临床医学英语.doc

合集下载

住院医师规范化培训临床医学英语

Chapter 1 Patient-Physician Interaction 第一章医患沟通The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making. 医患沟通在临床诊断和治疗决策的许多阶段中进行着;The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways.这种沟通开始于病人诉说或所关注问题,然后通过询问、评估不断精确地确定这些问题;The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans.这个过程通常需要细致的病史询问和体格检查,进行诊断性化验,综合临床发现和化验结果,理解分析拟行治疗过程中的风险和疗效,并与病人及家属反复磋商以形成治疗方案Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized,while respecting individual variations among different patients.医生们越来越容易查阅不断增长的循证医学文献来指导这个过程,使得疗效最大化,但要考虑到不同病人中个体差异是存在的;The increasing availability of randomized trials to guide the approach to diagnosis and therapy should not be equated with “cookbook” medicine越来越多的可用于指导临床诊断与治疗的随机试验资料不应变成“烹调书”医学;Evidence and the guidelines that are derived from it emphasize proven approaches for patients with specific characteristics.因为随机试验获得的现象和思路是着重于特征性病人的求证过程;Substantial clinical judgment is required to determine whether the evidence and guidelines apply to individual patients and to recognize the occasional. 实际的临床判断需要确定这些现象和思路能否应用于某个病人个体,并能找出例外;Even more judgment is required in the many situations in which evidence is absent or inconclusive.许多情况下,临床表现缺乏或不典型,需要考虑更多的判断;Evidence also must be tempered by patients’ preferences, although it is a physician’s responsibility to emphasize when presenting alternative options to the patient. 病人还会根据自己的倾向调节着临床症状,但医生有责任通过选择性问题搞清事实;The adherence of a patient to a specific regimen is likely to be enhanced if the patient also understands the rationale and evidence behind the recommended option.假如病人也懂得医生问题的基本原理和表现,有特殊生活方式病人的固执容易被强化;To care for a patient as an individual, the physician must understand the patient as a person. 为了把病人作为一个个体进行治疗,医生必须理解病人是一个人不是一群人;This fundamental precept of doctoring includes an understanding of the patie nt’s social situation, family issues,financial concerns, and preferences for different types of care and outcomes, ranging from maximum prolongation of life to the relief of pain and suffering. 这个最基本的行医原则包括了解病人的社会地位,家庭问题,资金状况以及对不同治疗方法、不同治疗结果的选择,从最大限度地延长生命到临时缓解疼痛和折磨;If the physician does not appreciate and address these issues, the science of medicine cannot be applied appropriately, and even the most knowledgeable physician fails to achieve appropriate outcomes. 假如医生没有正确理解和定位这个问题,医学就不可能恰当地应用于临床,甚至一个知识最渊博的医生也不能取得理想的治疗结果;Even as physicians become increasingly aware of new discoveries, patients can obtain their own information from a variety of sources, some of which are of questionable reliability.甚至,当医生越来越容易知道新发现的同时,病人也能够通过各种资源得到他们的信息,当然,某些信息是不可靠的;The increasing use of alternative and complementary therapies is an example of patients’ frequent dissatisfaction with prescribed medical therapy.替代疗法和辅助疗法的应用不断增加就是病人对常规疗法经常不满意的一个例子;Physicians should keep an open mind regarding unproven options but must advise their patients carefully if such options may carry any degree of potential risks, including the risk that they may relied on to substitute for proven approaches医生对未证实的疗法应该保持开放的思想,但是,如果这些疗法具有任何程度的潜在风险,都必须细致地告知病人,包括可能需要用已证实的常规疗法去替代的风险;It is crucial for the physician to have an open dialogue with the patient and family regarding the full range of options that either may consider对医生来说,对病人及家属开诚布公地介绍所有能考虑的治疗选择,是极及关键的;The physician does not exist in a vacuum but rather as part of a complicated and extensive system of medical care and pubic health.医生不是生存在真空中的,而是复杂而庞大的医疗和公共健康体系中的一部分;In premodern times and even today in some developing countries, basic hygiene, clean water, and adequate nutrition have been the most important ways to promote health and reduce disease.在未发达时代,甚至当今在一些发展中国家,基本卫生、清洁饮用水和最低营养保障是促进健康减少疾病的最重要措施;In developed countries, the adoption of healthy lifestyles, including better diet and appropriate exercise, are cornorstones to reducing the epidemics of obesity, coronary disease, and diabetes.而在发达国家中,健康的生活方式包括合理饮食和适当锻炼,是减少肥胖、冠心病和糖尿病盛行的基础;Public health interventions to provide immunizations and to reduce injuries and the use of tobacco, illicit drugs, and excess alcohol collectively can produce more health benefit than nearly any other imaginable health intervention.公共健康干预如进行疫苗接种、减少损伤、减少吸烟、减少吸毒、减少酗酒等措施共同产生的健康效果几乎比可想象的任何其它健康干预措施都要好;Chapter 5 Clinical Preventive Services 第五章临床预防服务Clinical preventive services include counseling, immunization, screening tests, and reduction of the susceptibility to disease by interventions such as therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy.临床预防服务包括对疾病的咨询、防疫、筛查以及通过治疗性的生活习惯改变和药物治疗来减少易感性;Preventive service often are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. 临床预防服务常分为一级预防、二级预防和三级预防;Primary prevention is directed toward preventing disease or injury before it develops, whereas secondary prevention deals with early detection and treatment to impede the progress of overt disease.一级预防是直接针对疾病或损伤发生前的预防,而二级预防是解决疾病或损伤发生后的早期发现和早期治疗,以防止临床疾病的进一步发展;In contrast, tertiary prevention refers to rehabilitative activities after the onset of disease to minimize complications and disability.对比之下,三级预防是指疾病发生后的康复治疗,以减少并发症和病残;Because of considerable overlap, distinguishing among these phases of prevention may be confusing. 因为三级预防之间有相当大的交叉,这些预防阶段的区分可能有些混淆;Detecting and treating hypertension could be considered secondary prevention of hypertensive cardiovascular disease but primary prevention of heart failure and stroke. 发现和治疗高血压可以认为是对高血压性心血管疾病的二级预防,但也可是对心力衰竭和中风的一级预防;Prevention may be perceived best along a continuum from modification of predisposing factors, to preventing a disease, to avoiding premature death and disability.长期一贯地减少易感因素可能是防止疾病、避免早死早残最好的预防;The sooner theprevention, the more likely unnecessary illness, disability, and premature death can be avoided. 预防得越早,越不易发生不必要的疾病,病残和早死就能够避免;Increasing emphasis has been placed on preventing risk factors themselves.越来越多的重点已经集中到对危险因素本身的预防;The term primordial prevention has been introduced for this concept.术语---根源预防病因预防已经引进了这个概念;Indiscriminate screening for risk factors or disease without adequate advice and follow-up serves no useful purpose.没有引导和随访的毫无选择地远离危险因素或疾病是没有实用价值的预防;The periodic health examination has evolved from an annual, broad-based, uniform protocol to an approach that targets the prevention, detection, and treatment of specific diseases or risk factors for particular age, gender, and ethnic groups at appropriate intervals. 定期体检逐渐从一年一度的、全面的、统一的规定项目改进成以恰当的周期对特定年龄、性别和种群的特殊疾病或危险因素有目的地预防、发现和治疗;Current recommendations by the . Preventive Services Task Force are based on systematic evidence reviews that distinguish procedures likely to prove effective and to have substantially more benefit than harm.美国预防服务特别局的最近建议是基于全面的回顾性研究,这些研究选出了易于证明有效、确实是利大于弊的预防措施;Changes in the health care system and the development of national guidelines for management of disease are likely to draw greater attention to health promotion, disease prevention, and the interface of physician-based medical care with the public health care system.卫生保健系统的改进和国家疾病控制政策的完善使人们更重视健康促进、疾病预防,以及接受医疗人员为主的公共卫生系统的保健服务;Physicians should consider each disorder in terms of the potential for prevention, including the possibility of adverse effects and cost-effectiveness.医生应该以有无需要预防的角度考虑每一种疾病,包括可能发生的副作用和付出代价是否值得;A concept useful for clinical decision making is the number of patients needed to treat to prevent one adverse event, which is based on absolute risk reduction.一个对临床决策有用的理念是需要治疗的病人数量决定一个不利因素是否要预防,这是基于绝对风险的下降;This number is based on efficacy and is calculated as the reciprocal of the difference in event rates between control and treatment groups for a specified period.这个数量是以效能为基础的,是对特定时期内对照组和治疗组之间发生率差异的倒数进行的统计;Ample evidence connects identifiable and often preventable factors to the morbidity and mortality associated with major health problems.大量的试验证据找出了可确认的又常可预防的与主要健康问题相关的发病和死亡因素;About half of all deaths, morbidity, and disability can be attributed to such nongenetic factors.约一半死亡、发病和病残与这些非遗传性因素有关.Many lifestyle changes benefit multiple systems and disorders.许多生活习惯改变有利于多个系统和紊乱的改善;Cigarette smoking has been estimated to contribute to one in five deaths in the United States; dietary habits may affect the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer.美国五分之一的死亡估计与吸烟有关,饮食习惯可能影响心血管疾病,糖尿病、骨质疏松症和癌症的发生;Other important personal behavior factors influencing health include physical activity, alcohol intake, illicit drug use, sexual practices, and exposure to environmental toxins.其它影响健康的重要个人行为因素有锻炼、饮酒、吸毒、性行为以及环境毒物的接触;The identification of informative DNA polymorphisms ., single nucleotide polymorphisms and further elucidation of candidate genes allow for detection of susceptible individuals and possible institution ofmeasures to prevent the expression of these harmful genetic traits.携带信息DNA多态性例如,单核苷酸多态性的认识和候选基因的进一步阐明允许我们发现易感人群和可能采取的措施,以预防这些有害基因特性的表达;Several common misconceptions impede preventive health care.好几种错误观念妨碍了预防保健;Many believe that diseases with a strong heritable component cannot be altered, but susceptibility to disease often requires the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors for expression.许多人认为有很强遗传性的疾病是无法改变的,但是对疾病的易感性经常需要多种基因和环境因素的相互作用才能表达;In addition, chronic diseases are multifactorial, so other factors can be changed to compensate for an elevated genetic risk.另外,慢性疾病是多因素的,所以,可以改变其它因素来弥补高基因风险;Although gene therapy holds much promise, preventive measures currently offer the best possibilities for limiting gene expression and avoiding disease.虽然基因疗法有着很大的希望,但目前的最有可能提供的预防措施是限制基因表达来避免疾病;The notion that prevention is less useful in older persons excludes many who would benefit most from prevention because elderly patients generally have a greater absolute risk of disease and have been shown to adhere and respond favorably to preventive measures.对老年人预防无用的观念排除了在预防上本应极为受益的许多人,因为老年病人一般有更高患病风险,并且一直对预防措施极为支持、反应积极;Also, life expectancy frequently is underestimated in the elderly; individuals who reach age 75 now can expect to live an average of 11 more years.并且,老年人的预期寿命经常是低估的,现在将到75岁的老人可以预期平均再活11年多;Chapter 8 Why Geriatric Patients Are Different 第八章老年病人的特殊性Older patients differ from young or middle-aged adults with the same disease in many ways, one of which is the frequent occurrence of comorbidities and of subclinical disease.同样的疾病,老年病人在许多方面与青中年病人是有区别的,其中之一是并存病多、亚临床疾病多;As a function of the high prevalence of disease, comorbidity or the co-occurrence of two or more diseases in the same individual is also common. 作为高发疾病的结果,并存病两个或更多的疾病在同一个体同时发生也是常见的;Of people age 65 and older, 50% have two or more chronic disease, and these diseases can confer additive risk of adverse outcomes, such as mortality. 65岁以上的老年人中,50%患有两种以上的慢性疾病,这些疾病能够增加不良预后的风险,如死亡的风险;In some patients, cognitive impairment may mask the symptoms of important conditions. 在一些病人中,认知损害可以掩盖重要病情的症状;Treatment for one disease may affect another adversely, as in the use of aspirin to prevent stroke in individuals with a history of peptic ulcer disease.对一种疾病的治疗可能会加重另一种疾病,例如,对有消化性溃疡病史的病人使用阿斯匹林预防中风;The risk for becoming disabled or dependent also increases with the number of diseases present.病残或生活不能自理的发生率也随着并存的疾病数而增高;Specific pairs of diseases can increase synergistically the risk of disability. 特殊的成对疾病可以协同增加病残的风险;Arthritis and heart disease coexist in 18% of older adults; although the odds of developing disability are increased by three-fold to four-fold with either disease alone, the risk of disability increases 14-fold if both are present. 18%的老年人同时患有关节炎和心脏病,虽然每个疾病可以增加3~4倍的病残率,但两个疾病同时存在,可使病残率提高到14倍;A second way in which older adults differ from younger adults is the greater likelihood that their diseases present with nonspecific symptoms and signs. 老年与青中年的第二个差异是更容易出现非典型的症状和体症;Pneumonia and stroke may present withnonspecific changes in mentation as the primary symptom. 肺炎和中风时可出现非特异性意识变化作为主要症状Similarly, the frequency of silent myocardial infarction increases with increasing age, as does the proportion of patients who present with a change in mental status, dizziness, or weakness rather than typical chest pain.同样地,隐匿性心肌梗塞发生频度随着年龄的增大而增加,这些病人相应地频发精神状态改变、眩晕、虚弱而不是典型的胸痛症状;As a result, the diagnostic evaluation of geriatric patients must consider a wider spectrum of diseases than generally would be considered in middle-aged adults.因此,老年病人的诊断应考虑更广泛的疾病谱,要超过通常对中年病人所考虑的范围;A third condition that is found primarily in older adults is frailty, frailty is thought to be a wasting syndrome that presents with multiple symptoms and signs, including reduced muscle mass, weight loss, weakness, poor exercise tolerance, slowed motor performance, and low physical activity. 主要出现在老年人的第三个情况是衰弱,衰弱被认为属于衰竭综合症,它有许多症状和体征,包括肌肉萎缩、体重下降、虚弱、运动耐受差、动作慢、身体活动少;Some estimates indicate that the full syndrome is found in 7% of community-dwelling people age 65 and older, and in 25%of community-dwelling people age 85 and older. 一些人估计7%的65岁以上社区老人和25%的85岁以上社区老人这些症状全部出现; Many institutionalized older adults also are frail.许多老人院里的老人也是衰弱的;Frailty is a state of decreased reserve and increased vulnerability to all kinds of stress, from acute infection or injury to hospitalization, and may identify individuals who cannot tolerate invasive therapies. 衰弱是对各种压力耐受下降、易于损害的一种状态,从急性感染、损伤到住院治疗,都可以发现一些老人不能耐受侵入性诊疗措施;The syndrome of frailty is associated with high risk of falls, needs for hospitalization, disability, and mortality. 衰弱症状与高病倒率、高住院率、高病残率、高死亡率是密切相关的;There is early evidence that a core component of frailty is sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass associated with aging, which occurs in 13 to 24% of persons age 65 to 70 and in 60% of persons age 80 and older. 衰弱早期征象中的一个主要变化是肌减少症,或者说随年龄增长的肌肉减少,它发生在13~24%的65~70岁的老人,60%的80岁以上的老人; It is likely that dysregulation of multiple physiologic systems, including inflammation, hormonal status, and glucose metabolism, underlies the syndrome, with resulting decreased ability to maintain homeostasis in the face of stress. 衰弱时多种生理系统易于失调,包括炎症反应、激素调节、葡萄糖代谢,在症状的背后,伴随的结果是在压力面前保持内环境稳定的能力下降Subclinical disease ., atherosclerosis, end-stage chronic disease ., heart failure, or a combination of comorbid diseases may precipitate the syndrome. 亚临床疾病如动脉粥样硬化, 晚期慢性疾病如心力衰竭,或多种疾病并存可共同形成症状;Evidence from randomized, controlled trials shows that resistance exercise, with or without nutritional supplements, and home-based physical therapy can increase lean body mass and strength in even the frailest older adults. 随机对照试验的结果显示无论有无营养支持和家庭运动疗法,即使是最虚弱的老年人,对抗运动能够增加瘦弱躯体的质量和力量;This evidence suggests that earlier stages of frailty may be remediable, although end-stage frailty likely presages death.这个结果提示早期衰弱是可挽回的,尽管末期衰弱常预示着死亡;Fourth, cognitive impairment increases in prominence as people age. 第四,人们变老时认知损害显着增加;Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for a wide range of adverse outcomes, including falls, immobilization, dependency, institutionalization, and mortality. 认知损害是大量不良预后的风险因子,包括摔倒、活动能力下降、生活不能自理、需住老人院护理、死亡Cognitive impairment complicates diagnosis and requires additional care giving to ensure safety.认知损害使诊断复杂,为保证安全需要更多的照料;Finally, a serious and common outcome of chronic diseases of aging is physical disability, defined as having difficulty or being dependent on others for the conduct of essential or personally meaningful activities of life, from basic self-care ., bathing or toileting to tasks required to live independently ., shopping, preparing meals, or paying bills to a full range of activities considered to be productive and/or personally meaningful.最后,老年人慢性疾病严重又常见的结果是身体能力丧失,描述为个人最基本的或必须的日常活动有困难或不得不依靠别人帮助指导,从基本的自理如洗澡或如厕到独立生活需要的各种任务如购物、做饭、支付各种账单,到具有集体和／或个人意义的所有活动;Of older adults, 40% report difficulty with tasks requiring mobility, and difficulty with mobility predicts the future development of difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living IADL; household management tasks and activities of daily living ADL; basic self-care tasks. 在老年人中, 40%对需要运动的任务有困难,运动困难提示将来开展日常工具锻炼IADL；家务自理项目和目常锻炼ADL；基本自理项目的困难; In persons age 65 and other, difficulty with IADL is reported by 20%, and difficulty with ADL is reported by 11%; for both, the prevalence increases with age.大于65岁的老人或其它人,IADL困难报导为20%,ADL困难报导为11%；随年龄增加两个都困难成为普遍现象People who have difficulty with tasks of IADL and ADL are at high risk of becoming dependent.IADL和ADL困难的人处于生活不能自理演变的高风险中; Of persons older than age 65, 5% reside in nursing homes, largely as a result of dependency in IADL and/or ADL secondary to severe disease. 大于65岁的老人中,5%住在疗养院里,大多数是严重疾病后依赖IADL和ADL的结果;Generally, woman live more years with disability, whereas men who become similarly disabled are more likely to die at a younger age.一般来说,同样的能力丧失,男性常死得更年轻,女性比男性能多活几年; Although physical disability is primarily a result of chronic diseases and geriatric conditions, its onset and severity are modified by other factors, including treatments that control the underlying diseases, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking.虽然身体能力丧失是慢性疾病和年老状态的一个主要结果,它的发生和严重程度被其它因素影响着,包括基础疾病的治疗和控制、身体锻炼、营养和吸烟;Many intervention trials indicate that disability can be prevented or its severity decreased; one trial showed improvements in functioning with resistance and aerobic exercise in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee.许多干预试验揭示能力丧失可预防或减轻；一个试验显示膝骨关节炎老年人用对抗运动和有氧运动改善了功能;21 Occult and Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding隐匿性和来源不明性胃肠道出血Occult bleeding is defined as the detection of asymptomatic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, generally by routine fecal occult blood testing FOBT or the presence of iron deficiency anemia.隐匿性出血指的是无症状性胃肠道出血,一般通过常规的大便隐血试验FOBT或存在着缺铁性贫血而发现;Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial endoscopic evaluation of both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts.来源不明性胃肠出血是指首次上、下消化管内窥镜检查都阴性、原发部位不明的持续性或反复性出血;Both of these entities may be presentations of recurrent or chronic bleeding.两者都可能表现为反复的或慢性的出血;The initial approach to evidence of occult gastrointestinal blood loss should be endoscopic evaluation.对隐匿性胃肠道出血,应该使用内窥镜进行早期检查;In the setting of an isolated positive FOBT, colonoscopy is indicated as the first test.只有单纯大便隐血试验阳性的情况下,结肠镜作为首选的检查方法是适合的;The yield of colonoscopy in these patients is approximately 2% for cancer and 30% for one or more colonic polyps.这些病人结肠镜的结果大约2%是癌症,30%是单发或多发的结肠息肉;The initial approach to a patient with iron deficiency anemia depends on the presence of symptoms referable to either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract.缺铁性贫血病人的早期检查方法要根据存在的症状是与上消化道相关还是与下消化道相关而决定;Regardless of the findings on the initial upper or lower endoscopic examination, all patients should have both upper and lower endoscopy because the complementary endoscopic examination has a yield of 6% even if the first one was positive.无论首次上消化道或下消化道内窥镜检查会有何发现,所有病人两个检查都应该做,因为互补的内窥镜检查有6%的再发现,即使第一个检查是阳性的;For premenopausal women, a positive FOBT requires full evaluation, as does iron deficiency anemia对绝经前妇女,大便隐血试验阳性需要全面分析,缺铁性贫血也一样;Barium radiographs of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract have limited utility in the setting of occult bleeding because of their inability to biopsy or treat lesions that are identified.隐匿性出血时,上、下消化道的钡剂造影应用有限,因为它们不能活检或治疗发现的病损;The evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is often frustrating原因不明性胃肠道出血的诊断常常令人沮丧;Angiodysplasia is the most common cause in most recent series.血管发育畸形是最近病例统计中最常见的病因;Initial endoscopic examination should focus on any symptoms reported by the patient.首次内窥镜检查要关注病人诉说的任何症状;Potential causative agents, such as NSAIDs and aspirin, should be discontinued. 能成为潜在病因的药物,如非甾体类抗炎镇痛药和阿斯匹林,都应该停用;Disorders associated with bleeding, such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or a bleeding diathesis should be considered.伴有出血的疾病,像遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症Osler-Weber-Rendu综合症、炎性肠疾病、或出血性体质应该加以考虑;A repeat endoscopic evaluation may be appropriate, because approximately one third of cases reveal a cause of bleeding overlooked during the initial endoscopy.内窥镜重复检查可能是需要的,因为接近三分之一病例查出了首次内窥镜漏掉的出血病原灶;When upper endoscopy and colonoscopy are both unrevealing, evaluation of the small bowel is indicated当上消化道内窥镜和结肠镜均无发现时,应该对小肠进行检查;Radiographic evaluation of the small bowel is noninvasive but relatively insensitive, with a less than 6% yield from small bowel follow-through and a 10 to 21% yield from enteroclysis.小肠X线检查是非侵入性的,但相对不灵敏,小肠全片不到6%有发现,小肠造影10～21％有结果;By comparison, the diagnostic yield of endoscopic enteroscopy of the small bowel in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is 38 to 75%.相比较,对来源不明性胃肠道出血小肠内窥镜的诊断结果是38～75%;Traditional videoendoscopes can evaluate only the proximal small bowel ≤150cm, whereas longer scopes, which are passed though the entire small bowel and then withdrawn while visualizing the mucosa sonde enteroscopy, are limited in their ability to visualize the entire mucosa and cannot be used to perform diagnostic or therapeutic maneuvers.传统的电视内窥镜只能检查近端小肠≤150cm,然而能通过整个小肠边退边看肠粘膜的更长内镜,也不能看到整个肠粘膜,不能作为常规的诊断或治疗手段;When endoscopic evaluation does not detect the cause of blood loss, radiographic procedures such as scintigraphy and angiography should be considered.当内窥镜检查不能发现出血病因,像闪烁造影和血管造影等影像学手段应该考虑;Provocative angiography using heparin or thrombolytic agents has been suggested by some authorities, but this approach has the potential risk of precipitating major bleeding虽然使用肝素或溶栓药的刺激性血管造影被某些专家推荐,但这种方法有促发大出血的潜在风险;In the face of continued blood loss and no identified etiology, intraoperative endoscopy may provide simultaneous diagnosis and therapy.碰到进行性出血又诊断不明,术中应用肠镜可以同时进行诊断和治疗;During the procedure, the surgeon plicates the bowel over the endoscope.操作时,外科医生把小肠套到内窥镜上;As the scope is withdrawn, endoscopic findings can be identified for surgical resection or treatment.内镜退出时,内镜的发现可以决定是外科切除或保守治疗;The yield of this procedure exceeds 70%.这个措施70%以上有结果;In some clinical situations, the site of bleeding cannot be identified, and the patient requires long-term transfusion therapy.某些临床病例,出血部位无法找到,病人而要长期输血治疗;A new device for visualizing the entire gastrointestinal mucosa consists of a small camera in an ingestable capsule that transmits images to receivers attached to the patient’s abdomen and mapped to identify the location of the image.一种新的装置能显示全部胃肠粘膜,这种装置由一颗装有小型摄像机并并能咽下的胶囊组成,它将数字影像信号传到附着在病人腹部的接收器,并绘制出图像来识别影像的位置;The diagnostic yield of capsule enteroscopy is not yet clear, but this approach may potentially visualize segments of the small bowel that were previously inaccessible.胶囊小肠镜的诊断效率现在还不清楚,但是,这种方法可能显示出以前难以接近的小肠肠管;No therapeutic maneuvers are possible with the device.但这个装置不可能有任何治疗性操作;Chapter 23 Diabetic Nephropathy 第二十三章糖尿病肾病End-stage renal disease ESRD from diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes, affecting 30 to 35% of patients in the United States.由糖尿病性肾病所发展的晚期肾病EARD是人类患病和死亡的一个主要原因,特别是患有1型糖尿病的病人,在美国涉及30~35%的病人;Although nephropathy is about one half as frequent in type 2 diabetics partially due to a shortened life expectancy, type 2 diabetes still makes up the vast majority of diabetic patients seeking therapy for ESRD.尽管2型糖尿病的肾病发生率大约是1型的一半部分原因为预期寿命缩短,但2型糖尿病仍然是需要治疗晚期肾病的糖尿病病人的绝大多数;Overall, diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD in the United states, accounting for more than one third of cases.总的来说,糖尿病是美国晚期肾病的首要病因,占三分之一以上;Details are less clear in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the natural history of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is well 型糖尿病病人的演变细节不是很清楚,但1型糖尿病肾病的自然病程已有充分的描述;The period immediately following diagnosis is best characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration.紧接诊断后的一段时期以肾小球超滤最具有特征;During this time, there is renal hypertrophy, increased renal blood flow, increased glomerular volume, and an increased transglomerular pressure gradient, all contributing to a rise in GFR.在这段时间中,有肾脏肥大、肾血流增加、肾小球容积增大和肾小球两端的压力梯度增加,这些都与肾小球滤过率升高有关;Importantly, these changes depend at least in part on hyperglycemia, as they are diminished by intensive diabetes treatment.重要的是,这些变化至少部分是依靠高血糖,因为通过有力的糖尿病治疗它们会消失;Three to 5 years。

大学临床医学英语教材答案

大学临床医学英语教材答案Chapter 1: Introduction to Clinical MedicineSection 1: Basics of Clinical MedicineIntroduction:Clinical medicine is the branch of medical science that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in individuals. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and skills needed for a successful practice in clinical medicine.1.1 Medical History Taking:Medical history taking is a crucial part of patient assessment. It involves gathering information about the patient's symptoms, medical conditions, and previous treatments. By carefully listening and asking relevant questions, healthcare professionals can obtain essential details that aid in making an accurate diagnosis.1.2 Physical Examination:Physical examination complements the medical history and involves the systematic evaluation of the patient's body. Through techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, doctors can identify abnormalities and signs of disease. A thorough physical examination contributes to proper diagnosis and treatment planning.1.3 Diagnostic Tests:Diagnostic tests play a vital role in clinical medicine. These tests include laboratory investigations, imaging studies (such as X-rays and MRI scans), and other specialized examinations. They provide objective data, aiding in confirming or ruling out potential diagnoses.Chapter 2: Anatomy and PhysiologySection 2.1: Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction:Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. Understanding the human anatomy is fundamental for healthcare providers, as it forms the basis for comprehending the location and function of various body parts.2.1.1 Body Systems:The human body consists of various systems, including the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, and reproductive system. Each system has distinct organs and performs specific functions necessary for overall health and well-being.2.1.2 Anatomical Terminology:To accurately describe anatomical structures, standard anatomical terminology is used. This system ensures clarity and consistency across medical professionals. It includes directional terms, body planes, and body regions.Section 2.2: Introduction to PhysiologyIntroduction:Physiology is the study of how the human body functions at various levels, from cells to organs and systems. Understanding physiological processes is crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases effectively.2.2.1 Cell Physiology:Cells are the fundamental units of life. An understanding of cellular physiology is essential, as it provides insights into cellular functions such as metabolism, replication, and communication.2.2.2 Organ Physiology:Different organs and systems within the body work together to maintain homeostasis. By examining each organ's physiology, healthcare professionals can comprehend the normal functioning and identify abnormalities that may result in disease.Chapter 3: Medical TerminologySection 3.1: Introduction to Medical TerminologyIntroduction:Medical terminology is a specific language used in the field of medicine to describe anatomical structures, medical conditions, and treatments. A strong grasp of medical terminology enhances communication between healthcare professionals and promotes accurate recording of patient information.3.1.1 Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes:Medical terms are composed of word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Word roots represent the main meaning of the term, while prefixes and suffixesmodify or add additional meaning to the base word. Understanding these components allows for easier interpretation and memorization of medical terms.3.1.2 Common Medical Abbreviations:In addition to medical terminology, healthcare professionals often use abbreviations in their notes and prescriptions. Familiarity with common medical abbreviations is essential to ensure accurate and efficient documentation.Conclusion:This article provides a brief overview of the content covered in a typical clinical medicine English textbook for university students. From medical history taking to understanding anatomy and physiology, and acquiring medical terminology, each chapter equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills for a successful career in clinical medicine.。

临床医学英语

新编临床医学英语第1期:病患的问题与诉求Unit 1 Text A Internal Medicine and Today's Internist第1单元文章A 内科与内科医生Questions/Pleas of the Patient病患的问题与诉求How can I find a good doctor?"我如何找到一位良医？How can I find a good doctor whom I can afford?"如何能够碰到一位价格亲民的医生？How can I find a good doctor who cares about me as a person?〃又如何能够遇见一位把我当成“人”看待的医生？How can I find a good doctor who will take the time to listen and understand?"如何找到一位能够花时间倾听我的诉说，了解我的名医？People who need medical care ask these questions throughout the world every day.每天，全球有许多病患都在询问这些问题。

They ask them because they face a health care system that is scientifically complex, organizationally overloaded, and generally not oriented to the patient as a person.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。

When an individual first becomes ill, regardless of the symptoms, he or she needs mostsomeone who seems to say,如果有人生了病，不管症状如何，他们最希望听到的是："I am a good doctor；I charge a reasonable amount for my services；I care about you，thepatient and I will take the time to listen and understand."“我是医生；我只收取亲民价格，我关心病患，我将倾听你的诉求，理解你。

临床医学英语

临床医学英语Chapter 1 Patient-Physician Interaction Page 1第一章医患沟通第１页The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making.proceed 进行、开展reasoning 推论、推理clinical reasoning 诊断clinical decision 确定治疗方案making decision 做出决定医患沟通在临床诊断和治疗决策的许多时期进行着。

The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways.elucidation 说明、阐明inquire 询问、调查evaluation 评估、评价这种沟通开始于病人主诉或所关注问题的阐明，然后通过交流、评估不断精确地确定这些问题。

The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans.integration 综合consultation 磋商、会诊这个过程通常需要细致的询问病史和体格检查，开具诊断性化验医嘱，综合临床发现和化验结果，理解分析拟行治疗过程中的风险和疗效，然后与病人及家属反复磋商以完善治疗方案Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized,while respecting individual variations among different patientsrespecting 注意到、关系、说到evidence-based medicine 循证医学尽管考虑到不同病人中个体差异是存在的，但医生们越来越容易查阅不断增长的循证医学文献来指导这个过程，使得疗效最大化。

中西医临床医学英语

中西医临床医学英语As healthcare becomes increasingly globalized, it's essential for medical professionals to communicateeffectively across borders. One area where this isparticularly important is in the field of clinical medicine, where both Western and Chinese medicine play important roles. In order to bridge the gap between these two disciplines, clinicians need to have a strong foundation in both English and Chinese medical terminology.Here are some key points to keep in mind when it comes to learning clinical medicine English:1. Understanding the differences between Western and Chinese medicineBefore delving into medical terminology, it's important to have a basic understanding of the differences between Western and Chinese medicine. Western medicine is founded on evidence-based research and scientific principles, while Chinese medicine is based on traditional theories of balance and harmony in the body. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, and it's important for clinicians to be familiar with both.2. Building a foundation of medical terminologyMedical terminology in English can be complex, but it's important to have a solid foundation in order to effectively communicate with colleagues and patients around the world. Some key terms to start with include anatomy and physiology, diseases and conditions, and treatments and procedures.3. Grasping clinical nuancesClinical medicine English isn't just about memorizing terminology – it's also about understanding the subtle nuances of how medical professionals communicate with one another. This can include understanding medical abbreviations, being familiar with common clinical phrases and idioms, and knowing how to effectively convey sensitive information to patients and their families.4. Building connections with colleagues and patientsFinally, the ability to communicate effectively inclinical medicine English is about more than just language proficiency – it's also about building connections with colleagues and patients. This can involve taking the time to learn about cultural norms and practices, being sensitive to language barriers, and being willing to adapt to different communication styles in order to best serve your patients.Overall, the ability to communicate effectively in both English and Chinese medical terminology is a critical skillfor clinical professionals in today's globalized healthcare industry. By building a strong foundation of medical terminology, grasping clinical nuances, and focusing on building connections with colleagues and patients, clinicians can be better equipped to provide quality care to patients around the world.。

医学英语临床诊断学.doc

诊断学第一篇：症状学致热原 pyrogen体温调节中枢 thermotaxic centre外源性致热原 exogenous pyrogen内源性致热原 endogenous pyrogen白细胞致热源 leukocytic pyrogen白细胞介素 I interleukin I体温调定点 temperature setpoint感染性发热 infective fever细菌性致热源 bacteria pyrogen非感染性发热 non-infective fever吸收热 absorption fever中枢性发热 centris fever布鲁菌病 brucellosis骤降 crisis渐降 lysis热型 fever type稽留热 continues fever弛张热 remittent fever间歇热 intermittent fever波状热 undulant fever回归热 recurrent fever霍奇金病 Hodgkin不规则热 irregular fever寒战 rigor双重痛感 double顿痛 dull pain酸痛 aching pain烧灼痛 burning pain绞痛 colicky pain牵涉痛 referred pain刺痛 stabbing pain刀割样痛 knife-like pain胀痛 bursting pain搏动性痛 throbbing pain头痛headache胸痛 chest pain放射痛radiating pain腹痛 abdominal pain急腹症 acute abdomen嗳气 belching水肿（edema）积水 dropsy象皮腿 elephantiasic crus皮肤黏膜出血 mucocutaneous hemorrhage血小板无力症 thrombasthenia呼吸困难 dyspnea心原性哮喘 cardiac asthma咳嗽 cough 咳痰 expectoration 咳血 hemoptysis紫绀（cyanosis）心悸（palpitation）恶心 nausea呕吐 vomiting干呕 vomiturition呕吐中枢 vomiting center呕血 hematemesis正铁血红蛋白 hematin黑便 melena便血 hematochezia隐血便 stool with occult blood 柏油便 tarry stool 里急后重 tenesmus腹泻diarrhea便秘（constipation）黄疸（jaundice）隐性黄疸 latent jaundice旁路胆红素 bypass bilirubin非结合胆红素 unconjugated bilirubin结合胆红素 conjugated bilirubin核黄疸 nuclear icterus眩晕vertigo惊厥convulsion意识障碍disturbance of consciousness嗜睡 somnolence意识模糊 confusion 昏睡 stupor 昏迷 coma谵妄delirium 血尿 hematuria尿频 frequent micturition 尿急 urgent micturition 尿痛odynuria 神经原性膀胱 neurogenic bladder 排尿困难dysuria尿失禁urinary incontinence尿潴留retention of urine第二篇问诊（inquiry）一般项目general data主诉 chief complaints现病史 history of present illness 既往史 past history系统回顾systems review 个人史 personal history婚姻史 marrital history 月经史 menstrual history 生育史 childbearing history 家族史 family history第三篇检体诊断（physical diagnosis）第1章体格检查 physical examination 视诊 inspection触诊 palpation浅部触诊法 light palpation深部触诊法 deep palpation双手触诊法 bimanual palpation 深压触诊法 deep press palpation 冲击触诊法 ballottement叩诊 percussion间接叩诊法 indirect percussion 直接叩诊法 direct percussion 清音 resonance浊音 dullness鼓音 tympany实音 flatness过清音 hyperresonance听诊 auscultation听诊器 stethoscope嗅诊 olfactory examination 深部滑行触诊法deep slipping palpation腋臭 bromidrosis第2章性别 sex萎黄病 chlorosis年龄 age生命征 vital sign体温 temperature发育 development青春期急激成长 adolescent spurt 体型 habitus无力型（瘦长型） asthenic type超力型（矮胖型） sthenic type正力型（均称型） ortho-sthenic type 巨人症 gigantism垂体性侏儒症pituitary dwarfism良好 well不良 poorly中等 fairly消瘦 emaciation恶病质 cachexia肥胖 obesity水牛背 buffalo hump意识状态 consciousness语调 tone语态 voice面容 facial features表情 expression肝病面容 hepatic facies肾病面容 nephritic facies二尖瓣面容 mitral facies 肢端肥大症面容 acromegaly facies 伤寒面容 typhoid facies苦笑面容 sardonic feature满月面容 moon facies面具面容 masked facies病危面容critical facies/Hippocrates体位 position自主体位 active position被动体位 positive position强迫体位 compulsive position端坐呼吸 orthopnea强迫蹲位 compulsive squatting强迫停立位forced standing position辗转体位 alternative position角弓反张位 opisthotonos position 姿势 posture步态 gait蹒跚步态wadding gait醉酒步态 drinken man gait共济失调步态 ataxic gait慌张步态 festinating gait跨阈步态 steppage gait剪刀式步态 scissors gait间歇性跛行intermittent claudication皮肤黏膜苍白 pallor。

临床医学英语单词表[整理版]

Unit 1 The Modern Hospital1. Medicare is a federally funded and administered program that provides health insurance for older Americans and those who are disabled.2. Medicaid is a health insurance program financed and run jointly by the federal and state governments for low-income people of all ages who do not have the money or insurance to pay for health care. 医疗救助项目1. 医院部门及科室名称out-patient department 门诊部In-patient department 住院部Nursing department 护理部Admission office 住院处Discharge office 出院处Registration office 挂号处Reception /waiting room 侯诊室Consultation room 诊察室Isolation room 隔离室Delivery room 分娩室Emergency room 急诊室Ward 病室内科Department of internal medicine外科Department of surgery儿科Department of pediatrics神经科Department of neurology眼科Department of ophtalmology耳鼻喉科 E.N.T.department口腔科Department of stomatology泌尿科Department of urology骨科Department of orthopedic创伤科Department of traumatology2. 各类医院综合医院general hospital, polyclinic麻风病院hospital for lepers产科医院maternity hospital,精神病院mental hospital, mental home整形外科医院plastic surgery hospital口腔医院stomatological hospital肿瘤医院tumour hospital3. 人员staff院长director of the hospital门诊部主任head of out-patient department主治医生physician in charge, surgeon in charge,化验员laboratory technician麻醉师anaesthetist药剂师pharmacist, druggist脑科专家brain specialist心外科医生cardiac surgeonUnit 2 HypertensionIdiopathic: 自发/原发的hypertrophy: n. 肥大/过度生长coarctation：n. congenital narrowing of the aorta 先天性主动脉狭窄Renin: 肾素Angiotensin: 血管紧张素Corticosteroid：皮质类固醇：肾上腺皮质内产生的用于调节盐分、碳水化合物、炎症和性生理机能的一组激素Stenosis: 狭窄myocardial: adj. 心肌的Inflate: v. distend (swell 使膨胀/扩张) with air （使气球等）充气aldosterone (醛固酮)：a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium（钠）by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balancesphygmomanometer：血压计Stethoscope: n. 听诊器Thump: v. beat strongly 怦怦跳动Tinnitus：n. a ringing in the ears 耳鸣Unit 3 TCMTreatment determination based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治materia medica (Latin): 药物学；药物；药品Inspection（望诊）Auscultation(闻/听诊)/ and Olfaction 闻诊/嗅诊）Interrogation （问诊）Palpation（切诊；触诊）TCM Pediatrics：中医儿科The TCM Science of the Five Sense Organs(五官科)TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology（骨伤科）：TCM Acupuncture and Moxibustion(针灸学) ：Chinese Massage（推拿学）Unit 4 Diabetes1.gestational: adj. 怀孕的；妊娠的2. pasta: 意大利面制品3. confectionery: sweet food 甜食4.retina: 视网膜5.glucagon: 升糖素6.somatostatin: 生长激素7.islet：胰岛8.epinephrine: 肾上腺素9.onset：攻击；开始10.dl= decilitres 分升1分升= 0.1LUnit 5 The Respiratory System and AsthmaLarynx 喉部Pharynx 咽腔trachea (windpipe) 气管bronchi 支气管bronchioles细支气管intercostal muscles 肋间肌diaphragm 隔膜Alveoli 肺泡Hypoxia 氧不足；低氧症Spirometry test 肺活量测定spirometer 肺活量计Albuterol: rescue drugs for acute asthma attacks. Thi s drug provi des qui ck rel i ef.沙丁胺醇（Salhutamol）又名舒喘灵，对β2受体有高度选择性，具有较强的支气管扩张作用。

临床医学英语单词表

Unit 1 The Modern Hospital1. Medicare is a federally funded and administered program that provides health insurance for older Americans and those who are disabled.2. Medicaid is a health insurance program financed and run jointly by the federal and state governments for low-income people of all ages who do not have the money or insurance to pay for health care. 医疗救助项目1. 医院部门及科室名称out-patient department 门诊部In-patient department 住院部Nursing department 护理部Admission office 住院处Discharge office 出院处Registration office 挂号处Reception /waiting room 侯诊室Consultation room 诊察室Isolation room 隔离室Delivery room 分娩室Emergency room 急诊室Ward 病室内科Department of internal medicine外科Department of surgery儿科Department of pediatrics神经科Department of neurology眼科Department of ophthalmology [,ɔfθæl'mɔlədʒi, ,ɔp-]耳鼻喉科E.N.T.department口腔科Department of stomatology [,stəumə'tɔlədʒi; ,stɔ-]泌尿科Department of urology骨科Department of orthopedic创伤科Department of traumatology [,trɔ:mə'tɔlədʒi, ,trau-]2. 各类医院综合医院general hospital, polyclinic麻风病院hospital for lepers产科医院maternity hospital,精神病院mental hospital, mental home整形外科医院plastic surgery hospital口腔医院stomatological hospital [,stəumə'tɔlədʒi; ,stɔ-]肿瘤医院tumour hospital3. 人员staff院长director of the hospital门诊部主任head of out-patient department主治医生physician in charge, surgeon in charge,化验员laboratory technician麻醉师anaesthetist [æ'ni:sθətist, ə'nes-]药剂师pharmacist['fɑ:məsist], druggist脑科专家brain specialist心外科医生cardiac surgeonUnit 2 HypertensionIdiopathic[,idiə'pæθik]: 自发/原发的hypertrophy: n. 肥大/过度生长coarctation[,kəua:k'teiʃən]：n. congenital narrowing of the aorta 先天性主动脉狭窄Renin: 肾素Angiotensin: 血管紧张素Corticosteroid：皮质类固醇：肾上腺皮质内产生的用于调节盐分、碳水化合物、炎症和性生理机能的一组激素Stenosis[sti'nəusis]: 狭窄myocardial: adj. 心肌的Inflate: v. distend (swell 使膨胀/扩张) with air （使气球等）充气aldosterone[,ældəu'sterəun] (醛固酮)：a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium（钠）by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balancesphygmomanometer[,sfiɡməumə'nɔmitə]：血压计Stethoscope: n. 听诊器Thump: v. beat strongly 怦怦跳动Tinnitus：n. a ringing in the ears 耳鸣Unit 3 TCMTreatment determination based on syndrome differentiation 辨证论治materia medica (Latin): 药物学；药物；药品Inspection（望诊）Auscultation(闻/听诊)/ and Olfaction 闻诊/嗅诊）Interrogation （问诊）Palpation（切诊；触诊）TCM Pediatrics：中医儿科The TCM Science of the Five Sense Organs(五官科)TCM Orthopedics and Traumatology（骨伤科）：TCM Acupuncture and Moxibustion(针灸学) ：Chinese Massage（推拿学）Unit 4 Diabetes1.gestational: adj. 怀孕的；妊娠的2. pasta: 意大利面制品3. confectionery: sweet food 甜食4.retina: 视网膜5.glucagon: 升糖素6.somatostatin: 生长激素7.islet：胰岛8.epinephrine: 肾上腺素9.onset：攻击；开始10.dl= decilitres 分升1分升= 0.1LUnit 5 The Respiratory System and AsthmaLarynx 喉部Pharynx 咽腔trachea (windpipe) 气管bronchi 支气管bronchioles细支气管intercostal muscles 肋间肌diaphragm 隔膜Alveoli 肺泡Hypoxia 氧不足；低氧症Spirometry test 肺活量测定spirometer 肺活量计Albuterol: rescue drugs for acute asthma attacks. This drug provides quick relief.沙丁胺醇（Salhutamol）又名舒喘灵，对β2受体有高度选择性，具有较强的支气管扩张作用。

临床医学英语Unit7

The laparoscope, a fiber-optic telescope, is inserted through one port (口, 孔) and attached to a camera. It sends images from the abdominal cavity to television monitors placed for easy viewing by all the operating room personnel. Thus, the surgeon and his or her assistants can view the abdominal cavity and its contents. Through the remaining ports, long-handled instruments are used to perform various procedures.
gastr/o ( stomach) e.g. gastrectomy
peritone/o ( peritoneum) e.g. intraperitoneal
corpus- ( body) e.g. extracorporeal -oma ( tumor) cyt/o ( cell ) e.g. phaeochromocytoma contra- (against) e.g. contraindication lymph/o ( lymph) -pathy ( disease) e.g. lymphadenopathy axilla- ( armpit ) e.g. axillary
MAS (ie, laparoscopy) has been used by gynecologists for more than 5 decades. Its application to general surgery began when the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 1985. In 1987, the laparoscopic cholecystectomy was popularized, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy soon became the standard of care. Since that time, MAS has been applied to numerous other procedures with good results.

临床医学英语

常用医学词汇症状常用语I have a fever／have a headache／have chest pain／have a stomachache／feel breathless／have been spitting blood／have heart palpitations ／feel nauseous／have been vomiting／have been vomiting blood／have blood in my stool／have diarrhea／feel dizzy／feel faint．我发烧／头痛／胸痛／腹痛／呼吸困难／咯血／心悸／恶心／呕吐／呕血／便血／腹泻／头晕／晕厥。

呼吸系统疾病viral infection 病毒感染chest infection 胸部感染TB (pulmonary tuberculosis) 肺结核pneumonia 肺炎bronchitis 支气管炎secondary chest infection 胸部继发性感染emphysema 肺气肿upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染 pleurisy 胸膜炎chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)慢性阻塞性肺病lung cancer 肺癌pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞pneumothorax 气胸stabbing pain 刺痛sharp pain 锐痛The pain comes in waves．阵痛dyspnea 气促chest pain 胸痛cough 咳嗽sticky sputum 痰液黏稠thin sputum 稀痰sore throat 咽喉痛tonsillitis 扁桃体炎sneezes 打喷嚏running nose 流鼻涕decompensation 呼吸困难cyanopathy 发绀chest fluoroscopy 胸透chest radiogram 胸部照片心血管系统疾病 dizziness头晕palpitation 心悸arrhythmia 心律失常electrocardiogram 心电图abnormal electrocardiogram 不正常心电图 echocardiography 心脏B超检查angiocardiography 心血管造影cyanosis 紫绀hypotensor 降血压药cardiovascular problems 心血管问题myocardial infarction (M.I.) 心肌梗死angina 心绞痛pericarditis 心包炎a sense of pressure 压迫感hypertension／high blood pressure 高血压 hypotension／low blood pressure 低血压 rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病coronary heart disease 冠心病arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化症acute myocarditis 急性心肌炎angina pectoris 心绞痛stroke 中风cardiac failure 心力衰竭coronary thrombosis 冠状动脉血栓coronary atherosclerosis 冠状动脉粥样硬化 hypertensive heart disease 高血压性心脏病消化系统疾病diarrhea 腹泻abdominal pain 腹痛bloody stool 血便loose stool 稀烂便bloody purulent stool 脓血便stomachache 胃痛constipation 便秘diabetes 糖尿病food poisoning 食物中毒dysentery 痢疾intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻dehydration 脱水irritable bowel syndrome 肠道易激综合征 bowel tumor 肠肿瘤enteritis 肠炎appendicitis 阑尾炎peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡cholecystitis 胆囊炎cholelithiasis 胆石病(胆结石)pancreatitis 胰腺炎泌尿系统疾病urodynia 尿痛frequent micturition 尿频urgency of urination 尿急bloody urination 血尿urinary incontinence 尿失禁prostatitis 前列腺炎bladder tumor 膀胱肿瘤chronic cystitis 慢性膀胱炎carcinoma 0f prostate 前列腺癌difficulty in passing urine 排尿困难urethritis 尿道炎nephritis 肾炎carcinoma of the kidney 肾癌kidney stones 肾结石urine infection 尿路感染外伤、感染dislocated 脱臼sprained 扭伤achilles rupture 脚踝扭伤amputation of……截肢fracture of toe／finger脚趾／手指骨折elevated 抬高的non-mobile／immobile 固定splint 夹板sling (triangular bandage) 悬带(三角绷带) traction 牵引back slab 悬臂板rheumatoid arthritis 风湿性关节炎joint replacement 关节置换术arthritis 关节炎knee and hip replacement 膝盖和臀关节置换 bunions 拇囊炎(拇指外翻)slipped disc 椎间盘突出spoils injuries 运动创伤torn meniscus (knee) 半月板(膝盖)撕裂burn 烧伤scald 烫伤control of bacterial infection 控制细菌感染妇科疾病polycystic ovaries 多囊卵巢endometriosis 子宫内膜异位症endocrine disease 内分泌疾病ectopic pregnancy 宫外孕prolapsed uterus 子宫下垂irregular menstruation 月经不调menopausal syndrome 更年期综合征dysmenorrhea 痛经pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎infertility 不孕amenorrhea／amenia 闭经皮肤科疾病eczema 湿疹urticaria 荨麻疹insect bites 蚊虫叮咬impetigo 脓疱病dermatitis 皮炎psoriasis 牛皮癣rash 皮疹chilblain 冻疮scabies 疥疮wart 疣五官科疾病toothache 牙痛redness and swelling of the gum牙龈红肿 periodontic 牙周炎caries 龋pulpitis 牙髓炎gingivitis 牙龈炎affected tooth 病牙dental caries 龋齿suffocation 窒息deafness 聋hoarseness 声音嘶哑loss of voice 失声sore throat 喉咙痛enlargement of tonsil 扁桃体肿大rhinitis 鼻炎dumbness 哑nervous tinnitus 神经性耳鸣sinusitis 鼻窦炎cancer of larynx 喉癌otitis media 中耳炎snore 打鼾传染病whooping cough 百日咳scarlet fever 猩红热chicken-pox 水痘epidemic encephalitis B 流行性乙型脑炎mumps 腮腺炎measles 麻疹diphtheria 白喉rubella 风疹smallpox 天花meningitis 脑膜炎tetanus 破伤风infective hepatitis 传染性肝炎ascariasis 蛔虫病malaria 疟疾plague 瘟疫filariasis 丝虫病viral meningitis 病毒性脑膜炎viremia 病毒血症epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热 viral respiratory infection 病毒性呼吸道感染 infectious complication 感染性并发症yellow fever 黄热病rabies 狂犬病viral gastroenteritis 病毒性胃肠炎recurrent infection 复发性感染中医moxibustion 灸法(这个不该是acupuncture 么。

中西医临床医学英语

中西医临床医学英语In recent years, the field of clinical medicine has seen an increasing integration of both Eastern and Western medical practices. This fusion of Eastern and Western medicine has proven to be beneficial in providing comprehensive healthcare to patients.Western medicine, also known as allopathic medicine, is rooted in scientific principles and evidence-based practices. It emphasizes the use of drugs, surgery, and medical technology to diagnose and treat diseases. Western medical practitioners rely on clinical trials and research studies to develop treatment protocols and guidelines.On the other hand, Eastern medicine, also known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is based on a holistic approach that focuses on restoring the balance of the body's energy, or Qi. TCM practitioners use a combination of herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and exercises like Tai Chi to promote wellness and treat illnesses. TCM considers the body as a whole, with each part interconnected, and aims to address the underlying causes of diseases.The integration of Eastern and Western medicine brings together the strengths of both systems. Western medicine provides advanced diagnostic tools, such as MRI scans and laboratory tests, that help identify diseases accurately and efficiently. It also offers a wide range of medications and surgical procedures to treat acute conditions effectively.On the other hand, TCM provides alternative therapies that focus on health promotion and disease prevention. TCM practitioners can address chronic conditions and provide care plans that consider the whole person, including their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Acupuncture, for example, has been successful in treating chronic pain, migraines, and even mental health conditions like anxiety and depression.The combination of Eastern and Western medicine also allows for personalized medicine. Each patient is unique, and their conditions may have varied underlying causes. By integrating both Eastern and Western approaches, healthcare professionals can tailor treatment protocols that suit each patient's individual needs. This personalized approach ensures that patients receive optimal care that is evidence-based, holistic, and patient-centered.Despite the benefits of integrating Eastern and Western medicine, there are challenges to overcome. Differences in language, cultural beliefs, and regulatory frameworks can pose barriers to collaboration. However, with open-mindedness and a willingness to learn from each other, healthcare professionals can bridge these gaps and create a system that integrates the best practices from both Eastern and Western medicine.In conclusion, the integration of Eastern and Western medicine in clinical practice holds significant promise in providing comprehensive healthcare. By combining the strengths of both systems, healthcare professionals can offer personalized, evidence-based, and holistic care to patients. With ongoing collaboration and education, the future of clinical medicine looks bright, where patients can benefit from the best of both Eastern and Western medical practices.。

临床医学学士学位英语

临床医学学士学位英语English:The Bachelor of Clinical Medicine degree is a comprehensive program designed to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and clinical experience necessary to become competent medical professionals. This degree typically encompasses a wide range of medical disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, and clinical medicine. Students undergo rigorous training in both theoretical knowledge and practical clinical skills through lectures, laboratory sessions, and hands-on clinical rotations in various healthcare settings. Throughout the program, students learn how to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions, develop strong communication skills for interacting with patients and colleagues, and cultivate professional ethics and values essential for healthcare practice. The curriculum also emphasizes research methodology, evidence-based medicine, and lifelong learning to ensure graduates remain updated with the latest advancements in medical science and provide high-quality patient care. Upon completion of the program, graduates are prepared to pursue further specialization through residency trainingor enter clinical practice as competent and compassionate healthcare providers.中文翻译:临床医学学士学位是一个综合性项目，旨在为学生提供成为胜任医疗专业人士所需的知识、技能和临床经验。

临床医学考研英语

临床医学考研英语Clinical MedicineClinical medicine has been around since ancient times, and it is the practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases in humans. It is a broad field that encompasses many specialties, including internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, neurology, and psychiatry.The primary focus of clinical medicine is to diagnose and treat diseases, manage chronic conditions, and prevent future illness. To do this, doctors use a variety of tools, including physical examinations, laboratory testing, imaging studies, and endoscopic procedures. In addition, they may order medications, recommend lifestyle changes, or refer patients to other specialists.In order to practice clinical medicine, doctors must have a solid understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, epidemiology, and research. They must also possess excellent communication skills, be able to think critically, and have excellent problem-solving abilities. In addition, they need to have a good bedside manner, be able to empathize with patients, and have a strong commitment to patient care.Clinical medicine has become increasingly complex as treatments and technology have advanced. As a result, medical schools have adapted their curriculums to ensure that students are equipped with the skills and knowledge required to practice clinical medicine. Medical students typicallycomplete four years of medical school, followed by an internship and residency before becoming a full-fledged doctor.The practice of clinical medicine is an ever-evolving field. Technology and treatments continue to improve, and doctors must stay up-to-date in order to provide the best care for their patients. With the rise of telemedicine, doctors are increasingly turning to virtual visits and other digital platforms, allowing them to reach more patients and provide care on a larger scale.Clinical medicine is a demanding field, but it can be incredibly rewarding. Doctors have the opportunity to make a positive impa ct on people’s lives and help them lead healthier and happier lives. Although it can be challenging, it can also be incredibly satisfying.。

【最新】英语介绍临床医学

【最新】英语介绍临床医学Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! y name is…25 from …,I`ll graduate from Nanjing medical university in july ne_t year ,I major in seven-year programe of clinical medicine and my major for master`s degree is emergency medicineAs a student,I think The edical College in July. During the past five years , I have y study, and noostly acquired all the basic knoedicine, both in theory and in practice. I have deep interest in clinical medicine. One of the reasons is that I have seen so many people, most of are my relatives, suffer from painful illness, and I believe that I can try my best to bring them a less-pain life by studying those diseases. So if possible, please give me a chance to have further study here.（接下来就是关于我的学习生涯。

这个七月，我将从蚌埠医学院的临床医学院毕业。

在过去的五年里，我已经很认真地把基本知识学好。

现在，不论是理论上还是理论知识在实践上的应用上，我都已基本掌握临床医学知识。

临床医学英语翻译

临床医学英语翻译
临床医学英语翻译如下：F (①Fahrenheit scale ②fluorine) ①华氏温标②氟f-12 氟利昂12，二氯二氟甲烷fabric 编织物，织品face 面部，脸face cushion 面圈face guide 面导，面标face mask 面罩faceometer 面直径测量器face piece 面罩，面具facer 刮刀，锉face shield 护面罩facial line 面线felicities 设备，工具facing 假牙面，牙面facsimile ①影印本，摹写②仿真factitial 人造的，人工的factor 因素，要素，因子faculty ①能力，官能②学院，专科fadeometer 裉色计faeces 粪便Fahrenheit scale 华氏温标Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计failure 衰竭fair ①博览会，（商品）交易会②相当的，完好的false image 虚像，假象false suture 假缝falsification 伪造，曲解family 家族，家属，科（分类）fan 扇，通风机fan-shaped instruments table 扇形器械台fantascope 幻视器fantasy 幻想Farabeuf's saw 法腊布夫氏锯，活动叶锯farad 法拉（电容单位）faradic brush 感应电流刷faradic current therapy apparatus 静电治疗机faradimeter 感应电流计faradipuncture 感应电针术faradization 感应电疗法faradization apparatus 感应电疗机。

临床医学英语.doc

住院医师规范化培训临床医学英语

大学临床医学英语教材答案

临床医学英语

临床医学英语

中西医临床医学英语

医学英语临床诊断学.doc

临床医学英语单词表[整理版]

临床医学英语单词表

临床医学英语Unit7

临床医学英语

中西医临床医学 英语

临床医学学士学位英语

临床医学考研英语

【最新】英语介绍临床医学

临床医学英语翻译

中西医临床医学英语