汉代风土人情点滴
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大汉气象
View into the Great Han
The Pictorial Art of the Han dynasty in Ancient China
大风起兮云飞扬
The great wind rose, the clouds scattered,
威加海内兮归故乡
King of all seas, then to hometown I returned,
安得猛士兮守四方
Where shall I find warriors to guard my land?
——刘邦《大风歌》
____Liu Bang ,“Song of the Great Wind”
序言
汉代,地域宽广而民族众多。西汉与东汉,享国400余年,地域纵跨万里,华夏与“戎、夷、狄、蛮”“五方之民”同为“中国”,谱写了中华民族辉煌的历史篇章。
汉代,深沉博大而宽严兼容。长安城屹立不倒,汉长城横亘大漠,陆路与海上丝绸之路绵延欧亚。“明犯强汉者,虽远必诛”的坚定意志,“与民休息”、轻徭薄赋,开创了国强民富的一统天下。
汉代,质朴无华而富丽辉煌。巍峨汉阙,无鳞的青龙盘卧千年;百变汉俑,模糊的眉目欲笑还休。中国北方的浑厚与先秦理性精神的结合,铸就了汉代大国风范。
汉代,浪漫多姿而向往永生。西王母与东王公,长生丹与不老药,永生的美好愿景,升仙的曼妙途经。楚汉浪漫主义艺术之花,在汉代结出了丰硕的理想之果。
汉代,奠定了中华民族大一统局面的重要时代,形成了中国人基本价值观的关键时代……让我们走进汉代,经由这汉代画像艺术
The Han dynasty, including eastern and western Han, is an empire of large territory and multi ethnics. Lasting over 400 years and stretching across thousands upon thousands of miles, it accomplished a most glorious chapter for the Chinese.
Han dynasty was profound and generous. The Chang’an city stood still, the great wall stretched across deserts, and the Silk Road extended to Europe. It is the strong will against invaders and the lenient civil policies that makes a sturdy country with rich people.
Han Dynasty was also plain but magnificent. Non-scaled Dragon was wreathing in Han’s watchtower for hundreds of years; Diverse Han terracotta armies were always with the honest smiles on their face. The prestige of great kingdom was combined by sincerity of northern China and the rational philosophy of Pre-Qin Period.
There were also many romantic myths that describes the desires of living forever back to Han Dynasty, such as the story about Royal Lord of the East and Queen Mother of the West, the immortal pill in fables that can make people perpetually young, the wonderful ways of ascending to Heaven and Becoming Immortals……The Romanticism of the Chu Dynasty finally reached abundance and excellence in the form of artistic works in the Han Dynasty.
Han dynasty is a great era when Chinese laid the foundation of the unified nation; it is also a time when Chinese formed their principle values. Let us enjoy the art of Han portraits, as we may approach the glorious dynasty.
考古发现,汉代的画像石,画像砖墓的出土地点集中分布于部分地区。学者根据题材、内容、技法等方面的不同,将汉代画像艺术划分为四个区域:豫南、鄂北区,鲁、苏北、皖北区,古巴蜀(川、渝、滇北地区),陕北、晋西北区。
汉魂
——汉代社会的缩影:汉代画像艺术
汉代画像艺术,是汉代悠久历史遗留博大精深的汉画艺术的重要组成部分。本展览所指的汉代画像艺术,主要是指画像石、画像砖艺术。
汉画像石、画像站是汉代地下墓室、墓地、祠堂、墓阙或庙阙等建筑上雕刻、模印画像的建筑构件。由于汉人“视死如生”,将现实生活中的很多场景、内容以画像的行使保留在墓葬、祠堂中,因此汉代画像艺术反映了汉代社会的方方面面,具有很高的史料价值和艺术价值。
The pictorial art is an important part of the historical and profound painting art of the Han dynasty. In this exhibition, it mainly refers to the art of pictorial stones and bricks.
The pictorial stones and bricks are construction parts for graves, memorial temples, Que of the graveyard or the Temple which are carved or moulded with images. As the people of Han paying much attention to the dead as to the living, many scenes and contents from the real life were kept through pictures in tombs and temples. Thus the pictorial art is of great historical and artistic values for it reflected various aspects of the Han society.
纤纤擢素手札札弄机杼
汉代的纺织
中国是丝绸的发明国,妇女从事纺织业极为普遍。汉画像石中有许多描绘“女修织衽”的纺织情景。汉代的丝织品,已经使用提花机,而且染色技术也很高,可织出精美的花纹,呈现万紫千红的颜色。“纺织图”的发现,为我们填补了史书对于汉代织布机具体结构,操作的记载不足,展示了2000年前世界最先进织布机的样式。
钟鸣鼎食梦里乾坤
富足悠闲的生活
汉代400多年的漫长历史中,大多数时候社会安定,国强民富,生活优裕,在贵族官僚和平民百姓中,普遍流行歌舞宴饮。这一现象在画像艺术中得到充分反映。
中国的酒文化源远流长,酒在社会生活中有着非常重要的作用。鸿门宴中觥筹交错中杀机暗藏,汉高祖刘邦衣锦还乡,把酒高歌《大风歌》;司马相如和卓文君浪漫爱情,在怡人的酒香中流传。画像艺术中有关饮酒的场景,就是汉人闲适富裕生活的反映。
“吉日良辰,置酒高堂,以御嘉宾。金罍(lei)中坐,肴烟四陈。觞以清醥,鲜以紫鳞。羽爵执竞,丝竹乃发。巴姬弹弦,汉女击节。起西音于促柱,歌江上之飉厉。纡长袖而屡舞,翩跹跹以裔裔。合樽促席,引满相罚。乐饮今夕,一醉累月”。《左思-蜀都赋》
车马与战争
车马出行图是最常见的画像题材。车舆制度创自秦代,到汉代臻于完善。现实世界中,上至天子,下及百官,在驾车的马匹数,导从车的数量,骑吏的数量,车舆形制等方面都有严格的等级规定。轺(yao)车、辎(zi)车、骈(pian)车、安车、斧车等各种形式的车辆,共12种之多。不同级别的车饰、图案、车盖的大小和用料各不相同。驾车的马,从1匹到4匹不等。年俸在三拜石以上的官吏出行,前有导车,后有从车。三公以下至二千石官员,更有骑吏随扈。总之,车骑出行场面的大小,反映着高低级别的差别,前迎后送,展示了封建贵族的排场和威仪。而画像中宏大的车马出行队伍,寄托着墓主人的仕宦理想和对尊贵显赫生活的留恋。
马匹的作用,还突出表现在战争中。汉代400余年间,主要的战中对手是北方的匈奴。汉画像艺术中对此也有大量描写。
斧车画像砖拓片
Axe Chariot 重庆中国三峡博物馆藏