Victorian Poets 英国文学
English Literature of the Victorian Age 维多利亚时期的英国文学
English Literature of the Victorian Age1. The Victorian Period:Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides withthe reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840)2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 宪章运动3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859)4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901)The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems.III. Critical Realism1. definition----English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.2. Features:Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.a. introduction of characters from the working classb. strong hatred for vices in the societyc. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reformsd. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte)3. Representatives:Charles Dickens; William Thackeray etc.4. Features of Victorian novelsIn this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the so ciety had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People’s charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of tho usands of people’s signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker’s personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his “My Last Duchess” is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Further Reading:After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political powerfrom the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soongeared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reachedits highest point of development as a world power. Andyet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existedwidespread poverty & wretchedness among the workingclass. The worsening living & working conditions, themass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with itsworkhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people’s religious convictions. Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. Life:1. a middle class family2. once was a child labor in a shoe-blacking factory3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer4. the poets’ cornerII. Major Works1. Oliver Twist;雾都孤儿2. David Copperfield;大卫·科波菲尔(autobiographical)3. Hard Times; 艰难时世4. A Tale of Two Cities双城记III. three periodsa. optimismb. frustrationc. pessimism1. Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz 《博兹札记》(1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837); Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》or 《苦海孤雏》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》( 1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比·拉奇》(1841)2. Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes 《美国纪行》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845)；A Christmas Carol 《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son 《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)3. Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House 《荒凉山庄》( 1852-1853); Hard Times 《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》or 《孤星血泪》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); Edwin Drood 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished) (1870)Distinct Features of His Novels1. Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”, that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.2. Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.3. Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one，or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.4. The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.5.unnatural happy endingHis Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employsexaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. William Makepeace ThackerayI. Lifea. born in India;b. studied in Cambridge;c. gambling and bad investmentsd. has to make a living by writing articles for newspapers and magazines.II. featuresa. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novelsIII. Vanity Fair ----masterpiece1. title: from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. Subtitle: “A novel without a hero”the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a wholeno positive characters (c) female3. plot( p193 -196)Read the story from P137 to P138 by yourself. Make clear about the development of the plot and relations between main characters. (Rebecca Sharp, Amelia Sedley, Joseph Sedley, Sir Pitt Crawley, Rawdon Crawley, Lord Steyne, George Osborne, William Dobbin)Amelia: good-natured, sentimental, and simple-mindedGeorge Osborne: snobbish, caustic, selfish and simple-mindedJoseph Sedley: vain, selfish, effeminateWilliam Dobbin: good-natured, honestIII. Comparison between Thackeray and Dickenssimilarities:① both representatives of critical realism;② both novelists, humorists;③ both criticized the Victorian society satirically.2. differences:① D described the common people, T mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich people.②D was a sentimentalist. T was a cynic who doubted the goodness of human nature as a spectator.③ D advocated social reforms, T was not a crusader for good causes.④ D was a romanticist, T was against all romantic conventions.George eliotI. life1. George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into anestate agent’s family in Warwickshire, England.2. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, & showed a great interest in social & philosophical problems.3. At the age of 39, she started he literary career. Being a woman of intelligence & versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers.4. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life.II. Literary Career1. her three most popular novels came successively, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) & Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life & notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization & high moral tone.2. 1863, Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola.3. Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics.4. 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book, George Eliot’s greatest achievement5. 1876, last novel, Daniel Deronda.These novels, together with a number of poems & a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health & working constantly under the apprehension of failure or worthlessness.III. Achievements1. Writing at the latter half of the 19th century & closely following the critical realist writers, George Eliot was working at something new.2. By joining the worlds of inward propensity & outward circumstances & showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism & sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic & psychological novel.3. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a person & to reveal the motives, impulses & hereditary influences which govern human action.4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character.5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual.6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching & psychological realism. IV.The theme of her worksAs a woman of exceptional intelligence & life experience, George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential & social aspirations. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education & limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance & realization of their goals, & they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth.Charlotte Bronte & Emily BronteI. Life of the Bronte sistersCharlotte(39), Emily(30) ,Anne(29)1. born in Yorkshire moors, daughters of a poor country clergyman.2. 2 elder daughters died in the charity school3. Charlotte and Emily once worked as governessesII. Jane Eyre 简·爱III. Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄1. Plot (P264-268)a story about two families and an intruding stranger2. Point of view: first person point of view;3. narration: two dramatic narrators (Mr. Lockwood, and Nelly Dean)IV. detail-reading (268-278)1. content: Final meeting of Heathcliff and Catherine before Catherine’s death2. narrator: Nelly Dean3. their love: passion, love, agony, horror4. Catherine:a common girl who met an uncommon love. In her heart, the struggle between true love and tradition never ceased, and finally caused her early death.5. theme :a. criticism upon the materialism and social discrimination.b. hatred and revenge are meaningless; only love lasts forever.6. features: Romantic color (private passion and personal emotions; description of nature; Gothic elements)Gothic NovelThe word “Gothic”originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.On Gothic NovelThere is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne.In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films.Jane eyreSignificance:1. one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age.2. its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.II. Point of viewfirst person point of viewIII. Character (Jane Eyre)1. a naïve, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.2. a middle-class workingwomen (governesses) struggling for recognition of her rights & equality as a human being.3. possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & extraordinary personalities.IV. Themethe struggle of an individual towards self-realization.V. Style1. realism (criticism of the existing society) combined with romanticism (horror, mystery & prophesy)2. intensity of vision and passion3. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization4. vivid description of her intense feelingsVI. Detail-reading (Chapter XXIII)Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine.Alfred Tennyson (1809－1892)I. life1809: Born at Somersby rectory, 4th son of the rector.1827: Poems by Two Brothers. Enters Trinity College, Cambridge.1829: Friendship with Arthur Hallam. love with Emily Tennyson.1831: Father dies.1832: brother Edward goes insane.1833: Hallam dies.1834: love with Rosa Baring1838: Engaged to Emily Sellwood.1840: Engagement broken off.1844: Has an emotional breakdown.1850: In Memoriam published anonymously. Marries Emily Sellwood. Appointed Poet Laureate. 1852: Son Hallam born.1862: Has first audience with Queen Victoria.II. Works:1. Poems by Two Brothers2. Poems, Chiefly Lyrical3. Poems (two volumes)4. The Princess5. Maud6. The Idylls of the King7. In MemoriamIII. Break, break, break(p294)IV. Features:1. T’s thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality2. the conflict between the spirit and the flesh3. classical materialsRobert Browning & Elizabeth BarrettI. LifeLegendary love, happy marriageII. E’s WorksFrom Sonnets from the Portuguese(p305)III. Features:1. theme: love2. Feature: reason & emotion3. significance: set up new belief for Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faithRobert BrowningRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing’s masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.My Last Duchess"My Last Duchess" is Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.V. the Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)I. Life (novelist and poet)a. Born in Dorchester —“Wessex”b. close to peasantryc. belief in evolutionII. Works:1. Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》3. The Return of the Native《还乡》4. Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》III. Tess of the D’Urbervilles1. subtitle “a pure woman”2. Plot (p315-319)3. Pessimistic philosophy; critical realism; symbolism; naturalism;IV. H’s Ideas of FateMost of Hardy’s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behavior and his relations with others.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)I. lifeBorn in a rich bourgeois familyA representative of bourgeois realism in English novel of 20th centuryII. work1. The Island Pharisees岛国的法利赛人2. The Man of Property有产业的人3. Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家4. The End of the Chapter尾声III. Forsyte Saga(p352-356)1. powerful sweep2. brilliant illustrations3. deep psychological analysis4. satire & criticismIV. point of viewG’s works give a complete picture of English bourgeois society. Yet his criticism was limited to the spheres of ethics and aesthetics. Facing the crisis of British imperialism and the growing forces of socialism, Galsworthy began to idealize the decadent bourgeoisie.1. Modernism in English Literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century2. OriginThe concept of modernism emerged in the eighteenth century when the classicists mocked those who opposed them and called them modernists. Now it is a comprehensive term applied to international tendencies and movements in all creative arts in the 20th century. In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression.3. Major philosophical Influences on modernism1) Darwinism 2) Marxism 3) Freudianism4. Major ideas of modernism1) It employs a distinctive kind of imagination. Thus it practicessolipsism( 唯我论). It believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.2) It implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair. It rejects traditional values and assumptions. And it looks forfresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.Many modernists are philosophical existentialists.3) It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man andprefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. It celebrates passion andwill over reason and systematic morality.4) It rejects the traditional rhetoric by which tradition values and assumptions were communicated. It is bent on stylistic innovations and experiments with language, form, symbol and myth.4. Modernist movements1)Symbolism 2)imagism 3)aestheticism 4)expressionism5) the stream of consciousness 6)surrealism 7) existentialism8) theatre of the absurdLawranceI. TitleThe representative of psychological fiction.II. Life(p415-417)III. works(1) Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(2) The Rainbow虹(3) Women in Love恋爱中的女人(4) Lady Chatterlay’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人IV. Sons and Lovers1. autobiographical2. the Oedipus complex3. themea) the damage caused in family relationship by industrial forceb) the split of human beingsc) natural love as the only cureWoolfI. title:The representative of “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. LifeA novelist, critic and feminist; nervous breakdown since childhood; self-suicide III. Works1. Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人2. To the Lighthouse到灯塔去3. The Waves海浪4. A Room of One’s Own一间自己的房间5. Modern Fiction现代小说IV. Mrs. Dalloway (p441-445)V. point of view1. She challenged the traditional way of writing.2. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.3. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.V. Influence(1) The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.(2) However, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers.(3) The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time.James joyceI. Title: the representative of the “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. “stream of consciousness”1. definition:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”2. time: in the 20th century3. foundations:a. the literary device of “interior monologue”内心独白b. Freud’s theory of psychological analysisIII. J’s worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像b. Dubliners都柏林人c. Ulysses尤利西斯d. Finnegans Wake芬尼根觉醒IV. significance of his worksa. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period.b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed atendency of vanity.William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)I. title“the greatest poet of our age –certainly the greatest in this (English) language”-----T. S. Eliot II. LifePoet and dramatistIrishLifelong love for Maud GonneIII. Works1. The Responsibilities责任2. The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土3. When You Are Old4. The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯5. The Hour Glass时漏6. The Tower塔IV. FeatureHe is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. (moon, water, rose)V. Themes1. Patriotism;2. love;3. civilization;4. age;5. the relation between imagination, history and the occultVI. When you are oldWhen you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read , and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man love d the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)I. TitleA representative of critical realism in modern English literatureII. lifeIreland;socialist Movement;criticize the evil of capitalism;support the forces of revolution and democracyIII. works (plays unpleasant)Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbreak House伤心之家Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Apple Cart苹果车。
英国文学维多利亚时期ppt课件
dramatic monologue.(以戏剧独白的诗歌形式著称) -Works: The Ring and the Book《指环与书》 My Last Duchess 《我已故的公爵夫人》
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The Victorian Period
• 特征： Common sense and moral propriety, which
were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.常理和道德这些被浪漫主义时代 遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
Victorian poets and poetry
Matthew Arnold （1822——1888）马修阿 诺德
• - A poet and an important social critic in this age. His poetry foreshadows the “ wasteland” of the twentieth-century. 荒原意识
苔丝是个美丽的乡村姑娘，由于家境贫穷， 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 给与自己同姓的贵族德伯家打工。结果她 被主人家的儿子亚历克· 德伯诱奸，并生 下了一个私生子。由于这个“罪过”，苔 丝很受鄙视。在巨大的压力下，再加上小 孩夭折，苔丝离家来到一个牛奶场工作， 遇到了牧师的儿妇安吉尔· 克莱尔。两人 相爱并结婚。但在新婚之夜，苔丝向他坦 白了自己的过去，安吉尔竟将她抛弃，独 自去了巴西。生活困苦，备受侮辱的苔丝 苦等安吉尔回来无果，无奈成为了亚历克 的情妇。就在这时，安吉尔抱着忏悔的心 情，来到苔丝身边想和她重新在一起。这 时苔丝杀死了亚历克。在他们逃亡的途中，
英国文学unit11VicPoets1AlfredTennyson
In the first stanza the eagle sits on some high mountain cliff in some deserted area, and in the second stanza he suddenly swoops down in flight. That's just as a subject matter goes. However, the significance of the poem is the interesting way Tennyson communicates that experience of the eagle through the poetic devices: crooked hands, ring'd with the azure world, wrinkled sea, like a thunderbolt, etc.
He is the second most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare.
Alfred Tennyson: His Early Life
Often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; he was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years. Alfred began to write poetry at an early age in the style of Lord Byron. After spending four unhappy years in school he was tutored at home. Tennyson then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the literary club 'The Apostles' and met Arthur Hallam, who became his closest friend. Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, in 1830, which included the popular "Mariana".
英国文学中布朗宁夫妇简介
Mrs.Browning
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Elizabeth Barrett Browning Personal stlye：Mrs. Browning's technique is uncertain,and she never freed herself from her characteristic faults of vagueness and unrestraint，but her sympathy with noble causes, the elevation and ardor of her moods of personal emotion, and the distinction of her utterance at its best, tempt us to overlook her technical.( Nobody is perfect.) Mrs. Browning was a smart woman. She takes the advantages of being a female，and many of her poems were written according to the personal emotion..
Mrs. Browning
From Sonnets from the Portuguese showed her admiration to the love and her pursuit of the happiness. Her own experience can be seen from the poem.21,The lovers constant showing each other with love, and the importance of "say love" to the one you loved.22,the spirit power of love; 32,Love can not be separated from occasionally debate with each other 43，her oath to the love. Following abba abba cdc dcd style.
英国文学Victorian Era 维多利亚时代52页PPT
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
英国文学Victorian Fra bibliotekra 维多利亚时代
41、俯仰终宇宙，不乐复何如。 42、夏日长抱饥，寒夜无被眠。 43、不戚戚于贫贱，不汲汲于富贵。 44、欲言无予和，挥杯劝孤影。 45、盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时 当勉励 ，岁月 不待人 。
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
11. Victorian Poets 英国文学作品选读课件
Which one is your favorite translation of the title?
• 溅吧，溅吧，溅吧 • 碎了，碎了，碎了 • 海浪喧哗 • 冲激，冲激，冲激 • 拍，拍，拍
Break, Break, Break
• "Break, Break, Break" is a short, sad, lyric poem in which the speaker mourns the loss of his friend.
Victorian Poets
It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all
-ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Alfred, Lord Tennyson
In Memoriam
• At Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Henry
of the most popular poets in the English O, well for the fisherman’s boy,
--Alfred, Lord Tennyson
language. The speaker is looking at the ocean and wishing he knew how to express his grief.
• Arthur Henry Hallam died suddenly of a brain hemorrhage while traveling in Vienna in 1833. Hallam was engaged to be married to Tennyson's sister, so the whole family felt the loss. Tennyson took years to get over it, composing what some
维多利亚时期英国文学
六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年）查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。
代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）：杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。
代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Henry Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。
勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）：夏洛特·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的《简爱》（Jane Eyre）；艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）的《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）；安尼·勃朗特（Anne Bronte）的《安格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）：著名的现实主义女作家。
代表作《亚当·比德》（Adam Bede），《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》（The Mill on the Floss），《织工马南》（Silas Marner），《米德尔马契》（Middlemarch—A Study of Provincial Life）。
维多利亚时期英国文学[5篇模版]
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维多利亚时期英国文学[5篇模版]第一篇：维多利亚时期英国文学六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年）查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。
代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）：杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。
代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Henry Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。
勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）：夏洛特·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的《简爱》（Jane Eyre）；艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）的《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）；安尼·勃朗特（Anne Bronte）的《安格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）：著名的现实主义女作家。
维多利亚时代英国文学
Gothic Elements in Jane Eyre
As a girl, Jane’s punishment is
to be locked in a red room where a relative had previously died. She later sees the ghost. Some characters hold frightening and dark secrets, contributing to the atmosphere of mystery. Two terrible and destructive fires occur. We eventually discover the fact that a menacing and insane woman has been in the home of Jane’s employer (and love interest) for most of the plot. One character, Rochester, receives disfiguring injuries.
Frankenstein
Story opens on the ship
of an English explorer, Robert Walton, in the Arctic Ocean Walton serves as a framing device for the real action of the story: the creation of a monster by Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Victorian novel
Victorian novels tend to focus on the difficult
维多利亚时期的英国文学
维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）1、威廉、华兹华斯：桂冠诗人；《独自云游》《孤独的割麦女》《抒情歌谣集》最杰出的诗篇；《序曲》；2、柯勒律治：《古舟子咏》《忽必烈汗》《克里斯贝尔》3、骚赛：桂冠诗人；《Thalaba the destroyer》是骚赛最重要的长篇史诗之一；另一各是《格拉玛的诅咒》4、乔治、戈登、拜伦：《唐璜》5、雪莱：《阿多尼》，悼念济慈，英国史上最杰出的挽歌之一；《西风颂》、《解放了的普罗米修斯》《致云雀》《诗辩》(A defence of poetry)；6、约翰、济慈：《圣。
阿格尼斯节前夕》是使人最杰出的作品之一；许多颂歌：《秋颂》《夜莺颂》《希腊古翁颂》7、阿尔弗雷德、丁尼生：《Break，break，break，》；《公主》；《悼念In memoriam》英国史上最优秀的挽歌之一;8、罗伯特、布朗宁：首创dramatic monologue；《环与树》英国19世纪最杰出的长诗之一；9、伊丽莎白、布朗宁：《孩子们的哭声》；10、托马斯、昆西：《一个抽鸦片人的独白》，对詹姆斯、乔伊斯和T.S 艾略特产生一定影响；11、沃尔特、司各特：历史小说之父；12、简、奥斯汀13、勃朗特三姐妹14、乔治、艾略特：原名玛丽安、伊万斯；19世界现实主义小说的杰出代表，同时是多产且学识渊博的作家；《亚当、比的》、《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》《织工马南》《米德尔马契》15、盖斯凯尔夫人：《玛丽巴顿》；《夏洛蒂勃朗特传》16、查尔斯、狄更斯：乐观时期：《波兹特写》《匹克维克外传》《雾都孤儿》《老古玩店》；不乐观时期：《美国札记》《董贝父子》《大卫科波菲尔》后期：《荒凉山庄》《艰难时事》《双城记》《远大前程》17、萨克雷：《名利场》《亨利埃斯蒙德》《纽克母一家》18、托马斯、哈代：《远离尘嚣》《还乡》《喀斯特桥市长》《威塞克斯故事集》《列王》the dynasts:哈代思想艺术集大成之作19、约瑟夫、路德亚林、吉普林(Joseph Rudyard Kipling)1907年诺贝尔文学奖；20：约瑟夫、康拉德：《黑暗的心》21：奥斯卡、王尔德。
英国文学维多利亚时期
练习
• In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And it flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.
– Works • Tess of the D’urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 • The Return of the Native 《还乡》 • Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》 • Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 • The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》 • Dynasties 《列王》
Victorian poets and poetry
Alfred Tennyson （1809——1892） 阿尔佛 雷德丁尼生 - A representative poet of the Victorian Age. “桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• Works: • In Memoriam 《悼念》 • The idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》 • Ulysses 《尤利西斯》
• A. romanticism B. naturalism
• C. realism
D. critical realism
D
练习
• Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?
A. A Tale of Two Cities.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代chapter5thevictorianperiodthevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代backgroundinformationchangesinsocietychangesinpoliticschangesinsciencetechnologychangesinideologythevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代changesinpolitics?politicalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddleclassindustrialcapitalists
The critical realists were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but of reformism.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代
Prose
• Great prose writers: Thomas Carlyle Thomas Babington Macaulay Matthew Arnold John Henry Newman John Stuart Mill John Ruskin Thomas Henry Huxley
• It was welcomed especially by the middleclass industrialists and made cultural values, moral standards less valuable. →the worsening of living condition of poor people
英国文学选读下 作者作品名整理
The Age of Romanticism (1798~1832)补充：Rousseau (1712~1778) 卢梭：The New Heloise (1761) Emile (1762)Edmund Burke (1729~1797)：Reflection on the Revolution in FranceA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful Aristotle：The PoeticsLonginus：On the SublimeThomas Paine (1737~1809) ：The Rights of Man (1791)William Wordsworth (1770~1850) 华兹华斯Preface to Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》序言Composed upon Westerminster Bridge 《写于威斯敏斯特桥上》The Solitary Reaper 《孤独的割麦女》I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 《我好似一片孤的流云》LinesComposed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey 《丁登诗》The RecluseThe PreludeThe Lucy PoemsLondon（1802）Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772~1834) 柯尔律治Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》Biographia LiterariaRemorseChristabelThe Eolian Harp (1795)Reflections on having left a Place of Retirement (1795)This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison (1797)Frost at Midnight (1798)Fears in Solitude (1798)The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem (1798)Dejection: An Ode (1802)To William Wordsworth (1807)Poems on Various SubjectsGeorge Gordon Byron (1788~1824) 拜伦Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1809) 《恰尔德. 哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》The Isles of Greece （哀希腊）When We Two Parted 《记当时我俩分手》She Walks in Beauty 《她身披美丽而行》Hours of IdlenessOriental TalesPrometheusSonnet on ChillonThe Prisoner of ChillonPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792~1822) 雪莱Song to the Men of England 《致英国人之歌》Ode to the West Wind (1819) 《西风颂》On the Necessity of Atheism (1811)Queen MabAlastor (1816)The Revolt of Islam (1818)The Mask of Anarchy (1819)Prometheus Unbound (1820)Hellas (1822)The Cenci (1819)Adomais (1821)The Defence of Poetry (1821)To a SkylarkLove’s philosophyOne word Is Too often ProfanedWith a Guitar, to JaneOzymandias 《法老》John Keats (1795~1821) 济兹On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》To Autumn 《秋颂》Endymion (1818)Charles Lamb (1775~1834) 兰姆Old China 《古旧的瓷器》Tales from Shakespeare (1807)Essays of Ilia (1823)Last Essays of Ilia (1833)The Tomb of DouglasA Vision of RepentanceBlank Verse with Charles Lloyd, the mentally unstable son of the founder of Lloyd's Bank The Old Familiar FacesRosamund GrayOn the Tragedies of ShakespeareSpecimens of the English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespeare. Thomas de Quincey (1785~1859) 德.昆西On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth 《论〈麦克白〉剧中的敲门声》The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821)Walladmor (1825)On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (1827)Klosterheim, or the Masque (1832)Lake Reminiscences (1834–40)Walter Scott (1771~1832) 司各特Ivanhoe 《艾文赫》Minstrelsey of the Scottish Border (1802-1803)The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805)Marmion (1808)The Lady of the Lake (1810)Waverley (1812)Rob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianThe Bride of LammermoorThe Victorian Age (1832~1901) 维多利亚时期The Victorian NovelistsCharles Dickens （1812~1870）狄更斯Dombey and Son （1848）《董贝父子》Bleak House （1853）《荒凉山庄》Sketches by Boz （1836）The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club/Pickwick Papers （1836~1837）Oliver Twist （1837~1838）Nicholas Nickleby （1838~1839）The Old Curiosity Shop （1840~1841）Martin Chuzzlewit （1843~1844）A Christmas CarolThe ChimesThe Cricket on the HearthDavid CopperfieldAmerican NoteA Tale of Two CitiesHard Times （1854）Little Dorrit （1857）Our Mutual Friend （1865）Great ExpectationsWilliam Makepeace Thackeray (1811~1863) 威廉麦克皮斯萨克雷Vanity Fair (1848) 《名利场》The School of Snobs (1846~1847)The Newcomes (1853~1855)Henry Esmond (1852)The Victorian poetsLord Alfred Tennyson (1809~1892) 丁尼生In Memoriam 《悼念》Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Break, Break, Break 《拍岸曲》MaudPoems by Two Brothers (1827)Poems (1833)The Lady of ShalottMorte d’ArthurIdylls of the KingRobert Browning (1812~1889) 布朗宁My Last Duchess 《我的前公爵夫人》Meeting at Night 《深夜幽会》Parting at Morning 《清晨离别》Pauline (1833)Matthew Arnold (1822~1888) 阿诺德Dover Beach 《多佛海滩》Essays in Criticism (1865 and 1888)Culture and Amarchy (1889)The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte(1816~1855) Jane Eyre (1847)Emily Bronte(1818~1848) Wuthering Heights (1847) 《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte(1820~1849) Agnes Gray (1847)Thomas Carlyle (1795~1881) 卡莱尔Past and Present (1843) 《过去和现在》Sartor Resartus (1833~1834)History of the French Revolution (1837)German Literature (1837)Periods of European Culture (1838)Heroes and Hero Worship (1841)Reminiscences (1881)Thomas Hardy (1840~1928) 哈代Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》In Time of “The Breaking of Nations ”《国家分裂时》Afterwards 《身后》Jude the Obscure (1896)The DynastsJoseph Conrad (1857~1924) 康拉德Heart of Darkness 《黑暗的心脏》Almayer’s Folly (1895)The Nigger of “the Narcissus” (1897)Lord Jim (1900)Nostromo (1904)The Secret Agent (1907)George Bernard Shaw （1856~1950）肖伯纳Major Barbars’(1905) 《巴巴拉少校》Widowers’ House (1892)Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionPygmalion (1912)Heartbreak House (1917)The Twentieth CenturyModernism 现代文学派Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888~1965) 艾略特The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1911)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》The Waste Land (1921)Lancelot Andrews (1928)Ash Wednesday (1930)Murder in the Cathedral (1935)The Family Reunion. (1939)James Joyce (1882~1941) 乔伊斯Ulysses (1922) 《尤里克斯》，A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)Stephen Spender ( 1909~1995) 斯彭德The Landscape Near An Aerodrome.《机场附近的景色》Wystan Hugh Auden (1907~1973) 奥登Spain 1937 《西班牙1937》Angry Young Men愤怒的青年John Osborn (1929~1994) 奥斯本Look Back in Anger 《愤怒的回顾》补充：Kingsley Amis : Lucky Jim (1954)John Wain : Hurry on Down (1953)John Braine : Room at the Top (1957)Alan Sillitoe : Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958)The Theatre of the Absurd荒诞派戏剧补充：Martin Esslin : The Theatre of the Absurd (1961)Camus : The Myth of Sisphyus (1942)Samuel Beckett (1906~1989) 贝克特Waiting for Godot (1952) 《等待戈多》Iris Murdoch (1919~1999) (Dame Jean Iris Murdoch) 默多克Under the Net (1954)The Flight from the Enchanter (1956)The Bell (1958)A Severed Head (1961) 《割裂的头脑》The Unicorn (1963)The Red and Green (1965)A Fairly Honourable Defeat (1970)The Black Prince (1973)The Sea, The Sea (1978)The Philosopher’s Pupil (1983)The Green Knight (1993)William Golding (1911~1993) 威廉.戈尔丁Lord of The Flies (1954) 《蝇王》The Inheritors (1955)Pincher Martin (1965)Free Fall (1959)The Spire (1964)The Pyramid (1967)The Scorpion God (three short novels) (1971)Darkness Visible (1979)Rites of Passage (1980)The paper Men (1987)Fire Down Below (1989)V. S. Naipaul (1932~) 维.苏奈保尔Fiction works: The Mystic Masseur(1957)Miguel Street(1958）A Way in the World (1997)A House for Mr. Biswas (1961) The Mimic Man（1967）Half a Life(1999)A Bend in the River (1979)The Enigma of Arrival (1987) Guerrillas(1975)In a Free State(1971)《在一个自由的国度》包含five apparently independent stories or novellas: 1“Prologue, Form a Journal: The Tamp atPiraeus”, 2“One out of Many”, 3“Tell Me Who to Kill”, 4“In a Free State”, 5“Epilogue, from a Journal: The Circus at Lu xor”.Nonfictional works:Between Father and Son: Family LettersBeyond beliefs: I slamic Excursions Among the ConvertedPeoples, Among the Believers: an I slamic JourneyIndia: a Million Mutinies NowIndia: a Wounded CivilizationMartin Amis (1949~) 马丁.艾米斯Novels: The Rachel Papers(1973) Success(1978) Other People: a Mystery Story(1981) Money：a Suicide Note (1984) 《钱：绝命书》London Fields(1989) Time’s Arrow(1999) The Information(1995) Night Train(1997)Story collection: Einstein’s Monsters (1986)Non-fictional writing: Visiting Nabokov (1993)Seamus Heaney (1939~) 谢默斯.希尼First poem: Tractors, in the Belfast Telegraph.First book of poetry: Death of a Naturalist (1966),《博物学家之死》，Dorr into the Dark(1969), Electric Light(2001).Book of literary criticism: Preoccupations, The Government of Tongue, The Place of Writing and Redness of Poetry.Translation of the old-English epic: Beowulf (1999).Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995: Crediting Poetry.Poetry of two genres: 1 the private or autobiographical theme(rural experience): Death of a Naturalist(1966),《博物学家之死》，Dorr into the Dark(1969).2 the public or political theme(psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts):NorthMade by: Leo、Zoe、Eva.。
English Literature of the Victorian Age 维多利亚时期的英国文学
English Literature of the Victorian Age1. The Victorian Period:Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides withthe reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840)2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 宪章运动3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859)4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901)The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems.III. Critical Realism1. definition----English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.2. Features:Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.a. introduction of characters from the working classb. strong hatred for vices in the societyc. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reformsd. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte)3. Representatives:Charles Dickens; William Thackeray etc.4. Features of Victorian novelsIn this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People’s charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people’s signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker’s personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his “My Last Duchess” is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Further Reading:After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political powerfrom the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soongeared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reachedits highest point of development as a world power. Andyet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existedwidespread poverty & wretchedness among the workingclass. The worsening living & working conditions, themass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with itsworkhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people’s religious convictions. Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. Life:1. a middle class family2. once was a child labor in a shoe-blacking factory3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer4. the poets’ cornerII. Major Works1. Oliver Twist;雾都孤儿2. David Copperfield;大卫·科波菲尔(autobiographical)3. Hard Times; 艰难时世4. A Tale of Two Cities双城记III. three periodsa. optimismb. frustrationc. pessimism1. Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz 《博兹札记》(1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837); Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》or 《苦海孤雏》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》( 1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比·拉奇》(1841)2. Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes 《美国纪行》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845)；A Christmas Carol 《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son 《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)3. Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House 《荒凉山庄》( 1852-1853); Hard Times 《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》or 《孤星血泪》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); Edwin Drood 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished) (1870)Distinct Features of His Novels1. Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”, that they b ecome proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.2. Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.3. Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one，or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.4. The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.5.unnatural happy endingHis Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employsexaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. William Makepeace ThackerayI. Lifea. born in India;b. studied in Cambridge;c. gambling and bad investmentsd. has to make a living by writing articles for newspapers and magazines.II. featuresa. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novelsIII. Vanity Fair ----masterpiece1. title: from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. Subtitle: “A novel without a hero”the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a wholeno positive characters (c) female3. plot( p193 -196)Read the story from P137 to P138 by yourself. Make clear about the development of the plot and relations between main characters. (Rebecca Sharp, Amelia Sedley, Joseph Sedley, Sir Pitt Crawley, Rawdon Crawley, Lord Steyne, George Osborne, William Dobbin)Amelia: good-natured, sentimental, and simple-mindedGeorge Osborne: snobbish, caustic, selfish and simple-mindedJoseph Sedley: vain, selfish, effeminateWilliam Dobbin: good-natured, honestIII. Comparison between Thackeray and Dickenssimilarities:① both representatives of critical realism;② both novelists, humorists;③ both criticized the Victorian society satirically.2. differences:① D described the common people, T mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich people.②D was a sentimentalist. T was a cynic who doubted the goodness of human nature as a spectator.③ D advocated social reforms, T was not a crusader for good causes.④ D was a romanticist, T was against all romantic conventions.George eliotI. life1. George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into anestate agent’s family in Warwickshire, England.2. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, & showed a great interest in social & philosophical problems.3. At the age of 39, she started he literary career. Being a woman of intelligence & versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers.4. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life.II. Literary Career1. her three most popular novels came successively, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) & Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life & notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization & high moral tone.2. 1863, Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola.3. Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics.4. 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book, George Eliot’s greatest achievement5. 1876, last novel, Daniel Deronda.These novels, together with a number of poems & a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health & working constantly under the apprehension of failure or worthlessness.III. Achievements1. Writing at the latter half of the 19th century & closely following the critical realist writers, George Eliot was working at something new.2. By joining the worlds of inward propensity & outward circumstances & showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism & sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic & psychological novel.3. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a person & to reveal the motives, impulses & hereditary influences which govern human action.4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character.5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual.6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching & psychological realism. IV.The theme of her worksAs a woman of exceptional intelligence & life experience, George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential & social aspirations. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education & limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance & realization of their goals, & they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth.Charlotte Bronte & Emily BronteI. Life of the Bronte sistersCharlotte(39), Emily(30) ,Anne(29)1. born in Yorkshire moors, daughters of a poor country clergyman.2. 2 elder daughters died in the charity school3. Charlotte and Emily once worked as governessesII. Jane Eyre 简·爱III. Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄1. Plot (P264-268)a story about two families and an intruding stranger2. Point of view: first person point of view;3. narration: two dramatic narrators (Mr. Lockwood, and Nelly Dean)IV. detail-reading (268-278)1. content: Final meeting of Heathcliff and Catherine before Catherine’s death2. narrator: Nelly Dean3. their love: passion, love, agony, horror4. Catherine:a common girl who met an uncommon love. In her heart, the struggle between true love and tradition never ceased, and finally caused her early death.5. theme :a. criticism upon the materialism and social discrimination.b. hatred and revenge are meaningless; only love lasts forever.6. features: Romantic color (private passion and personal emotions; description of nature; Gothic elements)Gothic NovelThe word “Gothic”originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.On Gothic NovelThere is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne.In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films.Jane eyreSignificance:1. one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age.2. its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.II. Point of viewfirst person point of viewIII. Character (Jane Eyre)1. a naïve, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.2. a middle-class workingwomen (governesses) struggling for recognition of her rights & equality as a human being.3. possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & extraordinary personalities.IV. Themethe struggle of an individual towards self-realization.V. Style1. realism (criticism of the existing society) combined with romanticism (horror, mystery & prophesy)2. intensity of vision and passion3. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization4. vivid description of her intense feelingsVI. Detail-reading (Chapter XXIII)Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine.Alfred Tennyson (1809－1892)I. life1809: Born at Somersby rectory, 4th son of the rector.1827: Poems by Two Brothers. Enters Trinity College, Cambridge.1829: Friendship with Arthur Hallam. love with Emily Tennyson.1831: Father dies.1832: brother Edward goes insane.1833: Hallam dies.1834: love with Rosa Baring1838: Engaged to Emily Sellwood.1840: Engagement broken off.1844: Has an emotional breakdown.1850: In Memoriam published anonymously. Marries Emily Sellwood. Appointed Poet Laureate. 1852: Son Hallam born.1862: Has first audience with Queen Victoria.II. Works:1. Poems by Two Brothers2. Poems, Chiefly Lyrical3. Poems (two volumes)4. The Princess5. Maud6. The Idylls of the King7. In MemoriamIII. Break, break, break(p294)IV. Features:1. T’s thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality2. the conflict between the spirit and the flesh3. classical materialsRobert Browning & Elizabeth BarrettI. LifeLegendary love, happy marriageII. E’s WorksFrom Sonnets from the Portuguese(p305)III. Features:1. theme: love2. Feature: reason & emotion3. significance: set up new belief for Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faithRobert BrowningRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing’s masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.My Last Duchess"My Last Duchess" is Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.V. the Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)I. Life (novelist and poet)a. Born in Dorchester —“Wessex”b. close to peasantryc. belief in evolutionII. Works:1. Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》3. The Return of the Native《还乡》4. Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》III. Tess of the D’Urbervilles1. subtitle “a pure woman”2. Plot (p315-319)3. Pessimistic philosophy; critical realism; symbolism; naturalism;IV. H’s Ideas of FateMost of Hardy’s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behavior and his relations with others.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)I. lifeBorn in a rich bourgeois familyA representative of bourgeois realism in English novel of 20th centuryII. work1. The Island Pharisees岛国的法利赛人2. The Man of Property有产业的人3. Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家4. The End of the Chapter尾声III. Forsyte Saga(p352-356)1. powerful sweep2. brilliant illustrations3. deep psychological analysis4. satire & criticismIV. point of viewG’s works give a complete picture of English bourgeois society. Yet his criticism was limited to the spheres of ethics and aesthetics. Facing the crisis of British imperialism and the growing forces of socialism, Galsworthy began to idealize the decadent bourgeoisie.1. Modernism in English Literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century2. OriginThe concept of modernism emerged in the eighteenth century when the classicists mocked those who opposed them and called them modernists. Now it is a comprehensive term applied to international tendencies and movements in all creative arts in the 20th century. In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression.3. Major philosophical Influences on modernism1) Darwinism 2) Marxism 3) Freudianism4. Major ideas of modernism1) It employs a distinctive kind of imagination. Thus it practicessolipsism( 唯我论). It believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.2) It implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair. It rejects traditional values and assumptions. And it looks forfresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.Many modernists are philosophical existentialists.3) It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man andprefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. It celebrates passion andwill over reason and systematic morality.4) It rejects the traditional rhetoric by which tradition values and assumptions were communicated. It is bent on stylistic innovations and experiments with language, form, symbol and myth.4. Modernist movements1)Symbolism 2)imagism 3)aestheticism 4)expressionism5) the stream of consciousness 6)surrealism 7) existentialism8) theatre of the absurdLawranceI. TitleThe representative of psychological fiction.II. Life(p415-417)III. works(1) Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(2) The Rainbow虹(3) Women in Love恋爱中的女人(4) Lady Chatterlay’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人IV. Sons and Lovers1. autobiographical2. the Oedipus complex3. themea) the damage caused in family relationship by industrial forceb) the split of human beingsc) natural love as the only cureWoolfI. title:The representative of “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. LifeA novelist, critic and feminist; nervous breakdown since childhood; self-suicide III. Works1. Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人2. To the Lighthouse到灯塔去3. The Waves海浪4. A Room of One’s Own一间自己的房间5. Modern Fiction现代小说IV. Mrs. Dalloway (p441-445)V. point of view1. She challenged the traditional way of writing.2. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.3. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.V. Influence(1) The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.(2) However, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers.(3) The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time.James joyceI. Title: the representative of the “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. “stream of consciousness”1. definition:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”2. time: in the 20th century3. foundations:a. the literary device of “interior monologue”内心独白b. Freud’s theory of psychological analysisIII. J’s worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像b. Dubliners都柏林人c. Ulysses尤利西斯d. Finnegans Wake芬尼根觉醒IV. significance of his worksa. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period.b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed atendency of vanity.William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)I. title“the greatest poet of our age –certainly the greatest in this (English) language”-----T. S. Eliot II. LifePoet and dramatistIrishLifelong love for Maud GonneIII. Works1. The Responsibilities责任2. The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土3. When You Are Old4. The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯5. The Hour Glass时漏6. The Tower塔IV. FeatureHe is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. (moon, water, rose)V. Themes1. Patriotism;2. love;3. civilization;4. age;5. the relation between imagination, history and the occultVI. When you are oldWhen you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read , and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man love d the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)I. TitleA representative of critical realism in modern English literatureII. lifeIreland;socialist Movement;criticize the evil of capitalism;support the forces of revolution and democracyIII. works (plays unpleasant)Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbreak House伤心之家Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Apple Cart苹果车。
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
维多利亚女王性格鲜明，秉性真挚。她忠于职守，具有治国之才； 她不仅把时光消磨在工作上，也消磨在为家务操劳上；她忠于自己的丈 夫，对子女要求严格，成为一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不仅使英国的文 学，艺术、科学昌盛，经济繁荣，英国的生活方式（如英国贵族的下午 茶）也从那时候开始成为世界各国人民所追逐仿效的对象。“维多利亚 时代”被许多英国人所怀念。
• The Chartist Movement (1836-1848 )was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. The movement brought some improvement to the welfare of the working class. It was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
英国文学史 Victorian Poets
Robert Browning
1. Life and Career
Born into a rich and loving family
Received his education mainly from his private tutor, and from his father Took interest in poetry in his early years and modeled on Shelley in his youth. Developed a literary form that suited him best and actually gave full swing to his genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue
2.
3. Browning is bold and unconventional in matter and style. He is most famous for his dramatic monologue, that is, a lyric poem in which a character is made to speaker to an identifiable but silent listener and thus reveal his inner psychology
His Career and Works
Poems by Two Brothers (1827) (collaborated) --showed his metrical aptitude and descriptive Poems, Chiefly Lyric (1830, 1833)--- his first important work; received sever criticism Poems (2 volumes )(1842)--- won him fame; (famous poems: The Lady of Shalott; Morte d’ Arthor; Ulysses) a narrative poet catering to popular taste: The Princess (1847), Maud(1854), The Idylls of the King (1859-1885) In Memoriam (1850): a collection of elegies written in memory of Arthur Henry Hallam
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）English literature in the 20th century20世纪的英国文学1. Historical BackgroundHistorically：Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature.Economically:The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor.Ideologically:The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism)2. Artistic features of modern periodRealismRealism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s.In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by apessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man’s loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene.The Angry Young Man: A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.They demonstrated a particular disillusion幻灭over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded过时的social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on the middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term “The Angry Young Man” came to be widely used. Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novels of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向，加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点课堂
(183特2-1点902)
英国文学史维ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ利亚时期文学背景及特点
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist
英? 国Th文e学s史ec维on多d利a亚cc时o期m文pl学is背hm景e及nt特o点f the Reform Bill was to eliminate the “rotten boroughs” and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities. This Bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party which had been in power almost continuously from 1783 to 1830. The Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power.
working people launched large-scale
demonstrations. They put forward their political
demands in the form of a Charter and organized
英国维多利亚时代诗歌
英国维多利亚时代（1837年-1901年）是一段诗歌繁荣的时期，许多重要的诗人产生于此。
维多利亚时代的诗歌多样而丰富，既有浪漫主义诗人的作品，又有现实主义和自然主义的作品。
下面是二十句关于维多利亚时代诗歌的描述：1.诗歌在维多利亚时代经历了繁荣的岁月。
2.这个时代诞生了众多杰出的诗人和作品。
3.维多利亚时代的诗歌传达了人们对爱情和死亡深刻的思考。
4.浪漫主义的影响使诗歌更加富有感情和情感。
5.著名的诗人如罗伯特·布朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁塔，他们的诗歌作品广受欢迎。
6.维多利亚时代的诗歌中探讨了社会问题和阶级差距。
7.这个时期的诗歌揭示了贫困和不公平的现实。
8.诗人充满对自然界的赞美和怀疑。
9.维多利亚时代的诗歌创造了新的诗歌形式和技巧。
10.威廉·莫里斯和丁尼生是这个时代其他重要的诗人。
11.他们的作品体现了对美和艺术的追求。
12.维多利亚时代的诗歌受到社会的推崇和争议。
13.诗歌被广泛运用于教育和文化媒体。
14.这个时代的诗歌反映了个体的情感和思考。
15.维多利亚时代的诗歌具有独特的叙述风格和语言。
16.他们通过抒发情绪和共鸣来引起读者的共鸣。
17.诗人的创作受到敬仰和模仿。
18.维多利亚时代的诗歌激励了后来的诗人和文学运动。
19.这个时代的诗歌见证了人类情感的丰富和多样性。
20.维多利亚时代的诗歌成为英国文学宝库中不可或缺的一部分。
以上就是关于英国维多利亚时代诗歌的二十句描述。
这个时期的诗歌丰富多元，反映了社会、情感和自然等各个方面的主题。
通过 Markdown 格式，可以更好地呈现这些描述的内容。
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Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生
•Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 –6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular poets in the English language.
•He was born in a pastor family.When he was 12 years old he writed a historcial poem of 6000 lines.《Poems by Two Brothers》published by him with his brother .He liked writing and continued it when he entered in Cambridge University,during the university he knew Arthur Henry Hallam .After death of his father on 1831,he was forced to quit shool and he didn't write any poem in the next 10 years because of his friends Arthur Henry Hallam died in young.On 1842 he created new poems
again ,from this time he became famous on 1850.He was the important poet in Victorian era
•Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "In the valley of Cauteretz", "Break, break, break", "The
Charge of the Light Brigade", "Tears, idle tears" and
"Crossing the Bar". Much of his verse was based on
classical mythological themes, although In Memoriam
A.H.H. was written to commemorate his best friend
Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and classmate at Trinity
College, Cambridge, who was engaged to Tennyson's sister, but died from a cerebral hemorrhage before they were married. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, Ulysses, and Tithonus.
During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success in his lifetime.
•Tennyson wrote a number of phrases that have become commonplaces of the English language, including: 《Nature, red in tooth and claw》, 《Tis better to have loved and lost 》，《Theirs not to reason why》《Theirs but to do and die》and 《My strength is as the strength of ten》《Because my heart is pure》He is the second most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare.
representative work:。