最新en14362-1-翻译汇总
E N14362-1-2012翻
译
1 范围
这个欧洲标准描述一个用于检测可能不只用于制造或处理某些日用品的某些特定偶氮染料程序，这些纺织纤维使用或不使用萃取的方法可以达到还原裂解。不使用萃取的方法就可以达到还原裂解的偶氮染料用于：
-------有纤维质的纤维（举例来说棉，纤维胶）
-------蛋白质纤维（举例来说羊毛，丝绸）
-------人造的纤维（举例来说聚酰胺，丙烯酸）
使用萃取的方法可以达到还原裂解的偶氮染料用于使用分散染料的人造纤维。下列的人造纤维可以被分散染料染色：聚酯纤维，醋酸纤维，三醋酸基纤维，丙烯酸和含氯纤维。
对于一定的用纤维素和（或）蛋白质并混合人造纤维制造的日用品必须要先萃取染料。
本方法适用于所有的染色纺织品，例如染料，印刷和涂层纺织品。
2 相关标准
下面相关文档对于这份欧洲标准的应用是不可缺少的。对于有限期的相关标准，仅适用于所引用的版本。对于无限期的相关标准，适用于相关文档（包括任何修订）的最新版本。
EN ISO 3696:1995，分析实验用水—规格和测试方法（ISO 3696:1987）
3 概要
某些偶氮染料可以豁免，偶氮组分被还原裂解成一种或多种下列芳香胺，这些芳香胺在欧洲议会的法规和建立一个化学品管理的化学品的登记、评估、批准、限制委员会（REACH）2006年12月18日的相关法规No 1907/2006下是被禁止的.
表1----REACH法规1907/2006/附件17下描述的芳香胺
4 原理
从纺织品中选出有色测试样品，测试样品依据分散染料萃取的方法和（或）其他种类染料直接还原的方法测试。
根据测试样品的纤维的种类（纯净的纤维或混合的纤维）和颜色的处理（染色或印刷的过程）使用2种方法中的1种或结合2种方法。相应地，如果测试样品在依据2种方法中的1种应用时不褪色，则另一种方法被采用。
当分散染料萃取着色剂方法被使用时，着色剂在使用氯苯回流下先从顶部位置的纤维里萃取出来。萃取液经浓缩后用甲醇转移到反应器中，后面在70℃柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液（PH=6）中使用连二亚硫酸钠还原.如果纺织样品在使用氯苯萃取后没有完全褪色，把样品和分散染料中的甲醇溶液加入反应器中一起还原。
当使用其他种类染料的处理方法时，测试样品在密闭容器中70℃柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液（PH=6）里使用连二亚硫酸钠还原处理。
还原后，过程中释放的任何胺通过使用硅藻土柱进行液液萃取转移到叔丁基甲基醚中。叔丁基甲基醚萃取液被浓缩，残渣经适当的溶解后用色谱仪检测（见附录A）。
附录E描述了一个不使用硅藻土柱进行液液萃取的方法。
如果任何一种胺被检测出来，需要使用1种或多种选择性的方法进行确认。
5 安全预防
5.1 警告—条款3中所列的物质（胺）类属于已知或者被怀疑为可致癌性物质。这类物质的操作和处理必须严格遵循国家健康与安全条例。
5.2使用者有责任使用安全适当的技术用于处理该测试方法中的材料。参考产品明确的细节例如材料安全资料表和其他的建议。
5.3需遵守良好的实验室规程。在所有的实验区带安全眼镜并且在处理染料粉末时使用单独的呼吸器。
5.4使用者需要遵从所有的国家和地方安全规章。
6 试剂
除非另外的指定，应该使用化学分析等级。
6.1 氯苯
6.2 乙腈
6.3 甲醇
6.4 叔丁基甲基醚
6.5 正戊烷
6.6 柠檬酸/氢氧化钠缓冲溶液，ph=6，c=0.06mol/l
6.7 连二亚硫酸钠水溶液，ρ=200mg./ml 新鲜的（当天）准备
6.8 硅藻土
6.9 胺类物质—胺1至4,7至21（表1中指定的），苯胺和1,4-苯二胺—所有最高的可以达到的定义纯净标准品。
6.10 标准溶液
6.10.1 胺的储备溶液，配制均匀的溶液，每一种胺浓度300ug/ml
备注：对于储备溶液，乙腈是一种适当的溶剂，对胺的结果又很好的稳定性。
6.10.2 胺每天使用的校正曲线溶液
从6.10.1的储备溶液中稀释成每一种胺浓度15.0ug/ml的适当的溶液
6.10.3 胺的量化的校正溶液，每一种胺浓度范围2-50ug/ml的适当的溶液
备注：每个实验室有责任选择合适浓度的校正曲线。
6.10.4 内标溶液（IS），用适当的内标溶液ρ=1.0mg of IS/ml
假设用GC-MS分析，使用下列内标之一：
-----IS1：联苯胺-d8，CAS No：92892-63-6；
-----IS2：萘-d8，CAS No：1146-65-2；
-----IS3：2,4,5-氯苯胺，CAS No：636-30-6；
-----IS4：蒽-d10，CAS No：1719-06-8；
备注：如果用DAD或TLC做联苯胺的确认分析，使用IS1：联苯胺-d8，CAS No：92892-63-6 是不可行的，因为它的峰和不加氘到联苯胺不能区分开。
6.11 氢氧化钠缓冲溶液，质量分数为10%
6.12三级水，参照 EN ISO 3696：1995.
7 仪器
7.1 萃取装置，依据图片1，由下列组成：
------缠绕管冷凝器口径29/32
------一个吊钩，用惰性材料制作，使样品处于指定的位置，保证浓缩溶液水滴滴在上面
------100ml圆底烧瓶口径29/32
------加热源
备注：如果要获得同样的结果，要使用相似的设备。
7.2 超声浴，可控制加热
7.3 反应器（20ml至50ml）带密封可加热的玻璃制品
7.4 加热源，可产生（70±2）℃
7.5 玻璃或聚丙烯柱，内径25mm至30mm，长度130mm至150mm，装20g硅藻土，出口带有玻璃纤维过滤器。
可以买预先装好的硅藻土柱，也可以按照给定的尺度将20g硅藻土装入到一个玻璃的或者聚丙烯的柱子中。
7.6带有真空控制和水浴的真空旋转蒸发仪
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猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market
历年六级真题翻译汇总
1、闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000 多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器( porcelain) 也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China 's ilk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 2、中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, and private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garden, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 3、中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006 年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008 年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿” (Iongevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is simiIar to the custom of ceIebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of ceIebrating Mid-Autumn festivaI became popuIar throughout China in the earIy Tang dynasty. The Iunar August 15 is a day for peopIe worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzIing bright moon, famiIies reunite and enjoy the moon'sbeauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festivaI was Iisted as one of China's cuIturaI heritage, and in 2008, it was cIassified as a pubIic hoIiday. Moon
历年大学英语四级翻译题汇总
1. You would not have failed if you had followed my instructions/orders.(按照我的指令去做) 2. Despite the hardship he encountered Mark never gave up the pursuit of knowledge.( gave up pursueing knowledge(放弃对知识的追求) 3. Scientists agree that it will be a long time before we find the cure for cancer.(我们找到治愈癌症的方法) 4. Production has to be increased considerably to keep pace with the consumers’ growing demands.(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步) 5. The more exercise you take ,the less likely you catch a cold.(你越不 大可能得感冒) 6. Soon after he transferred to the new school ,Ali found that he had much difficulty (in) catching up with his classmates.(很难跟上班里的同学) 7. If she had returned an hour earlier ,Mary would not have been caught in the heavy rain.(就不会被大雨淋了) 8. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are more likely to put on weight.(更有可能增加体重) 9. The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is closely related to the lack of (physical) exercise .(与缺乏锻炼密切相关) 10. What many people didn’t realize is that Simon is a lover of sports ,and football in particular.(很多人没有意识到的) 11. Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems that they haven’t found answers today.(他们至今还没有找到答案) 12. What most parents are concerned about is providing the best education possible for their children.(大多数父母所关心的) 13. You’d better take a sweater which you in case it turns cold.(in case of temperature drop以防天气变冷) 14. Throught the project,many people have received training and decided to start their own business(决定自己创业) 15. The anti-virus agent was not known until it was accidentally found by a doctor.(直到一名医生偶然发现了它) 16. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research could be applied to the development of the new technology.(能应用于新技术的开发)
四级翻译词汇汇总
如何在强化阶段复习翻译，又如何在考试中夺取高分呢？我们认为：词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。 关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语 段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实际水平，但考生可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章，考生有时间可关注。同时，考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。 写长难句可增加得分点 段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。 最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和"写"。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提
高语言组织能力。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。 一、中国经济 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned
历年英语六级翻译真题汇总
六级翻译 helj 2011/4/12 令狐采学 10/12) 82.There is no denying that you __________________________________ (越仔细越好) in dealing with this matter. 83.Only when I reached my thirties _____________________________(我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的). 84. Much _________________________________(使研究人员感到惊讶), the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected. 85. Oh, my, I can’t find my key; ______________________________(我一定是把它忘在哪儿了). 86. I ____________________________________________ (宁愿加入你们去做义工) than go to the beach for a holiday. (10\06) 82.___(他们的独生儿子从未想过) to leavethem and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties. 83.Before you take any action, please remember to ___ (权衡你的决
定会产生的后果).84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances ___ (他会违背还钱的承诺).85. Most educators advise that kids ___ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏).86. Business major as he is, he has ___ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). (09\12 ) 82. How long does a jacket like this last me? — (这要看你多长时间穿一次). 83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战). 84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. 85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的). 86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time. (09/06) 82.With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk ________ (说服他不买车). 83.________ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote creative thinking in today’s competitive society.. 84.When confronted with the evidence, ________ (他不得不坦白
历年英语四级翻译真题及答案
历年英语四级翻译真题及答案2012年6月翻译真题87. Those flowers looked as if they __ ___________________________(好长时间没有浇水了). 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is __________________________(比我的车便宜一千英镑). 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might ______________________(不妨听听音乐). 90. He left his office in a hurry, with___________________________(灯亮着门开着). 91. The famous novel is said to _____________________(已经被翻译成多种语言). 2011年12月翻译真题 87. Charity groups organized various activities to ___________________________________(为地震幸存者筹款). 88. Linda __________________________________(不可能收到我的电子邮件) otherwise, she would have replied. 89. It’s my mother _____________________________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my studies. 90. The publishing house has to ___________________________(考虑这部小说的受欢迎程度). 91. It is absolutely wrong to __________________________________(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福). 2011年6月翻译真题