Love is a fallacy 高英课后答案

LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案

Stuart: Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing--protagonist/antagonists--climax--denouement2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narrationLove is a Fallacy 课后练习题/EXERCISESI. Write a short note on: Ruskin.[SRB]1. Oxford Companion to English Literature2. any book on the history of English literature3. any standard encyclopediaII. Questions on content:1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox?4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay. Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous?2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?5. Why does the narrator argue that "the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life"? (para. 145)6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence?7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly?8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements:1. Watching television is a waste of time.2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he's a juvenile delinquent?4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity.6. It's true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat.7.Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds. V. Translate paras 145--154 into Chinese.Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words"1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)3. pausing in my flight (para 8)4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)5. They shed. (para 16)6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17)7. I would be out in practice (para 24)8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25)9. She already had the makings. (para 25)10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26)11. are you going steady (para 30)12. I deposited her at the girls' dormitory (para 97)13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105)14. hammering away without let-up (para 123)Ⅶ. Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words:1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)2. "Can you mean," I said incredulously, "that people ... again?" (incredibly)3. he said passionately. (eagerly)4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined)7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment)8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent)9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment)10. I will languish. (suffer a lot)Ⅷ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smartIX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each:1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy2. appendicitis 5. tactics3. chemist, faddist 6. venture[SRB]1. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingX . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by many figures of speech. Mention examples of the following: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively.Ⅺ. The style is also characterized in part by inverted sentence order. Point out the places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion.Ⅻ. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence. Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part:1. I don't want sympathy!2. He would not yield, though death threatened him.3. You mustn't miss that trip to Niagara.4. The boy came down on his head.5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him.6. The last story is completely different.7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in.8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear.ⅩⅢ.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.ⅩⅣ.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main idea.A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees and the amount of training they have had.At the highest level are the registered nurses with college degrees. This may be a doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person desires a supervisory job or wants to teach in a school of nursing. Naturally, these jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility.Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other than R. N. These schools are rapidly disappearing from many areas as the costof maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience.Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N.XV. Topics for oral work:1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples.2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas:1. Farm Work in My Village2. Physical Training in Our School3. Some Successful Study MethodsLove is a Fallacy 练习题答案/answerⅠ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the titlemeans. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. "2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. shed: cast off or lose hair6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。

(完整word版)高英Uint 4 Love is a fallacy 课后练习答案

Ⅱ. B. Questions on Structure and Style:1. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, isa living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story.2. The topic sentence of paragraph 47 is : He was a torn man. The writer develops the idea expressed in the topic sentence by describing vividly how hard it is for Petey Burch to choose between his girlfriend and raccoon coat. Being very observant and superbly to illustrative examples to develop the theme, the writer successfully to brings forth the scene in which Petey Burch’s desire for the raccoon coat waxes and his resolution not to give his girlfriend wanes. The reader can easily come to the conclusion that it is hard and painful decision for him to make.3. The narrator refers to Pygmalion and Frankenstein because just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he fashioned, the narrator loved Polly Espy, who he had fashioned according to his plan. However, when he begged Polly’s love, he was rejected. He got same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him. In this sense, these allusion are chosen aptly. The whole thing backfired on the narrator when Polly employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer. The end of story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own.4. An example of simileMy brain was as powerful as dynamo,as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(comparing his brain to three different things)(para. 1)An example of metaphorThere follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond lamb’s frontier.(comparing the limitation set by lamb to a frontier)(author’s note)An example of hyperboleIt is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.(hyperbole for effect)(para. 2)An example of metonymyOtherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.(Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a “Dicto Simpliciter”.)(para. 70)An example of antithesisIt is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make a ugly smart girl beautiful.(“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”)(para.24) 5. Colloquialisms and used in the text: dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual kick, well-heeled, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away. Darn.Slang used in the text: nothing upstairs, keen, dal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute,rat, knot head, jitterbug.6.A freshman at a law school is made the narrator of the whole stroy. It’s from his point of view that the stroy is told. Since the whole stroy is presented as his personal experiences, we the readers tend to rely on what narrator tells us.Ⅲ. Paraphrase1.He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.2.A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.3.I ought to have known that raccoon coat would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back4.All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?5.My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed.6.Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.7.She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but i felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.8.In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.9.If you are no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.10.His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away polly become weaker.11.To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.12.One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.13.There is a limit to what any human being can bear.14.I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but i turned out to be Frankenstein because polly(the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.15.Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.Ⅳ. Practice with words and expressionsA.1.dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity2.flight : fleeing or running away from3.Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's4.shed: cast off or lose hair5.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs6.practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation7.pin—up: (American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls8.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something9.carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner10.go steady: (American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts11.out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation12.deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down13.brief: a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court14.1et—up: stopping; relaxingB.1．fashion和fad均为名词。

高级英语练习题含答案(第二册) (5)

Lesson FiveLove is a FallacyI. Words explanation:1. fallacyA. religious beliefB. false beliefC. bankruptcyD. dropping2. incredulousA unbelieving B. increasingC. industriousD. unimproved3. scalpelA. a carpetB. a piece of breadC. a small, light knifeD. a rising market4. perspicaciousA. determinateB. flagitiousC. prestigiousD. discerning5. traumaA. emotional shockB. mental workC. the state of not having enoughD. a reinforced structure for observers6. shedA. take shelterB. prevent fromC. lose hairD. keep company with7. pedanticA. of a person who likes musicB. of a person who pays attention to unimportant newsC. of a person who stresses on sportsD. of a person who emphasizes trivial points of learning8. desistA. insist onB. ceaseC. heckleD. castrate9. proportionsA. propertyB. portionsC. massagesD. dimensions10. waifA. homeless childB. wandering musicianC. countrymanD. smuggler11. perspirationA. convincingB. encouragingC. pledgingD. sweating12. blubberA. speak quicklyB. talk repeatedlyC. say with sobsD. say with hiccups13. modulateA. make a change in the toneB. cause to do or believe sth.C. make or become softD. change the place or position14. infamyA. being famous forB. being shamefulC. being honestD. being refused15. contriteA. sadB. honestC. penitentD. overjoyed16. waxA. grow bigger or greaterB. become less or smallerC. drop heavilyD. cover with thick coating17. acmeA. large group of plantsB. highest pointC. sharp crisisD. highest mountain peak18. veerA. move forwardB. look sidewaysC. change directionsD. pour out19. exultantA. triumphantB. foreignC. exhaustedD. overflowing20. unsightlyA. invisibleB. uglyC. precipitateD. provisional21. testyA. examiningB. provingC. impatientD. judging22. fractureA. breakB. combineC. disagreeD. repeat23. tugA. pullB. pushC. place C. fix24. covetA. surroundB. coverC. avoidD. desire25. gruellingA. complainingB. moaningC. tiringD. unwilling26. minceA. decreaseB. minimizeC. increaseD. euphemize27. clapA.strikeB. walkC. fall downD. climb up28. winceA. push forwardB. draw backC. incise upD. draw out29. qualifyA. equalB. proposeC. restrictD. count30. chinkA. a precise pieceB. a small pieceC. a big valleyD. a narrow opening31. shambleA. walk in an awkward wayB. tremble terriblyC. close in mild wayD. shine brightly32. contriteA. permitting easilyB. seeing clearlyC. feeling regretD. looking worried33. chirpA. a long loud soundB. a short low-pitched soundC. a low murmuring soundD. a short, high-pitched sound34. contradictA. take outB. be contrary toC. withdrawD. be relevant to35. immovableA. permanentB. quickC. immediateD. cold36.penetrateA.spreadB. pierceC. take partD. formulate37. specificationA. a blank or empty areaB. a detailed, exact statement of particularsC. a partial excuseD.the evolutionary formation of new biological species38.scrapA. special placeB. particular areaC. small pieceD. unseen item39. tremendousA. uniqueB. genuineC. unexpectedD. enormous40. clutchA. grasp tightlyB. hang looselyC. touch softlyD. hold lightlyII. Complete the word according to the definition, the first letter of which is given:1.to become less or weaker w ane _2.juice which comes from meat while it is cooking g ravy _3.to determine the nature of (esp. a disease) from observation of symptoms d iagnose4.flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear t emple5.medicine causing the bowels to empty themselves l axative6.appointment between lovers to meet at a secret place t rystrge, solid piece c hunk8.lose health and strength l anguishd group of fixed stars c onstellation10.deformed and mentally undeveloped person c retin11.without denial a dmittedly12.small piece of burning wood or coal in a dying fire e mber13.to make a loud deep noise like a bull b ellow14.widely known esp. for sth. bad n otorious15.art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during battle t actics16.one, such as a person or an object, that is bulky, clumsy, or unwieldy h ulk17.to destine to an unhappy end d oom18.a bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano c rater19.no longer burning or active e xtinct20.showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects e nterprising21.worth being remembered or noted m emorable22.to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds u nfetter23.a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gainv enturecking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless l impcking vigor or energy f laccid26.suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting.A ppropriate27.a specifically defined division in a system of classification; a class. C ategory28.a branch of knowledge or teaching d iscipline29.keenly perceptive or discerning; penetrating: a cute30.having or showing shrewdness and discernment, especially with respect to one'sown concerns. a stute31.something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; anassumption h ypothesis32.to engage in a formal discussion or argument d ebate33.a massive variety of the mineral uraninite p itchblende34.anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy. i ndignation35.a shrill, often frantic cry s hriek36.a surface layer of earth containing a dense growth of grass and its matted rootst urf37.to make known (something concealed or secret) r eveal38.having the flavor or odor of game, especially game that is slightly spoiled g amy39.to thrust or throw forcefully into a substance or place p lunge40.the skin of an animal with the fur or hair still on it p elt41.to burn with little smoke and no flame s molder42.something expected; a possibility p rospect43.gilled with a specified element or elements f raught44.a quality, an ability, or an accomplishment that makes a person suitable for aparticular position or task q ualificationIII. Reading Comprehension:1.The writer wants to show that ______.A.love is a mistake, a deception and an emotion that follows the principles inlogicB.love is an error and it has deceptive quality that does not follow the principlesof logicC.love is not a dry branch of learning and it is like a human being full of beautyand passion.D.love is a dry and learned discipline and girls do want brilliant, gifted oreducated husbands.2.The narrator claimed that his brain is just like ______.A. a jitterbugB. a tunnelC.an extinct craterD. a precision instrument3.According to the law student, Petey was not _____.A. a faddistB. a knot-headC.logicalD.unstable4.“You would go far to find another girl so agreeable” means that ______.A.you would achieve much success if you could find another girl who was soagreeable.B.you would not achieve much success if you could find another girl who wasso agreeable.C.it would be easy for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.D.it would be difficult for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.5.When he was ultimately rejected by Polly, the law student thought he was _____.A. FrankensteinB. PygmalionC. Petey BurchD. Walter PidgeonIV. Point out some American colloquial expression from the text:a month of Sundays dumba casual kick fire awaya deal will-heeledlaughs pin-upkeen kid nothing upstairsgo steady get todate terrificmad NutsYummy guydreamy knock me outdarn knot-head jitterbugV. Why the chief attraction of "Lesson Five" is its humor?The humor lies in five aspects: 1. the title, 2. the author’s note, 3. the contrast in the language, 4. the ending, 5. the choice of names.VI. Comment on the rhetorical devices of the following statements:1.There is a limit for what flesh and blood can bear. (synecdoche)2.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He hashamstrung his opponent before he could even start. (metaphor)3.It was like digging a tunnel. (simile)4.it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (hyperbole)5.I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.(allusion; metonymy)6.“Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty times. (hyperbole)7.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, fullof beauty, passion, and trauma. (metaphor)8.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers stillsmoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. (extended metaphor)9.but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (metonymy)10.My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (mixed metaphor) VII. Translation:1. 一旦三峡工程竣工，其本身便成为世界上的一大创举，大坝坐落在长江上游“载断巫山云雨”坐落在大坝上的巨大船闸能让万吨船舶顺利而过，如同宫殿一样使人眼花缭乱的水利发电站通过广延的高压电网输送强大的电流。

讲解高英Lesson5_Love_Is_a_Fallacy

Holy Toledo ：an interjectional compound (like holy cow! holy smoke!) to express astonishment, emphasis, etc. Reverently : with reverence; in a reverent manner 虔诚地，恭敬地 Plunge… into : 投入；跳入；突然或仓促地开始某事 E.g. As soon as the meeting started, they plunged into an argument. 会议一开始他们就辩论起来。 Other phrases plunge oneself into sth 投入做某事 plunge itself into isolation 处境孤立
Hairy root Hairy crab
毛状根，发根大闸蟹
Gamy : （1） (used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted 变质的，气味强烈的 E.g. Some diners are turned off by the heritage turkey's slightly gamy flavor. But most sing its praises. 有人不喜欢传统血系火鸡稍微有些难闻的味道，但大多数人都赞不绝口。（2）willing to face danger 有勇气的，不屈不挠的
Para.37
"where are you going?"asked petey. "你去那里?"皮蒂问
Para.38 "home for the weekend ."i therw a few things into the bag. he spent his weekend in his home,so he have to prepare something . “回家过周末。”我把几件衣服扔进了提箱。

高英Uint 4 Love is a fallacy 课后练习答案

Ⅱ. B. Questions on Structure and Style:1. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, isa living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story.2. The topic sentence of paragraph 47 is : He was a torn man. The writer develops the idea expressed in the topic sentence by describing vividly how hard it is for Petey Burch to choose between his girlfriend and raccoon coat. Being very observant and superbly to illustrative examples to develop the theme, the writer successfully to brings forth the scene in which Petey Burch’s desire for the raccoon coat waxes and his resolution not to give his girlfriend wanes. The reader can easily come to the conclusion that it is hard and painful decision for him to make.3. The narrator refers to Pygmalion and Frankenstein because just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he fashioned, the narrator loved Polly Espy, who he had fashioned according to his plan. However, when he begged Polly’s love, he was rejected. He got same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him. In this sense, these allusion are chosen aptly. The whole thing backfired on the narrator when Polly employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer. The end of story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own.4. An example of simileMy brain was as powerful as dynamo,as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(comparing his brain to three different things)(para. 1)An example of metaphorThere follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond lamb’s frontier.(comparing the limitation set by lamb to a frontier)(author’s note)An example of hyperboleIt is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.(hyperbole for effect)(para. 2)An example of metonymyOtherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.(Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a “Dicto Simpliciter”.)(para. 70)An example of antithesisIt is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make a ugly smart girl beautiful.(“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”)(para.24) 5. Colloquialisms and used in the text: dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual kick, well-heeled, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away. Darn.Slang used in the text: nothing upstairs, keen, dal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute,rat, knot head, jitterbug.6.A freshman at a law school is made the narrator of the whole stroy. It’s from his point of view that the stroy is told. Since the whole stroy is presented as his personal experiences, we the readers tend to rely on what narrator tells us.Ⅲ. Paraphrase1.He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.2.A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.3.I ought to have known that raccoon coat would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back4.All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?5.My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed.6.Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.7.She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but i felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.8.In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.9.If you are no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.10.His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away polly become weaker.11.To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.12.One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.13.There is a limit to what any human being can bear.14.I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but i turned out to be Frankenstein because polly(the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.15.Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.Ⅳ. Practice with words and expressionsA.1.dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity2.flight : fleeing or running away from3.Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's4.shed: cast off or lose hair5.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs6.practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation7.pin—up: (American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls8.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something9.carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner10.go steady: (American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts11.out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation12.deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down13.brief: a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court14.1et—up: stopping; relaxingB.1．fashion和fad均为名词。

高级英语练习题含答案第二册

Lesson FiveLove is a FallacyI. Words explanation:1. fallacyA. religious beliefB. false beliefC. bankruptcyD. dropping2. incredulousA unbelieving B. increasingC. industriousD. unimproved3. scalpelA. a carpetB. a piece of breadC. a small, light knifeD. a rising market4. perspicaciousA. determinateB. flagitiousC. prestigiousD. discerning5. traumaA. emotional shockB. mental workC. the state of not having enoughD. a reinforced structure for observers6. shedA. take shelterB. prevent fromC. lose hairD. keep company with7. pedanticA. of a person who likes musicB. of a person who pays attention to unimportant newsC. of a person who stresses on sportsD. of a person who emphasizes trivial points of learning8. desistA. insist onB. ceaseC. heckleD. castrate9. proportionsA. propertyB. portionsC. massagesD. dimensions10. waifA. homeless childB. wandering musicianC. countrymanD. smuggler11. perspirationA. convincingB. encouragingC. pledgingD. sweating12. blubberA. speak quicklyB. talk repeatedlyC. say with sobsD. say with hiccups13. modulateA. make a change in the toneB. cause to do or believe sth.C. make or become softD. change the place or position14. infamyA. being famous forB. being shamefulC. being honestD. being refused15. contriteA. sadB. honestC. penitentD. overjoyed16. waxA. grow bigger or greaterB. become less or smallerC. drop heavilyD. cover with thick coating17. acmeA. large group of plantsB. highest pointC. sharp crisisD. highest mountain peak18. veerA. move forwardB. look sidewaysC. change directionsD. pour out19. exultantA. triumphantB. foreignC. exhaustedD. overflowing20. unsightlyA. invisibleB. uglyC. precipitateD. provisional21. testyA. examiningB. provingC. impatientD. judging22. fractureA. breakB. combineC. disagreeD. repeat23. tugA. pullB. pushC. place C. fix24. covetA. surroundB. coverC. avoidD. desire25. gruellingA. complainingB. moaningC. tiringD. unwilling26. minceA. decreaseB. minimizeC. increaseD. euphemize27. clapA.strikeB. walkC. fall downD. climb up28. winceA. push forwardB. draw backC. incise upD. draw out29. qualifyA. equalB. proposeC. restrictD. count30. chinkA. a precise pieceB. a small pieceC. a big valleyD. a narrow opening31. shambleA. walk in an awkward wayB. tremble terriblyC. close in mild wayD. shine brightly32. contriteA. permitting easilyB. seeing clearlyC. feeling regretD. looking worried33. chirpA. a long loud soundB. a short low-pitched soundC. a low murmuring soundD. a short, high-pitched sound34. contradictA. take outB. be contrary toC. withdrawD. be relevant to35. immovableA. permanentB. quickC. immediateD. cold36.penetrateA.spreadB. pierceC. take partD. formulate37. specificationA. a blank or empty areaB. a detailed, exact statement of particularsC. a partial excuseD.the evolutionary formation of new biological species38.scrapA. special placeB. particular areaC. small pieceD. unseen item39. tremendousA. uniqueB. genuineC. unexpectedD. enormous40. clutchA. grasp tightlyB. hang looselyC. touch softlyD. hold lightlyII. Complete the word according to the definition, the first letter of which is given:1.to become less or weaker w ane _2.juice which comes from meat while it is cooking g ravy _3.to determine the nature of (esp. a disease) from observation of symptoms d iagnose4.flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear t emple5.medicine causing the bowels to empty themselves l axative6.appointment between lovers to meet at a secret place t rystrge, solid piece c hunk8.lose health and strength l anguishd group of fixed stars c onstellation10.deformed and mentally undeveloped person c retin11.without denial a dmittedly12.small piece of burning wood or coal in a dying fire e mber13.to make a loud deep noise like a bull b ellow14.widely known esp. for sth. bad n otorious15.art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during battle t actics16.one, such as a person or an object, that is bulky, clumsy, or unwieldy h ulk17.to destine to an unhappy end d oom18.a bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano c rater19.no longer burning or active e xtinct20.showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects e nterprising21.worth being remembered or noted m emorable22.to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds u nfetter23.a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gainv enturecking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless l impcking vigor or energy f laccid26.suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting.A ppropriate27.a specifically defined division in a system of classification; a class. C ategory28.a branch of knowledge or teaching d iscipline29.keenly perceptive or discerning; penetrating: a cute30.having or showing shrewdness and discernment, especially with respect to one'sown concerns. a stute31.something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; anassumption h ypothesis32.to engage in a formal discussion or argument d ebate33.a massive variety of the mineral uraninite p itchblende34.anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy. i ndignation35.a shrill, often frantic cry s hriek36.a surface layer of earth containing a dense growth of grass and its matted rootst urf37.to make known (something concealed or secret) r eveal38.having the flavor or odor of game, especially game that is slightly spoiled g amy39.to thrust or throw forcefully into a substance or place p lunge40.the skin of an animal with the fur or hair still on it p elt41.to burn with little smoke and no flame s molder42.something expected; a possibility p rospect43.gilled with a specified element or elements f raught44.a quality, an ability, or an accomplishment that makes a person suitable for aparticular position or task q ualificationIII. Reading Comprehension:1.The writer wants to show that ______.A.love is a mistake, a deception and an emotion that follows the principles inlogicB.love is an error and it has deceptive quality that does not follow the principlesof logicC.love is not a dry branch of learning and it is like a human being full of beautyand passion.D.love is a dry and learned discipline and girls do want brilliant, gifted oreducated husbands.2.The narrator claimed that his brain is just like ______.A. a jitterbugB. a tunnelC.an extinct craterD. a precision instrument3.According to the law student, Petey was not _____.A. a faddistB. a knot-headC.logicalD.unstable4.“You would go far to find another girl so agreeable” means that ______.A.you would achieve much success if you could find another girl who was soagreeable.B.you would not achieve much success if you could find another girl who wasso agreeable.C.it would be easy for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.D.it would be difficult for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.5.When he was ultimately rejected by Polly, the law student thought he was _____.A. FrankensteinB. PygmalionC. Petey BurchD. Walter PidgeonIV. Point out some American colloquial expression from the text:a month of Sundays dumba casual kick fire awaya deal will-heeledlaughs pin-upkeen kid nothing upstairsgo steady get todate terrificmad NutsYummy guydreamy knock me outdarn knot-head jitterbugV. Why the chief attraction of "Lesson Five" is its humor?The humor lies in five aspects: 1. the title, 2. the author’s note, 3. the contrast in the language, 4. the ending, 5. the choice of names.VI. Comment on the rhetorical devices of the following statements:1.There is a limit for what flesh and blood can bear. (synecdoche)2.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He hashamstrung his opponent before he could even start. (metaphor)3.It was like digging a tunnel. (simile)4.it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (hyperbole)5.I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.(allusion; metonymy)6.“Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty times. (hyperbole)7.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, fullof beauty, passion, and trauma. (metaphor)8.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers stillsmoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. (extended metaphor)9.but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (metonymy)10.My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (mixed metaphor) VII. Translation:1. 一旦三峡工程竣工，其本身便成为世界上的一大创举，大坝坐落在长江上游“载断巫山云雨”坐落在大坝上的巨大船闸能让万吨船舶顺利而过，如同宫殿一样使人眼花缭乱的水利发电站通过广延的高压电网输送强大的电流。

LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案

LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案Stuart: Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing --protagonist/antagonists --climax --denouement 2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulIII. Effective Writing Skills: 1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms 2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes 3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narrationLove is a Fallacy 课后练习题/EXERCISES I. Write a short note on: Ruskin. [SRB]1. Oxford Companion to English Literature2. any book on the history of English literature3. any standard encyclopedia II. Questions on content:1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox?4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay. Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous?2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does herlanguage create? 5. Why does the narrator argue that \things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life\6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence?7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly?8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements: 1. Watching television is a waste of time.2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he's a juvenile delinquent?4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity.6. It's true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat.7.Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds. V. Translate paras 145--154 into Chinese.Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words\1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3) 2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4) 3. pausing in my flight (para 8)4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)5. They shed. (para 16)6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17)7. I would be out in practice (para 24)8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25) 9. She already had the makings. (para 25)10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26) 11. are you going steady (para 30)12. I deposited her at the girls' dormitory (para 97) 13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105) 14. hammering away without let-up (para 123) Ⅶ. Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words:1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)2. \3. he said passionately. (eagerly)4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined)7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment)8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent) 9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment) 10. I will languish. (suffer a lot)Ⅷ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms: 1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smartIX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each: 1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy 2. appendicitis 5. tactics 3. chemist, faddist 6. venture [SRB]1. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingX . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by many figures of speech. Mention examples of the following: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively.Ⅺ. The style is also characterized in part by inverted sentence order. Point out the places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion.Ⅻ. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence. Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part: 1. Idon't want sympathy!2. He would not yield, though death threatened him.3. You mustn't miss that trip to Niagara.4. The boy came down on his head.5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him.6. The last story is completely different.7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in.8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear.ⅩⅢ.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.ⅩⅣ.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main idea.A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees and the amount of training they have had.At the highest level are the registered nurses with college degrees. This may be a doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person desires a supervisory job or wants to teach in a school of nursing. Naturally, these jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility.Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other than R. N. These schools are rapidly disappearing from many areas as the costof maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience.Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns. Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N. XV. Topics for oral work:1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples.2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas: 1. Farm Work in My Village2. Physical Training in Our School3. Some Successful Study MethodsLove is a Fallacy 练习题答案/answerⅠ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819―1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individualintegrity and morality and also that art is a \theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and p olitical. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like \describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living,breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinksPetey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to gosteady with him and employed all the \fallacies\5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (\makes the rule inapplicable. This is the \(2) The converse fallacy of accidentargues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that acertain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of \the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases ofirrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment \Hominem \(speaking \the man\rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well\a personal attack on aperson who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument \to \a trial lawyer, rather than arguing forhis client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or \the question\occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated(example :\always votes wisely. \how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. \cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called \hoc, ergo propter hoc\mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a \consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: \you like the twins?\yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. \refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-\(\does not follow\still moredrastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When \delusive quality about love. \When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Unit 5课后练习答案

Love is a Fallacy 练习题答案/answerⅠ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and wa ste of modern industry. Ruskin’s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman iswell-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Petey’s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argument "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him.(4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. ").(5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror.(6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer toa question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?" "Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?").(7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. "2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Burch. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under hisguidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatical inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoc".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. shed: cast off or lose hair6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。

Love is a Fallac1额

Love is a Fallacy：A Test-yourself Paper（参考答案附后）I. Words and expressions (20%)1. fallacyA. religious beliefB. false beliefC. bankruptcyD. dropping2. incredulousA. unbelievingB. increasingC. industriousD. unimproved3.scalpelA. a carpetB. a piece of breadC. a small, light knifeD. a rising market4.perspicaciousA. determinateB. flagitiousC. prestigiousD. discerning5.traumaA. emotional shockB. mental workC. the state of not having enoughD. a reinforced structure for observers6.shedA. take shelterB. prevert fromC. lose hairD. keep company with7.pedanticA. of a person who likes musicB. of a person who pays attention to unimportant newsC. of a person who stresses on sportsD. of a person who emphasizes trivial points of learning8.desistA. insist onB. ceaseC. heckleD. castrate9.proportionsA. propertyB. portionsC. massagesD. dimensions10.waifA. homeless childB. wandering musicianC. countrymanD. smuggler11.perspirationA. convincingB. encouragingC. pledgingD. sweating12. blubberA. speak quicklyB. talk repeatedlyC. say with sobsD. say with hiccups13. modulateA. make achange in the toneB. cause to do or believe sthC. make or become softD. change the place or position14.infamyA. being famous forB. being shamefulC. being honestD. being refused15.contriteA. sadB. honestC. penitentD. overjoyed16.waxA. grow bigger or greaterB. become less or smallerC. drop heavilyD. cover with thick coating17.acmeA. large group of plantsB. highest pointC. sharp crisisD. highest mountain peak18.veerA. move forwardB. look sidewaysC. change directionsD. pour out19.exultantA. triumphantB. foreignC. exhaustedD. overflowing20.unsightlyA. invisibleB. uglyC. precipitateD. provisional21.testyA. examiningB. provingC. impatientD. judging22.fractureA. breakB. combineC. disagreeD. repeat23.tugA. pullB. pushC. placeD. fix24.covetA. surroundB. coverC. avoidD. desire25.grullingA. complainingB. moaningC. tiringD. unwilling26.minceA. decreaseB. minimizeC. increaseD. euphemize27.clapA. strikeB. walkC. fall downD. climb up28.winceA. push forwardB. draw backC. incise upD. draw out29.qualifyA. equalB. proposeC. restrictD. count30.chinkA. a precise pieceB. a small pieceC. a big valleyD. a narrow opening31.shambleA. walk in an awkward wayB. tremble terriblyC. close in mild wayD. shine brightly32.contriteA. permitting easilyB. seeing clearlyC. feeling regretD. looking worried33.chirpA. a long loud soundB. a short low-pitched soundC. a low murmuring soundD. a short,high-pitched sound34.contradictA. take outB. be contrary toC. withdrawD. be relevant to35.immovableA. permanentB. quickC. immediateD. cold36.penetrateA. spreadB. pierceC. take partD. formulate37.specificationA. a blank or empty areaB. a detailed, exact statement of particularsC. a partial excuseD. the evolutionary formation of new biological species38.scrapA. special placeB. particular areaC. small pieceD. unseen item39.tremendousA. uniqueB. genuineC. unexpectedD. enormous40.clutchA. grasp tightlyB. hang looselyC. touch softlyD. hold lightlyII. Completion, according to the definition, of words each, the first letter of which is given (22%)1.to become less or weaker w2.juice which comes from meat while it is cooking g_______3.to determine the nature of (esp. a disease) from observation of symptoms d_______4.flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear t_______5..medicine causing the bowels to empty themselves l_______6.appointment between lovers to meet at a secret place t_______rge, solid piece c_______8.lose health and strength l_______d group of fixed stars c_______10.deformed and mentally undeveloped person c_______11.without denial a _______12.small piece of burning wood or coal in a dying fire e_______13.to make a loud deep noise like a bull b_______14.widely known esp. for sth. bad n_______15.art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during battle t_______16.one, such as a person or an object, that is bulky, clumsy, or unwieldy h_______17.to destine to an unhappy end d_______18.a bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano c_______19.no longer burning or active e_______20.showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects e_______21.worth being remembered or noted m_______22.to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds u_______23.a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gain v_______cking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless l_______cking vigor or energy f_______26.suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting. A_______27.a specifically defined division in a system of classification; a class. C_______28.a branch of knowledge or teaching d_______29.keenly perceptive or discerning; penetrating: a_______30.having or showing shrewdness and discernment, especially with respect to one's own concerns. a_______31.something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption h_______32.to engage in a formal discussion or argument d_______33.a massive variety of the mineral uraninite p_______34.anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy. i_______35.a shrill, often frantic cry s_______36.a surface layer of earth containing a dense growth of grass and its matted roots t_______37.to make known (something concealed or secret) r_______38.having the flavor or odor of game, especially game that is slightly spoiled g_______39.to thrust or throw forcefully into a substance or place p_______40.the skin of an animal with the fur or hair still on it p_______41.to burn with little smoke and no flame s_______42.something expected; a possibility p_______43.gilled with a specified element or elements f_______44.a quality, an ability, or an accomplishment that makes a person suitable for a particular position or task q_______III. Reading Comprehension (15%)1.The writer wants to show that ______.A. love is a mistake, a deception and an emotion that follows the principles in logicB. love is an error and it has deceptive quality that does not follow the principles of logicC. love is not a dry branch of learning and it is like a human being full of beauty and passion.D.love is a dry and learned discipline and girls do want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands.2. When did scientists discover that oysters were in danger?A. a jitterbugB. a tunnelC. an extinct craterD. a precision instrument3.The narrator claimed that his brain is just like ______.A. a faddistB. a knot-headC.logicalD. unstable4.According to the law student, Petey was not ______.A. you would achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable.B. you would not achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable.C.it would be easy for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.D. it would be difficult for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly.5.“Y ou would go far to find another girl so agreeable” means that ______.A. FrankensteinB. PygmalionC. Petey BurchD. Walter PidgeonIV. Writing style(10%)Point out some American colloquial expressions from the text.V. Rhetoric (20%)1. Discussion: Why the chief attraction of "Lesson Five" is its humor?2. Comment on the rhetorical devices of the following statements:(1) There is a limit for what flesh and blood can bear. _______(2) The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has .hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. _______(3) It was like digging a tunnel. _______(4) it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. _______(5) I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. _______(6) “Holy Toledo!” he repeated fifteen or twenty times. _______(7) Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. _______(8) Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. .Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. _______(9) but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. _______(10) My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. _______VI. Translation(13%)1. 一旦三峡工程竣工，其本身便成为世界上的一大创举，大坝坐落在长江上游“载断巫山云雨”坐落在大坝上的巨大船闸能让万吨船舶顺利而过，如同宫殿一样使人眼花缭乱的水利发电站通过广延的高压电网输送强大的电流。

loveisafallacy课后习题答案

Ⅰ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known forhis humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which somespecial circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But howdo you know Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises."2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammaticinversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statueof Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. shed: cast off or lose hair6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。

高英unit5 love is a fallcy

Language points
1.“It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve,”(para72)
tug: v. pull hard；drag；haul 用力拉，拖，拖曳
~ at sth.
eg. She tugged at his sleeve to get his attention.
A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased(公正的) evidence. A hasty generalization always proceeds from the particular to the general.
• Maybe somehow…flame. • Metaphor • Perhaps I could develop the little intelligence still existing in Polly’s mind
Ad Misericordiam文不对题
Definition: An argument based on an appeal to the emotions; a logical fallacy that involves an irrelevant or highly exaggerated appeal to pity or sympathy. Also known as argumentum ad misericordiam or appeal from pity or misery. • answer has no connection with the question. • 并无关联的结论与前提

LOVE IS A FALLACY练习答案

Stuart: Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing--protagonist/antagonists--climax--denouement2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulIII. Effective Writing Skills:1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narrationLove is a Fallacy 课后练习题/EXERCISESI. Write a short note on: Ruskin.[SRB]1. Oxford Companion to English Literature2. any book on the history of English literature3. any standard encyclopediaII. Questions on content:1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox?4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay. Ⅲ. Questions on appreciation:1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous?2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?5. Why does the narrator argue that "the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life"? (para. 145)6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence?7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly?8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements:1. Watching television is a waste of time.2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he's a juvenile delinquent?4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity.6. It's true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat.7.Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds. V. Translate paras 145--154 into Chinese.Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words"1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)3. pausing in my flight (para 8)4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)5. They shed. (para 16)6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17)7. I would be out in practice (para 24)8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25)9. She already had the makings. (para 25)10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26)11. are you going steady (para 30)12. I deposited her at the girls' dormitory (para 97)13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105)14. hammering away without let-up (para 123)Ⅶ. Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words:1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)2. "Can you mean," I said incredulously, "that people ... again?" (incredibly)3. he said passionately. (eagerly)4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined)7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment)8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent)9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment)10. I will languish. (suffer a lot)Ⅷ. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smartIX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each:1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy2. appendicitis 5. tactics3. chemist, faddist 6. venture[SRB]1. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary2. any book on lexicology or word buildingX . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by many figures of speech. Mention examples of the following: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively.Ⅺ. The style is also characterized in part by inverted sentence order. Point out the places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion.Ⅻ. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence. Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part:1. I don't want sympathy!2. He would not yield, though death threatened him.3. You mustn't miss that trip to Niagara.4. The boy came down on his head.5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him.6. The last story is completely different.7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in.8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear.ⅩⅢ.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.ⅩⅣ.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main idea.A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees and the amount of training they have had.At the highest level are the registered nurses with college degrees. This may be a doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person desires a supervisory job or wants to teach in a school of nursing. Naturally, these jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility.Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other than R. N. These schools are rapidly disappearing from many areas as the costof maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience.Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N.XV. Topics for oral work:1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples.2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas:1. Farm Work in My Village2. Physical Training in Our School3. Some Successful Study MethodsLove is a Fallacy 练习题答案/answerⅠ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the titlemeans. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. "2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. shed: cast off or lose hair6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。

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