论中西饮食文化之差异 英语4000字
中西方饮食文化英语作文
中西方饮食文化英语作文English:Food culture plays a significant role in both Western and Eastern societies, reflecting their unique traditions, values, and beliefs. In Western cuisine, there is a strong emphasis on individualism and diversity, with popular dishes like hamburgers, pizza, and steak representing the melting pot of cultures. On the other hand, Eastern cuisine, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Indian food, often focuses on balance, harmony, and the use of fresh ingredients. Traditional Chinese meals, for example, typically consist of a variety of dishes served family-style to be shared among everyone at the table, emphasizing the importance of communal dining. Additionally, food preparation methods in the East tend to be more labor-intensive, with techniques like stir-frying, steaming, and slow cooking being common practices. In contrast, Western cooking often involves processes like baking, grilling, and roasting. Despite these differences, food serves as a unifying element in both cultures, bringing people together to celebrate special occasions, express love and gratitude, and pass down recipes through generations.中文翻译:食物文化在西方和东方社会中都起着重要的作用，反映了它们独特的传统、价值观和信仰。
跨文化交际论文中外饮食文化差异（英文）
Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 1 IntroductionAs the economy and culture developing rapidly, having dinner is not only for people basic physical need, but also the important skill in social communication. Good manners and courtesy have become increasingly common understanding of the public. With the deepening of reform and opening up policy in China and the strengthening of communication between China and West, people have a great number of opportunities to have dinner with foreigners. A lot of table manners, such as arriving time, seat arrangement, and order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication, reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries. There are many differences of table manners between China and western countries.It is extremely important for people to understand these differences to avoid making mistakes and promote the development of humanity culture and achieve interpersonal harmony in both countries.1Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 2 Literature ReviewIt is a common sense that different countries have different cultures. Table manners, as a kind of social customs, are deeply influenced by culture and vary in many different kinds of areas. China has characteristic table manners with a long history, and western countries also have their own table manners. To some degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation’s civilization and an expression of a person’s moral cultivation.2Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 3 Cultural Differences of Table Manners3.1 Arriving TimeAs we all know that Chinese people often arrive half an hour later than the predicted time and the host also seems to have prepares for that. When they are waiting for other guests, the host always arranges some games so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring. While in western countries, people do things strictly and all the activities begin on time. People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets. It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat ArrangementIn Chinese table manners, seating arrangement is the most important part. The seat of honor, reserved for the banquet’s master or the highest status’s guest, is in the center facing east or facing the door. And the other higher position guests sit closer tothe master of the banquet. The lowest position guests sit furthest from the seat of honor. If it is a round table, the one facing the door is the guest of honor. The seats on the left hand are second, and then in turn fourth and sixth and so on. The guests on the right hand are the same.While in western countries, it is different. When the hostess announced dinner is ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them. Some host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.3.3 Order of Serving DishesChinese meals usually begin with appetizers. There are often four or five kinds of appetizers, such as, cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes. All these food are arranged beautifully on separate dishes or on one large platter. Then the hot food should be served. There is an important rule to serve the whole duck, chicken and fish, which is don’t put the head and tail to the major seat. After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice. At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.In western countries, the first dish is appetizer as well. The second dish is soup. The third dish is fish dish. Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course. And the most representative is beef and steak. Salad can be a kind of side dish, which can be arranged either after or with the meat dish. The sixth dish is dessert, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on. The final drink is coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3Differences of Table Manners between China and West3.4 TablewareChinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons. Chopsticks are the most important tableware in China. While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes. There are different kinds of glasses, spoons, plates, bowls and knives. The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.3.5 Behaviour and CommunicationWhen on the dinner table, Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food at the same time, which means the hospitality and sincere of hostess. Because they believe that the lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests and the warmth of family. While in western, during the dinner, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.4Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 4 Main Factors Causing the Differences4.1 GeographyThe geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures. People in different places will have differentbehaviours and cultures.4.2 TraditionWith thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture, we believe that we should take care of others and cooperate with others. Chinese people use cheap chopsticks as tableware which can reflect Chinese collective consciousness. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is very clear and they usually do not allow mutual interference. That makes western table manners without sharing a plate of food. Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.4.3 CustomPeople from different countries have different cultures and customs, especially in the aspects such as greeting, thanks, apology, flattery, and making telephone calls. When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, the host always picks food for guests and tries his best to make guests eat and drink more. While in western countries, the host would just let their guests help themselves and they would never carry food to their guest’s bowl.5Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 5 Trend of SyncretismNowadays, an increasing number of western restaurants appear in many cities in China and an increasing number of people like to have meals in it. People have gradually learned western table manners in their daily life. It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, and the western diet idea is rational. Now, the difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between China and West and the development of science. Instead of paying attention to the color, flavor and taste of the food, Chinese people, like the westerners, pay more attention to its health and nutrition. This dissemination and development of western style food has unavoidably made great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry, which made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 6 ConclusionSocial background, historical and cultural differences lead to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners. To some extent, table manner is a reflection of the kind of lifestyle, and the formation of habits which can not be obtained in a short period of time. It is actually a kind of historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Knowing the differences, people can easily understandthe culture of each other. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and remember that every culture is equal to the other. Only recognizing cultural differences between China and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.7Differences of Table Manners between China and WestReferences[1] 易中天. 餐桌上的文化[J]. 当代学生, 2004(10).[2] 杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山. 中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J]. 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J]. 硅谷, 2008(18).8。
英文一日三餐作文,中西饮食文化差异
英文一日三餐作文,中西饮食文化差异Differences Between Chinese and Western Food CulturesFood is an essential part of every culture around the world. In both Chinese and Western cultures, food plays a significant role in daily life and social gatherings. However, there are distinct differences between the two in terms of ingredients, cooking methods, and eating habits. In this essay, we will explore the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures, focusing on their daily meals.1. Three Meals a DayIn Western countries, three meals a day typically consist of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Breakfast is usually a light meal that includes dishes like cereal, toast, or eggs. Lunch is often quick and simple, such as a sandwich or salad, eaten on the go. Dinner is the largest meal of the day, with options ranging from meat and potatoes to pasta and vegetables.In Chinese culture, three main meals are consumed throughout the day as well, but the timing and composition of these meals differ. Breakfast in China is not as elaborate as in Western countries and often includes dishes like congee (rice porridge) or steamed buns. Lunch is the main meal of the day,with multiple dishes served family-style. Dinner tends to be lighter, with a focus on soups and stir-fried dishes.2. IngredientsOne of the most prominent differences between Chinese and Western cuisine is the ingredients used in cooking. In Western cooking, ingredients like meat, dairy, and grains are commonly used, resulting in hearty and rich dishes. On the other hand, Chinese cuisine utilizes a variety of fresh vegetables, seafood, and tofu, creating dishes that are lighter and more nutritious.Western cuisine often includes dairy products like cheese and butter, which are rarely found in Chinese cooking. Chinese cuisine, on the other hand, makes extensive use of soy sauce, vinegar, and spices like ginger and garlic to season dishes. The use of different ingredients in Chinese and Western cuisine contributes to the distinct flavors and textures of their respective dishes.3. Cooking MethodsThe cooking methods used in Chinese and Western cuisine also differ significantly. Western cooking methods tend to include grilling, roasting, and baking, resulting in dishes that arecrispy and flavorful. In contrast, Chinese cuisine often involves stir-frying, steaming, and braising, creating dishes that are tender and juicy.In Western countries, there is a strong emphasis on presentation and plating, with dishes arranged meticulously on the plate. Chinese cuisine, on the other hand, focuses more on the balance of flavors and textures, with an emphasis on harmony and contrast in dishes.4. Eating HabitsAnother key difference between Chinese and Western food cultures is eating habits. In Western countries, it is common to eat quickly and on the go, with meals often consumed in front of the television or computer. In Chinese culture, meals are typically enjoyed with family and friends, with an emphasis on sharing and communal dining.In Chinese culture, it is customary to serve a variety of dishes during a meal, allowing diners to sample different flavors and textures. In Western countries, individual portion sizes are more common, with each person having their own plate of food.In conclusion, Chinese and Western food cultures have distinct differences in terms of ingredients, cooking methods,and eating habits. Despite these differences, both cultures share a deep appreciation for food and the role it plays in bringing people together. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can gain a greater appreciation for the diverse culinary traditions that exist around the world.。
中西饮食礼仪 英文作文
中西饮食礼仪英文作文英文：When it comes to dining etiquette, there are some differences between Western and Chinese cultures. In Western culture, it is common to use utensils such as knives, forks, and spoons to eat, while in Chinese culture, chopsticks are the primary utensil.In Western culture, it is considered rude to talk with your mouth full or to reach across the table for food. It is also important to wait until everyone is served before starting to eat. In Chinese culture, it is polite to take food from the serving dishes and place it onto your own plate before eating. It is also common to use a lazy Susan to share dishes with others at the table.Another difference is the way in which beverages are consumed. In Western culture, it is common to drink wine or other alcoholic beverages with meals, while in Chineseculture, tea is the beverage of choice. It is also customary to pour tea for others before pouring for yourself.Overall, both Western and Chinese cultures place a strong emphasis on dining etiquette and showing respect to others at the table.中文：在餐桌礼仪方面，西方文化和中国文化之间存在一些差异。
英语作文中外食物差异英语作文
英语作文中外食物差异英语作文English:When it comes to the differences between Western and Chinese food, there are several key distinctions that set them apart. One major difference is the use of ingredients. Western cuisine often incorporates dairy products like butter and cheese, as well as a variety of meats such as beef, pork, and poultry. On the other hand, Chinese cuisine relies heavily on fresh vegetables, rice, and noodles, with meat being used more sparingly as a flavor enhancer rather than the main attraction. Another difference is the seasoning and cooking methods. Western food tends to use more herbs, spices, and sauces to enhance flavors, while Chinese cuisine emphasizes the natural taste of the ingredients, using techniques like stir-frying, steaming, and braising. Additionally, portion sizes and dining customs differ between the two cultures. Western portions are typically larger, with each person having their own plate of food, while Chinese meals are typically served family-style with dishes shared among everyone at the table. Overall, while both Western and Chinese cuisines offer delicious and diverse options, theirdifferences lie in ingredients, seasonings, cooking methods, and dining customs.中文翻译:谈到西方和中国食物之间的差异，有几个关键的区别让它们彼此分开。
四级英语作文主题饮食文化差异
四级英语作文主题饮食文化差异英文回答：The culinary traditions of different cultures offer a fascinating glimpse into the diverse ways that humans have adapted to their environments and expressed their creativity. These traditions are shaped by a multitude of factors, including geography, climate, history, and religion, and they have profound implications for our health, well-being, and social interactions.One of the most striking differences between culinary cultures is the emphasis placed on certain ingredients. In some cultures, meat is the centerpiece of the meal, while in others, vegetables or grains play a more dominant role. In China, for example, rice is a staple food and is served with almost every meal, while in the United States, meat is often the main course and is accompanied by side dishes such as potatoes or vegetables.Another significant difference lies in the way that food is prepared. In some cultures, food is cooked over an open fire or in a traditional clay oven, while in others, it is cooked on a stovetop or in an oven. The cooking methods used can have a dramatic impact on the flavor and texture of the food. For example, grilling meat over an open fire can add a smoky flavor, while cooking it in a slow cooker can result in tender, fall-off-the-bone meat.The presentation of food also varies widely across cultures. In some cultures, food is arranged on plates in an elaborate and aesthetically pleasing manner, while in others, it is served in a more casual and utilitarian way. In Japan, for example, sushi is often served on a special plate with chopsticks and soy sauce, while in the United States, it is often served in a plastic container with disposable chopsticks.The social significance of food is another important aspect of culinary culture. In many cultures, food is a central part of social gatherings and celebrations. In China, for example, it is customary to share a meal withfriends and family on important occasions such as birthdays and holidays. In the United States, food is often served at tailgate parties, sporting events, and other social gatherings.The diversity of culinary cultures around the world is a testament to the human capacity for creativity and adaptation. By exploring different culinary traditions, we can learn about other cultures, broaden our palates, and appreciate the richness of human experience.中文回答：不同文化的饮食差异反映了人类适应环境和表达创造力的多样方式。
中外饮食文化冲突英语作文
中外饮食文化冲突英语作业从这几篇英语作文中，可以适当了解到中西饮食文化的巨大差异。
接下来跟随小编一起来看看吧。
中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇1The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.Differences in ConceptsChinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood”that is difficult for one to say anything. Evenusing the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇2The major differences of eating culture between the West and Chinaa.The use of tablewareAs we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.b.The way to cookChina has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.c.The order of saving dishesIn a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇3The Western diet culture differenceWestern diet due to geographical characteristics, influence ofclimate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regionalcharacter. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color, fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and weapproximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, butat the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。
商务英语毕业论文论中西方饮食文化差异
抚顺职业技术学院外语系毕业论文论中西饮食文化差异ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND WESTERNFOOD作者沈倩院系外语系专业商务英语年级 2009级班级 ________商务英语二班_学号 08指导教师贾荣武二零一一年十二月内容摘要摘要:饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。
台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。
由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵，虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达，但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果，所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。
通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。
关键词：饮食文化文化传统差异AbstractDiet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature. We study these differences andthen find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west. Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'. Thus the diet is rich in culture. Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet. By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west. And we can also improve and create the culture of ChinaKey Words：dietary, culturecultural, tradition differencesContentsPartI Introduction............................................................. . (5)Part II The differences in concepts (5)2.1 Cultural differences (6)2.2 Comparing with the Chinesediet, western diet tastes.....................Stereotyped (6)Part III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet (7)3.1 T his dish is "delicious"………................................................ .73.2 Differences in targets all diet cannot be done without............vegetables (8)Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit…........ .84.1 There are more meat dishes in western lives (8)PartV The cultural behaviors (10)5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and Chinese (10)5.2 Difference in Diet Attribution There are differences between.... .Chinese And western diet attribution (12)5.3 Differences in Dietary Patterns (13)PartVI Conclusion (14)Reference s (15)On The Cultural Differences Between Chinese AndWestern FoodPart I IntroductionOnce there is a saying that "Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispe nsable condition for the survival and development of human beings. . There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive; and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line. Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter. Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend. Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the "heaven" degree. Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristicPart II The differences in conceptsTargets, patterns, attribution and naturead reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic hasenriched the research value of dietary culture2.1 cultural differencesWe can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I. Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts. Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured. It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.2.2 Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotypedAs simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition. And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine. The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy. Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy. Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development. In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere. In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of rawmaterials. But no matter how luxurious the grade is; from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of. And as dishes, the chicken is chicken; steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish. In a dish of "French Muttonchops", one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato. Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clearPart III Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet3.1 This dish is "delicious"When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is "delicious", and that dish is "not delicious".But if you ask what is meant by "delicious", why "tasty" and what are the aspects of "delicious", I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer. This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown allIt contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish. The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of thechefs.3.2. Difference in targets all diet cannot be done without vegetablesThe word "dish" is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants. According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west. In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food. Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of "fresh vegetables". Mandarin language: "Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship." It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship. Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure. Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish; it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists. They deem animals as "people" and plants have "no soul." So, they advocate vegetarianism Part IV Westerners do not seem to have such a good habitThey up hold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation. Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement. There are more meat dishes in their lives.4.1 There are more meat dishes in western livesFeeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals. When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel thattheir diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China. The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition. Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles; but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak. The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified. Mr. Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition. In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: "Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal. Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life. Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet. “He added:" The Chinese vegetaria ns all eat tofu. Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has. It is the meat without toxic materials. So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars. It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish. So there wasscience promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition. And the transfer will not carry out in a short time."Mr. Sun’s words tell out the scientif ic benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet. According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.Part V the cultural behaviors5.1 The difference cultural behaviors in western and ChineseWesterners love adventure, exploration, conflict; but the Chinese people only like to live banallyAccording to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions o n the "cultural pattern" theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type. Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies. The Chinese people are always thinking about "home" and "roots", despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home. But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots. This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet. Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the humanfolk full of energy. Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere. People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity. Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect. However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. it, it is cold yet. Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat. Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes. Then you can access for large plots. And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show. Third, the buffet can do stewing pot; it means a big pot in terms of food. Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people. So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts. "The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.5.2. diffrence in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diettends to be art and sentimental. During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.5.3. Differences in Dietary PatternsThe Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character. In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast. Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.. It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national "happy" mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of "and" impact for future generations. It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform. The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil. The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors. The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West. This method is to display all food, andeverybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat. They walk freely. This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals; they never need to put every word on the table. This also shows a western personality and self-respect.PartVI ConclusionHowever, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people. People want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible. Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: "First, buffet is not like drinking tea. In the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures. Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World. China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges. We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.References1. 安静.解读美国[M]. 北京：中国旅游出版社，2007.2. 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京：世界知识出版社, 2005.3. 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.4. 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.5. 刘玫君，陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社，2005.6. 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.7. 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.8. 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.9. 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社,2004.10. 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社，2007.11. 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.12. 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.13. 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京：北京台海出版社, 2002.14. 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.15. 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2000.。
中西饮食文化的差异(学士论文)
The Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture中西饮食文化的差异College of MinshengHenan UniversityMay 2011AcknowledgementThere are a lot of people who help me to contribute to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Zhu Taiyin , my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has led me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent ad illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.[Abstract]: This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. The food dietetic culture plays an important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. Different countries have their own food dietetic cultural. In different cultural contexts, both in concept, objects, manner, tableware, etiquette and nature, these differences are obvious. But as the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.[Key Words]:intercultural communication; food dietetic culture; culturedifferences[摘要]:本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异.饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用.中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点.在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念,对象,方式,餐具还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的.但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用.[关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异ContentsAbstract (Engl ish) (i)Abstract (Chinese) (ii)Introduction (1)Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture (3)1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture (3)1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture (3)Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western Food (5)2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept (5)2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects (6)2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware andetiquette (7)2.3.1 Diet manner (7)2.3.2 Diet tableware (8)2.3.3 D iet etiquette (9)2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature (9)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture (11)3.1 The impact of the geographical environment (11)3.2 The impact of the economic system (11)Conclusion (14)Bibliography (15)IntroductionWith the deepening of the international communication, in different countries or cultural background, the communication of people are increasing all the time, and the communication between them is called intercultural communication. Intercultural communications gradually becomes an indispensable content of people's life. Due to the differences of regional, different nations and countries form different cultures. People with different cultural backgrounds behavior or habits is endless and same, they have their social statute or habits, reflected in the political economy, education religion, culture , art and so on. America famous newly chemical representative figure White is called “father of cult urology”, he put the culture as a kind of special and objective social phenomenon, and as a complete system (White, 1949). So specially, what is culture? Chen Huawen once lists cases to illustrate the connotation and importance of culture; he said “culture is like air and water that permeates every corner of our lives, people are enjoying the culture achievements that were created by predecessors in every time, also, people are inventing new culture in every moment. Our progress is the result of the culture creation and developing.”(Chen Huawen, 2001:2) When people are communicating under the different culture background, the language and non-language factors which influence of message effect are make communication hen culture. If foreign language learners are lack of knowledge for its behavior and function, it will appear inappropriate behavior, resulting in the communication barriers, and it is difficult for effective cross-cultural communication, as a result causes of communication error.The diet is the first need for human’s survival and development; also it is the one of the basic form of social life. However under the different cultural background, having different diet idea and diet custom, then finally form the different diet culture. Food culture is an important part in the intercultural communication. Understand the differences between Chinese and western diet culture and its origin, for foreign language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture,but also improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid the misunderstandings and communication barriers just because of the inappropriate way or behavior .In Sun Weixue’s book <<culture of America>>, he once pointed out any country in the world should carry out cultural exchanges and publicity actively, this is not only benefit to their native culture, but also spread the culture in worldwide .(Sun Weixue, 2004) This paper expounded from various of the differences between Chinese and western food dietetic culture, enhance mutual understanding and facilitate communication.Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic cultureChina is one of the most ancient countries on the world, it has the long history of 5000 years, and created innumerable splendid civilization. In this culture, it makes China contain more expansive and profound diet. It has experienced several thousand years of history development, and has become one of the most important Chinese traditional cultures of department.Because of the district difference in our land, it gradually formed four major cuisines that is Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine and Chaozhou cuisine. This four major cuisine have different features, but in common is with making complex fastidious, the product methods are very complex, and have a great diversity of taste and dishes, this is amazing. Because of our vast land, there are differences in climate, products and custom in every place. For a long time, on food was formed many flavor. Our country has been have the saying of “ south rice north noodles”, in the taste, it has the differences that “sour in east, hot in west, sweet in south and salty in north", it mainly have four flavor about Bashu, Qilu, Haiyangn and Yuemin. ( Zou Guangwen, 1998) On the other hand, all the year round, according to season for eat is a feature in China’s cooking. Since ancient times, our country has been according to season changes to taste, and dishes. Winter taste strong, summer flavor cleaner; in the winter more braised stews, summer more cold.In the long-term development, evolution and accumulation process, Chinese people gradually formed its own unique food folk from many aspects, such as diet structure, food production, food utensils, nutrition healthy and diet aesthetic, this created a diet with unique flavor of the Chinese food culture, become a pearl of the world food culture.1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic cultureRational westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival. Due to the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners in diet takes thescience, takes the science about nutrition, so the nutrition is the supreme principle in the western diet.Eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content,( Dang Binghua, 2010) whether calorie supply properly, and whether these nutrients can be fully absorbed, and presence of other side effects, and dishes color, fragrance and taste is the second requirement. Even in the west’s leading power –France, even though in many aspects the diet culture is similar with our diet, but a contact to nutrition, both sides will the gap. While French cook also pursued delicious, but also adhere to the “nutrition” this one major premise, they don’t agree with pieces of nutrition and beg delicious.In the culture of diet, westerners have the culture descent of nomads and sailing nationality, they hunting, breeding, aided by acquisition and planting, they eat more meet, the eating, wearing and using are took of animals, even the western medicine are made from animals to take. Pay more attention to animal protein and fat intake, in the structure of diet, also with animal figurines in the majority, it is mainly dishes, beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. So the meat diet has been very high in proportion. In modern times, planting proportion is increasing, but the proportion in meat still higher than Chinese.Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese andWestern food dietetic2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet conceptChinese people are thinking highly of eat. “B read is the staff of life”, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important.I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: “I f a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that “diet cures more than the doctors”. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.”(Li Xiaohong, 2010: 33)In China, the pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, Chinese living overseas to open restaurants for industry in the world, it has become our settlement fundamental.Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time boil, cover the dish nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. As a result of nutrition problem, in fact touched on the Chinese culinary culture to the greatest weakness. Folk have saying, “It is of great importance of eating and whether the food is delicious or not depends on taste”, this is the pursuit of delicious make us ignore the real meaning of dinner.European is represented the western, also, his culture has a long history. In the middle ages, the European culture has very perfect, during this period; the old western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: most food with flour primarily, raw material also more abundant, its production method is simple, but also in China pays much attention to taste.China's five mixed cookery aims to pursue delicious, its processing process of hot fried and long time of fire, this can make dishes nutrients were damaged. (Lin Lirui, 2009) In western countries, especially in 1960s, appearing the emergence of modern cooking thought, with particular emphasis on health care, reduce weight, thus less oil, emphasize the pursuit of light by fresh materials, emphasizing the cooking process of nutrients and maintain the original taste, so the vegetables are basically raw. So says the heavy nutrition in western diet is universal.2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objectsWesterners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism. (Yang Naiji, 1993)Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someoneaccording to the obvious differences in characteristic of western diet object, the Chinese character known as the plants, the Western character known as animals.2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tablewareand etiquette2.3.1 Diet mannerChinese and Western food is quite different from the way that such differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, any of the feast, whatever the purpose, there will be only one form, that is, we were sitting around, sharing one seat. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the object which table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of people sentiments exchange intermedium. People propose a toast of each other for food, vegetables, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity. Duo Xiaoping said that: “A lthough from the health perspective, this kind of food have obvious deficiency, it meets the general mind of happy in our national, reflects the influence thoughts to offspring about Chinese classical philosophy, facilitate the emotional communicated of collective, and yet difficult to reform”.( Duo Xiaoping, 2005: 12)Freedom westerner is individual serving when they eating, the first is the point of all the food, they can eat what something, and it also showed respect for the West on the personality. After serving up, people eat the entire various one and their random add spices, the second course dish to eat after eating, before and after the two never mixed vegetables to eat. The most popular form of buffet in western is individual eating, incompatible interference, and lack of the emotional appeal for chat with each other.In the western-style banquets, food and wine are very important, but in fact it is setoff. The core of banquet in friendship, through the conversation with neighbors, in order to achieve the friendship. If the companionship of party is compared withdance, then it can be said that Chinese banquet is like collective dance, and western banquet is like dancing between women and men. Therefore, the purpose of companionship is obvious between Chinese banquet and western banquet, only Chinese banquet more reflected in all guest, and western banquet more reflected the friendship between adjacent guests. And Chinese food is more obvious differences between them were western popular buffet. This method is: we need display all the food, should not fixed in his seat to eat, you can walk freedom, this method in favor of the emotional communicated between individuals, not speak all the words on the table, this also showed respect for the personality and self.Therefore, in the final analysis is differences between perceptual and rationality. However, the difference seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance and taste, they pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after the experience of SARS. Also, because of people are more and more busy with job, they think when doing the Chinese food is too much trouble, not equal convenient to come a hamburger and so on. So in dietary the differences were not too clear.2.3.2 Diet tablewareIn the space of diet tableware, the differences are more obvious. As we know, Chinese people including some Asian countries, use chopsticks, spoon, when they have a meal also use bowl to fill. But how about westerners? They are fill food use plate, to use a knife and fork to eat, there are specialized spoon to drink soup. Chopsticks and knife, fork as two kinds of representative tableware for the east and west, they affected the different lifestyle of eastern and western, representing two kinds of different wisdom.As we know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks, it was originally the ancient nomadic origin and the European lifestyle; they carry knives for live, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After settle the city, the knives and forks into the family kitchen, at this time, people just do not have to carry them. However, only about the 18th century, there was found the fork for fourfork. Therefore, western people using a knife and fork, just four or five hundred years of history. Compared with the simple chopsticks, the type of knife and fork much more, knife and fork belong to the special tools, but because of this "special" often show "great wisdom appears stupid", so they are often ignored by their people.Different people have different views, it is difficult to draw the conclusions that the relationship of thinking method between chopsticks and knife and fork. However, there is scientific basis of use of chopsticks is better training your thinking ability. From a physiological point of view, Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems,it brings agility and quick thinking.(Hu Wenzhong, 1999)And there is no doubt that the chopsticks have the scientific principles.2.3.3 Diet etiquetteIn etiquette, both in the west and Chinese are even more different. In ancient China, during people have the dinner, they have a set of unnecessary and over elaborate formalities. When people eat together, not just eat their own interests. If you eat with others, you must check the hands clean. Do not put extra food into the pot, and do not post occupied food. After dinner, guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table, take them to the master, then the master get off, you should request them do not work, then the guests sit down again. Some of this ritual is essential in modern manners. In the west banquet, the master generally folder the dish only once for the guests, and the remaining self-consumption by the guests, if guests do not eat, you should not let them to eat, according to the habit of Chinese, people are not frequently provide guests to drink and take the food. When people eating, do not make the noise, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the food by the master. If talking to people, only overstated with your neighbors, do not talk to people with the distance.2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet natureFrom the different concepts, the western diet tends to scientific and rational, Chinese food tends to artistic and emotional. After cooking the delicious food, diet was originally designed to supply a life-sustaining nutrition.Li Mingying said: “the focus of the western diet custom raw diet is just an extension of utility, and customs of the Chinese diet's emphasis on flavor, put the food into the art. We can see the point from two different diet concepts, the western diet is increasing normalization, and the Chinese diet is more randomness. ( Li Mingying, 1997: 03)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chineseand Western food dietetic culture3.1 The impact of the geographical environmentChina is the closed continental geographical, this environment limited the thinking of the Chinese people within the local community, they good at summing up the experiences and lessons from their predecessors, they like “history as a mirror”, and their spatial awareness is weak. (Bian Haoyu, 2004) This mentality of inward-looking led to the Chinese people have the personality of stability and quiet, they lack of curiosity about the new things, and also they lack of interest in the unknown things. So the Chinese diet food is more have the regional characteristics, different places have the different favorite food to eat, the north have the lower temperature than south, especially in the winter, the weather is very cold, so in the diet of the north, a large proportion of fat and protein in the food, especially in pastoral areas, the food of pastoralists is majority of milk and meat, also they like eating noodles. And the food diet of southerners is based on the plant, the residents have the habit of drinking soup and eat porridge, no matter if the food has been put on, they must be the first to eat soup, drink soup before eating a bit, after fond, they also have another bowl of soup to drink, this to be considered as eating a meal. And they mainly eat rice.The majority of western countries are in the open ocean environment of geography, they developed industry and seafaring, since the ancient Greece, they have valued the study of natural objects, and they exploring the mysteries of the natural heritage. At the same time, the marine environment, mountain tsunami, unrest, this all constitutes the personality of the western nation pay attention to the space expansion and military conquest. So westerners have a scientific attitude of the food diet, this also very standard and arbitrary, and they like to eat the meat food.3.2 The impact of the economic systemMarx once said: “Ideas of consciousness is initially directly with peopleproduce the material activity, and people's physical contact and the reality of language intertwined production.” (Marx, 1972: 89) This point of view clear expressed the symbiotic isomorphism relations between the cultural and economic activity. Peter, Koslowski also said that, “the most important ec onomic behavior is decided by the cultural, their cultural engraved with cultural cachet.”(Peter, Koslowski, 1999: 229) The real economic growth depends on the culture. The traditional economy of China is a typical self-sufficient economy. People are more law-abiding and conservative, because they can live for the whole life rely on a piece of land. And their culture is more introverted. Moreover, China’s ancient civilization originated in the river basin, it belongs the agricultural civilization, "agricultural civilization character" inspired the Asian emphasis on ethics, and the principle of life is “harmony, and love for the high”. In the ancient China, people are still more poor rather than the western countries, at that time, the lower people just required eat their fill and wear the warm clothes, the Chinese people in the old ancient, because without something to eat and drink, a lot of people and children are being starved to death. You can not image the horror in that time. Followed the progress and development of the social, people have been get the basic meet in terms of food, they do not worried just because they have not enough food to eat, on the other hand, people are paying attention to the nutrition of diet food, and trying to convince themselves to eat more healthy, more nutrition, so now there have been many so-called food therapy.The ancient Greek civilization of the west is originated in the Aegean coast, belongs to the Marine civilization, besides Europe's farming is not far as China's agriculture as important in ancient society, so the Europeans like to explore the world, and their cultural is more comparative extroversion. Lai Anfang is mentioned in the book of <<An outline introduction to Britain and America>>, “pursuit of freedom and eq uality has been the guiding principles and goal of the western culture.”(Lai Anfang, 2004: 229) And through the industrial revolution, the western countries is early enter into the industry economy, "industrial civilization character" contributed to thewesterners have stronger struggle spirit and legal consciousness to protect one’s own interest. These also can manifest in their eating habits.ConclusionThe differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture is obvious, and they have their own strengths. Followed the economic globalization and the accelerated flow of information changes, Chinese and western food culture will be continued integration in the collision, complement each other in the fusion. Chinese food now has begun focus on food, nutrition, health, the science of cooking, western food also begun to develop from the realm of Chinese food’s color, smell, taste and meaning. Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.BibliographyLeslie ,White. 1949. The science of culture. New York: Random.Peter, Koslowski. 1999. Post-modernism culture. Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen University. 卞浩宇,2004, <<论中西饮食文化的差异>>。
中西方饮食文化差异
（三）就餐方式的差异 通常中国人请客吃饭采取的是一种“共享”的方 式，大家共享一席,共享桌上的菜肴，往往一道菜 刚上桌，在主人的殷勤招呼下，众人通力合作， 共同“消灭”盘中之物，最后结账也是争相付钱。一 切行为都强调突出的是一个“合”字。 而受个人主义思想的影响，西方人请客吃饭 的习惯是每人一份，且主客双方各自点自己的饭 菜,不必考虑他人的口味和喜好，用餐时也只吃自 己的盘中餐，付钱也往往采取AA制，各人自付各 人账。
二、中西方饮食观念的差异 西方是一种理性饮食观念，不论食物的色、香、味、 形如何，力求口味清淡和膳食的均衡。西方人认为饮食 只是一种手段，因而享受在饮食中并不占重要位置，故 而不会过分地追求口味。对于烹饪食物，营养性就是他 们的出发点和目的地。他们全力开发和研究食物在不同 状态下的营养差异，即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下 去——因为有营养。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用 料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色，方面的搭配； 但不管怎么豪华高档，菜只有一种味道，无艺术可言， 作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那 也是在盘中进行的，色彩上对比内鲜明，但在滋味上各 种原料互不相干，调和。各是各的味，简单明了。
四、中西餐饮对象差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬 菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显 出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好 的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以 化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比 西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤 菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所 以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。 中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。 他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，有些中国人 主张素食主义。
六年级中西饮食文化差异英语作文
六年级中西饮食文化差异英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Cultural Differences in Food between Eastern and Western CountriesFood plays a significant role in shaping the culture of a country. Different countries have unique culinary traditions that reflect their history, geography, climate, and beliefs. In this essay, we will explore the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries, particularly focusing on the dietary habits of sixth graders.Eastern Food Culture1. Asian Cuisine: Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and India have a rich culinary tradition that emphasizes the use of fresh ingredients, spices, and herbs. Rice is a staple food in most Asian countries, along with noodles, seafood, and vegetables. In Chinese cuisine, for example, dishes are often prepared using stir-frying, steaming, and boiling methods.2. Tea Culture: Tea is an essential part of Eastern food culture, with countries like China and Japan having elaborate teaceremonies. Green tea is commonly consumed in Eastern countries for its health benefits and refreshing taste.3. Etiquette: Eastern countries have specific dining etiquette that involves using chopsticks, sharing dishes, and showing respect to elders. In China, for example, it is considered rude to leave food on your plate, as it implies that the host did not provide enough food.Western Food Culture1. European Cuisine: European countries such as Italy, France, and Spain are known for their diverse and flavorful dishes. Italian cuisine, for instance, features pasta, pizza, and cheese, while French cuisine is famous for its sauces, bread, and desserts. Western countries also have a tradition of using butter, cream, and red meat in their cooking.2. Wine Culture: Wine plays a prominent role in Western food culture, with countries like France and Italy producing some of the finest wines in the world. Wine is often paired with food to enhance the dining experience and bring out the flavors of the dishes.3. Dining Style: In Western countries, individual portions are served to each diner, and utensils such as forks, knives, andspoons are used for eating. Unlike Eastern countries, where dishes are shared communally, Western diners prefer having their own dish.Cultural Exchange: With globalization and increased travel, there has been a growing exchange of food culture between Eastern and Western countries. Sixth graders today have access to a wide range of cuisines from around the world, allowing them to experience different flavors and cooking styles.Conclusion: The differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries highlight the diversity and richness of culinary traditions around the world. By exploring and appreciating different food cultures, sixth graders can develop a broader perspective on global cuisine and foster cross-cultural understanding.篇2Cultural Differences in Food between Eastern and Western CountriesFood is an essential part of any culture, and it plays an important role in shaping a nation's identity. When looking at the food culture of Eastern and Western countries, one can see a stark contrast in flavors, ingredients, cooking methods, anddining etiquette. In this essay, we will explore the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries, specifically focusing on the sixth-grade level.One of the most noticeable differences between Eastern and Western food is the flavor profile. In Western countries, food is often characterized by its heavy use of butter, cream, and cheese, resulting in rich and savory dishes. On the other hand, Eastern cuisine tends to favor a more balanced and subtle flavor profile, with an emphasis on fresh herbs, spices, and aromatics. Students in the sixth grade can learn to appreciate and understand these different flavor profiles by trying out dishes from both cultures.In terms of ingredients, Western cuisine often includes a variety of meat, dairy, and grains, while Eastern cuisine tends to focus more on vegetables, rice, and noodles. This difference in ingredients is not only influenced by the availability of resources but also by cultural beliefs and traditions. By exploring recipes from both Eastern and Western cuisines, students can gain a deeper understanding of how food reflects the values and history of a culture.Another aspect of food culture that differs between Eastern and Western countries is cooking methods. Western cuisine often involves baking, grilling, and roasting, while Eastern cuisineemphasizes techniques such as stir-frying, steaming, and braising. These different cooking methods not only result in distinct flavors and textures but also reflect the cultural values and lifestyle of each region. Through hands-on cooking lessons, sixth-grade students can learn how to prepare dishes using both Eastern and Western cooking techniques.Lastly, dining etiquette is another area where Eastern and Western food cultures differ. In Western countries, it is common to eat with a fork and knife, while in Eastern countries, chopsticks are the preferred utensil. Additionally, Western dining etiquette often involves individual plates and courses, while Eastern dining etiquette usually involves sharing dishes family-style. By learning about the dining etiquette of both cultures, sixth-grade students can develop a greater appreciation for the diversity of food traditions around the world.In conclusion, the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries provide a rich opportunity for sixth-grade students to explore and learn about different culinary traditions. By experimenting with recipes, trying out new flavors, and understanding the cultural significance of food, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of global cuisine. Through this exploration, studentscan not only expand their culinary skills but also gain a broader understanding of the world around them.篇3Cultural Differences in Chinese and Western Diets for Sixth GradersIn today's globalized world, it is important for young people to have an understanding of different cultures, including their food traditions. Food is an integral part of any culture, and the differences in diet between the Chinese and Western cultures are particularly striking. In this essay, we will explore the unique characteristics of Chinese and Western diets, as well as the cultural significance of food in each tradition.First, let's examine the Chinese diet. Chinese cuisine is known for its diversity and emphasis on fresh, seasonal ingredients. Rice is a staple food in China, and is often served with a variety of dishes such as vegetables, meat, and tofu. Chinese meals typically include a balance of flavors, textures, and colors, and are meant to be shared among family and friends. Tea is also an important part of Chinese culture, and is often served with meals or as a way to welcome guests.In contrast, Western diets tend to be more focused on meat and dairy products. In Western countries, meals often revolve around a main dish, such as steak or pasta, accompanied by side dishes like potatoes or vegetables. Dairy products such as cheese and milk are also commonly consumed in Western diets. Additionally, Western cuisine is known for its desserts, which are often rich and indulgent, such as cakes and pastries.The cultural significance of food in both Chinese and Western cultures cannot be understated. In China, food is viewed as a way to bring people together and strengthen familial bonds. Chinese families often gather around the dinner table to share stories and connect with one another. Food is also an important part of Chinese holidays and festivals, with special dishes prepared to mark the occasion.In Western cultures, food is often seen as a form ofself-expression and creativity. Chefs in the Western world are celebrated for their innovative dishes and unique flavor combinations. Food is also a way for Westerners to explore different cultures and cuisines, with restaurants serving dishes from around the world.Despite these differences, there are also some commonalities between Chinese and Western diets. Bothcultures value the use of fresh, high-quality ingredients, and emphasize the importance of balance and moderation in eating. Additionally, both Chinese and Western cuisines have evolved over time, incorporating influences from other cultures and adapting to changing tastes and preferences.In conclusion, the differences between Chinese and Western diets reflect the unique cultural identities of each tradition. By exploring and appreciating these differences, sixth graders can gain a greater understanding of the world around them and develop a more global perspective. Ultimately, food is a universal language that brings people together, regardless of cultural background.。
中西方饮食文化差异英语专业论文
An Analysi s to the Differences between Chinese and Western Food CulturebyLi GengheClass 1,Grade 09Tutor:Foreign Languages College ofCapital Normal UniversitySep 21,2009摘要本文旨在通过分析中西方饮食文化的差异以及在全球化的影响下两种饮食文化的相互互补和兼容来了解饮食文化的方方面面以及通过它来指导我们的餐饮实践活动，在提高认识的基础上扬长避短，改善饮食结构，提高饮食质量。
对跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异进行研究也能增进中西方人民的相互了解，促进交流，享受不同的饮食带来的不一样的感受。
为了使研究得出科学的结论，具有更强的说服力，本文作者主要用对比的方法对两种不同饮食文化的差异进行深入的分析，包括烹调准则、文化特征、饮食对象、用餐方式和用餐礼仪五个方面，总结出各自的特点、优缺点以及不同的历史渊源，最后倡导中餐西用把两者结合起来。
本文分为五个部分来介绍。
关键词：饮食文化；中西；差异AbstractThis paper aims to understand the complicated aspects of food culture and to guide the catering things in restaurants and so on. In order to achieve this goal, this paper makes an analysis in detail to the differences of food culture between the Chinese and Western as well as the mutual supplementation and compatibleness of the two food cultures under the globalization. In the basis of improving our ability of realization, we should enhance the strong points and avoids weaknesses, improving diet structure, advancing the diet quality and ensuring everyone to have healthy diet in their daily life. The study conducted of the differences of food culture in the macroscopic field of cross-cultural communication also can promote the mutual understanding between the people of the East and West. It could promote the exchange and make people enjoy the different feelings through the different diet. In order to make out a more scientific study conclusion which has a strong persuasive power, this paper makes a thorough analysis with the contrasting method to the differences of the two different food cultures. And this is carried out in the following five aspects: cooking criteria, cultural characteristics, food objects, eating habits and table manners. From this, I summarize their respective characteristics, the good and bad points and the different historical origins as well as finally initiate a dining approach to unify them together. This article is divided into five parts.Key Words: Food cultures; The Chinese and Western; DifferencesTable of Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ I II Outline............................................................................................................................................. I V I. Introduction of Food Culture . (1)A. Characteristics of Chinese Food Culture (2)B. Characteristics of the Western Food Culture (3)II. Analysis of Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Food (4)A. Different Cooking Criteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘Casual’ (4)1. Norm and Exactness in Western Cooking (4)2. Flavor and Liberty in Chinese Cooking (5)B Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘Harmony’ (6)1. Westerners’ individuality (7)2. Chinese Harmony (8)C. Different Food Objects (9)D. Different Eating Habits (10)E. Different Table Manners (12)III. Underlying Causes (13)IV. Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on the Study (14)V. Conclusion (16)References (18)OutlineThesis Statement: The differences between Chinese and Western food culture are derived from the differences in their ways of thinking and philosophy of life, and ever since the ancient times, Chinese and Western food culture’s collision and exchange have largely promoted the progress and development of human society to some degree, making the food culture become an important part of world culture.I.Food Culture IntroductionA.Characteristics of Chinese Food CultureB.Characteristics of the Western Food CultureII.Analysis to the Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western FoodA.Different Cooking Criteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘C asual’1、Norm and Exactness in Western Cooking2、Flavor and Liberty in Chinese CookingB.Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘H armony’1、Westerners’ Individuality2、Chinese HarmonyC.Different Food ObjectsD.Different Eating HabitsE.Different Table MannersIII.Underlying CausesIV.Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on the StudyV.ConclusionAn Analysis to the Differences betweenChinese and Western Food Culture The differences between Chinese and Western food culture are derived from the differences in their different ways of thinking and Philosophies of life: Chinese people pay attention to the harmony and unite between Heaven and Man; while Westerners focus on people-orientation;Chinese sitology uses food to express feeling and message and the meaning is too deep and hard to describe. However, the Western interpretation of food is that it has to be kickshaw, and has its own style.Ever since the ancient times, Chinese and Western food culture’s collision and exchange have largely promoted the progress and development of human society to some degree, making the food culture become an important part of world culture.I.Introduction of Food CultureFood culture refers to the technical, scientific and artistic aspects in the process of the food production and food consumption, the development and utilization of food ingredients in specific social groups , as well as the diet-based customs, traditions, ideology and philosophy, in a word, the sum of all the food things of a combination of the way, process, function of food production and consumption（张亚红, 2009）.The study on food culture is extremely rich in content. Generally, it can be chosen from two aspects: the first is, the whole analysis and research aiming at specific groups of food culture phenomenon and the second is the specific analysis and research on acertain area of the food culture phenomenon.A.Characteristics of Chinese Food CultureThe diet is actually the content of our daily life, but why do we say that it contains specific culture? This is because the diet has a special status in the Chinese culture. And it is also different between China and the West. Chinese people's diet starts as early as in the Qin Dynasty. At that time, the typical diet primarily consists of the miscellaneous grains, in addition to some supplementary food such as vegetables and meat. Certainly this kind of diet relates to our Chinese first religion Buddhism a lot which advocates vegetarian diet. And the rice is the staple food, but the vegetable is to get food down. The rice is not delicious, so people must eat the vegetable which is more delicious than rice to get the rice down. And this urges Chinese cooking to make the unsavory food to become the delicious food, which gradually becomes the most important goal of cooking. Moreover the technology of diet processing in Chinese cooking is first-class, thus manifesting the characteristics of Chinese culture. The Chinese cooking's diet process technology is first-class in the world, thus it has manifested the Chinese culture characteristic.All these enable the Chinese diet culture to have the following characteristics. First, the Chinese cooking technology has developed a lot and many things which do not look like eatable food in the W esterners’ eyes can become the food rich in the appearance, the fragrance and the taste under the Chinese chef's careful cooking. Second, Chinese recipes are widespread, and everything that can be eaten will be fullused. and everything that can be eaten will be fully used. The West botanist, the Chinese eat more than six times types of vegetables than the Westerners. Third, For the Chinese people, the pursuit of eating is just to pursue best happiness of life, food becoming the first requirement.B.Characteristics of the Western Food CultureIn the Western diet, meat always has a high proportion because the diet was initially base mainly on animal husbandry. In the modern times, although the proportion of crop cultivation has been increasing, the proportion of meat in the diet is still much higher than that of China. As the natural delicious taste of meat, for the Westerners there is no need of too much decoration for food, limiting the development of cooking. Europeans mostly use tools to show their affluence, for instance, the number of kinds and luxury become the content to care about. Moreover, they will not make the pursuit of eating which is easy to satisfy to be the pursuit of the best happiness.We take Europe and America as a representative for the West, for its culture similarly has a well-established and long history. To the middle ages, the European culture had grown up, and during that time the old West’s diet culture had already formed. Its main feature was: the bread flour was the staple food, raw material was also very rich, their manufacturing method was simpler than that of China, but they also paid great attention to the taste.II.Analysis of Cultural Differences between Chinese and WesternFoodThere are distinctive food cultures in different nations and countries, with strong national character and diversity of features. Food Product, due to the geographical features, the climate of the environment and the customs and so on, will appear great difference in the raw materials, taste, cooking methods and eating habits. The comparison of the differences between Chinese and Western food culture will be from the following five areas: different cooking criteria, different cultural characteristics, different food objects, different eating habits and different table manners.A. Different Cooking C riteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘C asual’1.Norm and Exactness in Western CookingWesterners emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking is in strict accordance with the scientific norm. The use of recipes is an excellent proof to this. In the Western recipes the measurement is calculated by grams and in the surface the recipe seems to be scientific. Westerners are always holding recipes to go to buy food and make dishes, but compared to Chinese cooking, it isa very mechanical thing, so in front of complex circumstances it is oftenpowerless. And this consistency has led to a drawback of Western food-the lack of features.When people are in different places, when you want to taste the local cuisine, definitely no one would choose foods like Kentucky Fried Chicken,because Fried Chicken requires not only the ingredients according to recipes, but also the temperature of the oil, fried chicken, and the time. The process must be strict in accordance with specifications, so the world's KFC taste is the same. In addition, the standardized cooking requires preparing ingredients, adding the spices accurate to grams, cooking time accurate to seconds.As the production of standardized Western dishes, it makes cooking into a mechanical work. There is no creativity. Steak, fried chicken and salad are always taking the same kinds of forms,so cook’s work has become an extremely monotonous mechanical work, like an automated assembly-line worker, or even by a robot to act in his place.Moreover, a dish in different regions, different seasons and for different people has the same taste. There is no change. Even in high-leveled banquet, the diet has no more elegant table tools and more luxurious decoration, but the dish is still the same kind.2.Flavor and Liberty in Chinese CookingWhat the Westerners can not understand is that the Chinese cooking does not pursue the accurate standardization, but respect randomness. Looking carefully at China's recipes, you will find that the amount of raw materials to prepare and the amount of spices to add are just vague concepts, such as "a spoon", "bowl", "little bit" and so on, but how much is actually “a spoon, ‘a bowl”and “a little”,there is no specific criteria. Chinese cooking, not only pays attention to the major cuisines having their own flavor and characteristics, but also the same dish of the same cuisine willhave some changes for the different spices used in the match with a variety of different side dishes according to individual hobbies and characteristics. Sometimes, to make the same dish, the same chef will do some adjustments according to different seasons different occasions and the different identities, tastes and requirements of different people. It may even change because of our own emotional Change. It uses different spices to cook a "Mapo tofu" for the guests in Sichuan and Su Zhou. Another example is “Braised F ish”, in winter the dish should be dark in color and the taste should be strong, while in summer it should be light in both color and taste. For people in Jiang Su and Zhe Jiang provinces, braised fish can be seasoned with sugar, but for the Chuanxiang customers, it should be made spicier. From this，we can see that without the randomness changeable Chinese cuisine, we will lose its unique charm. The randomness of the food processing infinitely expands Chinese recipes. A variety of raw materials, cutting techniques, spices and cooking methods make a cross-combination which can make one material into a dozen or dozens of dishes. Xingjian’s "All sheep seats," Guangdong's "all-fish seats and Beijing's "a whole duck" are the best proofs of this. The most commonly used raw material--- chicken, in a Cantones e chef’s hands, will be made into dozens or even hundreds of courses of dishes. This arbitrariness creates a dazzling array of dishes in Chinese cuisine.B Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘H armony’The master of Taiwan Guoxue Mr. Qian Mu,（金炳镐,1999）, in the preface of "Modern Chinese Academic Lun Heng" writes, “Cultures differences, it is not thesame as the academic. China attaches importance to harmony, while the Western emphasize the difference."Eastern and Western culture differences also affect their own food culture. Chinese and Western food culture clearly reflects this cultural identity of "harmony" and " individuality respectively "（金炳镐,1999）.1.Westerners’ individualityContrast to oriented "flavor" of Chinese food, Western food is a rational concept. The color, smell, taste, shape, and nutrition must be assured that a day’s intake of calories, vitamins and protein and so on should be given attention to. In a word, nutrition comes first. The concept of eating with the West as a whole philosophy is to adapt the system. At a banquet, you might pay attention to food containers, the use of materials, and the colors of the dishes, but no matter how high-end luxurious, the steak from Los Angeles to New York has only one flavor, no art at all. In a main course, there is no mixture of different materials, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, Even if it has been a mixed dish, it is also carried out in the plate For example, in a "French lamb chops," there are mashed potatoes on one side next to Hill lamb chops and green beans being cooked in the other side of the distribution plus a few film Tomato into it. There is a sharp contrast in color, but the tastes of raw materials are separate, with its own flavor. Even if it is a matched dish, it is just like “1+1=2”, very simple and perspicuity. What have been discussed above has manifested this kind of social culture of Westerners' individuality.2.Chinese HarmonyChinese have always been regarding "and" and "harmony" as the most beautiful realm, and this idea of 'harmony' embodied in the cooking is reflected in the "five flavor harmony". That is, cooking food needs to make “five flavor harmony” on the basis of retaining the natural tastes of raw materials, using the basic law of five element theory to guide the reconciliation, which not only accords with the timing, but also with the season in order to cook out delicious dishes.. So, in Chinese food almost every dish needs two or more of the raw materials and a variety of spices to reconcile in the cooking. Even home-style cooking is generally reconciled with meat and vegetables, such as the Jiu Huang Chao Rousi, pineapple Sweet and sour pork, tomatoes, scrambled eggs and ribs winter melon soup. Chinese people regard “to cook dish”as "cooking" which means combine cooking and blending into one for a beautiful taste. Here we put stress on the measurement and the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectic thinking of Chinese philosophy. Everything is measured according to the wonderful taste and the coordination. The frequent changes within the degree lead to the richness of Chinese cuisine and its varieties. The key reason why Chinese food has its own unique charm is that it has its wonderful taste. However, the generation of the delicious taste lies in the wonderful reconciliation of the initial taste of food, the cooked flavor after heating, the ingredients and excipies, as well as the sauce flavor of harmonic integration. Therefore, the Chinese cooking is not just as simple as a "1 +1 = 2" thing, but "1 +1" is equal to "3" or more.C.Different Food ObjectsThe Westerners have the traditions of nomadic and seafaring nations, leading their living mainly on fishing and hunting and supplementary on the cultivation they have more meat food and all they need in their daily life are taken from animals and even the refining materials of medicine are also taken from animals. They pay more attention to the intake of animal protein and fat, and their diet structure mostly consists of animal dishes, mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. Therefore, meat has a high proportion in the diet. In modern times, the crop farming has been increasing a lot, but the proportion of meat in the diet is still higher than that of Chinese people.According to a survey of Western Botanist, there are more than 600 kinds of vegetables for Chinese people, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food. Meat dish becomes a common diet only in the holidays or in affluent families, so ever since ancient times there is a saying of "vegetarian food" which leads a dominant position in everyday diet. The Chinese make the plant-based dishes to be the main dishes, which has many ramifications with the Buddhists advocacy. They regard animals as "beings," while plants as "no soul", therefore, they advocate vegetarianism. In introducing the characteristics of the Western diet, the Westerners put more emphasis on nutrition than the Chinese. They have relatively well-developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food and so on. Although the taste is monotonous, it can save time, and it is rich in nutrition, so generally the people in their countries can grow stronger than the Chinese people:They have tall height, long legs, wide shoulders and muscular body, while the Chinese have diminutive body, narrow shoulders, short legs and weak constitutions. According to the fact that the Western diet is significantly different in the characteristics of the food objects from the Chinese diet, someone called the Chinese plant character, and the Westerners the animal character.The differences of the diet content between the Chinese and the Western are also reflected in that The Westerners like to eat cold dishes, from the cold dish platter, salad to cold drinks, the table strewn with cold dish. However, the Chinese people like hot food, in addition that a few samples in the front of the main dishes are cold, the main course is hot. In the Chinese view, the hot food getting cold will lose much flavor. In order to get the delicious taste of food we should eat hot food. As the saying goes, “Food when hot has three delicacies.”D.Different Eating HabitsIn the way of having dinner, in China, no matter what the banquet is, people tend to sit around to enjoy the food placed in the middle of the table which are not only the subjects for people at the table to enjoy, but also a medium to share their feelings. At the table, the Chinese people would like to urge somebody to drink and zugreifen with each other, happily. It seems harmonious and joyful. But it is largely different for the Westerners. When they get together to dinner or host a party, they are less enthusiastic than Chinese people, and between the guests and the host the atmosphere is more casual. Westerners pay more attention to the independence of the individual, so theyeat separately. There’s no joy chatting with each other at the table. Chinese food served on the table pays attention to a rich variety of dishes, generally 8 or 10 dishes, 12 plates, with diversity in species, from the cold plate to the main course, to the soup, to dessert, to the fruit, and it also pays attention to the order. The Western banquets are based on cattle, sheep, pork chops and other staple food. The variety is less and people do not pay attention to the serving order. And the differences on the dining tools are much more apparent.As we all know, the Chinese people, including the yellow race of people in some other Asian countries, use chopsticks or spoon to eat with the bowl filled with rice, while the Westerners use plate to serve food, a knife and fork to cut to eat, and special soup spoon to have soup. Detailed analyzing, Chinese chopsticks are the main tableware, supplemented by spoon and various shaped cups, plates, bowls, and plates. Chinese cooking pays attention to the shape, size, and color of utensils coordinated with the dishes, what is so called "Beautiful utensils", and treats the diet as the arts from which to get a kind of beautiful art enjoyment. Mostly Westerners use metal knife and fork, mainly including stainless steel or silver-plated, silver and other tableware, as well as a variety of cups, plates, and cup, dish that carry out different uses and cannot be mixed. But the Western Food does not emphasize the art beauty on the dishes or tableware like what Chinese do. Its type of tableware and shape of dishes are relatively monotonous. In short, the Westerners focus on the content of food, while the Chinese stress the appearance or styles and the feelings or experience from it.In summary, chopsticks and knife and fork, as two kinds of most representative Dining tools of East and West, have a far-reaching effect on the lifestyle of both East and West, representing two different kinds of intelligence.E.Differences Table MannersThe table manners are greatly different between East and West. In ancient China, during the meal there was a set of complicated etiquettes.A quote said in the book of Rites • Qu Kee, (596 AD)，“when all people have a dinner together, you cannot eat only caring about yourself and ignoring others. Before you have a dinner with others, you must check your hands clean. Do not put the extra rice back into the pot, do not possess the food you specifically like, and do not winnow the hot meals. After dinner, guests should get up to pack the tableware to the owner, and at the same time the owner gets up, ask the guests not to work, and then the guests sit down again”.Some of these rituals are also necessary in modern times. In the West banquet, the host helps the guest to food for only once, and then asks them to help themselves. If the guests do not want to eat any more, don’t persuade them to eat any more, which is like the Chinese people's habit of urging somebody to drink and zugreifen frequently. It is not allowed to make a noise while eating the food, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the meals that the owners prepared (张亚红,2009). If you want to talk with people, you can only talk with the ones beside you but not the distant ones.III.U nderlying CausesThe differences in social development, traditional culture and thought, and life customs create differences between Chinese and Western food culture. There are two major characteristics of Chinese culture. The first one is the pursuit of applicable things without all non-useful things. Historically, all of the practical technologies were very advanced, such as agricultural science and technology and medicine, while the non-practical things can not be well-developed. The second one is that Chinese culture shows unique characteristics of love. The core of Confucian thought “Hell’s Angel" has far-reaching impact on China's traditional culture.However, in the Western culture, In the progress of conquering the nature and fostering a scientific awareness, the West pay special attention to the development of rational thought. Rationality has become typical of Western culture. Rationality means that in the process of the exploration of nature we make sober reflection, analysis and rigorous logic reasoning, and seek to act in line with the objective laws of nature. At the same time in the process of understanding the nature, people continue to understand themselves. Another major feature of Western culture is that they focus on personal dignity., taking the individual as a center. The interests of everyone are clear enough. Everyone has his own living space, without mutual interference.Cultural differences affect the differences in diet. The idea is that whenpeople eat the food production and consume in the process of forming ideas, they are impacted greatly by natural sciences, humanities, especially philosophy.Different philosophical thought and the resulting formation of cultural spirit and ways of thinking will produce a different concept of diet. China's food concept reconciles five flavors; the Western diet idea is prominent personality, which is mainly because of Chinese and Western countries‘philosophical thought and hence arises from the formation cultural spirit and ways of thinking.IV.Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on theStudyThe study of Chinese and Western food culture differences can not only make us better understand the eating characteristics of the Western nations, but also sum up our own diet characteristics in order to get others to make up our own weaknesses and learn from all the scientific and advanced concepts, put aside our culture in the dross, improve and enhance the quality of our diet. At the same time by means of such wrap-up and research, we can carry forward the Chinese nation's fine cultural traditions of food, which has been continuously updated and developed. These are the significances from the macroscopic sense. While in the microscopic sense, the study of the differences between Chinese and the Western food culture is conducive to China's tourist hotels catering to guide the design and development of food products. Based on Chinese and Western food culture differences, tourism and hotel catering departments should note the following points:(1)The design and development of food product should be nutrition-based,paying attention to a reasonable nutrition match. The initial motivation of eating is to sustain human survival and development. Protein, fat and vitamins are the basic materials of life to maintain normal metabolism of people. So, in the design of food products, we should adopt a scientific attitude, reasonably equipping human body with all the necessary nutrients. Whether Western or Chinese food, we must achieve this point, especially in making Western food.(2)We should achieve a perfect combination of the dining environment with thediversification of food products. China’s to urist hotels in the development of food products should pay attention to combine the Chinese and Western food cultures. As far as the restaurant is concerned, there should be Chinese and Western restaurants, style halls, banquet halls, as well as self-service restaurants, which offer a variety of dining establishments. Dishes listed in the menu should also be diverse to meet the different needs of Chinese and foreign guests. Chinese guests rarely have Western food as their main dinner, while Western guests can not always eat Chinese food in China, so star-rated hotels should not only supply Chinese food, but also supply formal Western food.(3)We can develop Chinese food specialty products to attract tourists. Chinesefood culture has a long history and is renowned in the world, with many foreign tourists coming here especially. We not only consolidate and maintain the old products, but also develop new special products, and constantly open。
中西方饮食文化差异(中英对照)
Differences between Chinese and Western diet culture Can you imagine the difference between the Western diet culture and the Chinese diet culture？First of all, I will introduce the general characteristics of Western diet culture. Western diet historyItaly cuisine is the originator of the Western diet culture, French cuisine is the Western diet culture king, American food is the Western diet culture upstart.Western food making skillsIn the production of the Western diet, they love the pursuit of perfection, but also attach importance to cooperation with a delicacy.Western diet varietiesThe famous dishes are Italy, French, American, German, Russian, etc. famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea.Do you know,why there are so many differences between Chinese and Western diet culture ?just like the menu,western diet is very tidy and serious,but the Chinese is multifarious.Now, you have known the difference of the menu,but do you know why diet has a strong regional character?Actually, western diet due to geographical characteristics, environment, customs, appears in cooking methods ofdifferences in eating habits. People in western countries like to eat pizza, while Chinese people like to eat dumplings.Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture.事实上，西方饮食由于地域特色、环境、风俗习惯，出现烹调方法不同程度的差异。
关于中西饮食文化的英语作文
关于中西饮食文化的英语作文The Chinese and Western food cultures have their own unique characteristics and traditions, reflecting the different lifestyles, climates, and historical backgrounds of the two regions.Chinese food culture is known for its emphasis on harmony and balance, as well as its use of fresh, seasonal ingredients. The Chinese believe in the concept of yin and yang, and this philosophy is reflected in their food choices. Chinese cuisine is also diverse, with different regions having their own distinct culinary traditions and flavors. The use of a wide variety of cooking techniques, such as stir-frying, steaming, and braising, also contributes to the rich and complex flavors of Chinese dishes.On the other hand, Western food culture places a strong emphasis on individuality and creativity. Western cuisineis known for its use of bold flavors and rich ingredients, as well as its focus on presentation and aesthetics. Western cooking techniques such as baking, grilling, and roasting are often used to bring out the natural flavors ofthe ingredients. Additionally, Western food culture values the dining experience as a social activity, often involving elaborate meals and gatherings with friends and family.In terms of dining etiquette, both Chinese and Western food cultures have their own customs and traditions. In Chinese culture, it is common to share dishes with othersat the table, and it is considered polite to leave a small amount of food on your plate to show that you are satisfied. In Western culture, there are specific dining etiquette rules, such as using the correct utensils and placing your napkin on your lap.In recent years, with globalization and the increasing exchange of cultures, there has been a growing influence of both Chinese and Western food cultures on each other. Chinese food has become popular in Western countries, and many Western ingredients and cooking techniques have been incorporated into Chinese cuisine. Similarly, Westerncuisine has also been embraced in China, and there are now many Western restaurants and food trends in major Chinese cities.Overall, both Chinese and Western food cultures havetheir own unique traditions and characteristics, and the exchange and integration of these cultures have enrichedthe global culinary landscape.中国和西方的饮食文化各有其独特的特点和传统，反映了两个地区不同的生活方式、气候和历史背景。
中西饮食差异英语作文六年级
中西饮食文化差异：六年级的视角**Western and Chinese Food Culture Differences: ASixth-Grader's Perspective**In the vast and diverse world, the differences between Eastern and Western cultures are as vast as the oceans that divide them. One such difference that particularlyintrigues me, even as a sixth-grader, is the contrast in food cultures between China and the West. From the ingredients used, to the preparation methods, to the dining etiquette, every aspect of food culture tells a story about a people's history, traditions, and values.**Ingredients and Flavors**The fundamental difference between Chinese and Western cuisines lies in the choice of ingredients and their combination. Chinese cuisine is known for its vast array of spices, herbs, and condiments that are used to create complex and layered flavors. From ginger and garlic to soy sauce and five-spice powder, each ingredient adds a unique touch to the dish. On the other hand, Western cuisine tends to rely more on fresh herbs and seasonings like salt,pepper, and oregano to enhance the natural flavors of the main ingredients.**Preparation Methods**The preparation methods in Chinese and Western kitchens are also vastly different. Chinese cooking often involves techniques like stir-frying, steaming, and braising, which are designed to preserve the nutrients and retain the original flavors of the ingredients. In contrast, Western cooking often involves longer cooking times, such as baking and roasting, which allow the flavors of the ingredients to meld together and develop.**Dining Etiquette**Dining etiquette is another significant aspect of food culture that differs between China and the West. In China, it is considered polite to share food from the same plate, using chopsticks to serve oneself and others. The dining table is often a place for conversation and bonding, with the host often ensuring that guests are well-fed and comfortable. In the West, however, dining etiquette is more focused on personal space and privacy. Each person hastheir own plate and utensils, and it is considered politeto eat at a steady pace, without making too much noise or slopping.**Conclusion**As a sixth-grader, I find the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures fascinating. They reflect the diverse histories, traditions, and values of the two cultures. Understanding these differences not only helps us appreciate the beauty and diversity of food but also opens our minds to the vast and wonderful world of international cuisines.**中西饮食文化差异：六年级的视角**作为一个六年级的学生，我已经开始对世界上的不同文化产生了浓厚的兴趣。
中西方饮食习惯的主要差别是什么英语作文
中西饮食文化差异探微In the vast cultural landscape, the differences between Eastern and Western dietary habits stand out as a fascinating aspect. These differences, often attributed to historical, geographical, and climatic factors, play a pivotal role in shaping the unique identities of both Eastern and Western cuisines.Western cuisine, with its emphasis on precision and standardization, tends to prioritize the use of fresh ingredients. Meals are often served with a main course, accompanied by a side dish or two, and a dessert to cap it off. The preparation methods are often straightforward, with a focus on retaining the original flavors and textures of the ingredients. Westerners also place a high value on nutrition, ensuring that their meals provide a balanced intake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.Contrastingly, Eastern cuisine, particularly Chinese cuisine, is known for its diverse cooking techniques and the extensive use of spices and seasonings. Dishes are often prepared using a combination of boiling, steaming, frying, and stewing, among others, to enhance the flavorand texture of the food. Furthermore, Eastern cuisines often incorporate various medicinal herbs and spices, believing that they have beneficial effects on the body.Another significant difference lies in the concept of mealtime itself. Western meals tend to be more formal and structured, with specific dishes serving as the star of the show. In contrast, Eastern meals often feature a variety of small dishes, known as "tapas" in Chinese, that are meant to be shared and enjoyed together. This communal dining experience is a testament to the importance of social interaction and harmony in Eastern cultures.Moreover, the role of alcohol in Western cuisine is much more prominent than in Eastern cuisines. Wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages are often paired with meals, serving not only as a complement but also as a means of socializing. In contrast, alcohol consumption in Eastern cultures, particularly in China, is less common and is often associated with specific occasions or celebrations. In conclusion, the differences between Eastern and Western dietary habits are not just a matter of taste or preference but are deeply rooted in their respectivecultures and traditions. Understanding these differences not only helps us appreciate the vast array of cuisines but also serves as a bridge for cultural exchange and understanding.**中西饮食文化差异探微**在广阔的文化景观中，中西方饮食习惯的差异成为了一个引人注目的方面。
中餐和西餐的差异英语作文六年级
中餐和西餐的差异英语作文六年级全文共5篇示例，供读者参考中餐和西餐的差异英语作文六年级1there are many difference between china and america such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .the word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . our country, china absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . at times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture .but the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . as the main bodyof the education is parents’ child . though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it .in order to tackle them, i’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between china and american.随着科学技术的发展，中美两国在地理、文化、语言、政治、经济、教育等方面存在着许多差异。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
编号（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230宁夏师范学院外国语学院学士学位论文An Analysis of Different Food Culturesbetween China and Western Countries作者姓名曹俊峰论文方向英美文化指导教师马生仓答辩时间2013年5月25日Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life. Different countries have different food cultures. This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit. Certainly, these differences are obvious. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countriesCONTENTSI.Introduction (1)II.Literature Review (1)III. Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries (2)3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions (2)3.2 Different Food Targets (4)3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares (5)3.4 Differences in Pursuit (8)IV.Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgments (11)I. IntroductionFood is the basic need for human survival and development; also it is one of the basic forms of social life. In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food. In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life. Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures. And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.Chinese food culture has a long history. It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture. In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture. Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world. On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception. Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium. People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition. People try to research the difference of the nutrition.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries. Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication. At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.II. Literature ReviewMany scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries. In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore (Yin Li, Han Xiaoling. 2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture. Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations. Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on. Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture. Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture. It is also an independent branch of folklore.In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures (Jiang Yan, 2007:50). First,people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures. At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences. Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability. Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture. Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures. In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country. In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture. Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics. The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition; food targets; the styles of having dinner and tablewares; and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic; such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture. Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and NutritionsChristianity has deep influence on Western food perception. Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God; they must respect soul; they propose people’s reason; they control people’s desire; they ignore people’s value of life and significance; they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven. Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit. So people have original sin. In their life, they gainpurification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony. So human being controls food. The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception (Perter, Bromhead,1978:3). Western countries stress natural value of food. They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people. In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety. Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it. Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent. They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment. Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose. Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner (Keith,Sinclair,1980). For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition. But western food also has big shortcomings. For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera. In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value. Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid. All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor. And they can’t change another pattern.Chinese people pay more attention to eating. In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life. The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven. For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat. Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others. If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme. Its function can maintain existence and health. On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food. In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food. Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on (Li Mingying,1997). They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language. Simply speaking, Chinesepeople pay more attention to taste. Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food. Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure. Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment. Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food. Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request. However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request. A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed. Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food. Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.3.2 Different Food TargetsFood target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background. Western people eat more meat. They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food (Leslie,White,1949:06). Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish. The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture. People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities. Planting is a complement to the activity. So animals are the main source of their food. In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase. But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food. Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables,people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being. Tofu is a traditional food. Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty. Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food. It is good for people’s health. People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being. Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks. At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu. People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient. The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization. Staple food is wheat and beans. Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food. People often call vegetarians dishes （Paul,Anthony,1975:68）. Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival. This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism. Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed. Even people can’t eat them.However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table. Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food. Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11). Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink. But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes. Most of the main dishes are hot.Western people believe that dishes are a longing. So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”. They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes. So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness. Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials. Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good. It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables. It is six times more than in the west. In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes. Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards. Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”. Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food. Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism. They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature. Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China. Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food. Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good. So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; but Chinese people are small and thin; their shoulders are narrow; their complexion are yellow. And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people. However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables. They are more healthy than westerners.3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using TablewaresThe different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.3.3.1 Having DinnerWhether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other (Lv Wenwen). They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food. The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere. Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together. The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture. The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception. Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first. Then it extends to outside the family. Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together. So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof. Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony. Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation. All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat. This will be a family happiness.But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using. Wasting food becomes more and more serious. Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change. In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important. The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier. When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal. This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality. Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner. In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”. Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity. This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food. Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating. Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）. Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet. Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate. Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth. The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information. So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose. The core of feast is friendship. The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence. It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China. Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit. The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational. But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science. More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.3.3.2 TablewaresGenerally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals. Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often. Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination. Even they stress “beautiful utensil”. Chinese people treat food as art activity. Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on. Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks. It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European. They made a living by knives,and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen. All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function. This tableware can’t be mixed to use. For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl. In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.3.4 Differences in PursuitIn China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts. Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking. Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people. A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework. But she was interested in cooking dishes. A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty. She appreciated this kind of art. The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them. On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender. People can freely eat them. On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner. The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking. China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on. And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously. Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing. Both of them can improve realm of life.Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking. They only pursue the nutrition of food. It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food. Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception. The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu. So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical. In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes. Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes. Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy. It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times. Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color. Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is alosing deal. However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.IV. ConclusionWe can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis. They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests; they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware. Both of them have their own special advantages. With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement (Zou Wenguang,1998). The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition. And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding. At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world. Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model. Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English. As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar. We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.Bibliography[1]Paul,Anthony. A Guide to the English-speaking Word[M].London:Longman Group Ltd,1975.[2]Keith,Sinclair.A History of New Zealand[M].London:Penguin,1980.[3]Leslie,White.The Science of Culture[M].New York:Random,1949.[4]Perter,Bromhead.Life in Modern Ameican[M].London:Longman Group Ltd,1978.[5]蒋艳.中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义[J].湖北:湖北教育学报,2007(50).[6]林丽瑞.中西方饮食文化之比较[J].上海:消费导刊,2009(11).[7]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化[J].锦州:锦州师范学院学报,1997.[8]棘青.图说世界饮食文化[M].长春:吉林出版社,2008(42).[9]吕雯雯.中西传统节日饮食中的文化差异[J].陕西:陕西师范大学学报,2009.[10]王仁湘,肖潇.图说中国文化[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2007.[11]殷莉,韩晓玲.英汉习语与民俗文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.[12]邹文广.人类文化的流变与整合[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.AcknowledgmentsMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor Ma Shengcang, my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, my thanks would go to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out any problems during the difficult course of thesis.。