牛津模块一的语法详解

牛津英语模块一语法

定语从句（1）

1 关系代词在定语从句中的使用

除了形容词，名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词，句子也可以作定语，我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。

先看这样的两个句子：

This man is my English teacher. He is standing at the door.

如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子，我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰the man，即： The man that/who is standing at the door is my English teacher.

这个句子中，that/who is standing at the door 充当了the man的定语，它就是定语从句；而被修饰的the man叫作先行词，that/who是关系代词。 2 关系代词that，which, who, whom, whose 的区别（1）当先行词是‘人’时：

①关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用that/who Is he the man who/that told you the news?

②关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,也可以省略 The boy (whom/that/who) I talked to yesterday is my brother.

（2）当先行词是‘物’时：可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语

This is a book which/that talks about geography. 综上所述，that既可指‘人’，也可指‘物’，而which只可指‘物’，who/whom只可指‘人’；who/that/which都可作主语或宾语，而whom 只能作宾语；whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语

The book whose cover is red can’t be found now. 3 只能用that引导定语从句的情况

（1）当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时

This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. （2）当先行词被all, some, any, no, little, much等修饰或者先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时

All that she lacked was training.

She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. （3）当先行词既有人又有物时

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. （4）当先行词被the last, the only, the very等修饰时

This is the only example that I know.

This is one of the very books that I am looking for. （5）当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that

China is not the country (that) it was.

4 引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况（1）关系代词前有介词或介词短语时

Galileo built a telescope through which he could study the sky.

Here is the book about which I told you yesterday, （2）引导非限制性定语从句时

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could except. （3）当关系代词之后有插入语时

Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English. He was always speaking highly of her role in the play which, of course, made the others unhappy.

（4）先行词本身是that时

That which is evil is soon learned.坏事易学。

That which is well done is twice done.一次做的好等于做两次。 5 which和whose作定语时的区别

Which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，紧指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；‘whose+名词’与先行词不表示同一事物或情况

Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French.

The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。注意：定语从句中‘whose+名词’=‘the+名词+of whom/which’

The boy, whose uncle is a judge, is singing under the tree.

= The boy, the uncle of whom is a judge, is singing under the tree. I bought the book last year, whose cover is broken.

= I bought the book last year, the cover of which is broken. 6 如何确定定语从句的引导词

下面两句话中的先行词都是day，但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同，定语从句的引导词也不同

I’ll never forget the days (which/that) we spent together. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。（先行词the days在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that）

I’ll never forget the day when (on which) I arrived here. 我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。（先行词the day在定语从句中作时间状语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when，或‘on+关系代词which’） 7 关系代词的省略

在定语从句中，如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语，那么我们常常省略关系代词。如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，则不可省略

He is the person (who/that) we are looking for. 他就是我们一直在找的那个人。（从句中that/who 作介词for的宾语，因此可以省略。）注意：介词后面的关系代词不能省略，而且指人时用whom，指物是用which The person about whom we are talking is our headmaster. 我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。（whom在定语从句中作about的宾语，而且先行词the person是指人，因此只能用whom）

The company at which my sister works is in the east of the city. 8 定语从句中的主谓一致问题（1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致

All that shines is not gold. 发光的不一定是金子（2）‘one of the + 复数名词’作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致

He is also one of the students who go to the park. （3）‘the only/very + one of the + 复数名词’作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和one一致，用单数形式

He is the only one of the students who goes to the park. 9 定语从句与同位语从句的区别

（1）从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，如例（1）中的that；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用外，还要在从句中充当句子成分，主要是作主语或宾语，如例（2）中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语

（2）从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词

（3）从可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如