情绪定义30种

Box 12.1 Panel of Definition of Emotion

(Classified by Kleinginna and Kleinginna) Categories(类型)

Affective definitions

1, William McDougall (1921 ): ‘The emotional excitation of specific quality that is the affective aspect of the operation of any of the principal instincts may be called a primary emotion’

2, Donald Hebb (1966): 'Special state of arousal accompanied by mediating processes which tend to excite behaviour maintaining or modifying the present state of affairs.'

3, Ross Buck (1976): 'Emotion is generally defined in terms of states of feeling. It is impossible to separate the activation and direction of behaviour, subjective feelings, and cognition'

External stimuli definitions

4, Robert Plutchik (1980): 'The characteristics of emotion may be summarized in the following way: 1. Emotions are generally aroused by external stimuli. 2. Emotional expression is typically directed toward the particular stimulus in the environment by which it has been aroused. 3. Emotions may be, but are not necessarily or usually actvated by a physiological state. 4. There are no 'natural' objects in the environment (like food or water) toward which emotional expression is directed. 5. An emotional state is induced after an object is seen or evaluated, and not before'

Physiological definition

5, John Watson (1924): 'An emotion is an hereditary

'pattern-reaction' involving profound changes of the bodily mechanism as a whole, but particularly of the visceral and glandular systems.'

6, Pavel Siminov ( 1970): 'From the physiological point of view, emotions constitute a special nervous mechanism which ensures the adaptive behaviour of higher living beings in situations which disrupt their habit systems, that is, when there is a lack of the information required for reaching a goal and satisfying a need.'

Emotional/expressive behaviour definitions

7, Charles Darwin (1872): 'Actions of all kinds, if regularly accmnpanying any state of mind, are at once recognized as expressive. These may consist of movements of may part of the body, a wagging of a dog's tail, the shrugging of a man's shoulders, the erection of the hair, the exudation of perspiration, the state of capillary circulation, labored breathing, and the use of the vocal or other sound-producing instruments... That the chief expressive actions, exhibited by man and by lower animals, are now innate or inherited--that is, have not been learnt by the indiidual-is admitted by every one'.

Disruptive behaviour definitions

8, Paul T Young (1943): 'Emotion is an acute disturbance of the individual as a whole, psychological in origin, involving behaviour, conscious experience, and visceral functioning.'

Adaptive definitions

9, Sandor Rado (1969): 'Emotion is the preparatory signal that prepares the organism for emergency behavionr. The goal of this behaviour is to restore the organism to safety.'