物流专业英语 第四章

Transit inventory
… from the need to transport items or material from one location to another. goods on their way
Speculative inventory投机库存
… is in excess of their current need for a possible future event. 购入超过他 们目前实际所需数量的库存来应付未来可能 发生的事件。 Such events may include a price increase, a seasonal increase in demand. 例如价格上涨，季节性需求的增 加
ALSO INCLUDE:
goods in transit (when volume is
considerable and transport times long) 在途库存 (when it is an integrated part of the main business, such as return paper, plastics or bottles, where volume is considerable) 包装物、废弃物、可循环利用 产品
Safety (buffer) inventory
… is held in addition to cycle stock to guard against uncertainty in demand and/or lead time. 为了应对需求和提前期 的不确定性而持有的库存。 This occurs because the firm suffers fewer “stock-outs”. 缺货可能性减少。
4. Inventory Classifications
Inventory is most frequently classified as： cycle (base) stock 周转库存 safety (buffer) stock 安全库存 in-transit (pipeline) stock 在途库存 speculative stock 投机库存 dead stock 呆滞库存
CHAPTER 4 Inventory Management 库存管理
Lead-in
What is inventory? Do you think it is important to a company? and why? What problems may a business have if it holds too much/too little stock?
Байду номын сангаас
packaging, waste, recycled materials
Returned goods (products rejected by the customer and returned to us for repair or compensation.
退货
Key Words
Goods/work in process (WIP) 在制品库存,半成品 maintenance/repair/ operating (MRO）维修库存 cycle (or base) stock 经常库存 safety (or buffer) stock 安全库存 in-transit (pipeline) stock 在途库存 speculative stock 投机库存 Dead stock 呆滞存货 Inventory carrying (holding) costs 库存持有成本 Inventory shrinkage 库存收缩 inventory turnover 库存周转 Stock-out 缺货
2. Categories of Inventory
Normally considered:
raw materials 原材料 purchased components and parts 零部件 work in process (WIP) 在制品 finished goods (unsold, undelivered) 成品 maintenance/repair/ operating (MRO）维 修库存
Key Words
Goods/work in process (WIP) 在制品库存,半成品 maintenance/repair/ operating (MRO）维修库存 cycle (or base) stock 经常库存 safety (or buffer) stock 安全库存 in-transit (pipeline) stock 在途库存 speculative stock 投机库存 Dead stock 呆滞存货 Inventory carrying (holding) costs 库存持有成本 Inventory shrinkage 库存收缩 inventory turnover 库存周转 Stock-out 缺货
Quantity discounts 批量折扣
- In excess of 超出，超过
Topics for discussion:
Some people believe inventory only refers to the stock company is holding inside its warehouse, do you agree? If not, what else can also be called the company’s inventory?
Learning objectives
To understand the concept of inventory 理解什么是库存 To identify the reasons of holding inventory 找出企业持有库存的原因 To understand the classification of inventory 了解库存的分类 To learn ABC analysis and JIT VMI 了解现代库存的管理方法的基本原理
Cycle (base) stock 周转库存
… is needed to satisfy normal demand during the course of an order cycle. 满足一个订货周期内正常需求 If demand and lead time is constant, only cycle stock is necessary. 当需求和提前期是不变时，只持有周转库存 已经足够。
1.What does “stock-out” mean? - When customer’s order cannot be immediately filled from existing inventory. 现 有库存无法满足顾客订单的需求。
2.How does “stock-out” affect both customers and the company itself?
What has caused the stock-outs in retailers?
Inefficiencies at any stage of the supply chain cause stock-outs. Inadequate funds for procurement of medicines 采购环节资金短缺 Inaccurate forecasting 需求预测错误 Inadequate buffer stock of essential medicines at all levels of the supply chain 安全库存水平与实际需求不相符 Inefficient distribution systems at national and regional levels.配送环节不够效率 Inadequate record-keeping 存货记录出错
What are the consequences of stock out to pharmacy?
Customer dissatisfaction.. 客户不满意 Customers turn to competitors… lost of sale 销售机会损失 Losing customer loyalty
A case of medicine stock out
When a pharmacy (a medical store) temporarily has no medicine on the shelf, it is known as a “stock-out”.
What are the consequences of stock out to patients?
dissatisfaction
Inventory acts as a buffer(缓冲) to satisfy customer needs.
2. Reasons for holding inventory
Meet demand 满足需求
Read this paragraph and answer:
The bad effects on patients are grave:
They have to travel to other health facilities or private sector which may be far away and often many times more expensive… or They may go without the medicines they need… They may get an alternative, appropriate or not, medicine… They lose confidence in the health facility to meet their needs…
2. Reasons for holding inventory
Keep operations running 维持正常的 生产运作
Run out of 缺少 Prevent from 阻止，影响
Lead time 提前期因素
What is “lead time”? Please read the paragraph and find out - The time between placing a purchase order and actually receiving the goods ordered. 从顾客下采购订单到实际收到所订货物的时间
1. What’s inventory?
Inventory refers to stocks of Cost increasing Reduce turnover goods. ratio -> too much inventory? Customer -> too little inventory?
3. Components of Inventory
Inventory is the key issue to SCM success. (P52-para 1) 1. Forward flow: Supplies(供应)->procurement(采购) ->production(生产)->marketing(营销) ->distribution(分销)->consumers(消费者) 2. Backward flow: return goods handling & reverse logistics