六级改错-----代词(教学用)

六级改错-----代词代词1 （96年1月1）Most studies suggest that when women and men do thesame job and have the same experience, pay rates tend to besimilar. Most of the dollar differences stem from the fact thatwomen tend to be more recently employed and have moreyears on the job. Whether women who have started a careerwill attain pay equality with men rests on at least two factors.First, will most of them continue part time at their jobs afterthey have children? A break in their employment, or a decisionto work part time, will slow its raises and promotions-as it would for men. Second, will male-dominatedcompanies elevate women to higher-paid jobs at the differentrate as they elevate men? In some fields, this had clearly nothappened. Many men, for example, have committed theirlives to teaching careers, yet relatively few have becomeprincipals or headmasters.代词2 （93年6月）Living is risky. Crossing the road, driving a car, flying, swallowingan aspirin tablet or eating a chicken sandwich they can all be fatal. Clearlysome risks are worth taking, especially when the rewards are high: a man 71. _________ surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that jumping out of asecond-floor window is an acceptable risk to save its life. But in medicine 72. _________ few procedures, drugs, operations or tests are really a matter of life and 73. _________ death. There may be sound medical reasons for accepting electrical 74. ________ shock treatment, but such reasons are totally dependent on the balance of 75. ________ risks and benefits for the patients.Surgery for cancer may cure or prolong a life, but the removal oftonsils (扁桃体) cannot save anything but a sore throat. Blood pressure drugs 76. _______ definitely help some people live after a heart attack, but these same drugsmay be both unnecessary and harmful for those with only mild blood pressure 77. _______problems.Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up 78. _______ with in the name of better health is a highly personal matter, not a decision 79. ________ we should remain to leave doctors alone. 80. _______代词3 （90年1月）Changes in the way people live bring about changes in the jobs thatthey do. More and more people live in towns and cities instead of on farms 71. ______ and in villages. Cities and states have to provide services city peoplewant, such as more police protection, more hospitals, and more 72. ______ schools. This means that more policemen, more nurses and technicians,and more teachers must be hired. Advances in technology have also 73. ______ changed people's lives. Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs thatwere once done by hand. The widespread use of such electrical appliances 74. ______ means that there is a need for servicemen to keep it running properly 75.______ People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in 76.______the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to 77.______eat or more clothes to wear. But they may want more and better carefrom doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more andto want more education. Therefore, many more jobs are available in 78. ______ these services.The government also affects the kind of work people do. The governments 79. ______ of most countries spend huge sums of money for national 80. ______ defense. They hire thousands of engineers, scientists, clerks, typists andsecretaries to work on the many different aspects of defence.代词4 （00年6月）When you start talking about good and bad manners youimmediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannotagree what they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that shethought you could tell a well-manned person by the way they S1 ___________ occupied the space around them—for example, when such aperson walks down a street he or she is constantly aware of S2 ___________others. Such people never bump into other people.However, a second person thought that this was more aquestion of civilized behavior than good manners. Instead, this S3 ___________other person told us a story, it he said was quite well known, S4 ___________about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal in S5 ___________one of the countries of the Middle East. The American had n’t S6 ___________been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. Ifhe had known about Arab food, he might have behaved S7 ___________better.Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread thatlooked, to him, very much like a napkin（餐巾）. Picking it S8 ___________up, he put it into his collar, so that it fell across his shirt. S9 ___________His Arab host, who had been watching, said nothing, but S10 ___________ immediately copied the action of his guest.And that, said this second person, was a fine example ofgood manners.代词5 （93年1月）When you board a plane, a machine may soon be scanning morethan your bags. It may be studying yourface. A computer comes into the market recently which 71._______ promises to be able to recognize faces at a glance through a video 72. _______ camera.The system, known as PRES, has many possible uses in 73. _______ different fields but the most prominent is likely to be monitoring 74. _______ crowds at airports for known terrorists. Such a task is farfrom the capabilities of a conventional image processor, whichis too slow to be of practical use. Moreover, it is too easily 75. ________ confused: if the image of a face in its memory is only a frontal 76. ________ view. For example, they might not recognize that same face 77. ________ when presented with a side view of the face. 78. ________ PARES relies on the new technology of neural (神经的) 79. ________ networks. Like the brain, it has many interconnected memory"cells", which work simultaneously rather than in sequence andthus greatly speed up the computation. And like the brain, theneural network can be trained to concentrate on essentialswhile ignoring inessential matters-it can "learn" what's 80. _______ important and what isn't. But the training is boring: anoperator must patiently correct the computer's mistakes.代词6 （91年6月）Traditionally, the American farmer has always beenindependent and hard-working. In the eighteenth centuryfarmers were quite self-sufficient. The farm family grewand made almost everything it needed. The surplus crop 71. _________ would be sold to buy a few items in the local general store.In 1860, although some of the farm population had 72. _________ moved to the city, yet eighty percent of the Americanpopulation was still in the country. In the late nineteenth 73. _________century, farm work and life were not much changed from what 74. __________ they had been in the old days. The farmer arose at 75. ________ dawn or before and had much work to do, with his ownmuscles as his chief source of power. He used axes, 76. __________ spades and other simple tools. In his house cooking 77. _________ was done in wood-burning stoves, and the kerosene lampwas the only improvement on the candle. The family'srecreation and social life chiefly consisted of a drive in the 78.__________ wagon to the nearby small town or village to transact somebusiness as well as to chat with neighbors who had alsocome to town. The children attended a small elementaryschool (often of just one room) to that they had to walk 79. _________ every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term wasshort so that the children could help on the farm. 80. ________ Although the whole family worked, and life was noteasy, farmers as a class were self-reliant and independent.代词7 （03年12月）Thomas Malthus published his “Essay on the Principleof Population” almost 200 years ago. Ever since then,forecasters have been warning that worldwide famine was S1_____just around the next corner. The fast-growing population’sdemand for food, they warned, would soon exceed their S2_____supply, leading to widespread food shortages and starvation.But in reality, the world's total grain harvest has risensteadily over the years. Except for relatively isolated trouble S3_____spots like present-day Somalia, and occasional years ofpoor harvests, the world’s food crisis has remained just S4_____around the corner. Most experts believe this can continueeven if the population doubles by the mid-21st century, S5_____although feeding I0 billion people will not be easy forpolitical, economic and environmental reasons. Optimists S6_____point to concrete examples of continued improvementsin yield. In Africa, by instance, improved seed, more S7_____fertilizer and advanced growing practices have more thandoubled corn and wheat yields in an experiment. Elsewhere, S8_____rice experts in the Philippines are producing a plant with fewer S9_____stems and more seeds. There is no guarantee that plantbreeders can continue to develop new, higher-yieldingcrop, but most researchers see their success to date as a reason S10_____for hope.代词8 （03年6月）The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm thathas recognized the need for change and done something aboutit. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversityof the communities to which they provide information.It must reflect that diversity with their news coverage or risk S1.____________ losing their readers’ interest and their advertisers' su pport.Operating within Seattle, which has 20 percent racial S2. ___________ minorities, the paper has put into place policies andprocedures for hiring and maintaining a diverse workforce. The S3. __________ underlying reason for the change is that for information to befair, appropriate, and objective, it should be reported by the S4. ____________ same kind of population that reads it.A diversity committee composed of reporters, editors, andphotographers meet reg ularly to value the Seattle Times’S5. ____________ content and to educate the rest of the newsroom staff aboutdiversity issues. In addition, the paper instituted a content S6. ____________ audit (审查) that evaluates the frequency and manner ofrepresentation of women and people of color in photographs. S7. _____________ Early audits showed that minorities were pictured far tooinfrequently and were pictured with a disproportionrate number of negative articles. The audit results in S8. _____________ improvement in the frequency of minority representation and S9. _____________ their portrayal in neutral or positive situations. And, as a S10. ____________ result, the Seattle Times has improved as a newspaper.The diversity training and content audits helped the SeattleTimes Company to win the Personnel Journal Optimal Awardfor excellence in managing change.代词9 （02年6月）A great many cities are expecting difficulties whichare nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale.Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not founda new one. And any large or rich city is going to attract poor 1. ________ immigrants, who flood in, filled with hopes of prosperity 2. ________ which are then often disappointing. There are backward townson the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as there were 3. ________on the edge of seventeenth-century London or early nine-teenth-century Paris. What is new is the scale. Descriptions 4. ________ written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of MexicoCity, and the enormous contrasts that were to be found there, 5. ________are very similar to descriptions of Mexico City today---the 6. ________poor can still be numbered in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosper-ity, but behind it lie two myths: the myth of the city as a 7. ________ promised land, which attracts immigrants from rural poverty 8. ________and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the 9. ________country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations later, 10. ________sends them flooding out again to the suburbs.代词10 和代词11 （94年1月）When we consider the comfortable circumstances of a workingfamily today, the life of the working man in 1882 seems miserable in-deed. But earlier it had been even harder. At the beginning of the nine- 71. _______ teenth century working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay wasawful, and working conditions were poor and dangerous. 72. _______ The working man had little schooling beyond his craft,and there was little hope that their children would have 73. _______ anything better. There were no public schools, and besides, the few 74. _______ pennies which the children could earn were needed to help support the 75. _______ family, if he was absent because of sickness, there was often no 76. ________ job for him when he returned. Since there were always plenty of 77.________ other workers to take his job, he was likely to be fired if he asked 78. ________ for more pay.Viewed against today's standards, the attitude of thenineteenth-century factory owners seems incredible. They believedthat was good business to hire men, women and children as cheaply 79. ________ as possible, make them work as they could and, when 80. ________ they became inefficient, worn out, or unable to work for any reason,discharge them.代词12 （02年1月）Sports activities are essentially modified forms ofhunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern 1.________ footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised huntingpack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless footballand his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he 2. ________scores a goal, enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his p rey. 3. ________ To understand how this transformation has taken place wemust briefly look back at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a 4. ________million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival 5. ________ depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressuretheir whole way of life, even their bodies, became radically 6. ________ changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers,throwers and prey-killers. They co-operated as skillful male-group 7. ________ attackers.Then, about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely 8. ________long formative period of hunting for food, they becamefarmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their oldhunting life, was put to a new use—that of penning（把9. ________……关在圈中), controlling and domesticating their prey. Thefood was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks anduncertainties of hunting were no longer essential for survival. 10. ________代词13 (95年1月)We are all naturally attracted to people with ideas, beliefs andinterests like our own. Similarly, we feel comfortable with peoplewith physical qualities similar to ours 71. ___________ You may have noticed how people who live or work 72. ___________ closely together come to behave in a similar way. Unconsciously wecopy those we are close to or love or admire. So a sportsman’s indi- 73. ___________ vidual way of walking with raised shoulders is imitated by an admiring 74. ___________ fan; a pair or lovers both shake their heads in the same way; anemployee finds himself duplicating his boss’s habit of wagging(摆动) 75. ___________ a pen between his fingers while thinking.In every case, the influential person may unconsciously notice the 76. ___________ imitation but he will feel comfortable in its presence. And if he does 77. ___________ notice the matching of his gestures or movements, he finds it pleasinghe is influencing people: they are drawn to them. 78. ___________ Sensitive people have been mirroring their friends and acquaintances 79. ___________ all their lives, and winning affection and respect in this waywithout being aware of their methods. Now, for people who want to win 80. ___________ agreement or trust, affection or sympathy, some psychologists recommendthe deliberate use of physical imitation.代词14 （00年1月）Until the very latest moment of his existence, man has beenbound to the planet on which be originated and devel-oped. Now he has the capability to leave that planet and move 71. _______out into the universe to those worlds which he had knownpreviously only directly. Men have explored parts of the moon. 72. _______put spaceships in orbit around another planet and possibly withinthe decade will land on another planet and explore it. Can we be 73. _______so bold as to suggest that we may be able to colonize other 74. _______ planets within the not-too-distant future? Some have advocated 75. _______such a procedure as a solution to the population problem: ship theexcess people off to the moon. But we must keep in mind the 76. _______billions of dollars we might spend in carrying out the project. Tomaintain the earth’s population at its pr esent level, we would haveto blast off into space 7,500 people every hour of every day of theyear.Why are we spending so much money on space ex- 77. _______ ploration? Considering the great need for improving many aspects 78. _______of the global environment, one is surely justified in hisconcern for the money and resources that they are poured into 79. _______ the space exploration efforts. But perhaps we should look atboth sides of the coin before arriving at hasty conclusions. 80 . _______。