英语句子就是以下五种基本句型

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在进行汉译英过程中,有时会觉得无从下手,因为乍看英语句子错综复杂,千变万化,短句短到只一个字,长句长达几行,担心翻译出来的英语句子要么结构不对,不地道,要么意义不准确。其实,就英语的句子结构而言,是有规律可循的,掌握这一规律,就掌握了翻译重要的第一步。简单说来,英语句子就是以下五种基本句型的扩大与缩小。

(1)S+V(主语+谓语)

This good weather won't last.这种好天气不会持久的。

(2)S+V+P(主语+谓语+表语)

Sometimes she is not clever enough.她有时很蠢。

(3)S+V+O(主语+谓语+宾语)

Writing makes an exact man.写作使人精确。

(4)S+V+O+O(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)

She promised us a gift 她答应送我们一件礼物。

(5)S+V+O+OC(主语+谓语+宾语+宾补)

That news made her happy.那条消息使她很高兴。

这五个基本句型,要时刻做到心中有数。动笔之前,仔细阅读原句,确切理解原句内容,抓住全句中心,搞清楚各个部分之间的关系。然后把句子缩小了再缩小,缩小到只剩下以上五个基本句型中的主要成分。先心译,再笔译。在心译过程中,从基本句型开始,一步步扩大句子,添加修饰成分,直至完整,再笔译。现举数例:

例1:“就在文戈获释之前,他给妻子写了一封信,问她是否愿意让他回去。”

第一步把句子缩小到只剩主要成分,但句子仍然通顺。

“文戈写了一封信”。vingo wrote a letter.

第二步增加修饰成分,扩大句子。

“文戈给妻子写了一封信”。Vingo,wrote a letter to his wife.

第三步再扩大句子。

“就在文戈获释之前,他给妻子写了封信”。Just before he was releasedfrom jail,Vingo wrote a letter to his wife.

第四步再扩大句子,直至完整,最后笔译。

“就在文戈获释之前,他给妻子写了一封信,问她是否愿意让他回去。”Just before he was released from jail,Vingo wrote a letter to his wife asking if shewould have him back.

例2:“体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。”思维方法同上。

①The head of the delegation beamed.

②The head of the sports delegation beamed.

③The head of the sports delegation beamed with delight.

④The head of the sports delegation beamed with delight when a young pioneerpresented him with a bunch of flowers.

例3:“老人读完信后失望之极,竟用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。”

①The old man was disappointed.

②After reading the letter the old man was disappointed.

③After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits.

④After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore the let- ter into little bits with his trembling fingers.

例4:“在讨论这个问题之前,我要给你们读点东西。”

①I'll read you something.

②Before the question is discussed I'll read you something.

例5:“老师告诉我们,不要在教室里大声喧哗。”

①The teacher told us…

②The teacher told us not to talk or laugh loudly.

③The teacher told us not to talk or laugh loudly in the classroom.

另外,在翻译过程中还必须保持性、数、格、人称、时态、语态等一致性。选词准确,正确使用习惯用法与修辞手段。在经常做翻译练习的同时,不断提高翻译技巧。久而久之,便会熟能生巧,得心应手。

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