英语presentation 破窗理论

• Under the broken windows theory, an ordered and clean environment – one which is maintained – sends the signal that the area is monitored and that criminal behavior will not be tolerated. Conversely, a disordered environment – one which is not maintained (broken windows, graffiti, excessive litter) – sends the signal that the area is not monitored and that one can engage in criminal behavior with little risk of detection.
• The parable of the broken window was introduced by Frédéric Bastiatin his 1850 essay Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas ( That Which Is Seen and That Which Is Unseen ) to illustrate why destruction, and the money spent to recover from destruction, is actually not a net-benefit to society. The parable , also known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy , demonstrates how opportunity costs , as well as the law of unintended consequBiblioteka Baidunces , affect economic activity in ways that are "unseen" or ignored.
• A successful strategy for preventing vandalism, say the book's authors, is to fix the problems when they are small. Repair the broken windows within a short time, say, a day or a week, and the tendency is that vandals are much less likely to break more windows or do further damage. Clean up the sidewalk every day, and the tendency is for litter not to accumulate (or for the rate of littering to be much less). Problems do not escalate and thus respectable residents do not flee a neighborhood.
• The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime.
Summary
• 破窗户给人造成一种无序的感觉，在这种 公众麻木不仁的氛围中，犯罪就会滋生， 繁荣。
• “破窗理论”启示我们，企业文化的建设， 要在企业规模还比较小的时候，就引起足 够的重视，待到企业规模足够大之后，已 经有些不良的习惯在渗透时，再回过来重 塑企业文化，难度就大了很多，甚至会有 切肤之痛。
Three factors Social norms and conformity
lack of routine monitoring social signaling and signal crime
• In an anonymous, urban environment, with few or no other people around, social norms and monitoring are not clearly known. Individuals thus look for signals within the environment as to the social norms in the setting and the risk of getting caught violating those norms; one of those signals is the area's general appearance.
• The broken windows theory has received support from several empirical studies. At the same time it has also been the subject of a large body of criticism.
• The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling . Since then it has been subject to great debate both within the social sciences and in the public sphere. The theory has been used as a motivation for several reforms in criminal policy.
•Thank you
The broken windows theory is a criminological theory of the norm setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and antisocial behavior .