, his own grasp of character and his own diction and plot.3. Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer's longest complete poem (about 8,000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement. (Boccaccio)A tragic love story about Troilus, a son of the King of Troy, and Criseyde, a beautiful widowed daughter of Calchas. Pandarus acts as go-between. But later she gives her love to Diomede, a handsome Greek warrior. Troilus, left in despair, is at last killed in the war.In this poem Chaucer has not only given us a full and finished romance, but has endowed it with what medieval romance lacked---interest of character as well as of incident.4. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.①The whole poem is a collection of stories strung together with a simple plan. It should be an immense work of 124 stories. Only 24 were written. These tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: courtly romance, folk tale, beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint's life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account, and others. All these tales but two are written in verse.②30 pilgrims range from the knight and squire and prioress, through the landed proprietor and wealthy tradesman, to the drunken cook and humble plowman. There are also a doctor and a lawyer, monks of different orders and nuns and priests, and a summoner, a sailor, a miller, a carpenter, a yeoman, and an Oxford scholar. Finally, in the center of the group is the Wife of Bath.Prologue supplies a miniature of the English society of Chaucer's time. Looking at his word-pictures, we know at once how people lived in that era. That is why Chaucer has been called "the founder of English realism".③The tales of the Knight, the Pardoner, the Nun's Priest and the Wife of Bath, together with the Prologue, are generally regarded as the best of the whole collection.④From The Wife of Bath, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.⑤Social significance△Chaucer affirms men and women's right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism.△As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. △His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on.△He attacks the corruption of the Church. This gives us an impression that Chaucer's political viewpoint bears some resemblance with that of John Wycliffe the leader of the Lollards(罗拉德教), who preached reformation against the corruption of the Catholic Church.⑥His contribution△Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza(押韵诗节) of various types, especially the rhymed couplet(双韵诗体) of 5 accents in iambic meter(抑扬格韵律) (the "heroic couplet"英雄双行体) to English poetry instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.△He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.△The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.PART TWO: THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCEChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. Henry VIII started the Reformation in England.The new religious dogma known as Protestantism had been gaining ground among the population, and the Protestant Reformation was in essence a political movement in a religious guise, a part of the long struggle of the bourgeois class for power.3. The English translation of the Bible emerged as a result of the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism.The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰.威克里夫), "the morning star of the Reformation," and his followers.Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The translators of the Authorized Version held fast to pure, old English speech. About 93 percent of the 6,000 words used in it are the main words of native English. So, with the widespread influence of the English Bible, the standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed. A great number of Bible coinages and phrases have passed into daily English speech as household words, and are often used with no knowledge of their origin.4. The Enclosure Movement was the reflection of the economic development. These laborers were the fathers of modern English proletarians(无产阶级).5. The commercial Expansion: Francis Drake(弗兰西斯.德雷克) John Hawkins(约翰.霍金斯) They were those who established the first English colonies.6. The War with Spain: Except being a victory of England over Spain, it was also the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism.Up to 1588, the English bourgeoisie had been fighting for their existence; after that they fought for power. In this way the English bourgeoisie came to fore in the arena of history.7. The Renaissance and Humanism①The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance.②the rebirth of letters.③It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.④Two features are striking of this movement: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.8. William Caxton(威廉.卡克斯顿) is the first English printer. From 1469 to 1471, he engaged in the translating of a book from French, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troy(特洛伊故事集锦)(the collection of the stories of Troy). The Recuyell, the first book printed in English, was published in 1475.9. The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More(托马斯.莫尔), the author of Utopia(乌托邦).Chapter 2 More1. Thomas More was born in a middle-class family. As a humanist, he disgusted with theplunderous measures and the corrupt life of Henry VIII. He found himself frequently in disagreement with the King. More was sent to the Tower and in 1535 beheaded on a false charge of treason.2. Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday(希斯洛德), a returned voyager. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name "Utopia" comes from two Greek words meaning "no place" and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.3. Book One①Book One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers.②The enclosure of land and expulsion of peasants were severely condemned as the source of social evils.③More points out that the root of poverty is the private ownership of social wealth.4. Book Two①In Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.②the principle "From everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his needs" is the only practical basis for a communist society.③More touched upon the question of the separation of town and country.④More emphasized the importance of labor for every member of the Utopian society, and insists upon a maximum working day of six hours. After six hours of work, they spend their time in study of literature, art and science.5. More's limitation①More was no revolutionary in the sense of wishing a arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement among the exploited classes.②The system of bondsmen still retains the features of class exploitation.③He could never find at that time the means by which socialism could be realized.6. More was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thoughts.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature1. From the first half of the 16th century, the English Renaissance began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became "a nest of singing birds."①Translation occupied an important place in the English Renaissance. Classical and Italian and French works were turned into English.②people's desire for knowledge about England's past history. Holinshed's Chronicles(霍林希德的编年史) is a work on English, Scottish and Irish history.③books describing discoveries and adventures. Haklyut's Principal Navigation, Voyages and Discoveries(哈普特的英国主要航行、航海和发现记)④The vigor of the age found better expression in the sphere of poetry.The sonnet (an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed) was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt(托马斯.韦阿特爵士) and Henry Howard(亨利.霍华德), Earl of Surrey(萨里伯爵). For the next half century(16th) it was oneof the most popular forms of English verse.Surrey wrote the first English blank verse.During the 16th century, reading and writing poetry became part of the education of a gentleman. Richard Tottel's Miscellancy of Songs and Sonnets(理查德.托特尔的歌和十四行诗杂录), the most famous of them, contained 96 poems by Wyatt and 40 by Surrey.2. Sir Philip Sidney(菲利普.锡德尼爵士) is well-known as poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella(爱星者和星星) His Apology for Poetry(为诗辩护) is one of the earliest English literary essays. His views on poetry represent the spirit of literary criticism of the Renaissance. Sidney the man is even more interesting than Sidney the writer. He was at the same time a courtier, a scholar and a soldier, famous for his beauty and courage, his wit, his learning and his noble character.Walter Raleigh(华尔特.罗利) was another versatile man. Discovery of Guiana(发现圭亚那), an account of exploration, History of the World(世界历史) and his handful of lyrics.3. The Poet's Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser. He wrote The Shepherd's Calendar(牧羊人日历), a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year. Epithalamian(结婚曲), The Faerie Queene(仙后) was his masterpiece.Spenser's greatest work, The Faerie Queene, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6. The general end of all the book is to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline. The Faerie Queene holds a feast of 12 days, and on each day a stranger in distress appears. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures. Each knight represents a virtue. The knights as a whole symbolize England, and the evil figures stand for her enemies. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and puritanism, all typical of the poet's age.The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节).Spenser's position in English literature①The publication of The Shepherd's Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.②The language had undergone sufficient changes a to be called Modern English.③His sonnets in Amoretti(小爱神), together with Sidney's Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare's Sonnets, are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabethan Age.4. Another form of literature typical of the period is the romance written for the "gentle reader." John Lyly's Euphues(约翰.黎里的优浮绮斯) is the representative of such works. Euphues was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism," which consists in the use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical.5. Francis Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy.Bacon was the founder of modern science in England. Advancement of Learning(学问的演进), New Instrument(新工具), a statement of what is called the Inductive Method of reasoning(归纳推理方法).Bacon is also famous for his Essays(随笔). He is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama1. The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its drama.Miracle play: ①the roots of English drama in Middle Ages ②The "miracles" were simple plays based on Bible stories. ③They were at first performed in the churches. ④Then the players got into the market place.2. The morality play: ①A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages. ②The morality was therefore a somewhat dreary kind of performance with the endless speech-making of those abstract characters.One of the most popular morality plays was Everyman(凡人).3. The Interlude is a short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene.An interesting interlude is The Play of the Weather(天气剧).4. The classical drama: ①Through the revival of classical literature English playwrights came into contact with Greek and Latin dramas. ②Comedies and tragedies on classical models appeared in the middle of the 16th century.Gammer Gurton's Needle(老妪葛顿的针) is the first English comedy. Gorboduc(郭博达克) is the first English tragedy.Miracle plays, morality plays, interludes and classical plays--such were the forms of drama prevailing until the reign of Elizabeth.5. In the 16th century London became the center of English drama.6. Both the gentlemen and the common people went to the theaters. In the early days the audience was masculine. But the citizens' wives soon took to attending the plays too. Though the audience covered almost all classes of Londoners, the ordinary people in the pit that were the dominant force in Elizabethan theater.7. "University wits"(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood through writing. (They are a group of young men, almost all of them studied at the university of Oxford or Cambridge, and then set up as professional playgoers, and to the reading public as well.)Chapter 5 Marlowe1. The most gifted of the "university wits" was Christopher Marlowe.2. Marlowe's best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine(帖木儿大帝), The Jew of Malta(马尔他的犹太人), Doctor Faustus(浮士德博士)Tamburlaine had an insatiable greed for power. Barabas in The Jew of Malta has the lust for wealth.3.Marlowe's masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus(浮士德博士的悲剧). It is based upon a German legend, but in Marlowe's hand the humanist color of the story becomes more striking.The chief feature of Faustus's character is an insatiable thirst for knowledge. He is bored with the orthodox curriculum, and turns to the study of magic in order to understand and possess the kingdoms of the earth.4. Social significance of Marlowe's plays①These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.②The theme of Marlowe's plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints ofmedieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. Man's reason and power is everything.③The heroes in Marlowe's plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.5. Marlowe's literary achievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. The blank verse in his hand developed an unprecedented intensity.Chapter 6 Shakespeare:a great humanist, a most popular playwright of his time, a great poet, a dramatic genius, a master of language1. William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. In 1582 Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway. They had three children: Susanna and the twins, Judith and Hamnet. Shakespeare arrived in London in 1586 or 1587. At that time the drama was rapidly gaining popularity among the people.2. 37 of Shakespeare's plays have come down to us. He left us a great wealth of 154 sonnets, 37 plays, including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies, and 11 historical plays, as well as two long poems.3. Shakespeare's career as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.The First PeriodThe historical play (Henry V, Parts 1, 2, and 3亨利六世, Richard III理查德三世), varieties of comedy (The Comedy of Errors错中错, The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记, The Two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那二绅士, Love's Labor's Lost爱的徒劳), the revenge tragedy (Titus Andronicus泰特斯.安特洛尼克斯), and the romantic tragedy (Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶).Shakespeare's first theatrical success was his historical play Henry VI in three parts. Then he wrote another historical play, Richard III. These plays form Shakespeare's first historical tetralogy, which depicts recent history of England for his audience-events just beyond living memory but of great moment in the lives of present generation.Shakespeare's earliest great success in tragedy is Romeo and Juliet.①a play of youth and love ②combines a tragic situation with comedy and gaiety ③nothing of pessimism in it ④lyrical and optimistic in spiritFeatures of the first period①The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment.(Henry VI is a weak but virtuous king without resource, whose ineptitude brought disaster on England. Richard III is a strong, resourceful king without virtue, who brought on calamity through his lust for power and oppression.)②Shakespeare showed an increasing insight into character and mind, and finally gained a good command of characterization in Romeo and Juliet and Richard III.③The First Period shows a general tendency of the gradual diminishing and disappearance of rhyme as the principal impediment in Shakespeare's dramatic composition.The Second Period。
英国文学史及选读第一册unit1
From The Great Gatsby
• For a moment he looked at me as if he failed to understand. • “I’m Gatsby,” he said suddenly. • “What!” I exclaimed. “Oh, I beg your pardon.” • “I thought you knew, old sport. I’m afraid I’m not a very good host.”
About 449, a band of Teutons (the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons) landed on the Isle of Thanet.
The aboriginal Celtic population was driven westward.
• 他认为，模仿诗人往往只是模仿人性中的 情感部分，而不是理性部分，迎奉人性中 的无理性部分。因此诗人是迎奉人的快感 为业。所以认为这个诗人是危险人物。 • Pleasure and illumination
• What’s the function of literature? • Entertain, educate, know
• Characteristic: use of alliteration, in vigorous, picturesque language, with heavy use of metaphor
Beowulf
• • • • Of men was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. Then the Goth’s people reared a mighty pile With shields and amour hung, as he had asked,
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1.What is Humanism？Humanism was a literary and philosophic system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the center of its concerns. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it soon spread throughout most of western Europe.●It took as a major interest the life of man in the present, and unlike medieval philosophy,which postulated (要求,主张)a City of God in the hereafter(来世), it attempted to lay the foundations for a life of justice, nobility, and goodness on earth.●Humanism was an attitude rather than a philosophy, non-dogmatic(非教义).●According to humanists, man should mould(塑造) the world according to his own desires,and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of the human intellect. Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to the Renaissance.●Humanism became the keynote(主调）of English Renaissance.2. Edmund Spenser-The “Poet’s Poet”●Life: Cambridge – Sidney’s friend – Ireland – Westminster Abbey●Works: The Shepherd’s Calendar （a pastoral poem in twelve books.）The Faerie QueeneA moretti [æmə‘reti] 爱情小唱The Faerie Queen：● a great poem of its age.●According to Spenser’s own explanation, his principal intention is to present througha”historical poem”the example of a perfect gentleman:”to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.”●The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameterlines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.●The plan of the whole poem is this: the faerie queene holds a feast of 12 days, and on eachday a stranger in distress appears, claiming help against a dragon or giant of tyrant. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to descirbe the 12 adventures. Further, each knight represents a virtue, as Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy;and his wrfare represents the strife against a contrary vice, as Pride or Despair.●The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and puritanism3.What is Blank verse（无韵诗/素体诗）？●Also called unryhmed poetry typically in iambic pentameter. Blank verse has been called themost “natural” verse form for dramatic works, since it supposedly is the verse form most close to natural rhythms of English speech, and it has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century.●In 1540, from Italy, blank verse was brought in English literature.4.What is the difference between blank verse and free rhythm？无韵诗和自由体的区别●Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. InEnglish, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter.●Free verse is a form of poetry which refrains from meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musicalpattern.5. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)●Lawyer, Judge ,Statesman, Philosopher, Master of English,“The wisest, brightest, meanest ofmankind●Bacon’s work:1. Philosophical:Advancement of Learning 《论学术的进展》Novum Organum/ new instrument 《新工具》2. Literary:Essays 《随笔》The New Atlantics (a utopian novel published in 1610) 《新大西岛》3. Professional:Maxim of the Law 法律箴言Reading on the Statute of Uses 谈使用法则●Characteristics of Bacon’s EssaysCompactLogicalPowerfulElegantParallel sentencesAntithesisBiblical allusionsMetaphorsCadence●Bacon’s Importance to Literature1st, he was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing.2nd, he wrote the greatest tracts on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning.3rd, he and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research.4th, he introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.6. Christophe Marloew●the greatest of the pioneers of English drama●Literary achievement: blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter)●Major plays:Tamburlaine (贴木耳大帝)The Jew of Malta (马尔他岛的犹太人)Doctor Faustus (浮士德博士)●ContributionHe adopted blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. He created the renaissance hero for English drama and paved way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist Shakespeare.7. William ShakespereFour periods of William Shakespeare’s works●Period of early experimentation (1590—1594)It was marked by youthfulness and rich imagination, by extravagance of language and by the frequent use of rhymed couplets （英雄双行体）and blank verse（无韵诗）.●Period of rapid growth and development (1595—1600)He became a master in full command of his medium, wrote his best historical plays, brilliant comedies and sonnets.Four great comediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》●Period of gloom and depression (1601—1608)The period marked the full maturity of his power and he produced the most powerful works, his four great tragedies and his dark comedies.Four great tragedies:Hamlet(1601)Othello(1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth (1605●Period of calm after storm(1609-1612)He no longer hated the world but accepted it with a smile of resignation and again turned to comedies—romantic comedies.Main works:Cymbeline 《辛白林》The Winter’s Tale《冬天的童话》The Tempest《暴风雨》The Life of King Henry VIII《亨利八世》●ContributionsShakespeare is a realist and one of the founders of realism in English literature.His dramatic creation often used the method of adaption.His dramas are elastic(灵活的）, the action develops freely without being hindered by the classical rules.He is skilled in many poetic forms and his plays are poetical dramas.He is a great master of English language.●Analysis of HamletHamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The story comes from an old Danish legend. Before Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd had written a play on the same subject. But under Shakespeare's pen, the medieval story assumed a new meaning.Main CharactersHamlet：Prince of Denmark, hero of the playClaudius：New king of Denmark, uncle of HamletGertrude：Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s motherPolonius：An old Chamberlain, father of OpheliaOphelia: A girl loved by Hamlet, Polonius’ daughterLaertes : Ophelia’s old brother, Polonius’ son●Shakespeare’s sonnetThe bulk of Shakespeare’s sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格）, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron（资助人）, and the other addressed to "dark lady".8. Metaphysical school定义The Metaphysical School of Poets (玄学派)appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century, due to the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism. They tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the metaphysical conceits(奇喻), and ignore the conventional devices.●Writers: John Donne (founder)Andrew MarvelGeorge HerbertRichard Crashaw, etc.9. John Milton(1608—1747)●Greatest poet of the 17th century，best-known for his epic poem.●Main WorksParadise Lost(1667)Paradise Regained(1671)Samson Agonistes(1671)Importance1) He was the greatest English revolutionary poet of the 17th century.2) He wrote the greatest epic in English literature, with Shakespeare—regarded as two patterns of English verse.3) He was a master of the blank verse, first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.4) He was a great stylist, and famous for his grand style.●Analysis of Paradise LostIt is Milton’s masterpiece, a long epic in 12 books,written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament(旧约): the creation, the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels, their defeat and expulsion(驱逐) from Heaven, the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden(伊甸园).Theme:“to justify the ways of God to man” (submission to the Almighty)theme: praising the rebellious spirits against the despot(独裁者）Milton is a pious Christian. This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief.Characterization：God: the despot, selfish, cruel and unjust (King of Britain)Satan: real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)Satan is the real hero of the poem. He prefers independence to happy servility(奴隶性,隶属), he is the spirit questioning the authority of God, which represents the proud and sombre（阴沉的）political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration.Miltonic style:to express the sublimity(庄严）of thought, sonority（洪亮）, eloquence（雄辩）, majesty （威严）and grandeur（壮丽）style (Latin words and Latin sentence structure, inversion, archaism（古风）, long sentence and mostly formal words, thus the style formed and his English rather difficult)10. Neoclassicism 新古典主义定义●The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works,this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.Addison, Steele, Pope belonged to this school.11. Sentimentalism 感伤主义定义●Sentimentalism indulged in emotion and sentiment.●Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought aboutby the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.●代表作家:Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson arerepresentatives of this school.12.Characteristics of Early/Pre-Romanticism 浪漫主义前期特征Romanticism has five prominent characteristics:1.The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule andcustom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2.Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3.It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the humanheart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of establishedrules.13. Daniel Defoe●published over 560 books and pamphlets and is considered to be the founder of Britishjournalism and discover of the morden novel.）●Major works：the Life and Strange Surprising Adentures of Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁宾逊漂流记》Mariner(1719)Captain Singleton (1720) 《辛格顿船长Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年纪事》Colonel Jack (1722)《杰克上校》Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Roxana,the Fortune Mistress (1724)●The image of Robin CrusoeThe image of Robinson Crusoe is one of an 18th-century English adventurer.On the uninhabited island, he is realistically depicted as a man struggling against nature anda man who finally creates some civilization in a seemingly primitive environment through hisincessant efforts.●Significance of Robinson CrusoeDefoe traces the development of Robinson from a naive and artless youth into a clever and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hands, and eulogizes赞颂creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development. From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization.14. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特●Major worksA Tale of a Tub1697 《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books 1698 《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters 1724 《布商来信》Gilliver’s Travels 1726 《格列佛游记》A Modest Proposal 1729 《一个温和的建议》●Masterpiece: Gulliver’s TravelsIt contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures.The four places he visits are: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the Flying Land and the Houyhnhnm land, where he meets the Yahoos, hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every other way.As a whole, the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.●The significance of “Gulliver's Travels ” in social criticismThe novel is one of the most effective and bitter criticism and satire of all aspects in the English and European life: socially, politically, religiously scientifically and morally.to improve humanity and society and hoped to change people's attitudes and behaviors by holding them up for ridicule. To cure the vices of the society by grave irony.a deep love for the people.Its exploration into human nature is profound.●Swift's Writing Features1)one of the realist writers. 2) expresses democratic ideas in his works. 3 ) one of thegreatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, "Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are noornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature15．William Blake●Songs of Innocence 天真之歌Songs of Experience 经验之歌Poetical Sketches 素描诗集The Tiger 老虎●Analysis of Songs of InnocenceSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world. Blake declares, he is writing “happy songs / Every child may joy to hear”. Using a language which even little babies can learn by heart, Blake succeeds in depicting the happy condition of a child before it knows anything about the pains of existence. The poet expresses his delight in the sun, the hills, the streams, the insects and the flowers, in the innocence of the child and of the lamb.The Chimney Sweeper is collected in the Songs of Innocence. 扫烟囱的孩子●Analysis of Songs of ExperienceSongs of Experience presents a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.●London and The Tiger are collected in the Songs of Experience.●The Tiger is a famous poem by Blake. Lamb in the poem is a symbol of peace and puritywhereas tiger a symbol of dread and violence.。