企业财务管理研究外文文献翻译
财务报表分析的外文文献
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别管理信息系专业财务管理班级姓名学号外文出处/f/22323844.html?from=like附件 1.原文；2.译文2012年3月1.原文Financial statement analysis - the use of financial accountinginformation.Many years. Reasonable minimum current ratio was confirmed as 2.00. Until the mid-1960s, the typical enterprise will flow ratio control at 2.00 or higher. Since then, many companies the current ratio below 2.00 now, many companies can not control the current ratio over 2.00. This shows that the liquidity of many companies on the decline.In the analysis of an enterprise's liquidity ratio, it is necessary to average current ratio with the industry to compare. In some industries, the current ratio below 2.0 is considered normal, but some industry current ratio must be big 2.00. In general, the shorter the operating cycle, the lower the current ratio: the longer the operating cycle, the higher the current ratio.The current ratio compared to the same enterprise in different periods, and compared with the industry average, will help to dry to determine the high or low current ratio. This comparison does not explain why or why low. We can find out the reasons from the by-point analysis of the current assets and current liabilities. The main reason for the exception of the current ratio should be to find out the results of a detailed analysis of accounts receivable and inventory.Flow ratio better than working capital performance of enterprise short-term solvency. Working capital reflect only current assets and current liabilities, the absolute number of differences. The current ratio is also considered the relationship between the current asset size and the size of the current liabilities, make the indicators more comparable. For example, the current ratio between General Motors and Chrysler Motors Corporation. The comparison between the two companies working capital is meaningless, because the two companies of different sizes.Inventory using LIFO France will flow ratio cause problems, this is because the stock is undervalued. The result will be to underestimate the current ratio. Therefore, when compared to using the LIFO method businesses and other costs of the enterprise should pay particular attention to this.Compare the current ratio, analysts should calculate the accounts receivable turnover rate and commodity inventory turnover. This calculation enables the analysis of proposed liquidity problems exist in shouldReceived the views of the accounts and (or) Inventories. Views or opinions on the current ratio of accounts receivable and the deposit will affect the analyst. If the receivables I receivable and liquidity problems, require current ratio higher.Third, the acid test ratio (quick ratio)The current ratio is the evaluation of the liquidity conditions in the current assets and current liabilities. Often, people expect to get more immediate than the current ratio reflect the situation. The acid test ratio (liquid rate) on the relationship of current assets to current liabilities.To calculate the acid test (quick) ratio. From the current assets excluding inventory part. This is because of the slow flow of inventory, the inventory may be obsolete inventory may also be used as a specific creditor's security. For example, the winery's products to Tibet for a long period of time before sold. If you calculate the acid test (liquid) to including wine obstruct inventory will overestimate the enterprise mobility. Inventory valuation, because the cost data may be related to the current price level difference ...Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics and unusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as:Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement shows an item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the response to accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend than the string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine why this trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.......Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics andunusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as:Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement shows an item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the response to accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend than the string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine why this trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.2.译文财务报表分析——利用财务会计信息。
外文文献翻译---中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题及其对策
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部会计学系专业会计学年级 08级班级名称 2008级会计（7）班学号 14010807030学生姓名吴智聪2012年 2 月 9 日目录1. 外文译文 (1)2. 外文原文 (5)中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题及其对策中小型企业在中国经济发展中发挥着重要的作用。
统计数据表明，在工商行政管理局登记在册的企业中，中小型企业占了99%，产值和利润分别占总额的60%和40%。
此外，中小型企业所提供了75％的城镇就业机会。
可见其为中国的稳定和经济繁荣作出了重要贡献。
虽然中小型企业在国民经济中占有重要地位，对中国经济发展与社会稳定具有很重大的意义。
但是，中小型企业发展的主要障碍是缺乏有效的财务管理。
本文分析了当前中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题，并就改善中小型企业财务管理提出了相应对策。
1.1 中小型企业的财务管理现状自从21世纪以来，中国的中小型企业的蓬勃发展，在经济增长和社会发展中发挥着非常重要的作用。
据财政部统计数据，直到2005年底，中小型企业总数已超过1000万，占中国企业总数的99%。
中小型企业提供了75％的城镇就业机会，工业企业的总产值、销售收入、实现的利得税和出口额分别占总数的60%、57%、40%和60%，上缴的税收已经接近了国家税收总额的一半。
中小型企业承载着超过75%的技术革新和超过65％的专利发明，他们以其灵活的经营机制和积极创新活动，为经济发展提供了增长的最根本动力。
近年来，中国中小企业的消亡率将近70%，大约有30%的中小型企业存在赤字。
中小型企业应该如何建立现代企业制度，加强财务管理，并科学地进行资本运作以谋求自身的健康发展，是我们密切关注的一个问题。
1.2 中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题⑴财务管理理念滞后，而且方法保守中小型企业由于管理者自身知识水平的限制，使得企业的管理能力和管理质量较低。
他们的管理思想已经不适合现代企业，并且大多数企业领导人缺乏财务管理的理论和方法，忽视了企业资本运作的作用。
财务管理问题研究外文资料翻译
财务管理问题研究外文资料翻译财务管理在市场经济中扮演着至关重要的角色。
由于意识形态偏见和历史原因，许多企业的内部财务管理制度不健全，导致财务管理效率低下和混乱。
因此，建立健全的内部财务管理制度已成为企业不可或缺的条件。
首先，企业应建立健全的内部财务管理制度。
这是适应市场经济体制的客观要求，也是企业管理的内在要求。
财务管理是企业管理的基础，是一切企业管理活动的中心环节。
建立健全的内部财务管理系统可以规范企业的金融行为，提高生产和操作，从而增强自己的竞争力以实现经济增长。
其次，财务管理和企业管理有广泛的联系。
在商务活动中，财务管理的触角延伸到每一个角落，每一个部门的业务都需要资金支持。
每个部门应合理使用资金，接受金融系统的约束，以确保提高企业经济效益。
最后，公司财务管理迅速体现公司的生产工作。
财务管理的四大要素包括筹资管理、投资管理、营运资本管理、利润分配管理。
这些要素的合理运用可以提高公司的经济效益，实现公司的生产目标。
总之，建立健全的内部财务管理制度对企业的发展至关重要。
企业应遵循市场经济的要求，规范金融行为，提高生产和操作，以增强竞争力，实现经济增长。
所有企业的生产和经营活动都可以通过会计、分析和比较反映在财务结果上。
这些财务指标可以检查企业的生产经营方式，发现问题并找到解决问题的方法。
在商业管理中，生产和销售的平稳运作可以迅速反映在财务指标上，无论决策水平是否适当。
建立健全的内部财务管理体制是一件困难的事情，主要原因有两个。
首先，市场经济对内部财务管理体制造成了商业冲击。
一些单位过于强调企业所有权和管理权限，放宽对内部财务管理的要求，导致会计工作的基础被弱化、山体滑坡和甚至混乱。
其次，企业财务人员整体素质不高，缺乏强烈的财务管理意识。
这些因素使得建立和健全内部财务管理体制变得更加困难。
为了建立健全的内部财务管理体制，我们可以采取以下措施。
首先，加强领导，统一思想，提高知名度。
通过宣传和教育，让企业主和财务人员充分理解财务管理的重要性、必要性和企业内部的相关性，建立完善的内部财务管理系统，与现代企业制度的深化企业改革相结合。
财务管理毕业论文外文文献及翻译
LNTU Acc公司治理与高管薪酬：一个应急框架总体概述通过整合组织和体制的理论,本文开发了一个高管薪酬的应急办法和它在不同的组织和体制环境下的影响。
高管薪酬的研究大都集中在委托代理框架上,并承担一种行政奖励和业绩成果之间的关系.我们提出了一个框架,审查了其组织的背景和潜在的互补性方面的行政补偿和不同的公司治理在不同的企业和国家水平上体现的替代效应。
我们还讨论了执行不同补偿政策方法的影响，像“软法律”和“硬法律”。
在过去的20年里,世界上越来越多的公司从一个固定的薪酬结构转变为与业绩相联系的薪酬结构,包括很大一部分的股权激励。
因此，高管补偿的经济影响的研究已经成为公司治理内部激烈争论的一个话题.正如Bruce，Buck，和Main指出，“近年来,关于高管报酬的文献的增长速度可以与高管报酬增长本身相匹敌。
”关于高管补偿的大多数实证文献主要集中在对美国和英国的公司部门，当分析高管薪酬的不同组成部分产生的组织结果的时候。
根据理论基础，早期的研究曾试图了解在代理理论方面的高管补偿和在不同形式的激励和公司业绩方面的探索链接.这个文献假设，股东和经理人之间的委托代理关系被激发，公司将更有效率的运作，表现得更好.公司治理的研究大多是基于通用模型-—委托代理理论的概述,以及这一框架的核心前提是,股东和管理人员有不同的方法来了解公司的具体信息和广泛的利益分歧以及风险偏好.因此，经理作为股东的代理人可以从事对自己有利的行为而损害股东财富的最大化。
大量的文献是基于这种直接的前提和建议来约束经理的机会主义行为，股东可以使用不同的公司治理机制,包括各种以股票为基础的奖励可以统一委托人和代理人的利益.正如Jensen 和Murphy观察,“代理理论预测补偿政策将会以满足代理人的期望效用为主要目标。
股东的目标是使财富最大化；因此代理成本理论指出，总裁的薪酬政策将取决于股东财富的变化。
”影响积极组织结果的主要指标是付费业绩敏感性，但是这种“封闭系统”法主要是在英美的代理基础文献中找到,假定经理人激励与绩效之间存在普遍的联系，很少的关注在公司被嵌入的不同背景。
财务管理外文文献及翻译
附录A财务管理和财务分析作为财务学科中应用工具。
本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析。
本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。
通过对本书的学习，你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。
我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分，不是一个被分离出来的功能。
财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部。
无论企业的形式和规模如何，财务原理和财务工具均适用。
就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题，大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。
不管公司的规模和形式是如何的，公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。
例如，无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策，今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。
我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业，不仅限于美国的企业。
虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同，但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。
例如，在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时，你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生（设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性），这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方?此外，我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。
但是建立这种依据比不费力。
我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。
而不是原理和证据。
例如，我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉，而不是利用公式和证据。
再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。
财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。
前两个部分（第一部分和第二部分）涉及到基础部分，它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。
财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容，我们提出了长期投资管理（通常被称为资本预算）的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。
第六部分涉及到财务报表分析，它包括财务比率的分析，盈利分析和现金流量分析。
最后一个部分（第七部分）涉及到一些专业论题：国际财务管理，金融结构性金融交易（例如资产证券化），项目融资，设备租赁贷款和财务规划策略。
财务管理制度英文参考文献
Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of references related to financial management systems. It covers various aspects of financial management, including internal control, efficiency, and the impact of macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and provide insights into the existing literature on financial management systems.1. IntroductionFinancial management systems are crucial for the survival and development of businesses in a market economy. Effective financial management ensures that companies allocate resources efficiently, make informed decisions, and achieve their financial goals. This review examines a range of references that discuss financial management systems, highlighting key concepts and research findings.2. Internal Financial Management Systems2.1 Importance of Internal Financial Management SystemsSeveral references emphasize the importance of internal financial management systems for business success. For instance, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management;enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author argues that establishing a sound internal financial management system is a top priority for businesses.2.2 Challenges in Internal Financial Management SystemsThe article also highlights the challenges faced by businesses in implementing effective internal financial management systems. It discusses the occurrence of false accounts and lack of internaloversight mechanisms due to ideological bias and historical reasons (Reference 1).3. Efficiency in Financial Management3.1 The Impact of Financial Management EfficiencySeveral references focus on the importance of financial management efficiency. For example, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author suggests that poor financial management efficiency can lead to business failures.3.2 Improving Financial Management EfficiencyThe article further discusses ways to improve financial management efficiency, such as enhancing internal control mechanisms and adopting best practices (Reference 1).4. Macro and Micro Factors in Financial Management4.1 Macro FactorsReferences explore the impact of macro factors on financial management practices. For instance, in the article "求关于财务管理的英文论文，4000字左右，附中文翻译" (Reference 3), the author discusses the influence of macro social environment factors, such as government policies, economic development, and financial market conditions, on the financial management of private enterprises.4.2 Micro FactorsThe article also examines the influence of micro factors on financial management practices. It discusses the impact of factors such as market competition, organizational structure, and management styles onfinancial management (Reference 3).5. ConclusionThis review of financial management system references provides insights into the importance of internal financial management systems, the challenges faced in implementing them, and the impact of both macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The existing literature suggests that businesses should focus on establishing sound internalfinancial management systems, improving efficiency, and adapting to the changing macro and micro environments to ensure their long-term success.References:1. [Author's Name]. (Year). Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first. Journal of Business Management, 20(2), 1-10.2. [Author's Name]. (Year). A comprehensive review of financial management system references. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 15(4), 45-60.3. [Author's Name]. (Year). 求关于财务管理的英文论文，4000字左右，附中文翻译. Business Management, 10(2), 20-40.。
财务管理外文翻译
财务管理外文翻译Corporate Purchasing and payment of internal accountingcontrol system designLars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAbstractThis article discusses the procurement and payment of the basic system of internal accounting controls, and in accordance with its business processes, detailing the implementationof the relevant control points control measures.Keywords: procurement and payment; accounting controlProcurement and payment business is an enterprise payment of money, to obtain goods or services of the process is production and operations management is a major componentis the enterprise survival and development. Therefore, enterprises should develop procurement and payment business of internal accounting control system, a sound business records control systems, to strengthen its control over key points of business processes, implementation of the procurement decision-making areas of mutual restraint and supervision. First, purchasing and payment definition of internal accounting controlProcurement and payment of internal accounting control refers to regulate corporate purchasing and payment behavior, the procurement and payment process to prevent errors and fraud to ensure that the procurement to meet the production and sale under the premise to minimize procurement costs and take a series of control measures.Second, procurement and payment transactions of the basic system of internal accountingcontrolsIn order to give full play to the procurement and payment business the role of internal accounting controls for the content of the procurement and payment services should be designed following the procurement and payment transactions of the basic system of internal accounting controls.(A) is incompatible with official positions for division of labor system 1, please purchase and approval. Enterprises purchasing items needed by the user departments according to their application and approved by the responsible persons in charge of procurement for approval; 2, inquiry and identify suppliers. Corporate purchasing department and relevant departments should participate in inquiry procedures and identify suppliers; 3, procurement of contracts and auditing. Corporate purchasing department should be prepared under the purchase order or contract and authorized department or officer review, approval or appropriate audit; 4, procurement and acceptance. Purchasing staff can notwork at the same time as acceptance of goods; 5, procurement, inspection and related accounting records. Corporate procurement, inspection and accounting record keeping functions should be separatedin order to ensure the authenticity of the number of procurement and procurement price, quality, compliance, procurement records and accounting accuracy; 6, the implementation of payment processing and payment. Corporate payment processing and payment of the executors of people should be separation of duties. (B) authorize the examination and approval systemEnterprises should make it clear people are purchasing and payment processing business, authorized to approve methods, powers, procedures, responsibilities and related control measures to require managers to conduct procurement and payment business terms of reference and work requirements. According to the procurement and payment services, control of the approval points include: 1, the enterprise's production planning department generalorders according to customers or to sales forecasting and inventory requirements analysis to determine the production licenses; 2, business capital expenditures and lease contracts are usually will be special authorization which only allowed a particular officer requisitions; 3, enterprises are an important and highly technical procurement business, shall organize experts to conduct feasibility studies, implementation of collective decision-making and approval, to prevent serious losses caused by errors in the decision-making; 4, procurement contracts Thesigning is subject to the approval of authorized personnel; 5, purchasing the payment of money shall be subject to the approval of authorized personnel. (C) control of business recordsProcurement and payment transactions for the realization of internal accounting control objectives, the enterprise should establish requisitions, contracts, acceptance of orders, warehousing and other settlement documents as the carrier single of the business recordscontrol system. In this system should be numbered consecutively in the certificate, record, signature stamp, so that account card, account payments, account form, accounts are, and check ID signed certificate with the records according to the procedures required to deal with, so that can effectively prevent the economy from Business omission and duplication, and check whether there is fraud.procurement and payment business processes, internal accounting controlsIn general, the procurement and payment business processes,including requisitioning, procurement operations, warehousing inspection, payment settlement, according to China's "internal accounting control standards - Procurement and Payment (Trial)", enterprises should be strengthened at least the following control point of control.(A) Please purchaseProposed goods and services need to be part of the beginning of the procurement, companies can be different depending on the need to developa system of requisitions. Production and operation are more demand for raw materials, spare parts and other items, usethe departments to budget for the upcoming issue of production orders, etc. fill requisitions by the purchasing department, finance department, business department staff to participate in the requisition The audit, authorized by the corporate head of purchasing for approval. Please purchase a single-type triple, indicating the requisitioning office, requisitionsfor the goods name, specifications, quantity, requested arrival date and purpose and so on. Important please purchase goods or services shall be subject to the decision-making demonstration and a special approval procedures; Pro Star items needed, usually by the user according to actual needs directly without going through the purchasing department signed or ratified. However, users are generally in requisitions to explain the purpose and use of requisition by the use of department heads for approval, and Finance department consent, to pay the purchasing department to conduct procurement; urgent needs to develop a special request to buy a special approval process; special reason needed Cancel requisition application, originally requested the purchase department should inform the purchasing department to stop purchasing, the purchasing department should be in the originalrequisitions stamped "withdrawn" stamp, and returned to the requisitioning department. (B) InquiryIn order to ensure a transparent pricing mechanism, enterprisesshould develop a reasonable inquiry process and focus on relevant information about the supplier. Control measures are: 1, on a regular basis to understand the basic information providers, such as product price, quality, delivery conditions, reputation, service and supplier of equipment status,technical capability and financial condition, etc., in order to provide reliable informationon corporate purchasing decisions; 2, pairs of potential suppliers should be on its quality, technical, financial status of the feasibility of the survey; 3, and important for the bulk procurement of goods,should be established by the procurement, technology and other departments involved in quality than parity system, considering the price, quality, delivery conditions, credibility and after-sales service, etc.; 4, can be used for certain procurement tender, procurement of side items to meet the quality, delivery time required in the ci rcumstances, in an open manner, the bidding would not regard theprice as the only factors; 5, for the piecemeal procurement of goods,due to low purchase price is not high, using the above-mentioned procurement costs will be too high, generally authorized to providedirect procurement, but also should be formed by independent random unannounced visits to the personnel system; 6, on the The above factors determine the target price, and in consultation with the relevant suppliers in order to achieve the best price. (C) ProcurementInquiry procedure is completed, procurement departments are required to make the following decisions: 1, according to the assets is stored, identify the procurement of goods andquantity of the batch; 2, according to inquiry control system, choose the most beneficialto production and lowest cost suppliers; 3, will be invited to purchase a single retirement requisitioning departments together to show their reply; a joint preparations for the financial sector retirement funds; a joint purchasing department as the basis for the signing of purchase and sales contracts.(D) ContractPurchasing departments should promptly signed a contract with the supplier, the contract must be in accordance with the provisions of the procurement authority by the authorized persons at all levels of approval to. Contract type a triple, a cross-vendor delivery request, a hand from the custody of the purchasing department is responsible for the implementation of the contract, a contract by the Finance department to oversee the implementation. Small number of certain purchases, are not frequently purchased items, you can not sign a contract and direct purchase, in order to simplify procedures, speed up the purchase rate. Some enterprises in order to replace purchase orders for contracts, order the elements must be designed to complete, usually a type triple, and numbered consecutively.(E) AcceptanceAcceptance officer under orders, contracts and other documents onthe procurement of goods varieties, specifications, quality and other relevant content inspection. Inspection personnel to points, had said or measuring the number of items and other means to verify the correctness. The extent possible, the quality of goods within the inspection. Experience, items collected by the acceptance of entry, according to members of a single acceptance.Acceptance of a single check and accept the custody officer underthe quantity and quality of physical and fill storage lists, and specify the supplier name, receipt date, item name, quantity, quality, and so on. Warehousing unitary triple, a joint retention of registered warehouse ledger; a joint by the Finance department, handle settlement; a joint return the purchasing department with the purchase and sale contracts, requisitions after the induction for the record check.(F) paymentsFinancial sector invoices, shipping orders, acceptance of orders, storage, and other relevant documents a single examination, and contract reconciliation, approval by the companiesauthorized to handle settlement provider. Payment after theexpiration of timely payments in order to maintain good business credit. Procurement need to pay in advance or deposit shall be paid only after proper authorization, and must be received from suppliers related to the Notes. For enterprises to adopt credit purchase items, thus theformation of the debt settlement business must also be strengthened controls. Specific requirements are:1, recorded accounts payable invoices and other documents must be authorized by the Company are recorded only after approval; 2, by specialized personnel on a regular basiswith suppliers check their accounts, if the reconciliation was found, it should promptly identify the cause clarify responsibilities,according to the relevant regulations to ensure that the accounts ofboth sides in line; 3, according to both a pre-agreed conditions and timely liquidation of debt, payment arrears, the basis of the relevant certificate, the registration books of account.In practice, enterprises should be based on the procurement and payment business, the specific characteristics, and constantly improve and revise its system of internal accounting controls to ensure that business activities in an orderly and efficient operation.References:1, the Ministry of Finance. Internal accounting control standards - the basic norm (trial).Accounting (2001) 41.2, the Ministry of Finance. Internal accounting control standards - Procurement and Payment (trial). Accounting (2002), No. 21.3, internal accounting control system Practice [M]. Democracy andthe building of Press,2004.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia企业购买和支付的内部会计控制系统设计Lars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia摘要本文讨论了采购和付款的基本系统的内部会计控制，并根据其业务流程，详细说明了实施相关的控制点控制措施。
企业集团财务管理研究外文文献翻译2015年中文译文3600字
文献出处:Cohen R, Wright A. The Research of Enterprise Group Financial Management [J]. Journal of Management, 2015, 3(2): 40-55.原文The Research of Enterprise Group Financial ManagementCohen R, Wright AAbstractEconomic globalization, making the information flow, cash flow, logistics, etc are beyond geographical high-speed flow. In this economic environment, the enterprise group's investment and financing, the production and business operation decision as fast and exact, and the decision depends on the quick access to information quickly; Must depend on access to information. In this case, the enterprise group is responsible for internal and external financial information collection; to generate the importance of financial management work is all the more important. Appropriate mode of enterprise group financial management can help enterprise group effectively avoid the financial risk in the process of development, improve the management benefit, improve market competitiveness, thus enabling enterprise groups become bigger and stronger, and keep its healthy and sustainable development.Key words: Enterprise group; financial management; Mode selection1IntroductionAt the beginning of the 20th century, the enterprise group is the important form of the modern economic organization form in European and American some developed industrialized countries. Then this kind of enterprise groups all over the world plays an important role in the economic activities. Some big group and big enterprises with its huge capital strength, advanced technology strength, large organization structure, the first-class management level, and diversified cultural background, have different national, regional and national economic and social life has a great influence. Large, very large, and even multinational enterprise group, play an important role in the world economy. It can be said that a country has the quality and quantity of enterprise group, reflected the country's market economy developmentlevel and the comprehensive competition ability of the enterprise. In order to enhance the management level, improve the competitive ability of enterprises, enterprise group’s calls for a new management mode, and as the management the core of financial management, the eager degree is higher. So, we must explore under the enterprise group financial management mode, study what kind of financial management model can apply to the enterprise group, to meet the rapid development of modern enterprise group.2 Literature reviewAs early as in 1910, the American scholar mead (Meade) published the first studies the financing of a company's financial management work of the company's financial, David (Dewing) in 1938 and Leon (Lyon) published the company's financial policy and the company and its financial problems. These works mainly studies how to raise capital, formed as to research in corporate finance as the center of the traditional financial management theory "school of thought.1929-1933 economic crisis, many companies have realized that the task of financial management and is not only the financing problems, scientific management should also include the funds and the use, only pay attention to the efficient use of funds, keep reasonable capital structure, and strictly control the financial revenues and expenditures, to make the business in an impregnable position.30 s, therefore, the focus of the financial management started from expansionary external finance, the defensive internal control transfer of funds, all kinds of financial goals and budget, debt restructuring, asset appraisal, and maintaining the solvency problems, has become the important content of financial management research during this period. From the stock market appears in the 1950 s, with emphasis on the corporate finance, financial management pattern research, to mature market economy, with emphasis on the cash management, financial management pattern research, to form the system of investment activities, with emphasis on the capital management, financial management pattern research and development to today, with the economic globalization puts forward new requirements of enterprise group financial management mode. From 1958 to 1961, Miller and Modigliani Miller (Modigliani) through a large number of empiricalresearch, puts forward the famous MM theorem, namely in the efficient securities market, the company's capital structure and dividend policy have nothing to do. During this period, in order to study the financial decision-making as the main content of "new financial theory" has been formed, the essence of which is pay attention to the beforehand control of financial management, emphasis will be closely connected with its economic environment, with asset management decisions as the center, the financial management theory to promote a big step-In 1964 and 1965, the famous American financial management experts sharp (William. F.S harped) and linter (J.L inner) in Ma Kiwi done in-depth research, on the basis of the capital asset pricing model is proposed. The emergence of this theory marks another leap forward development of financial management theory. By financial management expert’s sharp capital asset pricing: risk under the condition of market equilibrium theory is considered to form makes a significant contribution to the theory of financial management. After the 70 s, financial tool innovation make the company contact in financial markets is increasingly strengthened. Warrants, financial futures and is widely used in corporate finance and foreign investment activity, promote the developing and perfecting financial management theory. Black (F.B lack) and others created the option pricing model; Ross arbitrage pricing theory is proposed. After the 80 s, the enterprise financial management into a new stage of deepening development, and development in the direction of internationalization, high-precision, computerization and networking. Increasingly along with the economic globalization, international trade and multinational business active unprecedented, foreign exchange risk management, investment analysis, international company financial performance evaluation, etc, become the focus of the financial management, to create a new financial management -- international financial management; With mathematical method, optimization theory and computer and other advanced methods and means in the application of financial management, the company began to develop in the direction of accurate financial analysis.3 Enterprise group financial management objectives and principles3.1 The goal of enterprise group financial managementGoal refers to the behavior or to achieve the desired results. Enterprise group financial management goal is to show the enterprise group to achieve the purpose of through a series of financial activities. For enterprise group, the financial management goal should include two levels, the first level is the enterprise group, the basic goal, auxiliary target at the second level is the enterprise group.Basic target enterprise group and single enterprise financial management goal is consistent, namely with minimal input to obtain the biggest benefit. As more corporate economic association, the enterprise group is to profit as the goal, the financial management goal is associated with enterprise multiple interest groups, is that the interest groups work together and the result of compromise. In a certain time and certain conditions, a certain interest groups may play a leading role, but from the point of enterprise long-term development, not only emphasize particular interest group interests, while ignoring other group's interest. In theory, the goal of the various interest groups is willing to compromise for the long-term stable development of enterprises and enterprise value increasing, the various interest groups to achieve their ultimate goal. So, to the enterprise value maximization as the goal of financial management, than to maximize shareholder wealth as a more scientific financial management target. Enterprise value maximization is reasonable on the enterprise financial management, using the optimal financial policy, gives full consideration to the time value of money and the relationship between risk and reward, on the basis of the guarantee enterprise long-term stable development of the enterprise value maximum.3.2 The principle of enterprise group financial management3.2.1 Integrity principleEnterprise group as a benefit-sharing, risk-sharing legal interests, their financial behavior not only stand in the perspective of member enterprises, and should be based on the interests of the whole enterprise group should be even from the perspective of the whole social stability and healthy development of the economic consideration. Local are subject to the needs of the whole, a single enterprise to obey the needs of the development of enterprise groups, enterprise group are subject to the needs of social development.3.2.2 Non-profit principleEnterprise group as the main body of market economy, the pursuit of economic interests, drive the risk-averse is the eternal law, is the foundation of its existence and development. It contains two meanings: one is the enterprise group in foreign investment or other associated with external yields should consider when financial activities;2 it is enterprise group in the internal financing, borrow money to consider these activities can bring economic benefits to enterprise groups, should be appropriate to introduce the market mechanism.3.2.3 Balance principleEnterprise group members in the size, position, there are differences in such aspects as development stage, so the enterprise group financial management should pay attention to the balance principle, on the one hand, the enterprise group financial management process, should not only to the enterprise group's "sunrise industry", "chatoyant enterprise" areas, and to maintain fairness and justice, to ensure member enterprise responsibility, right and benefit, the combination of privileges given to individual companies to prevent, affect the enthusiasm of other members of the enterprise; Enterprise group financial management, on the other hand, both must strictly implement the rules and the relevant financial policies, systems, and flexible according to different conditions to coordinate the relationship between the various stakeholders.3.2.4 Long-term principleEnterprise group established aim is to achieve integration of resources integration synergy effect and management, achieve scale economic benefit, and to establish the group's overall market competitive advantage, which can be in an impregnable position in the market competition, long-term existence and continuous development, so the enterprise group financial management to obey and serve the long-term development strategy of enterprise group, don't care about a moment of gain and loss, short-term financial arrangements are subject to long-term planning.4 The main content of the enterprise group financial management mode4.1 The financial management targetFinancial management goal is to show the enterprise financial management activities can hope to achieve the result of the research on financial management goal, is helpful to optimize the structure of financial management theory and effectively guide the financial management practice; Scientifically set up financial management goal, which is beneficial to optimize the financial behavior, and thereby forms a benign circle of financial management. On enterprise financial goals, at present there are mainly three kinds of different points of view: the profit maximization, stockholder wealth maximization, and maximize the enterprise value. However enterprise group in the economic system and enterprise different development period, the enterprise group with other ownership enterprises in the financial management target is different, enterprise group should be based on the actual itself, establish enterprise group financial management target.4.2 The financial management organizationFinancial management organization structure is the operation of enterprise financial management organization guarantee, is the financial management mode of external performance and visual performance. Group of financial institutions should be according to the different situation of enterprise group and the group's hierarchy to build. Group financial organizations set usually has two forms: one is the development of the enterprise group is a principal company (enterprises) as the core, the development of enterprise group of various functional departments will be attached to the main body on the various functions of the company management department, then the main body enterprise established by the finance department is not only the main body of enterprise, and enterprise group finance department.2 it is enterprise group is made up of different industries or different products multiple enterprise established, group finance department to reset at this moment, how to set up, by the group company according to the specific situation to decide. Generally speaking, in a major enterprises as the core, the subsidiary is less, mutual relations between the production and operation of close group, the main body of enterprise financial. Larger workload, his management quality directly affects the group's financial position and performance, group, then more tend to use the first form. Butwhen enterprise group to large-scale development, subsidiary, more diversified, between the independence of the strong, group is to set up independent strong financial management department.4.3 The financial management systemEnterprise group financial management system is refers to the management of headquarters or parent company of enterprise group financial management of all aspects of Quenelle relations, regulating the subsidiary members of the basic system of enterprise financing behavior as determined, referred to as "financial management system, including the financial organization system, financial decision-making system, financial control system of three main aspects.4.4 The financial strategyEnterprise group is aimed at giving full play to the advantages of resources aggregation, in order to make the resources of the enterprise group can really together and benefit, group headquarters must be of strategic management in the first place, that is, financial management must be to serve the group's business strategy for the purpose to develop their own financial strategy. Financial strategy is the enterprise in order to win in the fierce competition to obtain long-term gains as the guidance, through to the enterprise of the industry environment, their own capabilities and resources to carry on the full analysis, in view of the enterprise financing, investment and financial activities such as the allocation of funds make a set of system, long term action plan. When making enterprise financial strategy must take into consideration of the enterprise group may encounter difficulties. Enterprise financial strategy basically has the following three types: type expansionary financial strategy, tighter financial strategy, the steady financial strategy.5 Enterprise group financial management modesEnterprise group financial management to the market as the guide, to the capital as the link, with modern enterprise system as the guarantee, the rational allocation of enterprise group assets, giving full play to the advantages of group, improve the efficiency of capital operation, according to the group company and between members of the enterprise financial management purview division is different, thedomestic enterprise group financial management mode can be divided into "authoritarian" and "distributed" and "harmony" three kinds of type.5.1 "Authoritarian" financial management modesAdopt the mode of enterprise group, most of the focus on the parent company, financial rights to take strict control and unified management, subsidiary to the parent company in the centralized financial management mode, the rights of the parent company, with its original capital subsidiary will be major financial focus to the parent company, and the infiltration of the parent company financial management rights and extends to the subsidiary. Group the board of directors of the company divided the body of the purse strings is dashing (or manager), general manager, deputy general manager, financial manager (finance department) and the financial functional departments, the four levels are the exercise of the body of the purse strings. Lead to enterprise group financial management centralized principle is: to ensure the consistency of enterprise group internal financial target, reduce the enterprise internal members of the phenomenon of "insider control”; to achieve the maximization of corporate interests; to effectively concentrated resources for the strategic adjustment of investment direction.5.2 "Distributed" financial management modeDistributed mode, financial management is to point to in accordance with the principle of importance for the member enterprises group co., LTD. And appropriate to the division of financial control, management and decision-making, group company just focus on the direction and strategic issues. Adopt the mode of enterprise group, subsidiary has sufficient financial management decision-making power, and the management of the subsidiary to the parent company is given priority to with indirect management. It gives the subsidiary fully financial freedom, play the enthusiasm of the subsidiary, make it adapt to the complex financial environment, the parent company mainly in accordance with the contract specifications such as subsidiary financial behavior.5.3 "Compatibility" type financial management modes"Harmony" is centralized and decentralized financial management financialmanagement. This is mainly due to the above two models appeared more obvious flaws, this model only arises at the historic moment.” Harmony" is refers to the enterprise group financial management according to the product, service, customer or region is divided into business department, autonomy in operation of the large enterprise group headquarters awarded the department, to be able to like independent enterprises operate independently according to the market situation, have the authority of financial decisions. According to the parent company centralized degree is different, this kind of management model and can be divided into two types of relative centralization and relative separation of powers. Relatively centralized model mainly embodies the advantages of centralized, avoided due to power is too concentrated, a subsidiary of a lack of enthusiasm and vitality, but also to carry out effective control subsidiary to the parent company. Relatively decentralized model not only reflects the decentralized advantages, and strengthen the group's internal coordination.译文企业集团财务管理研究Cohen R, Wright A摘要经济全球化，使得信息流、资金流、物流等都在跨越地域高速流动。
企业管理外文文献及翻译
LNTU---Acc附录A论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建企业作为盈利性组织，其目标是追求经济效益，企业的经济效益集中体现在经营业绩上。
业绩，也称为效绩，绩效、成效等，反映的是人们从事某一活动所取得的成绩或成果，经营业绩是企业在一定时期内利用其有限的资源从事经营活动取得的成果，表现为企业经营效益和经营者业绩两方面。
《辞海》中对“评价”的解释是：“评定货物的价格、还价。
今也指衡量人物或事物的价值。
”价格是价值的货币表现，评价实际上是一个判定价值的过程，就如《现代汉语词典》中的解释：“评价”是“评定价值高低、评定的价值”，管理活动中的评价是指根据确定的目标来测定对象系统的属性，并将这种属性变为客观定量的价值或者主观效用的行为。
评价作为判定人或事物价值的一种观念性活动，包括确定评价目的、选定评价标准(或评价参照系统)，获取评价信息，形成价值判断四个环节。
企业经营业绩评价是指运用科学，规范的评价方法，采用特定的指标体系，对照统一的评价标准，按照一定的程序，进行定量及定性分析，对企业一定经营期间的经营效益和经营者业绩作出真实、客观、公正的综合评判。
它是评价理论方法在经济领域的具体应用，它是在会计学和财务管理的基础上，运用计量经济学原理和现代分析技术而建立起来的剖析企业经营过程，真实反映企业现实经济状况，预测企业未来发展前景的一门科学。
建立和推行企业经营业绩评价制度，科学的评判企业经营成果，有助于正确引导企业经营行为，帮助企业寻找经营差距及产生的原因，提高经济效益。
同时，也为各有关部门对企业实施间接管理，加强宏观调控、制定经济政策和考核企业经营管理者业绩提供依据。
企业经营业绩评价系统的构建与实施必须建立在一定的理论基础之上，符合一定的原则，才能发挥其良好的功能，从而使业绩评价“客观”、“公平”、“合理”。
1企业经营业绩评价系统的理论基础(1) 资本保全理论在市场经济条件下，企业是出资者的企业，是一个资本集合体，所有者是惟一的剩余风险承担者和剩余权益享受者，出资者利益是企业最高利益。
企业财务管理_外文献翻译
The Organization of Financial management modeAbstractSMEs as a whole have made outstanding contributions to the economic development of countries．In an economic globalization era，more and more countries pay attention to the role of SMEs．Although American SMEs played a major role in promoting the country’S economic development，many American SMEs simply pursuit the considerable portion of sales and market share and ignored the core position of the financial management．The management sense is rigid，and enterprise management limited to the production and operation of the management structure，enterprise financial management and risk control have not been fully used，which lead to negative effects on SMEs credit and financing channels．The reason is the lack of an effective financial management support．Therefore，deepen financial reform，explored the financial potential，improved the level of financial management，reform T he mode of finance management’operation，and build up the financial management mode which suit to the present status of amerian SMEs are the top priority．Key words：SMEs；financial management；financial management modeConcept of small and medium scale businessSmall and medium scale enterprise have been defined in various ways by various people and government agency just as It has been worked on in various ways by different nation. Micro business has been recognized, a small firm is recognized as well as medium scale business. However, our work will cover both the micro business or small-scale business and the medium scale business.The most comprehensive study of small firms in the United Kingdom was that carried out by the Bolton Committee (1971). The committee defined "small firms" “as one with not more than 200 employees".Financial managementThe financial management of financial activities and financial relations based on the objective existence of the enterprise in the production process,is organization enterprise fund activities to deal with an economic management of the enterprises and the various aspects of the financial relationship and is an important part of enterprise management.Financial management modeFinancial management mode under the guidance of managers in certain financial management thought,of Corporate Financial Management Standard, financial management objects and financial management methods to integration promote effective financial management activities, reasonable running of a state.Present problems1.One-sided pursuit of "hot" industry, regardless of objective conditions and their own ability, ignoring the impact of the national macro-control of enterprise development, and that what the industry can do, what the industry can do a good job. Some enterprises even one-sided that state regulation of what should be on what can certainly make money. Second, the scale of investment in the project, capital structure, the construction period, as well as sources of funding, lack of scientific planning and deployment, the lack of reliable forecasts of the cash flow of the project construction and operation of process that will take place hastily. Once the state has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the tightening of bank credit, construction funds can not be scheduled in place, businesses face a dilemma, even causing huge economic losses. Not only the enterprises themselves to pay a heavy price, some banks will also be dragged into the quagmire.2.Weak awareness of financial risks, the business has always been run in a high-risk area.Enterprises to develop, it is inevitable to liability business, make full use of the role of financial leverage. However, some companies, regardless of the cost,at all costs, do not consider their own ability to repay, and do everything possible to obtain loans from banks. Some companies do not even understand the "debt to repay" the most simple and obvious truth, that to obtain loans from the bank is to make a profit, and only to consider how loans get their hands on, and did not seriously consider how to make limited funds play a benefit more did not consider how to repay. Borrowed funds can not play an effective role, some companies have entered a vicious cycle to rely on loans to survive. As a result, debt-ridden, great financial risk.3.Weak financial controls. Strictly for cash management, the formation of unused funds or insufficient. Some companies believe that cash as possible, resulting in idle cash, did not participate in the production of turnover; does not establish a strict credit policy, the lack of effective collection measures, receivables can not be cashed, or the formation of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable turnover is slow, the recovery of funds difficult. Inventory control is weak, cause funding sluggish.Countermeasures to address financial management issues1.Narrow financing channels for SMEs, a direct impact on the quality of financial management. Also become a bottleneck restricting the development of small and um-sized enterprises. The SMEs operating small-scale, poor to withstand market risks, should be based on their characteristics as much as possible the funds devoted to the short payback period, a relatively low-risk projects, improve capital efficiency, effectively broaden the corporate finance.2.SMEs to establish medium-and long-term goals, and properly handle the current and long-term interests to establish confidence in investing. Basis, the analysis of the enterprise's own operating conditions to be true of the financial indicators provided by the finance department to determine their own investment approach. Should invest in the project feasibility analysis, analysis from the advanced nature of the products, market productivity and market competitiveness, scientific forecasting and decision-making, large project on the degree of risk, the decision facing the uncertainty of the risk program should take the initiative avoided. Dispersing funds toreduce investment risk. Investment diversification is the effective way for modern enterprises to reduce investment risk and control investment risk.3.Accountants must be familiar with and comply with national laws and regulations, compliance with the financial discipline and system, to comply with professional ethics, good business qualities, which are the basic requirements for the implementation of financial innovation project, but also the ability to innovate and the spirit of innovation.4.To establish the positions of division of labor system and the system of rotation, especially for incompatible positions, such as accounting and cashier, you can not let a person who should have a certain period of time and for the same job, the same individuals as the time, to the period should be rotated. Standardize accounting. Raise the level of basic accounting work.Writer: Yoshihiro Francis FukuyamaFrom: Economic Research.2009中小型企业财务管理模式的探析摘要中小企业作为一个整体的组织.在经济全球化时代的经济发展做出了突出贡献，越来越多的国家重视中小企业.虽然中小企业发挥了重要作用，促进经济发展，但是许多中小企业的作用相当一部分单纯追求销量和市场份额而忽略核心地位的财务管理。
企业财务管理研究外文文献翻译
文献出处：Bromiley P, McShane M. Enterprise Risk Management: Review, Critique, and Research Directions[J]. Long Range Planning, 2015，12（03）：61-71.原文The Research of Enterprise Financial ManagementBromiley P, McShane MAbstractEnterprise production and operation process of socialization and modernization level is continuously improved, enterprise financial management and control in the core position in the enterprise management has been gradually revealed. Practice has proved that by strengthening financial management and control is advantageous to the enterprise reasonable and effective use of funds, increasing the use of funds effect; Is advantageous to the enterprise budget, and strive to reduce costs; Easier to find the problems existing in the production and operation enterprises, reduce the economic loss; Is beneficial to improve the level of enterprise production and management, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Financial management is the core of enterprise management, seize the financial management, and seize the key to enterprise management.Key words: enterprise financial management; Money management;1IntroductionEnterprise financial management work of the importance of modern enterprise is a lawfully established for the purpose of profit, is engaged in the production and business operation activities of the independent accounting economic organization, its starting point and develops well is the profit. Enterprises in order to achieve the purpose of its survival and development and implementation of management of its final result to financial index to reflect, and financial management object is the enterprise of cash (or cash) and benign circulation and turnover process, so also has established the corresponding the core position of financial management in enterprise management. Enterprise production management is the process of capital movement and value-added process, management and financial management, as a kind of value form into all production and business operation activities, it is implementationmanagement means on the one hand, through the control of the enterprise production and business operation activities of each link, standardize enterprise management, on the other hand, through the scientific financial analysis, provide the basis for enterprise production and management decision-making, it is through the financial management work to make the management of enterprise production and operation have full control over the whole process.2 Related theories2.1 The fine financial managementThe fine financial management is to "fine" as the foundation, do meticulous, for every post, every business, have set up a corresponding with the work process and business norms, practices the key in implementing, and to extend the scope of financial management to unit of each area, fully exercise the financial supervision function, to make the development of financial management and service function, realize financial management no dead Angle, explore the potential value of the financial activities.As a way of modern financial management, the fine financial management is modern enterprise constantly explore the process of adapting to the market economy development, and is suitable for the market rules and the requirements of the development of enterprise financial management, efforts to promote the fine financial management, to improve enterprise financial management ability, is significant to promote enterprise development, at the same time can also keep to further reform and opening up, promote the internationalization of our country economy level unceasingly, really realize the sustainable development of economy in our country. 2.2 The enterprise value maximizationEnterprise value maximization is reasonable on the enterprise financial management, adopt the optimum financial policy, and give full consideration to the relationship between the value of money and pay, in ensuring long-term stable development of enterprises to maximize the enterprise value. The advantages of the enterprise value maximization is that it considers the paid time and risk, to overcome the short-term behavior in the pursuit of profit. Economic added value maximizationgoal refers to the enterprise by means of the reasonable financial management, take the optimization of financial policy, give full consideration to the time value of money and the relationship between risk and reward, on the basis of the guarantee enterprise long-term stable development, the pursuit of a certain period of time has created the maximization of economic value added and the ratio of the invested capital.3 Enterprise financial management statuses3.1 Status of financial management, enterprise management goal is not clearIn the past most of the companies did not improve the status of financial management to an important problem of position, just think corporate profit is good, as long as don't consider reasonable fund raising and reasonable application, regardless of the benefit maximization problem. Lead to some enterprises for the sake of short-term profit after facing the danger of collapse. And although many enterprise financial management attaches great importance to, but for the financial management target is fuzzy.3.2 The lack of a sound and effective budget management systemMany enterprises not to establish and perfect effective budget management system, enterprise management with no clear goal and direction, entirely by "follow", to advance planning and matter controls, afterwards, analyze and audit is in order to cope with the task of "above", bring a lot of enterprise financial management risk. Some companies even compiled the budget, but as a result of budget management system is not sound, or budget is the financial department shall, according to the management intention "behind closed doors", can't reach the effect of beforehand control, the so-called budget only become "decoration" or "face project".3.3 Money is messy, the use of inefficientSaving is the biggest save money, a waste of money is the biggest waste. In the currency as the medium of the market economy condition, enterprise operation must be firmly established with the concept of capital as the core, maximum limit the use efficiency of the pursuit of money. At present, the needs of the enterprise group funds centralized management and multistage corporate funds dispersed to take up its internal contradiction has become the most prominent problems in the presententerprise financial fund management investment decision-making optional the gender is big, some enterprises regardless of their own ability and the development goals, blind investment, keen to spread new stall, investments, more serious loss, compounded of already very tense capital position. Capital precipitation, takes up unreasonable, high of payment default, finished goods continued to grow, capital turnover is slow, enterprise credit and profitability decline.3.4 Distortion of accounting information, disclosure delayMany enterprises did not form a unified accounting and financial reporting system, and not build a unified financial management system, totally "free" in the group members, by financial personnel according to their own ideas to establish financial accounting and management system, lead to each member's financial information between businesses than, data and information disorder; Plus members affected by the "personal interest", insisting that the performance of rise, make the accounts receivable is high and increasing the enterprise financing costs, management costs and bad debt losses, on the other hand, the members of the enterprise financial personnel adjustment index through a variety of artificial means, cause the distortion of accounting data, report false, completely cover up the real operating conditions of the enterprise. If the enterprise can't solve the problem of distortion of accounting information in time, will lead to policy maker’s mistake, for the survival and development of the enterprise is very bad.4 The improvement of the enterprise financial management measures4.1 The financial management personnel must set up the modern financial management the new ideaThe establishment of modern enterprise system not only gives enterprise active rights, as well as the modern enterprise financial management in a rapidly changing, highly risky market economy environment. These put forward higher requirements for enterprise financial management personnel, financial personnel must be established to adapt to finance a new concept of the knowledge economy era. To strengthen information idea, in the modern society, economic information is a commodity; the accounting information is also a commodity. Any commodity value, accountinginformation has value. On the one hand, financial personnel through the rapid, accurate and comprehensive information collection, provide the basis for enterprise financing and investment decisions. Analysis of enterprise production and operation situation, on the other hand, the information provided by, become the enterprises to improve management decision-making basis, have a significant impact to the enterprise management strategy, objectively to create value for the enterprise.4.2 Led to budget as the main body, implements the comprehensive budget managementUnder the market economy system, the allocation of resources will become complicated, management function diversity, only implements the comprehensive budget management, to carry out effective control, the main work is: first, making enterprise management budget; Second, in an orderly way of budget management, including the implementation of budget tracking, analysis, evaluation and assessment; Third, fix the settlement of the monthly, quarterly and annual accounts. By budget control and avoid waste and loss, increase savings, increasing earnings and practicing economy, ensure the realization of enterprise economic benefits.4.3 Make capital use plan, optimizing the allocation of fundsEnterprise can control the amount of money at any time is limited, but the demand for money is unlimited, the enterprise should through scientific analysis of the prediction, the disposable funds raised together effectively, maintain reasonable configuration structure. Including fixed capital and liquidity structure, capital structure, reserves and production in stock funds and quick assets structure, declines at the same time, determine the structure of capital plan, and break it down to the relevant units, for minimum cost and footprint, realize the biggest capital gains. Strengthening the management of procurement funds. A merit, Zelman, choose close to purchase materials, to prevent indirect procurement, procurement blindly, compressed procurement costs, cut down the cost of purchasing, locked good capital expenditures mainstream. Strengthening the management of production capital. Enterprises should start from the implementation of economic responsibility system, in order to reduce the consumption as the breakthrough point, in order to improve thelabor productivity as the basis, focusing on compression controllable costs, reduce production costs, thereby reducing production funds utilization. Strictly control the daily cost, implement cost and expenditure, saving the prize, overruns the report; For some expenses are tough freezing method, which in a certain period of time will not be spending, promote management thrift, lavish in preventing the black sheep of his family.4.4 To actively promote the enterprise's financial and business integration of the workFinancial management is the highest level of the perfect combination of business and finance, that is, financial and business integration. Therefore, unified financial management software, computer is applied to implement financial information and business process integration, and gradually introduce, digest, development, using international advanced ERP system software, is the basic direction of the development of the enterprise internal information. Enterprises should be combined with practice, actively introduce the development use unified integration of financial and business management software, gradually realize the whole process of production and operation of information flow, logistics, capital integration and data sharing, security enterprise budget, settlement, monitoring and so on financial management work standardization, efficient. Enterprises with financial management as the center, with an emphasis on cost control, realizes the financial system and sales system, supply and production of data sharing, unified management.译文企业财务管理研究Bromiley P, McShane M.摘要企业生产经营过程社会化程度和现代化水平正不断得以提高，企业财务管理与控制在企业管理中的核心地位已逐渐显示出来。
财务管理外文文献翻译
财务管理外文文献翻译财务管理外文文献翻译附件1：外文资料翻译译文财务报表分析A.财务比率我们需要使用财务比率来分析财务报表，比较财务报表的分析方法不能真正有效的得出想要的结果，除非采取的是研究在报表中项目与项目之间关系的形式。
例如，只是知道史密斯公司在一个特定的日期中拥有10000美元的现金余额，对我们是没有多大价值的。
但是，假如我们知道，这种余额在这种平衡中有4%的流动负债，而一年前的现金余额有25%的流动负债。
由于银行家对公司通常要求现金余额保持在银行信用度的20%，不管使用或不使用，如果公司的财务状况出现问题，我们可以立即发现。
我们可以对比比较财务报表中的项目，作出如下结论：1. 项目之间的资产负债表比较：a）在资产负债表中的一个日期之间的比较，例如项目，现金与流动负债相比； b）同一项目在资产负债表中一个日期与另一个日期之间的比较，例如，现在的现金与一年前比较；c）比较两个项目之间在资产负债表中一个日期和一个相似比率在资产负债表中的另一个日期的比率，例如，现在现金流动负债的比率与另一个项目一年前的相似比率和已经标记的现金状况趋势的比较。
2．项目报表中收入和支出的比较：a）一定时期中的报表项目的比较；b）同一项目在报表中现阶段与上个阶段的比较；c）报表中项目之间的比率与去年相似比率的比较；3．资产负债表中的项目与报表中收入和支出项目的比较：a）在这些报表项目之间的一个给定的时间内，例如，今年净利润可能以百分比计算今年净值；b）两个报表中项目之间的比率在这几年时间的比较，例如，净利润的比率占今年净值的百分比与去年或者前年的相似比率的比较如果我们采用上述比较或比率，然后依次比较它们，我们的比较分析结果将获得重要意义：1. 这样的数据比较是报表缺少的，但这种数据对于金融史和条件判断是十分重要的，例如，商业周期的阶段性；2. 使用财务财务比率分析财务报表，从竞争角度，人民比较关注类似业务的比较。
财务报表的比较可能被表示成项目之间的比较，例如，现金状况除以流动负债项目总产品的现金使所得出的商来表示总现金的项目测试。
企业财务风险管理 外文文献翻译
文献出处：Błach J. Financial Risk Identification Based on the Balance Sheet Information[J]. Managing and Modelling of Financial Risks, 2016,1: 10-19.第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。
默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。
基于资产负债表信息的财务风险识别摘要：现代经济风险暴露不断增加，所有企业都要承担不同类型的风险。
本文研究财务风险的定义，组成部分，因素和后果，以及通过资产负债表提供的信息的使用来识别和分析财务风险。
此外，还介绍了这种财务风险评估方法的优缺点，以100个最大波兰公司10年（2000-2009年）的汇总数据为例，测试了根据资产负债表信息确定财务风险的潜力。
关键词：财务风险，财务分析，风险评估，资产负债表。
1. 引言现代社会往往被描述为“风险社会”，这意味着社会的财富生产伴随着社会风险生产。
因此，在这种环境下经营的企业，被迫采取不同类型的风险识别，以发展自己，提高效率。
考虑到不同类型的标准，有各种各样的企业风险进行分析和分类。
企业风险最重要的类型之一是财务风险。
2.财务风险定义及其组成部分文献中没有统一的财务风险定义。
但问题始于风险的一般定义。
在理论上，提出了风险定义的两个概念。
第一个-负面概念将风险描述为潜在损失的威胁。
第二个-中立概念表明，风险不仅是威胁，也是机会，所以风险意味着获得不同于预期的结果的可能性。
因此，风险的定义主要取决于风险的方法，并且可能导致管理者采取的不同行动。
如果采取负面做法，管理人员的主要目标是尽可能减少潜在的损失，并设法避免危险行为，以稳定公司的情况。
在第二种情况下，经理们不仅要尽量减少损失，还要尽量利用承担风险，改善公司状况。
因此，可以从中性或消极的角度分析任何类型的风险的金融风险。
现代企业财务管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
现代企业财务管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Discussion on the Modern Enterprise Financial ControlRyanDavidson ,JennyGoodwin-Stewart ,PamelaKentThis paper discusses the The modern enterprise is becoming China's economic development in the process of an important new force. However, with the modern enterprise investment on the scale of the expansion and extension of the growing investment levels, the modern enterprise financial control is becoming increasingly urgent. This is common in state-owned enterprise groups and private enterprise groups, a common predicament. At present, the modern enterprise is becoming China's enterprises to compete in the international market, the leading force. In a market economy under the conditions of modern business success or failure depends largely on the Group's financial management and financial control is a modern enterprise financial management of the link. Many of the modern enterprise bystrengthening the financial control so that the Group significant increase efficiency, and even some loss-making by strengthening the financial control of the modern enterprise to enable companies to achieve profitability. In this paper, expounding China's modern enterprises the main problems of financial control, based on the choice of financial control method was summarized and analyzed the content of the modern enterprise financial controls, the final resolution of the financial control mode selected key factors for the modern enterprise the improvement of financial control to provide a degree of meaningful views.1 IntroductionWith China's accession to WTO, China's enterprise groups must be on the world stage to compete with TNCs from developed countries. At present the development of enterprise groups in China is not satisfactory, although there are national policies and institutional reasons, but more important is its financial management in particular, caused by inadequate financial controls. For a long time, China's enterprise group cohesion is not strong, their respective subsidiaries within the Group for the array, can not play the whole advantage; redundant construction and haphazard introduction of frequent, small investments, decentralized prominent problem: financial management is chaotic, resulting in frequent loss of control, a waste of money the phenomenon of serious; ineffective financial control, financial management loopholes. In recent years, enterprise group's financial control has been our country's financial circles. In short, the problem of exploration in our country has obvious practical significance. Clearly, China's modern enterprise financial controls are the main problem is to solve the problem of financial control method based on the choice of financial control method is the key financial control of the modern enterprise content is content, while the financial control method of choice is the ultimate ownership of the main factors that point, This train of thought here on the modern enterprise's financial control method were analyzed.2. An overview of the modern enterprise financial controlInternal control over financial control is an important part, is a subsidiary of parent company control of an important part of its financial management system is the core of. The concept of modern enterprise financial controls in accordance with the traditional definition, financial control refers to the "Financial Officers (sector) through the financial regulations, financial systems, financial scale, financial planning goals of capital movement (or the daily financial activities, and cash flow) for guidance, organization, supervision and discipline, to ensure that the financial plan (goals) to achieve the management activities. financial control is an important part of financial management or basic functions, and financial projections, financial decision-making, financial analysis and evaluation together with a financial management system or all the functions.The modern enterprise's financial control is in the investor's ownership and corporate property rights based on the generated surrounding the Group's overallobjective, using a variety of financial means, the members of the enterprise's economic activities, regulation, guidance, control and supervision, so that it Management Group's development activities are consistent with the overall goal of maintaining the group as a whole. Financial control is a power to control one side of the side control, inevitably based on one or several powers. Financial control is essentially related to the interests of enterprises in the organization, the conduct of control, namely, by controlling the financial activities of the assets, personnel actions, to coordinate the objectives of the parties to ensure that business goals. The modern enterprise financial control includes two aspects: the owner funded financial control and corporate managers financial control. From the donors point of view, the essence of the modern enterprise is characterized by investor and corporate property rights of ownership and separation. Investors will invest its capital to the enterprise after their capital combined with debt capital, constitute the enterprise's capital, the formation of corporate business assets is funded by corporate property, then lost direct control over the funders in order to achieve itsCapital maintenance and appreciation of the goal, only through control of its capital manipulation of corporate assets in order to achieve the maximum capital value donors. The control of capital controls is an important property is the prerequisite and foundation for financial control. From the perspective of internal management of enterprises and its financial control target is the legal property of its operations.3 China's modern enterprises the main problems of financial controlAt present, the modern enterprise is becoming China's enterprises to compete in the international market, the leading force. In a market economy under the conditions of modern business success or failure depends largely on the Group's financial management and financial control is a modern enterprise financial management of the link. China's modern enterprise financial controls are still in the stage to be further improved, to varying degrees, there are some urgent need to address the problem:3.1 Financial control set decentralized model of polarization, low efficiencyIn the financial control of the set of decentralized model, China's modern enterprise polarization. The current group of financial control either over-centralization of power, the members of the business has no legal status as a subsidiary factory or workshop, the group is seen as a big business management, leadership financial rights absolute; or excessive decentralization, a large number of decentralized financial control to a subsidiary, any of its free development.In addition, the modern enterprise financial control system suited the needs of a market economy, financial control and flexibility of principle there is no organic unity. If the subordinate enterprises, with few financial decision-making power, then the temporary financial problems occur at every level always reported to the Group'sheadquarters, and then from the headquarters down the implementation of the decision-making at every level, so it is easy to miss market opportunities. On the contrary, when the subsidiary of financial decision-making power is too large, they easily lead to financial decision-making blind and mistakes, not only for the Group's staff to participate in market competition, failed to exercise any decision-making role, but will also become a competitor to the market to provide a tool for competitive information, hinder the the further development of enterprises.3.2 One of the lack of financial contro lFinancial control in accordance with the owner of intention, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, systems and standards, through certain financial activities and financial relations, and financial activities to promote all aspects of the financial requirements in accordance with a code of conduct to conduct his activities. From China's current situation, the financial control of a modern enterprise mainly focused on ex post facto control, is often the lack of critical pre-budget and to control things. Many modern enterprises, after a decision is in advance, for further financial control tended to focus on the annual profit plan, to meet on the development of a full-year sales revenue, cost, target profit, and several other overarching objectives, without further specific decision-making technology to compile for control and management, according to the month, quarterly, annual financial budget. Therefore, the interim budget and thus difficult to compare operating performance is a matter to control the empty words. As for the ex post facto control, although based on the year-end assessment of the needs and to get some attention, they can still profit in the annual plan, based on the relevant accounting information barely supported by whom, but the effects are pretty effective. Since the ex ante control may not be effective, so subordinate enterprises throughout the implementation process of decision-making are largely outside the core business of financial control, divorced from the core business of financial control.Modern enterprises themselves do not establish a parent-subsidiary link up the financial control mechanisms, financial control their own ways, the parent company of the modern enterprise can not come to the unified arrangement of a strategic investment and financing activities, the group blindly expand the scale of investment, poor investment structure, external borrowing out of control, financial structure is extremely weak, once the economic downturn or product sales are sluggish, there barriers to capital flows, the Group into trouble when they become addicted. An internal financial assessment indicators are too single, not fully examine the performance of subsidiaries. A considerable number of modern enterprise's internal assessment targets only the amount of the contract amount and profit 2.3.3 regardless of the financial and accounting functions, institutional settings are not standardizedAt present, China's financial and accounting sector enterprises are usually joined together, such a body set up under the traditional planned economic system, stillcapable to meet the management needs, but the requirements of modern enterprise system, its shortcomings exposed. Manifested in: (1) financial services targeted at business owners, it is the specific operation and manipulation of objects is the enterprise's internal affairs, while the accounting of clients within the enterprise and external stakeholders, would provide open accounting information must reflect the "true and fair" principle. Will be different levels of clients and flexibility in a merger of two tasks, will inevitably lead to interference with the financial flexibility of the fairness of accounting. (2) The financial sector is committed to the financial planning, financial management, the arduous task, but flexible in its mandate, procedures and time requirements more flexible, but assume that the accounting information collection, processing, reporting and other accounting work, and flexibility in work assignments weak, procedures and time requirements more stringent and norms. If the enterprises, especially in modern enterprises to financial management and accounting work are mixed together, is likely to cause more "rigid" in accounting work runs more "flexible" financial management is difficult to get rid of long-standing emphasis on accounting, financial management light situation.3.4 irregularities in the operation of a modern enterprise fundsAt present, the modern enterprise fund operation of the following problems: First, a serious fragmentation of the modern enterprise funds. Some of the modern enterprise have not yet exceeded a certain link between the contractual relationship to conduct capital, operating, and its essence is still the executive order virtual enterprise jointly form of intra-group members are still strict division of spheres of influence, difficult to achieve centralized management of funds, unification deployment of large groups is difficult to play the role of big money. Second, the stock of capital make an inventory of modern enterprise poor results. Result of the planned economy under the "re-output, light efficiency, re-extension, light content, re-enter, light output" of inertia, making the enterprise carrying amount of funds available to make an inventory of large, but the actual make an inventory of room for small, thus affecting the to the effect of the stock of capital. Third, the modern enterprise funds accumulated a lot of precipitation.3.5 Internal audit exists in name onlyAt present, enterprises in the financial monitoring of internal audit work to become a mere formality process. The first formal audit management. Hyundai organized every year in different forms of audit, has become a fixed procedure, but because the internal audit staff and the audited entity at the same level, thus in the company's financial problems can not get to the bottom, just a form of and going through the motions. This audit not only failed to exercise any oversight role, to some extent encouraged the small number of staff violations of law. Second, nothing of audit responsibilities. Internal audit is a modern enterprise group commissioned by the audit staff members of Corporate Finance to conduct inspection and supervision process, and therefore the auditors have had an important mandate and responsibilities. But in reality, become a form of audit work, audit officers, whether seriously or not, are notrequired to bear the responsibility, thus making the audit is inadequate supervision. Third, the audit results and falsified. Audit results should be true and can be *, but in reality the different audit bodies of the same company during the same period of the audit, results are often different, and a far cry from, these are false true performance of the audit findings.4. Selected financial control model should be considered a major factor Generally speaking, the modern enterprise selects the financial control mode, the main consideration should be given these factors: equity concentration, a subsidiary of the degree of influence of the parent company financial strategy, organizational structure, development strategy, the group scale.From the group-level point of view, the parent company of the subsidiaries of the associated control to be strict control of the company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the control to be strict control of the relatively holding subsidiaries, therefore, the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary of and advantages of holding subsidiaries with centralized control, the quality holding subsidiaries and any shares of a subsidiary of the separation of powers system. To maintain and enhance the core competitiveness of modern enterprises of different degree of importance of a subsidiary should be taken to a different control mode. Have a significant impact on the subsidiary, the parent company must maintain a high degree of centralized control and management right, even partially, the separation of powers must be confined within the framework of centralized; right with the Group's development strategy, core competencies, core business and for the foreseeable the future development of relations in general, a subsidiary of little impact, from improving management efficiency, play to their enthusiasm and enhance the resilience of the market competition point of view, using decentralized type of management system, a better option.From the organizational structure point of view, U-type structure is a typical centralized structure, and accordingly, its financial control model should also be authoritarian style. H-is an organic organizational structure, a more loose linkages between various departments, departments have greater flexibility in the organization structure, with decentralized financial control model is more suitable, while the M-type structure belonging to phase Rong-type organizational structure, so the use of centralized financial control model can be used either decentralized model.From the operating characteristics of point of view, the different characteristics of the modern enterprise management, financial control mode selection will be different. And integration operations in a single case, all units within the group has a great business contacts, financial control naturally require higher degree of centralization.Enterprises to adopt diversification, because each subsidiary where the industry is different from the operational linkages between the various subsidiaries is relatively small, difficult to implement a modern enterprise integrated centralized control, and therefore the financial control of all subsidiaries should be given to the appropriate authority.From the development stage point of view, the modern enterprises in the different stages of development, in order to meet the needs of business development will take a different mode of financial control. Generally speaking, companies in the early stages of the development of small, relatively simple operations, using centralized financial control mode, you can better play the same decision-making and resource integration advantages in the industry has created a scale. With the continuous expansion of company size, business areas and constantly open up, Centralized financial control mode can not meet the company's financial controls and management methods on the need for diversification, and this time, we need more subsidiaries in all aspects of and more authority, so that the financial control model of a modern enterprise gradually to decentralized development.In addition, the financial control model should be subject to the enterprise's development strategy, fully reflects the company's strategic thinking. The company's development strategy can be divided into stable angina strategy, expansion-type strategy, tight-based strategies and hybrid strategies. Enterprises at different stages of the strategic choice of a particular need for financial control in accordance with * a different pattern. Stable implementation of the strategy is usually within the company can be a high degree of centralization of some; to implement expansionary strategy, companies tend to a more flexible decentralized type control mode to suit their developing needs of the market; the implementation of tight-based company's business strategy, all major financial activities must be strictly controlled, thus emphasizing centralization; hybrid strategy for the implementation of the company, it should be operated according to the characteristics of each subsidiary to take a different control mode.References:[1] Han Wei mold. Finance and Accounting Review of regulatory hot spots [M]. Beijing: Economic Science Press, 2004[2] Lin Zhong-gao. Financial governance. Beijing: Economic Management Publishing House [M], 2005[3] Yan Li Ye. Xu Xing-US; Enterprise Group Financial Control Theory and Its Implications, economics, dynamic [J], 2006[4] Lu Jie. On the internal financial control system improvements and management of popular science (research and practice) [J], 2007[5] Chen Chao-peng. Improve the corporate financial control measures, businessaccounting [J], 2007[6] Huang Xi. On the Enterprise Group Financial Control [J]. Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs, 2006, (06)[7] Jiang-feng tai. Enterprise Group Financial Control Studies [J]. Marketing Week. Theoretical study, 2006, (08)现代企业财务管理的探讨瑞安戴维森，珍妮古德温-斯图尔特，帕梅拉肯特本文探讨现代企业正在成为中国经济发展过程中的一个重要的新力量。
财务管理外文文献及翻译2
财务管理外文文献及翻译2附录A:外文文献(译文)跨国公司财务有重大国外经营业务的公司经常被称作跨国公司或多国企业。
跨国公司必须考虑许多并不会对纯粹的国内企业产生直接影响的财务因素，其中包括外币汇率、各国不同的利率、国外经营所用的复杂会计方法、外国税率和外国政府的干涉等。
公司财务的基本原理仍然适用于跨国企业。
与国内企业一样，它们进行的投资项目也必须为股东提供比成本更多的收益，也必须进行财务安排，用尽可能低的成本进行融资。
净现值法则同时适用于国内经营和国外经营，但是，国外经营应用净现值法则时通常更加复杂。
也许跨国财务中最复杂的是外汇问题。
当跨国公司进行资本预算决策或融资决策时，外汇市场能为其提供信息和机会。
外汇、利率和通货膨胀三者的相互关系构成了汇率基本理论。
即:购买力平价理论、利率平价理论和预测理论。
跨国公司融资决策通常要在以下三种基本方法中加以选择，我们将讨论每种方法的优缺点。
(1) 把现金由国内输出用于国外经营业务;(2) 向投资所在国借贷;(3) 向第三国借贷。
1专业术语学习财务的学生通常会听到一个单词总在耳边嗡嗡作响:全球化( g l o b a l i z a t i on )。
学习资金市场的全球化必须首先掌握一些新的术语，以下便是在跨国财务中，还有本章中最常用到的一些术语:(1) 美国存托证(American Depository Receipt,ADR)。
它是在美国发行的一种代表外国股权的证券，它使得外国股票可在美国上市交易。
外国公司运用以美元发行的ADR，来扩大潜在美国投资者群体。
ADR以两种形式代表大约690家外国公司:一是在某个交易所挂牌交易的 ADR，称为公司保荐形式;另一种是非保荐形式，这些ADR通常由投资银行持有并为其做市。
这两种形式的ADR均可由个人投资和买卖，但报纸每天只报告保荐形式的存托证的交易情况。
(2) 交叉汇率(cross rate)。
它是指两种外国货币(通常都不是美元)之间的汇率。
中小企业财务管理 外文文献翻译
文献出处：Kilonzo JM, Ouma D. Financial Management Practices on growth of Small and Medium Enterprises: A case of Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya[J]. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2015, 17(8): 65-71第一部分为译文，第二部分为原文。
默认格式：中文五号宋体，英文五号Times New Roma，行间距1.5倍。
中小企业财务管理实践：肯尼亚内罗毕县制造业企业案例摘要：中小企业对国内经济社会发展做出了重要贡献。
本研究的目的是确定中小企业采用的财务管理做法及其对增长的影响程度。
本研究的具体目标是确定营运资金管理实践，投资实践，财务计划实践，会计信息系统，财务报告和分析实践对中小企业增长的影响。
内罗毕县记录显示，该县有五万多家小微企业。
肯尼亚制造业协会1999年的基线研究报告（KAM 2009）在肯尼亚记录了745家活跃的制造业中小企业，在内罗毕县有410人。
使用向中小型企业的业主/经理管理的问卷调查，从41家中小企业收集了主要数据。
使用简单的随机抽样技术来选择中小企业。
使用描述性和推论统计分析数据。
研究确定，75％的中小企业出售其产品现金，82％保持现金限额，92％有手动库存登记，35％的企业投资长期资产，45％的企业用内部资金进行商业融资。
55％没有正式的会计制度，74％的会计师没有合格的会计师准备财务报表。
在财务管理实践中，工业化部应引入中小企业能力建设方案。
关键词：中小企业（SME），财务管理实务，内罗毕县中小企业为任何国家的经济和社会发展做出重要贡献。
据国际劳工组织（2008年），日本约有80％的劳动力和德国的50％的工人在中小企业工作。
对于发展中国家，中小企业对乌干达（20％），肯尼亚（19.5％）和尼日利亚（24.5％）的国内生产总值做出了重大贡献。
财务管理相关专业外文文献翻译-财会财务外文翻译-中英文对照翻译
第一部分外文翻译中文对照部分企业购买和支付的内部会计控制系统设计Lars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia摘要本文讨论了采购和付款的基本系统的内部会计控制，并根据其业务流程，详细说明了实施相关的控制点控制措施。
关键词：采购和付款；会计控制采购和付款业务是一个企业支付的钱，获取货物或服务的过程是生产和运营管理是一个主要组件是企业生存和发展。
因此，企业应该树立采购和支付业务的内部会计控制制度，健全的业务记录控制系统，加强其控制业务流程的关键，实现采购决策领域的相互约束和监督。
第一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义。
采购和付款的内部会计控制是指企业购买和支付行为规范，采购和付款过程来防止错误和欺诈，确保采购，以满足生产和销售的前提下降低采购成本，并采取一系列的控制措施。
第二、采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制为了充分发挥采购和付款业务角色的内。
部会计控制的内容的采购和支付服务应设计遵循采购和支付交易的基本系统的内部会计控制。
一、购买和支付内部会计控制的定义1、采购和付款的内部会计控制是指规范企业采购和支付行为。
(1)是否符合官方职位分工体系1.请购买和批准。
企业采购项目所需的用户部门根据他们的应用程序和批准的负责人负责采购批准； 2.查询和确定供应商。
公司采购部门和有关主管部门应当参与调查过程和确定供应商； 3.采购合同和审计。
公司采购部门应该准备下订单或合同和授权的部门或官审查、批准或适当的审计； 4.采购、验收。
采购人员不能工作的同时承运货物；5.采购、检验和相关的会计记录。
企业采购、检验和会计记录功能应该被分离，以确保真实性的数量的采购和采购价格、质量、合规、采购记录和会计精度； 6.执行支付处理和支付。
财务管理专业外语 翻译
Capital budgeting is an extremely important aspect of a firm’s financial management。
Although a single capital asset usually comprise a small percentage of a firm’s total assets，all capital assets are long-term。
Therefore，a firm that makes a mistake in its capital budgeting process has to live with that mistake for a long period of time。
资本预算是一个公司财务管理中一个极其重要的方面。
一个单向的资产通常由公司的一小部分总资产组成，所有的资产都是长期的。
因此，一个公司在它的资本预算过程中犯了一个错误，那这个错误也将持续一段时间。
For instance，management may wish to know the effect on net present value if a project’s net cash flows are either 20 percent less than，or20 percent greater than，those estimated。
Knowledge of the sensitivity of net present value to changes or errors in the variables places management in a better position to decide whether a project is too risky to accept。
例如，管理过程中希望知道如果一个项目的现金流量净额小于20%或者大于20%是否对净现值有影响。
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文献出处：Bromiley P, McShane M. Enterprise Risk Management: Review, Critique, and Research Directions[J]. Long Range Planning, 2015，12（03）：61-71.原文The Research of Enterprise Financial ManagementBromiley P, McShane MAbstractEnterprise production and operation process of socialization and modernization level is continuously improved, enterprise financial management and control in the core position in the enterprise management has been gradually revealed. Practice has proved that by strengthening financial management and control is advantageous to the enterprise reasonable and effective use of funds, increasing the use of funds effect; Is advantageous to the enterprise budget, and strive to reduce costs; Easier to find the problems existing in the production and operation enterprises, reduce the economic loss; Is beneficial to improve the level of enterprise production and management, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Financial management is the core of enterprise management, seize the financial management, and seize the key to enterprise management.Key words: enterprise financial management; Money management;1IntroductionEnterprise financial management work of the importance of modern enterprise is a lawfully established for the purpose of profit, is engaged in the production and business operation activities of the independent accounting economic organization, its starting point and develops well is the profit. Enterprises in order to achieve the purpose of its survival and development and implementation of management of its final result to financial index to reflect, and financial management object is the enterprise of cash (or cash) and benign circulation and turnover process, so also has established the corresponding the core position of financial management in enterprise management. Enterprise production management is the process of capital movement and value-added process, management and financial management, as a kind of value form into all production and business operation activities, it is implementationmanagement means on the one hand, through the control of the enterprise production and business operation activities of each link, standardize enterprise management, on the other hand, through the scientific financial analysis, provide the basis for enterprise production and management decision-making, it is through the financial management work to make the management of enterprise production and operation have full control over the whole process.2 Related theories2.1 The fine financial managementThe fine financial management is to "fine" as the foundation, do meticulous, for every post, every business, have set up a corresponding with the work process and business norms, practices the key in implementing, and to extend the scope of financial management to unit of each area, fully exercise the financial supervision function, to make the development of financial management and service function, realize financial management no dead Angle, explore the potential value of the financial activities.As a way of modern financial management, the fine financial management is modern enterprise constantly explore the process of adapting to the market economy development, and is suitable for the market rules and the requirements of the development of enterprise financial management, efforts to promote the fine financial management, to improve enterprise financial management ability, is significant to promote enterprise development, at the same time can also keep to further reform and opening up, promote the internationalization of our country economy level unceasingly, really realize the sustainable development of economy in our country. 2.2 The enterprise value maximizationEnterprise value maximization is reasonable on the enterprise financial management, adopt the optimum financial policy, and give full consideration to the relationship between the value of money and pay, in ensuring long-term stable development of enterprises to maximize the enterprise value. The advantages of the enterprise value maximization is that it considers the paid time and risk, to overcome the short-term behavior in the pursuit of profit. Economic added value maximizationgoal refers to the enterprise by means of the reasonable financial management, take the optimization of financial policy, give full consideration to the time value of money and the relationship between risk and reward, on the basis of the guarantee enterprise long-term stable development, the pursuit of a certain period of time has created the maximization of economic value added and the ratio of the invested capital.3 Enterprise financial management statuses3.1 Status of financial management, enterprise management goal is not clearIn the past most of the companies did not improve the status of financial management to an important problem of position, just think corporate profit is good, as long as don't consider reasonable fund raising and reasonable application, regardless of the benefit maximization problem. Lead to some enterprises for the sake of short-term profit after facing the danger of collapse. And although many enterprise financial management attaches great importance to, but for the financial management target is fuzzy.3.2 The lack of a sound and effective budget management systemMany enterprises not to establish and perfect effective budget management system, enterprise management with no clear goal and direction, entirely by "follow", to advance planning and matter controls, afterwards, analyze and audit is in order to cope with the task of "above", bring a lot of enterprise financial management risk. Some companies even compiled the budget, but as a result of budget management system is not sound, or budget is the financial department shall, according to the management intention "behind closed doors", can't reach the effect of beforehand control, the so-called budget only become "decoration" or "face project".3.3 Money is messy, the use of inefficientSaving is the biggest save money, a waste of money is the biggest waste. In the currency as the medium of the market economy condition, enterprise operation must be firmly established with the concept of capital as the core, maximum limit the use efficiency of the pursuit of money. At present, the needs of the enterprise group funds centralized management and multistage corporate funds dispersed to take up its internal contradiction has become the most prominent problems in the presententerprise financial fund management investment decision-making optional the gender is big, some enterprises regardless of their own ability and the development goals, blind investment, keen to spread new stall, investments, more serious loss, compounded of already very tense capital position. Capital precipitation, takes up unreasonable, high of payment default, finished goods continued to grow, capital turnover is slow, enterprise credit and profitability decline.3.4 Distortion of accounting information, disclosure delayMany enterprises did not form a unified accounting and financial reporting system, and not build a unified financial management system, totally "free" in the group members, by financial personnel according to their own ideas to establish financial accounting and management system, lead to each member's financial information between businesses than, data and information disorder; Plus members affected by the "personal interest", insisting that the performance of rise, make the accounts receivable is high and increasing the enterprise financing costs, management costs and bad debt losses, on the other hand, the members of the enterprise financial personnel adjustment index through a variety of artificial means, cause the distortion of accounting data, report false, completely cover up the real operating conditions of the enterprise. If the enterprise can't solve the problem of distortion of accounting information in time, will lead to policy maker’s mistake, for the survival and development of the enterprise is very bad.4 The improvement of the enterprise financial management measures4.1 The financial management personnel must set up the modern financial management the new ideaThe establishment of modern enterprise system not only gives enterprise active rights, as well as the modern enterprise financial management in a rapidly changing, highly risky market economy environment. These put forward higher requirements for enterprise financial management personnel, financial personnel must be established to adapt to finance a new concept of the knowledge economy era. To strengthen information idea, in the modern society, economic information is a commodity; the accounting information is also a commodity. Any commodity value, accountinginformation has value. On the one hand, financial personnel through the rapid, accurate and comprehensive information collection, provide the basis for enterprise financing and investment decisions. Analysis of enterprise production and operation situation, on the other hand, the information provided by, become the enterprises to improve management decision-making basis, have a significant impact to the enterprise management strategy, objectively to create value for the enterprise.4.2 Led to budget as the main body, implements the comprehensive budget managementUnder the market economy system, the allocation of resources will become complicated, management function diversity, only implements the comprehensive budget management, to carry out effective control, the main work is: first, making enterprise management budget; Second, in an orderly way of budget management, including the implementation of budget tracking, analysis, evaluation and assessment; Third, fix the settlement of the monthly, quarterly and annual accounts. By budget control and avoid waste and loss, increase savings, increasing earnings and practicing economy, ensure the realization of enterprise economic benefits.4.3 Make capital use plan, optimizing the allocation of fundsEnterprise can control the amount of money at any time is limited, but the demand for money is unlimited, the enterprise should through scientific analysis of the prediction, the disposable funds raised together effectively, maintain reasonable configuration structure. Including fixed capital and liquidity structure, capital structure, reserves and production in stock funds and quick assets structure, declines at the same time, determine the structure of capital plan, and break it down to the relevant units, for minimum cost and footprint, realize the biggest capital gains. Strengthening the management of procurement funds. A merit, Zelman, choose close to purchase materials, to prevent indirect procurement, procurement blindly, compressed procurement costs, cut down the cost of purchasing, locked good capital expenditures mainstream. Strengthening the management of production capital. Enterprises should start from the implementation of economic responsibility system, in order to reduce the consumption as the breakthrough point, in order to improve thelabor productivity as the basis, focusing on compression controllable costs, reduce production costs, thereby reducing production funds utilization. Strictly control the daily cost, implement cost and expenditure, saving the prize, overruns the report; For some expenses are tough freezing method, which in a certain period of time will not be spending, promote management thrift, lavish in preventing the black sheep of his family.4.4 To actively promote the enterprise's financial and business integration of the workFinancial management is the highest level of the perfect combination of business and finance, that is, financial and business integration. Therefore, unified financial management software, computer is applied to implement financial information and business process integration, and gradually introduce, digest, development, using international advanced ERP system software, is the basic direction of the development of the enterprise internal information. Enterprises should be combined with practice, actively introduce the development use unified integration of financial and business management software, gradually realize the whole process of production and operation of information flow, logistics, capital integration and data sharing, security enterprise budget, settlement, monitoring and so on financial management work standardization, efficient. Enterprises with financial management as the center, with an emphasis on cost control, realizes the financial system and sales system, supply and production of data sharing, unified management.译文企业财务管理研究Bromiley P, McShane M.摘要企业生产经营过程社会化程度和现代化水平正不断得以提高，企业财务管理与控制在企业管理中的核心地位已逐渐显示出来。