法律翻译lecture one
lecture 1
1、关于应用文本的范围
应用类文本可分为法规或成文法类应用文本 （Texts of Rules and Regulations，TRR）和对 外宣传类应用文本(Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients，PTFR)两大类，前者包括法律、合 同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介绍或公告类 文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通报、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的 对外介绍、投资指南、旅游指南、城市/乡镇/企 业/公司介绍、各种大型国际性活动宣传、企业 产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电、商务单证表格 等。
4.化冗为简(形式与内容的和谐或形神结合所产生的美 感)： 我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而 不是讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉 不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。（“多一点微笑”） V1) What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. 改译：What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile, instead of a flattering one. We do not mean a sinister-harbored grin, much less a daggerhidden one.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
法律翻译学术类文本
最高人民法院设于首都北京。它是国家的最高审 最高人民法院设于首都北京。 判机关，依法行使国家最高审判权，同时它负责 判机关，依法行使国家最高审判权， 监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的工作。 监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的工作。 最高人民法院由院长一人，副院长、审判长和审 最高人民法院由院长一人，副院长、 判员若干人组成。最高人民法院行使下列职 判员若干人组成。 权…… The Supreme People’s Court is located in Beijing, the capital city of China. It is the highest judicial organ and exercises the highest judicial power. At the same time, it supervises local courts and special courts at lower levels. The Supreme People’s Court is presided over by one president and a number of vice presidents, chief justices and justices. The Supreme People’s Court exercises the following powers…
Lecture 3
Translation of Academic Writings 法学学术类文本翻译
Categorization of Legal Documents
1. Academic writings 法学学术类文本 法学论文、评论、报道等 2. legislative documents 立法类文本 法典、法律、法规、条例等 3. legal forms 法律文书类文本 案情摘要、答辩状、判决书、契约、合同 等 by Sarcevic (1997:11)
法律常用术语分类中英对照
法律常用术语分类中英对照法律常用术语【（一）、法令】rule 条例law 法律criminal law 刑法interpret 解释（法律）the legislature 立法机构the legal system/ the judicial system/ court system 法律体系【(二)、主体】the judge 法官the lawyer 律师（总称）the jury 陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the prosecutor（刑事案件）原告人；检察官，公诉人；the plaintiff (民事案件) 原告人the injured party/victim被害人witness/eyewitness 见证人，目击者the prosecution 原告及其代理律师；代表原告的律师the accused/defendant 被告人the defense lawyer/counselor 被告辩护律师【（三）、违法】【案件种类】case 案件crime - criminal adj.a criminal case 刑事案件a civil case民事案件【行为/罪名--criminal behavior】guilt n. [Antonym] innocence guilty adj. [Antonym]innocentguilty of a crime/chargeinnocent of a crime/chargecommit a crime violate a criminal lawmurder 谋杀罪 first-degree murder (deliberately)一级谋杀罪；故意杀人罪manslaughter (not intentionally) 一般杀人罪；过失杀人罪forgery 伪造罪 sexual harassment 性骚扰malfeasance 渎职罪criminal: n. 罪犯 a convicted criminal ：one who has been judged guilty in a court of law a hardened criminal ：someone who has committed many crimes stab v. 用刀具行凶，捅，刺 to kill or hurt someone by pushing a knife or other sharp object into their body stab someone to death 刺死flick knife /switch blade/knife 弹簧刀mug v. =rob 抢劫 to attack someone in a public place and steal their money, jewellery, or other possessions 【（四）、程序】【逮捕】arrestpick up ：to arrest someone and take them away in a car 【调查】investigationconduct a criminal investigation intocriminal proceedings ：the process of examining a crime in a court of lawcross-examination 【诉讼】find someone guilty/not guilty ofsomething :officially decide that they are guilty/not guiltyto be charged with/to be accused ofto accuse sb. of certain crimecharge v. to charge sb. with certain crime be charged with (doing) sth e.g. They are the jury forthe trial of a boy charged with murdering his father.prosecute -prosecution n. to prosecute sb. for sth. face prosecution overto bring a prosecution against sb. 对…提起诉讼escape prosecutioncriminal charges ：official statements saying that sb is accused by the police of committing a crime claim v. to say that someone’s actions are the cause of something 【法庭种类】a criminal court刑事法庭,e.g. The scene is a jury room in a criminal court.a civil court 民事法庭children’s court 少年法庭The Supreme Court 最高法院【监督】supervise 监督【作证】to testify v.作证 to make a statement about something you saw, know, or experienced, usually in a court of law testify for/against someone testimony 证词proofdefinite proof provide the proofpresent the proofevidence 证据，证物 to identify 鉴别flimsy adj. not very reliable flimsy evidence accurate adj. correct or true in every detail unshakable adj. 不可动摇的 self-contradiction 自相矛盾alibi n. 不在场的证据 someone who has an alibi can prove that they were somewhere else when a crime was committed and so can claim to be not guilty 【庭审】question v.questi on/suspect sb’s motive【辩护】to defend sb为…辩护to refute 反驳--refutable adj.--refutation n. 【陪审团讨论】the jury 陪审团a grand jury 大陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the jury room 陪审室discuss - discussion 讨论proposal 提议vote 投票abstain v. 弃权vote for/in favor of/againsttake a preliminary vote e.g. I think it’s customary to take a preliminary voteanalyze 分析assume v. 假定ballot n. 无记名投票to argue with 争论agreement 一致意见disagreement 反对意见a reasonable doubtto hang the jury: to make the jury unable to reach a unanimous decisiondeclare a hung juryreach a unanimous decisionbe deemed innocent/guilty 被认为无罪/有罪prove innocent/guilty 被证明无罪/有罪【审判】guilty/ not guilty(innocent)trial/ the jury trial 审判a fair trialset free / acquitted 无罪释放admit v. agree that something is true 承认plead guilty to something : say that you areguilty e.g. He pleaded guilty to all charges. 【（五）、处罚--punishment】【场所】reform school 感化院,jail/ prison n.监狱【方式】jail v. to put someone in jail to be in jailjail someone for somethinggo/ be sent to jailto serve a jail termbe executedthe executionerto pull the switchto send sb. to the chair =send someone to the electric chair /to sentence sb. to be electrocuted 电刑 to sentence sb. to death give the sentence 施刑get out of jail 【其他】have the right to do 有权 on behalf of 代表draft 法案，草案 Government bill 政府议案 to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案 to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准 law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效 decree 法令 clause 条款minutes 备忘录 report 判例汇编 codification 法律汇编legislation 立法 legislator 立法者 jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学 legitimation 合法化 legality, lawfulness 法制，合法 legal, lawful 合法的,依法的 to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的 offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止，取消 rescission, annulment 废除，取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权 disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权 attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法 canon law 教会法规 common law 习惯法 criminal law 刑法 administrative law 行政法civil law 民法 commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法 international law 国际法natural law 自然法 labour laws 劳工法 fiscal law 财政法 Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Military Law 军法 Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法 penal code 刑法典 code of mercantile law 商法典 civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权 human rights, rights of man 人权 (customs) duties 关税 death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税。
lecture_1__翻译概论
3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: oral, written and machine 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)； 5）In terms of the manner: 从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、 摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
E-C and C-E Translation Basics
英汉-汉英翻译基础
Lecture 1
Introduction to Translation
I. What is Translation?
1. A story of translation in Bible Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t communicate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence comes the translation.
法律翻译lecture two
1.Branch of Law (Roman Jurist Domitius Ulpianus 乌尔比安) 乌尔比安)
（1）Private Law/Civil Law： Law： Contract, Commercial Law Tort Law侵权法 Law侵权法 Property Law财产法 Law财产法 Inheritance Law 继承法 Family Law 家庭法 Corporation Law 公司法 Law： （2）Public Law： Criminal Law 刑法 Constitutional Law 宪法 Administrative Law 行政法 International Law 国际法
One or the other of the systems is the basis of law in most of the Western world. 在西方世界的大部分地区，其法律不是以 普通法为基础，就是以大陆法为基础。 The civil-law system can be traced back to civilRoman law, which extended to the limits of the Empire. 大陆法系可追溯到罗马法，它曾在罗马帝 国的疆域内普遍使用。 With the disintegration of Rome, its law lost its universality. 罗马帝国分崩离析，罗马法也随之失去其 普遍性。
Trial courts 初审法院 Appellate courts 上诉法院 Supreme courts 最高法院
Barrister 英国出庭律师 Solicitor 英国事务律师（法律顾问性质）
7-法律英语翻译汇总
在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可以 按照本条约规定提出国际申请。 Applications for the protection of inventions in any of the Contracting States may be filed as international applications under this Treaty.
• A：判断语，根据价值或事实所 作出的判断。 • Acquit • Calculate • Describe • Analyze • Estimate • Assess • characterize
• B：裁定语，表示赞成或反对某 事或某过程。 • Order • Command • Direct • Recommend • Appoint • Dismiss • Nominate • Declare • Announce • Warn • proclaim
• Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege.
语言明确，2）条理清晰，3）行文严谨，4）符合规 范格式。
法律词汇汉英互译
法律词汇汉英互译（一）发表时间：2005-11-18 13:54:00 阅读数次：306案件case案件受理费litigation fee案由nature of case颁布issue颁布promulgate办案handle a case办理deal with包庇罪crime of concealing the murder保税区bonded area保险法insurance law保险凭证insurance certificate保证warranty保证guarantee保证金bail保证金margins保证金帐户margin account保证人，担保人guarantor保证书indemnity保证书covenant of warranty保证条款warranty保值利率inflation-proof interest rate被裁定为be adjudged to be从重处罚heavier punishment从重处罚severe punishment存款机构deposit-taking institution挫折frustration措词worded错漏error|mistake答复Reply批复Reply打官司initiate legal proceeding打击struggle against打假crack down on counterfeit goods打假办Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县Dachang Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 大股substantial shareholder大股东控权人majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县Dahua Yao Nationality Autonomous County 大连市Daliang Municipality大律师barrister大律师的收费counsel's fees大律师登记册roll of baristers大律师公会Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位pupillage被陈述人representee被告人辨解statement of the defendant驳回dismiss驳回reject驳回上诉reject an appeal补偿报酬compensatory payment不具有法律效力null不具有法律效力void不履行合同breach of contract不履行合约repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法dishonourable conduct and practices不能成立unable to establish不时frequently不予支持unassisted不作为omission财产分割properties division财产所有权property right裁定ruling裁定order产权制度property order产权关系property relations撤消并发回给reversed and remanded to the original court陈述state承担assume承担责任to be responsible for承典人pledgee承典人pawnee承认confess城市住宅局City House Bureau出典人pledgor出典人pawnor出口退税制度the system of refunding taxes on exported goods 出口押汇bill purchased出资比例ratio of investments处罚penalty触犯violate传销pyramid selling串通collaborate从宽处理lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚lesser punishment从轻处罚lighter punishment从轻处罚impose a lenient sentence从轻原则the principle of lighter punishment从事commit大律师名册panels of counsels大律师事务所barristers' chambers, chambers of counsel大律师书记barrister's clerk律师行业the practice of law大批bulk代理检察员acting prosecutor代理人agent代理审判员acting judge代通知金payment in lieu of notice代销sales by proxy丹东市Dandong Municipality丹阳市Danyang Municipality单位entity unit单务合同unilateral contract担保guarantee担保人guarantor担保书certificate of guarantee但书proviso当事人litigant当事人起诉要求the litigants sue for党政分工division of labour between the Party and the government档案工作人员file clerk法律词汇汉英互译（二）发表时间：2005-11-21 10:50:00 阅读数次：429盗窃枪支crime of stealing firearms and ammunition盗窃武器装备theft of military equipment道真仡佬族苗族自治县Daozheng Mulao Nationality Autonomous County 得到证实to be believed得利者beneficiary抵触contravene抵押mortgage抵押品pledge抵押物mortgage地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorate地役权easement第二审判庭second tribunal第三者the third party第一审判庭first tribunal典当物pledge调查investigation调查报告investigation调查取证investigate and collect evidence调解mediate调解和强制措施mediation and enforcement measure调解书mediation agreement调解书字号Written Mediation No.订货合同卡片a card of contract订立formation定案结论verdict定案理由reason for decision定金deposit定期减免所得税regular reduction of income tax定性determination on the nature丢弃waive东北人民政府Northeast People's Government东乡族自治县Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County董事会board of directors动机intention, motive冻干健康人血浆frozen dry healthy human blood冻干血浆frozen dry blood plasma冻结freeze, suspend都安瑶族自治县Duan Yao Nationality Autonomous County毒品罪narcotic drug crime渎职罪crime of dereliction of duty独立的不法行为independent wrong独立个案individual cases独立核算工业企业independent accounting unit独立请求书independent claim独立审判independent adjudication断绝cease提出具体意见submit detailed opinions on对等原则principle of reciprocity对等原则并参照国际惯例the principle of reciprocity and in reference to the international practice 对合同词句应当按照事情是有效的而不是无效的来理解verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat guam pareat对金钱借贷的规定regulations of money lending对滥用职权的法律补救legal remedy for abuses of power对立的一方opposite party对令状的发出作确认acknowledge the issue of the writ对上诉抗辩oppose an appeal对书面文件的词句应当按照对提出词句的当事人尤为不利的原则来解释verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem对外经济法律顾问处Foreign Economic Legal Consultancy Office对外经济律师事务所foreign trade law firm对外经济贸易仲裁委员会Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic对物诉讼令状writ in rem对帐reconcile, reconciliation多边公约multilateral convention多边国际公约multi-latreal international conventions多分a larger share多头long position, bull position多头仲裁multiple arbitration多于一名人士2 or more persons多元立法体制plural legislative structure多元主义pluralism峨边彝族自治县Ebian Yi Nationality Autonomous County恩施土家族苗族自治县Enshi Tujia Nationality Miao Nationality Autonomous County恩恤付款ex gratia payment二审second instance二审裁定书order of second instance二审法院Court of Second Instance二审判决书written order of Second Instance二者只能择其一the inclusion of one is the exclusion of the other发回重审remand a lawsuit for a new trial发货人consignor, shipper发生法律效力be legally effective发现discovery发行审核委员会the Issuance Examination Commission发展规划development plan罚款Fin法案bill法定部门statutory machinery法定代表律师Official Solicitor法定代表人legal representative法定代理人legal agent法定继承legal inheritance法定继承人legal heir法定监护人legal guardian法定期限time limit provided by law法定义务legal duty法定语言legal language法定主管当局statuory authority法官法judges law法官考评委员会committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规laws and regulations法纪Law and Discipline法纪监督supervision over legal discipline法理背景jurisprudential background法理背景jurisprudential base法理学jurisprudence法令decree法律程序文件written process法律冲突conflict of laws法律服务所Legal Service Office法律概念legal concept法律顾问处Legal Consultant Office法律后果legal effect法律解释权power of law interpretation法律面前人人平等equality before the law合法的legitimate法律上的财产处分legal disposition of property法律上的能力legal capacity法律效果legal effect法律行律juristic act法律行为act under the law法律性legality法律性文献legal document法律虚无主义legal nihilism法律依据legal basis法律制裁legal sanctions法律制度structure of the law法人legal person法人代表legal representative法人单位legal entity法人委托书power of attorney法庭程序文件process of court法团公司incorporated company法系地区relevant law area法学派别School of Legal Scholare法学研究所Institute of Law法医medicolegal法院court法院组织法organic law of the courts法制委员会Commission on Legislation Affairs翻新revision反驳disprove反对通知书notice of objection反革命宣传煽动罪crime of counter revolutionary propaganda and incitement 反革命罪crime of counter-revolution反悔repudiate, resile反诉counter-claim反要约counter offer反走私anti-smuggling返还restitution返还性损害赔偿金restitutionary damages犯commit犯人convict犯罪分子offender犯罪客观方面objective aspect of crime犯罪客体object of crime犯罪事实particulars of offense犯罪心意mens rea犯罪行为actus reus犯罪中止discontinuation of a crime犯罪主观subject of crime犯罪主观方面subjective aspect of crime贩卖毒品crime of drug trafficking贩卖假药罪crime of selling bogus medicines贩卖淫秽物品罪crime of selling pornographic articles贩运伪造的国家货币罪crime of trafficking in counterfeit national currency方便与公平的原则principles of convenience and fairness防城各族自治县Fangcheng Ge Nationality Autonomous County防止性禁制令prohibitory injunction妨碍pervert妨碍司法公正interfere with the course of justice妨碍司法公正obstruction of justice妨害公务罪crime of interference with public administration妨害公务罪crime of interference with state functions妨害社会管理秩序罪crime of disrupting the order of social administration妨害他人婚姻家庭罪crime of disrupting marriage and the family房款凭证evidence of purchasing money for real estate房屋的产权property right in real estate房屋估价单home appraisal report房屋继承successor in title, transferee in real estate, transferee mottoes放火罪crime of arson放弃relinquish放弃waive放行条release pass非专业人士lay persons非法unlawful非法illegal非法查封unlawful foreclosure非法查封财产unlawfully seal up property非法逮捕, 拘禁或搜身unlawful arrest, detention, and search非法的告发wrongful prosecution非法的检举wrongful prosecution非法购买illegally purchasing非法拘禁罪crime of unlawful detention非法同居关系cohabiting unlawfully非法制造枪支及弹药罪crime of illegally manufacturing firearms and ammunition 非法转让unlawful assign men非婚生子女illegitimate child诽谤defame法律词汇汉英互译（三）发表时间：2005-11-22 11:47:00 阅读数次：229废除repeal分割partition分居live separate and apart分离severance分期付款installment payment分期付款by instalment分期支付by instalment分权共有人co-owner分权学说doctrine of separation of powers分摊apportion分租sub-lease纷争的解决settlement to disputes丰宁满族自治县Fengning Manchu Autonomous Region风险投资venture capital封宗法主意思想feudal legal thought佛山市Foshan Municipality否定repudiate否决权veto power否认deny否认立约non est factum夫妻spouse夫妻感情goodwill as between spouses夫妻共同所有财产joint property of the spouses夫妻关系spousal relationship夫妻关系中的子女a child of a union of concubinage夫妻间有互相扶养的义务mutual obligation between spouses for maintenance of one another 夫妻名义pugitive spouses夫妻身份spousal relationship夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间while a spousal relationship subsists扶养的义务mutual maintenance support obligation扶养费maintenance符号sign福利社会welfare society福州市Fuzhou Municipality抚顺市Fushun Municipality抚养foster抚养费cost of maintenance抚养关系的继父子foster father and son relationship父母权parental right付购re-purchase付清余款paid the residual balance负责be responsible附带民事诉讼supplementary civil action附录Appendix附件Appendix附属公司subsidiary附属于collateral to阜新蒙古族自治县Fuxin Mongolia Autonomous Country复合氨基酸compound amino acid复核审法院Court of Review复息compound interest复议review复员费decommission pay复员军人demobilized serviceman副检察长Deputy Chief Procuratoy富川瑶族自治县Fuchuan Yao Nationality Autonomous改过自新remorse and reform盖章seal干部cadre干扰disturb干扰证人interfere with a witness干预intervention甘肃省Gansu Province肝炎hepatitis感化influence感情破裂loss of affection赣州市Ganzhou Municipality港币发行权authority to issue Hong Kong currency革委会revolutionary committee格式合同standard form of contract个人财产personal property个体户individual household个体劳动者所有权individual worker's ownership各级at different levels各级地方政府local government at several levels各尽所能from each according to his ability各省of all provinces给予assign给予适当的经济帮助render suitable financial assistance给予援助令状Writ of Assistance根本法律fundamental law根据成文法推定的默示条款terms implied by legislation根据法院判决推定的默示条款terms implied by courts根据惯例推定的默示条款terms implied by usage根据婚姻法的规定according to Marriage Law provisions更改alter更换replacement工矿产品合同试行条例The Trial Implementing Regulations on Contracts of Industrial and Mineral Product工矿区industrial and mining district工农联盟Alliance of Workers and Peasants工商统一税unified industrial-commercial tax工作场所work place公检法机关organs of the public security, the procuracy and the court公安Public Security Officers公安部Ministry of Public Security公安部法规局The Bureau of Policies and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security公安处Public Security Office公安机关Public Security Organs公安机关行政处罚决定Public Security Penalty Decision公安局Public Security Bureau公安派出所local police station公安人员Public Security Officers公共开支public expenditure公共性public character公共帐目的审计制度system for auditing public accounts公共政策public policy公共政策的原则principle of public policy公共秩序public order公共主管当局competent authority公积金public accumulation funds公检法public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts公开disclose公开聆讯方式public hearing公开审理public hearing公民citizen公民劳动义务civic duty to work公平fair公社commune公司enterprise公司存在期限duration of company公司章程Articles of Association公诉public prosecution公诉机关public prosecution organ公诉人public prosecutor公诉书bill of indictment公务人员public official公有制public ownership system公约国Convention country公约证明书Convention certificates公证承付notarial act of honour公证会计师办事处Notarial Accountants' Office公证机关notary public公证人public notary公证证明notarial certification公职public office公众假期public holiday公众假日public holiday公众利益public advantage供认confession供述confession供销合作社supply and marketing co-operative共负盈亏share profits and losses共谋collude共青团中央The Central Committee of the Communist Young League 共识政府Government by consensus共同被告人co-defendant共同财产common property共同犯罪joint offence共同纲领common programme共同权利a joint right共同实施违法行为jointly committed the offence共同误解common mistake共同原告co-plaintiff共同债务joint debts共享软件shareware勾结collude构成要件constitutive requirements估计assess股东大会stock-holder meeting股份有限公司stock limited company固定资产fixed capital故意intention故意的动机intentional motive故意破坏公私财物罪crime of intentionally sabotaging public or private property故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害intentional injury故意伤害致人死亡intentional infliction of bodily injury resulting in a person's death故意伤害致死罪crime of intentionally injuring another which resulted in death故意伤害罪crime of intentional injury故意投毒spreading poison with intent雇佣合同employment contract寡妇widow挂靠be subordinate to挂牌公司company-in-name拐卖人口罪crime of abducting and trafficking human beings关键pivotal issue关税壁垒customs barrier关系恶化worsening of relations关系过远remote关押custody关员级人员customs officer官僚主义bureaucracy官职public office管卡压interference, obstruction and oppression管理办法Administrative Measures行政措施Administrative Measures管辖范围scope of jurisdiction管辖权jurisdiction管有令状writ of possession管制control管制public surveillance管制regulate贯彻执行executed in fact广东省Guangdong Province广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region归还restitution规范regulate规则rule规章directive桂林市Guilin Municipality锅炉压力容器检验所Inspection Institution for Boiler Pressing Containers国防部Ministry of National Defense国防科学技术工业委员会National Defense Scientific Technological Industry国际供应合同international supply contract国际惯例international common practice国际惯例international practice国际海事卫星组织公约Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization 国际私法private international law国际运输international transport国家安全局The State Administration of National Security国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家保密局State Bureau of Protection of Confidential Documents国家编制委员会State Organization Commission国家标准局State Standard Bureau国家测绘局State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家城市建设总局State City Construction General Bureau国家出版局State Publication Bureau国家出入境检验检疫局The State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine国家档案局State Archives Bureau国家地震局State Seismology Bureau法律词汇汉英互译（四）发表时间：2005-11-28 13:21:00 阅读数次：303国家电力公司State Electric Power Corporation国家发展计划委员会State Development & Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室State Flood Prevention General Command Office国家房管局State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局State Administration on Textile Industry国家纺织工业局State Textile Industry Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration for Industry and Commerce国家公诉人State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局The State Broadcasting Film and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会National Defense Mobilization Commission国家国内贸易局State Administration for Domestic Trade国家国有资产管理局State State-owned Assets Administration Bureau国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局State Environment Protection Administration国家黄金管理局State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室State Organ People Air Defence Office国家机械工业局State Administration of Machinery Industry国家基本建设委员会State Infrastructure Commission国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission国家计划委员会State Planning Commission国家计量局State Metrological Bureau机部机械设备成套总局General Office of Complete Set of Machinery of the First Machinery Industry Ministry of the State Construction Commission国家建筑材料工业局State Construction Materials Industry Administration国家教育委员会State Education Commission国家结构state structure国家进出口管理委员会State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会National Ban Drugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会State Economy Commission国家开发银行State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission 国家科学技术委员会State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室State Secret code Regulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会State National Affairs Commission国家南极考察委员会National South Pole Investigation Commission国家能源投资公司State Energy Resources Investment Corporation国家能源委员会State Energy Resources Commission国家农业委员会State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室State Agriculture Comprehensive Development Office国家破产储量管理局State Minerals Reserves Administration Bureau国家器具state apparatus国家轻工业局State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会State People's Air Defense Commission国家人事局State Personnel Bureau国家商标局State Trademark Bureau国家商检局State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局State Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家水产总局State Aquatic Product General Bureau国家税务局National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局State Administration on Taxation国家所有权state ownership国家体育运动委员会State Physical Culture and Sports Commission国家体育总局State Administration of Sports国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家土地State owned land国家土地管理局China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局State Price Control Bureau国家物资局State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau) 国家行政区域划分demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会State Language Affairs Commission国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度state system国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision国家中医药管理局State Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau国家主席President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会State Natural Science Funds Commission国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券treasury bills国民政府National Government国体polity国土资源部Ministry of Natural Resources国务院State Council国务院Safety manufacture Commission of the State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council国务院参事室Counsellor Office of the State Council国务院出版事业管理局Publication Cause Administration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室Electronic Rejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心The State Development Research Center国务院法制办Legal Affairs Office of the State Council国务院法制局Bureau of the Legislative Affairs under the State Council国务院扶贫开发办Aid-the-Poor Development Office of the State Council国务院港澳办Hong Kong and Macao Office of the State Council国务院工资制度改革小组Salary Reform Group of the State Council国务院关税税则委员会Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council国务院经济法规研究中心Economic Law Research Center of the State Council国务院经济贸易办公室Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院科技干部局Science and Technology Cadre Bureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室Science and Technology Education Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院口岸领导小组Port Leading Group of the State Council国务院农村发展研究中心Rural Development Research Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council国务院企业管理委员会Enterprise Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Oversea Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组Liquidition and Assets Check Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室Liquidation Assets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council 国务院清理三角债导小组Clearing "Chain Debts" Leading Group of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会Three Gorges Project Construction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室San Xian Construction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Office of the State Council国务院生产办公室Manufacture Office of the State Council国务院水土保持委员会Water Soil Conservation Commission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室) Taxation Accounting Commodity Price Examination Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council国务院特区办公室Special Zone Office of the State Council国务院体制改革办公室System Reform Office of the State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会Uniform Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院外事办Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the State Council国务院住房制度改革领导小组Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council国有股state-owned shares国有股减持reduce state's stake in listed companies国债投资treasury bond investment国债专项资金special fund for treasury bond哈尔滨市Harbin Municipality海关法customs law海关税customs duties海关总署General Customs Administration海军司令部Commander Department of the Navy 海事法院admiralty court海洋公约the Hague Convention含糊ambiguity邯郸市Handan Municipality汉族Han people合并merger合法lawful合法的房屋所有权legitimate land ownership right 合法继承人lawful successor合法权益lawful benefit合法权益lawful right合法收入legitimate income合法受让人lawful assignee合法性legality合肥市Hefei Municipality合伙生意partnership合计惩处aggregate punishment合理的reasonable合理的考虑reasonable contemplation合理的预见reasonable foresee ability合理期限reasonable time合理时限reasonable time法律词汇汉英互译（五）发表时间：2005-12-3 1:01:00 阅读数次：893合理性方面的要求requirement of reasonableness 合理性要求requirement of reasonableness合谋conspire合谋诈骗conspiratorial swindling合适的处分appropriate penalty合适的处分just penalty合适人选fit person合同变更modification of contract合同当事人contracting parties合同当事人相互关系privity of contract合同法law of contract合同前仲裁pre-contract arbitration合同条款的分类classification of terms合同转让assignment of contract合议纪要summary of discussion合议庭Collegiate Bench合议制collegiate system合营期限duration of joint ventures合约contract合约一方party合约责任contractual obligation合作经营企业co-operative venture和解accord河北省高级人民法院High People's Court of Hebei Province核实verify核实证据verified evidence黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province横向关系horizontal relationship衡平法equity衡平法赋予的自由裁量权equitable discretion衡平法上的补救措施equitable remedy衡阳市Hengyang Municipality哄抢财产roaring seizure后法优于前法lex posterior derogat lex priori后果的严重程度severity of consequence后续条件condition subsequent呼和浩特市Huhehaote Municipality互免签证协议visa exemption agreement互相帮助assist each other互相抵押mutual security互相供养的责任感a sense of mutual obligation to support one another 互相印证corroborate互选elect from among themselves互争权利诉讼interpleader proceedings户口尚未解决residence account in the city not yet properly arranged 华侨事务委员会Oversea Chinese Affairs Commission淮南市Huainan Municipality缓期执行suspension of execution缓刑suspended sentence患精神病mentally ill, psychologically ill恢复resume恢复行使主权resume the exercise of sovereignty挥霍浪费spendthrift挥霍浪费waste徽章honour回报return回报payoff回报率rate of return回避withdrawal回购协议repurchase agreement回扣commit悔改remorse悔改repent悔罪repentance汇票draft贿赂bribery惠州市Huizhou Municipality婚外性关系sexual relations outside marriage婚姻登记所Marriage Registration Office婚姻法marriage law婚姻基础basis for marriage婚姻授产协议marriage settlement混合饲料mixed provender货证bill of lading获得procurement机械工业委员会Machinery Industry Commission基本法Basic Law基本法律basic statute基本权利和义务fundamental rights and duties基本人权fundamental human rights基本性国家法律overriding national law基本政策fundamental policies基层公安机关grassroots public security agencies基层人民法院Basic People's Court基层人民法院副院长Basic People's Court vice-president基层人民法院院长Basic People's Court president缉私anti-smuggling及时promptness即此函达尚希见复为荷respectfully submitted for clearance 极刑capital punishment集会结社assembly and association集体企业collectively owned enterprise集体所有collective ownership集体所有制单位unit under collective ownership集体土地collective-owned land计划经济planned economy计划生育family planning技术产权交易所technology equity market济南市Jinan Municipality济宁市Jining Municipality继承in succession继承纠纷succession dispute继承权right in succession继承人successor继承人多many successors and beneficiaries and not suitable for division 继承遗产take as a beneficiary under an estate继父母step parent继续进行to proceed继子女step-child寄递consignment寄养子女foster child寄运consignment加权平均值weighted average加重刑罚Aggravate Punishment佳木斯市Kiamusze Municipality家庭财产分割协议marriage settlement家庭成员family members家庭法family law家庭副业family sideline production假冒商标passing of trademark假冒商标罪crime of passing off trademarks假释parole假证据false evidence奸淫幼女罪crime of having sexual intercourse with a minor坚决要求firmly demanded间接法indirect rule兼容性compatibility监察部Ministry of Supervision监察局Supervisory Bureau监督supervise监护人guardian监内执行execution of punishment inside the prison监视surveillance监视居住residential surveillance监狱Prison and Detention houses减轻处罚reduced punishment减轻损失mitigation检查鉴定结论conclusion after examination检查员censor检察长chief procurator检察机关procuratorate检察人员procurator检察委员会Procuratorial Committee检察委员会会员Procuratorial Committee member检察委员会检察员Procuratorial Committee procurator检察委员会书记员Procuratorial Committee clerk检察委员会助理检察员Procuratorial Committee assistant procurator检举accusation检控institute a public prosecution检验examination简单合同simple contract。
几个法律术语的翻译
几个法律术语的翻译1.contract，现在多译为“合同”，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为“合同”是不妥的。
因为我们中国人看见“合同”一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是contract 一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。
contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。
contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract 才采取书面形式。
所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译“契约”，例如law of contract应当译“契约法”，较重要的、书面的contract才译“合同”，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译“国际售货合同”。
2.intellectual property，不知道当初为何译成“知识产权”，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹！这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译“知识产权”。
intellectual一词根本没有“知识”的意思，它与“知识”是两个不同的概念。
作为名词intellectual指“知识分子”，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况“知识分子”与“知识”并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译“知识分子产权”而不能译“知识产权”。
当然，译“知识分子产权”也是错的。
从含义上看，何谓intellectual property？它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为“智力产权”。
我们的前辈严复曾说，“一名之立，旬月踟蹰”，我们今天对待译名何等需要那样的认真精神啊！译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名！3.joint venture.这个术语译时要当心。
lecture用法最全详解(含习题)
2.lecturelecture /ˈlektʃə(r)/ 词频4n. 讲座；讲课；教训. vi. (开)讲座；讲课. vt. 训斥派：lecturer 词频2 n.演讲者；（大学）讲师①高义频vi.&n.（尤指大学中的）讲座；讲课；演讲go to/attend a lecture 听讲座deliver/give a lecture做讲座a lecture on/about 关于……的讲课/训斥e.g. He lectures on literature at Manchester University. 他在曼彻斯特大学教文学。
②低义频vi.&n.教训；训斥lecture sb. about/on...因……训斥某人give sb. a lecture 给某人一个教训e.g. He’s always lecturing me about the way I dress. 他总是对我的穿着说三道四。
e.g. I know I should stop drinking-don’t give me a lecture about it.我知道我该戒酒，别教训我了。
1.单词拼写（1）I went to the ___(讲座) he gave in the hall.(lecture)（2）He learned a ___(教训)from this thing-he should stop smoking for his health.(lecture)（3）Professor Smith will give a l___ in Fudan University this evening about the history of English.(lecture)（4）She suffered a bad cold. As a result, she missed the ___(讲座) she liked very much.(lecture)（5）She preferred that we should have the discussion right after the ___(讲座).(lecture)（6）Please stop___(lecture) me! I know I should quit smoking.2.语法填空（1）The ___ (lecture) spoke very clearly so that we could hear every word.(lecturer) 3. 完成句子（1）He ___ ___ ___ ___time management to first-year students___ ___ ___ ___.他在报告厅给一年级学生做关于时间管理的讲座。
实用翻译lecture 1 Introduction
3. From the communicative point of view: translation aims at the pass of information from one language to another
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
(1) Nice day, isn’t it? 您吃饭了吗？ (2)Misquito, Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊虫，杀杀杀！ (3)I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience. 急盼早复！ (4)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 (5)保护绿草，留住绿意。 Keep off the grass. (6) 闲人免进\油漆末干\小心地滑 Staff Only\Wet Painting\Caution: Wet Floor
What is translation ?
• Discussion: What is translation? • Directions: discuss with whoever you like around you in five minutes, and then come back with an idea of yourself . • Examples to be illustrated: • 1）你吃了吗？ • 2）叔叔，欢迎你来北京。 • 3）My dear Mr. Bennet…
lecture 1翻译概述
Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
法律英语第一课翻译。
In the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary (Court of chancery)which competed with the ordinary common law courts. 15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独 立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法 庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存 在。
Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. 私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法， 以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些 成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束 力的法律解释。
The Period of the English Colonies
The Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783)
The Period of the United States
2013-8-4 法律英语 3
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Characteristics
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No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government.
法律英语Lesson One Legal System
相关阅读背景知识
巡回法官在审判时遵循他们在王室法院中熟悉的那些法 律规则。当然， 律规则。当然，他们在各地巡回审判过程中也会吸收地 方习惯法中的一些合理因素。在他们的努力下， 方习惯法中的一些合理因素。在他们的努力下，英国各 地的习惯法也开始趋于统一。在一定意义上讲， 地的习惯法也开始趋于统一。在一定意义上讲，习惯法 是普通法之母，而普通法是统一了的习惯法。 是普通法之母，而普通法是统一了的习惯法。
阅读小技巧（ 阅读小技巧（1）
这句句子包含的信息量大，内容一层又一层，各个成分环环相 扣，根本无法用一个汉语句子来翻译。首先，主语又长又复杂 （The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal i nfrastructure for electronic commerce），而且因修辞关 系出现换位现象（to the statute book与of the necessary leg al infrastructure for electronic commerce前后倒置）。状语 （by a difficult and politically sensitive debate）后面有定语 修饰语（created by the concerns of law enforcement aut horities），而定语又带同位语从句（that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrori sm to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governmen ts），同位语中又有状语（to a degree that will de-stabili ze civilized governments）。
法律英语第一课翻译。
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法律英语第一课翻译。
n The whole of its history belongs in the period since the inventio n of the printing press.
n 某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这 种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就 使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法 的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。
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法律英语第一课翻译。
n If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced;
n 当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始 终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基 调。
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法律英语第一课翻译。
•Part Two
n The American legal system, like the English, is methodologicall y mainly a case law system.
•Compared with many other countries
与其他国家相比 n it is constantly being renewed by
the addition of new elements of population and of new States n 不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入
澳大利亚公司法Lecture 1ppt翻译版
2
Sources of Company Law 公司法渊源
(1) General Law/case law (made up of both common law and equity) and 普通法/ 判例法(由普通法和衡平法组成)
(2) Statute Law: Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) 成文法:2001年公司法(Cth) • sets out key rules that govern or facilitate the formation, management, operation
and termination of companies 订定指引或协助公司成立、管理、营运及终止的 主要规则 • Passed by Federal Government in July 2001, but Act has been amended ever since; 2001年7月，联邦政府通过了该法案，但此后该法案一直被修订; • Continuous process of law reform (both statutory and through judicial development of case law) 持续的法律改革过程(包括成文法和判例法的司法发 展) • Content of company law never stands still! 公司法的内容永远不会一成不变! • Over 1,500 sections. • See: How to use the Corporations Act at Ch 1 of Australian Corporate Law (5th ed, 2016) 参见:如何使用澳大利亚公司法第1章(2016年第5版)
Legal Translation 法律翻译概述
• Example:
选出或者罢免人民检察长，须报上级人民检察院检察长提 请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。
The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procurators shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing commitees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.
Pragmatic feature—语用特征
法律法规的主要作用之一是规范法律主体的行为，调节法 律主体之间人际关系。这种规范调节作用主要是通过具有 法律效果的言语行为（即法律言语行为）来实现的。因此， 作为言语行为实施者的立法者和司法者的法律能力和语言 能力主要特点之一就是准确、得体地使用法律言语行为， 以便能够传达其所意图的法律效果。这里的得体就是准确 使用法律言语行为而言的，不是Brown & Levinson (1987) 等人所谓的礼貌得体这一日常交际原则。法律也是人与人 较量的工具，较量双方都使用法律作为武器为自己服务。 其中一方必然会想方设法钻法律的漏洞以维护自己的非正 当权益。为了不给这种人钻空子，立法者所使用的表述法 律内涵的法律英语必须准确严谨。法律英语表述的准确性 对司法者的断案、判决而言至关重要。
（六）同义并列结构的使用
法律语言还有一特征就是使用近义词或者同义词的并 列结构。所谓的近义词或者同义词的并列结构是指两个或 两个以上意义相近或相同的词用并列连词and、or 或用连接 起来而构成的并列结构。这种表达的目的是使意思更加准确， 最大可能地避免歧义和疏漏，同时可使所传递信息的语气更 加强烈。例如：“明知校舍或教学设施有危险，而不采取措 施 或不及时报告，致使……”，“……不得买卖、出租、抵押、 或以其他形式非法转让”。同时，这些近义词也可分为重叠 意 义近义词和递进意义近义词。如：
Lecture 1-8(中英句子)
Lecture One 定语从句[原句]Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.[译文]各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。
[原句]Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.[译文]各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。
一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the W est End.[译文]伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。
2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.[译文]伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。
3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.[译文]美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
英汉互译Lecture 1 (2)
General principle
• Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.
• 1）For Kino and Juana, this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这 是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝 出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美. Free translation: Kino和Juana认为,这一天 非常重要.
More
• 1) It was an old and ragged moon. 是一个又老 又破的月亮. • 2) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想 对当代青年特别有趣. • 3)Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begin to breathe. Word-for-word translation: 老师一直在创 造中，当泥土开始呼吸。
Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation
• Word-for-word translation: translate word by word without making any adjustment, starchy, stiff, unintelligible (死板、生硬、 难理解) • unacceptable, unqualified translation • Literal translation: make some necessary adjustment; smooth, clear & natural. Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR. • Acceptable, good translation
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(5) Use of French words not in the general vocabulary
The following is a list of some French words basic to the law vocabulary: demurrer 抗辩，抗辩者 heir 继承人 plaintiff 原告 tort 民事侵权行为 verdict （陪审团的）裁定 voir dire 忠实回答宣誓
cause of action 诉讼理由 cease and desist 停止 (同义词连用) damages 损害赔偿 inferior court 初级法院，下级法院 superior court 高级法院，上级法院 issue of fact 事实上的争论点 issue of law 法律上的争论点 null and void 无效的 record 前科记录 without prejudice to 无损于…
there words: thereabout（大约），thereafter（以 后，之后），thereat（于是，因此），thereby（由 此，从而），therefor（为此，因此），therefore （因此），therein（在那里，在那时），thereon （在其上），thereto（到那里，向那里）， theretofore（直到那时，在那时之前），thereupon （于是，立即），therewith（与此，立即） where words: whereas (鉴于meaning "given the fact that"), whereat（对那个，由于那），whereby （靠那个，在那个方面），wherein（在此处，在 其中） witness (used in the sense of testimony by signature, oath, etc. as "In witness whereof, I have set my hand, etc." witnesseth (meaning to provide formal evidence of something, the Old English present indicative, third person singular verb form.)
(3) Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common, now rare
The following words can frequently be found in English ordinances (法令，布告): aforesaid：said, in question 上述的，前述的 absent：without (prep.) 缺乏 forthwith: immediately 立即 thence thence（之后，从那里）， thenceforth（此后） thenceforth here words: hereafter（此后，自法令生效之日 起），hereby（特此，兹，以此方式）， herein （于此，此中）， hereinafter（在下文）， hereinbefore（在上文），hereof（在本文中）， hereto（于此，对于这个），heretofore （迄今）， hereunder（在下文，在下面）， herewith（与此 一道，用此方法）
(6) Use of argot Argot (=cant or jargon) is specialized vocabulary that is common within a group, whether or not deliberately designed to exclude the non-member of the group. alleged 被指控的 alter ego第二个我，个性的另一面 argumentative 可据以推定…的，表示…的 (of) （e.g. His silence is argumentative of guilt.） at issue 争议中 breaking and entering 破门侵入 case 违法犯罪案件
法律英语特点
1. Legal Vocabulary Outline (1) Frequent use of formal words (2) Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common, now rare (3) Frequent use of Latin words and phrases (4) Use of French words not in the general vocabulary (5) Use of argot (6) Frequent use of common words with uncommon meanings (7) Summary
某外国律师事务所北京代表处 招聘一名高级法律翻译，应聘者将在北京代表处工 作。要求： - 英语或法律专业学士或以上学历 - 3年以上律师事务所（外国律师事务所优先）的法 律翻译工作经验 - 良好的沟通和管理技能 - 积极、主动、注重实效 - 能够组织翻译团队工作，熟悉外国律师事务所工 作流程 年薪：RMB 40万 美国斐格律师事务所上海代表处 university graduate - fluency in english and mandarin (both written and spoken) - at least 2 years working experience as a professional translator in a leading law firm, or representative office or fie of a multinational company -responsive and hard-working
(4) Frequent use of Latin words and phrases
ad hoc 专门的/地 affidavit 宣誓书，书面陈述 alias 化名，别名 alibi 不在犯罪现场 bona fide 真诚的/地 de facto 事实上的 habeas corpus 人身保护令/权 in re 关于 proviso限制性条款 prima facie 表面的，初步的 per se 自身 pro bono 为了公益 versus 以…为对手，对
Legal Translation Studies
Lecture One
法律翻译， 法律翻译，译事三难
一、缺乏法律基础和法律英语基础 英美法律制度、法律英语语言分析、法律英语、美 国合同法（中国政法大学外国语学院本科课程） 二、法律语言难（重点） 三、激发兴趣难 尝试途径(1)法律电影 ： (1) 12 Angry Men（十二怒汉） A Time to Kill（杀戮时刻） Runaway Jury（失控的审判团） A Few Good Man (2)网络资源 /宋雷法律英语翻译 /法律语言学研究所
A foreign consulting firm 工作经验： 3年 薪水： 9000 学历： 本科 及以上 Very competitive compensation, but professional experience as legal translator with reputable law firm is absolutely necessary in applying for this position. We will only contact those applicants with relevant qualifications and credentials. 上海市方达律师事务所分所 （a）全日制院校英语专业本科以上学历， 专业八级； （b）熟练地中英互译能力； （c）笔译严谨、准确、流利； （d）具有一定的法律文件翻译经验； （e）初级ommon words with uncommon meanings
WORDS LEGAL MEANING action law suit 诉讼 avoid cancel 取消 consideration benefit to promisor or detriment to promise 对价（英美法，法国cause“约因”） counterpart duplicate of a document具有同等效力的副本 hand signature签名 instrument legal document 法律文件 letters document authorizing one to act 许可证 negligence 过失 presents this legal document 本法律文件 prejudice 损害 provided word of introduction to a proviso（限制性条款） 假如 said mentioned before 上述，该 save except除了 serve deliver legal papers 送达
就业前景广阔
BESTalent Search Consulting 职位类别： 职位类别：翻译（口译与笔译） 律师/法务/合规 工作地点： 发布日期： 工作地点：北京 发布日期：2011-02-28 工作经验： 最低学历： 工作经验：3-5年 最低学历：本科 管理经验： 工作性质： 管理经验：否 工作性质：全职 招聘人数： 职位月薪： 招聘人数：1人 职位月薪：15000-25000元/月 北大英华科技有限公司 职位类别： 职位类别：翻译（口译与笔译） 工作地点： 发布日期： 工作地点：北京 发布日期：2011-03-01 工作经验：1-3年 最低学历：不限 管理经验：否 工作经验： 最低学历： 管理经验： 工作性质： 招聘人数： 工作性质：全职 招聘人数：2人 职位月薪： 职位月薪：3000-50000元/月