历年全国自考英语词汇学试题及参考答案

2000年4月全国自学考试--英语词汇学试卷及答案第一局部选择题Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.〔30%〕1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.〔〕A. moreB. littleC. lessD. gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.〔〕A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.〔〕A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.〔〕A. borrowingB. semantic changeC. creation of new wordsD. all the above5.Beneralization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.〔〕A. generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD. degraded6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.〔〕A. alternative morphsB. single morphsC. abstract unitsD. discrete units7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.〔〕A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenic8 pounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.〔〕A. semanticsB. grammarC. phoneticsD. lexicology9.If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called _______.〔〕A. repetitionB. alliterationC. rhymeD. none of the above10.Which of the following words is a functional word?〔〕A. OftenB. NeverC. AlthoughD. Desk11.Rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as _______.〔〕A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. idiomatic variationD. figure of speech12.The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _______.〔〕A. use idioms correctly and appropriatelyB. understand idioms correctlyC. remember idioms quicklyD. try a new method of classification13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _______.〔〕A. long〔not short〕B. ball〔a dancing party〕C. rock〔rock'n'roll〕D. ad〔advertisement〕14.The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT _______.〔〕A. the influx of borrowingB. repetitionC. analogyD. shortening15.Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context?〔〕A. Words and phrases.B. SentencesC. Text or passageD. Time and place第二局部非选择题Ⅱplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.〔10%〕16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and___________________.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.ELD is a ________________ dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context. Ⅲ.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context.〔10%〕A B21.Scandinavian〔〕l〔place where things are made〕22.Germanic〔〕B.grammatical23.extension〔〕C.double meaning24.narrowing〔〕D.Swedish25.linguistic〔〕E prehend/understand26.ambiguity〔〕F.Dutch27.participants〔〕G.degermined28.difference in denotation〔〕H.pigheaded29.appreciative〔〕I.non-linguistic30.pejorative〔〕J.iron〔a device for smoothing clothes〕Ⅳ.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1〕types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2〕types of word formation or prefixes.〔10%〕31.predict〔〕32.motel〔〕33.potatoes〔〕34.blueprint〔〕35.preliminaries〔〕36.Southward〔〕37.demilitarize〔〕38.hypersensityve〔〕39.retell〔〕40.multi-purposes〔〕Ⅴ.Define the following terms.〔10%〕41.acronymy42.native words43.elevation44.stylistic meaning45.monolingral dictionaryⅥ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should the clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.〔12%〕46.How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.47.What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.48.What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.〔18%〕49.analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.Recollection, nationalist, unearthly50.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form."Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time," he said.答案2000年4月份高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题参考答案Ⅰ.(30%)1.A2.C3.A4.C5.A6.A7.B8.D9.B 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.DⅡ.(10%)16.transfer17.OLD English18.monolingual19.semantically20.extralinguistic/non-linguisticⅢ.(10%)21.D22.F23.A24.J25.B26.C27.I28.E29.G30.HⅣ.(10%)31.bound root32.〔head+tail〕blinding33.inflectional affix/morpheme34.a+n35.full conversion36.suffix37.reversativ38.prefix of degree39.prefix40.number prefixⅤ.(10%)41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.Ⅵ.(12%)46.There are four types of motivation:1〕Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2〕Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3〕Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4〕Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions.48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.Ⅶ.(18%)49.1〕Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection〔re+collect+ion〕,nationalist 〔nation+al+ist〕,unearthly〔un+earth+ly〕.2〕Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3〕All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.50.1〕the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine〔3分〕2〕proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking〔1分〕3〕using an old saying is more persuasive〔2分〕4〕the short form saves time, more colloquial〔2分〕5〕indicates intimacy or close relationship〔1分〕2001年4月份全国高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题及答案英语〔本科〕专业第一局部选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statementand put the letter in the bracket〔30％〕1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ]A. lewd → ignorantB. silly → foolishC. last → pleasureD. knave → boy2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ]A. humourB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ]A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ]A. adjectivesB. attributesC. modifiersD. words6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ]A. vocabularyB. grammarC. semantic patternD. syntactic structure7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ]A. additionB. replacementC. position-shiftingD. variation8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ]A. onomatopoeically motivatedB. morphologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. etymologically motivated9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ]A. clear grammar codesB. language notesC. usage notesD. extra columns10.Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping? [ ]A. DormB. motelC. GentD. Zoo11.Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words. [ ]A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,00012. _____ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. [ ]A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds13. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of _____ in the Middle English period. [ ]A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin14. A word is a symbol that _____ . [ ]A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD.shows different ideas in different sounds15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]A. are complex words.B. are technical wordsC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.第二局部非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book〔10％〕16. The same idiom may show _____ differences when it is used in different meanings including affective meaning.17. LDCE is a _____ dictionary.18. Antonyms are classified on the basis of _____.19. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called _____.20. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited _____.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1〕types of meaning changes;2〕types ofmeaning;3〕language branches and 4〕features of idioms〔10％〕A B21. grammatical meaning ( ) A. Scottish22. reading-lamp ( ) B. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl23. pen ( ) C. morphologically motivated24. alliteration ( ) D. head of a state25. difference in connotation ( ) E. answer/ respond26. elevation ( ) F. etymologically motivated27. degradation ( ) G. garage ( a place for storing cars)28. narrowing ( ) H. thing (any object or event)29. extension ( ) I. part of speech30. Celtic ( ) J. knave (a dishonest person)IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1〕types of bound morphemes underlined;2〕types of wordformations;3〕types of meaning and 4〕types of meaning of idioms.〔10％〕31. heart and soul ( )32. father—male parent ( )33. mother—female parent ( )34. city-bred ( )35. lip-reading to lip-read ( )36. headache ( )37. antecedent ( )38. preview ( )39. receive ( )40. called ( )V. Define the following terms〔10％〕41. specialized dictionary42. collocative meaning43. transfer44. morpheme45. old EnglishVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.〔12％〕46.What's the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation? Illustrate your points.47. What is dismembering?48. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.〔18％〕49. The 'pen' is mightier than the 'sword'.Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' mean respectively using the theory of motivation.50. Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. If you find anything wrong, please explainwhy and then improve the sentence.(100 words)The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.英语词汇学试题参考答案第一局部选择题I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statementand put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. B2. D3. A4. B5. A6. D7. B8. D9. D10. B11. B12. C13. A14. B15. C第二局部非选择题II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16. stylistic17.monolingual18.semantic opposition19. degradation 或pejoration20.productivity and collocabilityIII. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes;2)types ofmeaning;3)language branches and 4) features of idioms. (10%)21. I22. C23. F24. B25. E26. D27. J28. G29. H30. AIV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined;2) types of wordformation；3〕types of meaning and 4) types of meaning of idioms.(10%)31. adverb idiom/ idiom adverbial in nature32. conceptual meaning33. conceptual meaning34. n+v-ed35. backformation36. n+v37. bound root38. prefix39. bound root40. inflectional affix/morphemeV. Define the following terms.(10%)41. Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary which concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)42. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)43. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process ofsemantic transfer.44. the minimal meaningful unit of a language.45. the language used in England from 450 to 1150.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)46. 要点：Radiation Concatenationi) primary meaning i) first senseii〕次要意义由主要意义辐射ii〕由此意义连续转换；特点为链接iii〕名词语义互不依赖iii〕最后意义与第一意义失去联系的迹象47. 要点：〔1〕break up an idiom into pieces〔2分〕〔2〕an unusual case of using idioms〔1分〕〔3〕in literature or popular press for special effect〔1分〕注：语言扣分不得超过1分〔语法扣1分，拼写扣0.5分〕48. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of theword-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share theconceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with:pretty handsomeVII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. 答案要点1〕Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.〔2分〕2〕Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense andfigurative sense of the word.(3分)3〕In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon tofight with, thus suggesting war.(4分)50.要点：〔1〕it is ambiguous〔2分〕〔2〕ambiguity caused by the structure〔2分〕〔3〕stop drinking can be understood as1〕police stop drinking by themselves (1分)2〕police stop people drinking (1分)〔4〕improvement〔3分〕1〕The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2〕The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.2002年4月全国自学考试--英语词汇学试卷第一局部选择题Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ____.A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above [ ]2. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example:A. ad for "advertisement"B. dish for "food"C. fond for" affectionate"D. an editorial for "an editorial article" [ ]3. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over______.A. the reader's interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's mten6onD. the etymology of the word [ ]4 .Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi- [ ]5. Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's EncyclopediC English DictionaryD. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. [ ]7. The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form __A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context [ ]8. "Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Centre." The clue provided in the context is___.A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponymy [ ]9. The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that___.A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in a given dialect or field [ ]10. The idiom "a dark horse" is a___.A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification [ ]11. An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ___ and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analysableC. structurally fixedD. easily understood [ ]12. We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to___.A. morphological strucmreB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context [ ]13. What causes the ambiguity of the sentence "I like Mary better than Janet"?A. Vocabulary.B. Situation.C. Structure.D. None of the above. [ ]14. Early Modem English refers to the language spoken___.A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 1800 [ ]15. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known asA. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes [ ]Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16. _______ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17. The word ____________has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry, ".18. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or_______.19. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates________20. Almost ,all affixes are ________morphemes because few can be used as independent words. III. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)senserelations; 3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and 5)mofivafion .(10 %)A B21. reiteration ( ) A. high and low22. repetition ( ) B. pick and choose23. juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face24. perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.25. personification ( ) E. hiss26. porms ( ) F. bear; bear27. come ( ) G. twitter28. heart ( ) H. cat29. birds ( ) I. port30. snakes ( ) J. heart and soulIV. Study the following words and expressions and identify1) types of context clues; 2) types of word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms. (10%)31. making a restatement of a new word or concept in fanfiliar words ( )32. sitcom ( )33. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )34. from cradle to grave ( )35. might and main ( )36. fax ( )37. disobey, impolite, ( )38. hussy: "housewife"→ "a woman of low morals" ( )39. disease: "discomfort" → "illness" ( )40. fond: "foolish" → "affectionate" ( )V. Define the following terms. (10%)41. dictionary42. pejoration43. idioms nominal in nature44. Germanic45. allomorphVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)46. What are the stylistic features of idioms?47. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)49. Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.50. Analyse the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner.全国2002年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题参考答案Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1.D2.B3.B4.C5.B6.D7.C8.C9.A 10.B11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.CⅡplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19. ambiguity 20. boundⅢ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. (10%)21.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25.D 26.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30.EⅣ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31.explanation32.head+head blending33.hyponymy/hyponym34.figure of speech; metonymy35.phonetic manipulation/alliteration36.back clipping37.affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes38.degradation39.narrowing40.elevationⅤ.Define the following terms.(10%)41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows as noun idioms.44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.45.one of the variants that realize a morphemeⅥ.Answer the following questions.(12%)46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.47.A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.48.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)49.要点：Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week Monday50.1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.全国2004年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. There are ______ major classes of compounds.A. twoB. forC. threeD. five2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned.C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike.D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary.3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic4. The idiom “Jack of all trades〞results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes.A. Free rootsB. Free morphemesC. Bound morphemesD. Meaningful units6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______.A. the growth of science and technologyB. economic and political changesC. the influence of other cultures and languagesD. all the above7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important?A. StabilityB. Collocability.C. Productivity.D. National character.9. The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.A. historical reason and class reasonB. historical reason and psychological reasonC. class reason and psychological reasonD. extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors10. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______.A. they come from the same sourceB. they are correlated with one central meaningC. they are listed under one headword in a dictionaryD. all the above11. Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing12. An idiom consists of at least two words. Each has a single meaning and often functions as one word. This is called ______.A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. rhetorical functionD. none of the above13. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectives? ______A. -ion.B. -ism.C. -ity.D. -ist.14. More often than not, functional words only have ______.A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning15. Linguistic context is also known as ______ context.A. socialB. verbalC. lexicalD. physicalII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)16. In the course book, the idioms are classified according to ______ functions.17. Linguistic context can be further divided into ______ context and grammatical context.18. The ______ languages made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary with a few place names like Avon, kent, Themes.19. Morphemes which are identical with root words are considered to be ______.20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) stylistic meanings; 2)language groups; 3)degrees of inflections and 4) onomatopoeic motivation. (10%)A B( )21. apes A. colloquial( )22. Old English B. a language of full endings( )23. Irish C. Italic( )24. tiny D. very formal and official( )25. French E. yelp( )26. cattle F. poetic( )27. domicile G. Celtic( )28. abode H. gibber( )29. foxes I. a language of leveled endings( )30. Middle English J. lowⅣ. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of affixes; 2) types of meaning and 3) types of motivation. (10%)31. mismanage ( )32. elephants-trumpet ( )。