跨文化交际(二)
跨文化交际学-2
2.1.6 过去取向 / 将来取向Past / Future
中：“性本善”→过去取向→圆式时间观 →充裕的时间意识，使用时间随意，节奏 慢。 圆形时间观：时间的变化协调与自然状态， 向自身复归以及始终沿着自身运动的周期 性成圆弧运动。 西：“性本恶”→未来取向→线式时间观 →时间紧缺意识，使用时间精确。
西：“天人相立”→企图征服、战胜自然 → “做事”有所成就 Social attitudes as expressions of this value Achieve specific goals Show the world what you can do Pay attention to actions back
2.1.1 天人合一 / 天人相分
中：天人合一 人对自然规律的顺从和对自然的崇拜。 西：天人相分 人与自然相分对立，人处在支配和改造 自然的位置。
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
2.1.3 求变 / 求稳
美：“变化”---打破常规，不断创新 体现在不同形态的流动方面：职业、社会 地位，地域等的流动。 体现在家庭危机，婚姻解体等方面。 中：“稳定”---家族、家庭、社会和国家 乃至个人社会地位、地域、社会关系等方 面的稳定。 back
2.1.4 做人 / 做事 Being/Doing
Basically Good: Protect people’s virtue Reward good behavior Find the most virtuous people Basically Evil: Expect to find evil and fight against it Punish bad behavior Save people from their evil nature
跨文化交际第二PPT课件
13
文化定势的特征
首先，定势和归类有一定的联 系，是过分简单化的归类。 其次，定势有不可避免性 再者，定势具有稳定性和延续 性。
14
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
4、亚文化
在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。 也就是说，文化的概念具有层次性，一种整体文化中往往包含 了各种不同的次范畴“变体”，形成某种文化圈内的亚文化圈。
3
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英 语culture的对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词 又被现代汉语吸收，于是“文化”就同英语的 culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生出“文明”、 “教育”等含义。
4
什么是文化？
文化离不开 人，是某一 群体的生活 方式。
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念 二 关于交际的概念 三 关于语言的概念
1
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念
（一）文化的定义
1.中西文化探源
“文化”的概念古已有之，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。
圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不
第一节 文化、交际和语言
在文化学或文化人类学中，“文化”一词通常指人
类社会区别于其他动物的全部活动方式以及活动的产品。
就这一概念的核心内涵而言，它的意义是明确的。然而
专家们给“文化”所下的定义可以说各有千秋。在众多
的关于文化的定义中，文化人类学家泰勒（Tylor）和马
林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）的定义比较受人推崇。前者
跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
Generation. ❖ Culture Is Based on Symbols. ❖ Culture Is Subject to Change. ❖ Culture Is an Integrated System. ❖ Culture Is Ethnocentric.
Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.
❖ The English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.
❖ The Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.
Proverbs
❖ "One does not make the wind blow but is blown by it."
❖ "Order is half of life."
❖ "The mouth maintains silence in order to hear the heart talk."
跨文化交际之第2讲符号与语言
学好外语的重要性 故事： 故事：两只老鼠
思考与作业
1学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗？ 学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗？ 学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗 2看图片，观察我们身边的用错外语的情况 看图片， 看图片
符号的本质特征
符号的可感知的形式与其所代表的事物或现 象没有必然联系，而是取决于“约定俗成” 象没有必然联系，而是取决于“约定俗成”。 约定俗成”的双重含义： “约定俗成”的双重含义： 1形式和意义的结合从本质上来说是任意的 形式和意义的结合从本质上来说是任意的 2特定的名称和意义结合后有理据可推究性 特定的名称和意义结合后有理据可推究性
为什么人类使用声音作为符号的形式？ 为什么人类使用声音作为符号的形式？
1使用方便 使用方便 2容量最大 容量最大 3效果最佳 效果最佳 那么有声语言有什么缺陷呢？ 那么有声语言有什么缺陷呢？
辅助交际工具
1文字 文字
2盲文、手语 盲文、 盲文
3旗语、灯语、号语 旗语、灯语、 旗语
什么是语言？
语言是人类最重要的交际工具
语言与文化
1语言是文化的重要组成部分，是部分与整体 语言是文化的重要组成部分， 语言是文化的重要组成部分 的关系， 的关系，二者不可分割 2语言是用于记录文化的符号体系，是文化的 语言是用于记录文化的符号体系， 语言是用于记录文化的符号体系 主要载体 3语言与文化相互依附、促进和制约 语言与文化相互依附、 语言与文化相互依附
第二讲 符号与语言
什么是符号？
货币是一种一般等价物，纸币是货币的符号. 符号是用某种能感知的形式代表某种事物或 现象的结合体。 现象的结合体。 符号两要素： 符号两要素：形式和意义
下面那些是符号？
1看到炊烟知道那里有人家 看到炊烟知道那里有人家 2看云识天气 看云识天气 3鸡毛信上的鸡毛 鸡毛信上的鸡毛 4犯罪现场的指纹 犯罪现场的指纹 5病人的舌苔、脉象 病人的舌苔、 病人的舌苔 6烧开的水冒泡沸腾 烧开的水冒泡沸腾
跨文化交际Unit 2 Daily verbal communication 1
Parting
The difficulties to say good-bye lie in:
How
long it is appropriate to stay;
to say to the host and hostess; far should people see guests off?
What How
e way to address colleagues (of the Chinese to westerners)
A
B
C
D
Total
To superiors % To peers % To Subordin ates %
26
31.71
8
9.76
42
51.22
6
7.32
82
100
6 7.32 6
18 21.95 16
Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication (1)
Susan: Mrs. Zhang, come to New York if you want. Husband’s translation: 妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。 Mother: 不去了，给你们添麻烦。 Husband’s translation: Oh, it depends on the physical condition. Susan: Yes, oh thanks for your delicious food, I like them very much. Husband’s translation: 谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多好吃的 Mother: 自家人谢什么，苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了， 身体健康才最重要哪！ Husband’s translation: It’s my pleasure, Susan, I hope you become even more beautiful. Susan: Thank you! The same to you.
跨文化交际第二章
Chapter 2: Language Use and CommunicationCommunication----our ability to share our ideas and feelings----is the basis of human contact.The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication•Intentional and Unintentional Behavior•Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned•while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. •Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.•The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback•A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious.•Encoding:Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbalsymbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax.•The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a source’s state of being at a par ticular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source.•The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight.•The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account .•Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing. Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the source’s behavior.•Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use•The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model•1. Disambiguation•2.Under-determination of reference•3.Under-determination of communicative intent•4.Non-literality•5.indirection•6.non-communicative acts•Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language.•Example: Flying planes can be dangerous•At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous.•At the Pilot’s Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes.•Under-determination of reference:The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing•Example: the shrewd politician.•Under-determination of communicative intent:•Example:I’ll be there tonight•It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speaker’s intentions in the appr opriate circumstances.•Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean.•Example:Oh that’s just great.•Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context•Example:My car has a flat tire.•It might means requesting a help.•Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example:•“Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students.•No response.•“Then raise your hands if you disagree!”•Still nothing•“How about raising your hands if you’re awake?”•Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil they’re since primary school.•An Inferential adj.可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication.•1.Linguistic Presumption•municative Presumption•3.Presumption of Literalness•4.Conversational Presumptions•Conversational Presumptions:•Relevance : the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation.•Sincerity: the speaker’s is being sincere.Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. •Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.•Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language•1.Symbolic•2.rule-govern3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) •4.dynamic•Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.The Characteristics of Communication 8•No direct mind-to-mind contact•We can only infer•Communication is symbolic•Time-binding links us together•We seek to define the world•Communication has a consequence•Communication is dynamic•Communication is contextual•Communication is self-reflectiveThe Brain is an open system•Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced.•We can learn from each other•Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world. We are alike and we are different•We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on. We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings. We are also alike because all of us, regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues: 1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world•We are different, because each of us is unique and is shaped by countless factors. Our experience of the world is internal, therefore, we each respond to the world differently.In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture.。
关世杰跨文化交际-第二节价值观
理论的（重经验、理性）、经济的（重实用、功利）
奥尔波特 六种基本
价值观
政治的（重权力和影响）
社会的（重利他和情爱）
审美的（重形式、和谐） 宗教的（重宇宙奥秘）
罗基切分类法
终极性价值观 工具性价值观
霍夫斯特德分类法
个人主义集体主义
权力差距
回避不确定性
男性化ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ性化
其他分类法
代表人物:
莫里斯-生活方式问卷 西特朗和科格代尔对比 了5种不同的文化
第二节 价值观
一、价值观定义和要素
定义：不同的世界观、人 生观使人们对人类生存的 价值和意义看法不同，形 成了衡量“真、善、美” 的不同的价值标准，它成 为人们在作出选择和解决 争端作为依据的一套社会 标准。
价值观要素
（常见分类法）
01.奥尔波特分类法 02.罗基切分类法 03.霍夫斯特德分类法 04.其他分类法
体
-
中国
美国
注重互助和依靠
注重自立和独立
注重集体作用 注意保住“面子” 注重亲密无间
重视突出个人 不留“面子” 注重隐私
喜好共性 偏好人际和谐 集体至上
喜好个性 喜欢个人竞争 个人至上
感谢各位观看
Thank you for your criticism
二、价值观的特点和分类
特点
变化性 阶级性和民族性 不同价值观有相同 和不同成分
价值观分类
积极、消极和中性的价值观
非常重要、重要、不重要 和无所谓的价值观
前常规式、常规式和后常规 式的价值观
三、中外文化价值观异同
权力差距衡量 人们接受权力 不平等状况的
程度
性别的二元性是 人类社会的基本 事实，而不同的 文化对此采取不 同的态度
跨文化交际完整第二章文化与跨文化交际
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
❖ Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?
.
Culture
❖ Definitions of culture are numerous. ❖ We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,
❖ As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, "Culture makes all things easy."
.
Characteristics of Culture
❖ Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned. ❖ Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to
.
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.
试卷2-跨文化交际(附答案)
跨文化交际试卷（2）学院：班级：学号：姓名：考试方式：（闭卷）考试时间：120分钟I. 案例分析:（每题5分）1、一位外国导师去听一个中国研究生的实习课。
课后教授对学生说“You handled that lesson superbly.”而学生则回答“No, I didn’t do it well enough.”【分析】中国研究生的回答是否恰当？如何恰当地回应导师的评价？2、一位到迪拜的中国游客因好奇盯住看一群当地女孩们的服饰，拿起照相机直接拍摄她们的形象。
这时领队连忙上前制止游客的行为。
【分析】为什么领队要制止中国游客的行为？在阿拉伯国家旅游要注意哪些行为？3、一位瑞士人到泰国旅游，在参观寺庙时穿着短裤，处于好奇对寺庙殿内膜拜的当地人和佛像膜拜进行拍摄，此时，附近的警察走过来制止他的行为，但瑞士游客不听，继续拍照，于是被请到警察局审问。
【分析】为什么瑞士游客的行为受到警察的制止？在泰国旅游要注意哪些禁忌事项？4、杨瑞芳在一家澳大利亚公司做秘书，她和凯西经常一起吃午餐，并且得到凯西很多帮助,成为非常要好的朋友。
然而，当杨瑞芳希望每天都和凯西在一起活动时,凯西似乎有点不耐烦了，她甚至午饭时间也独自外出，而不是和杨一起吃饭。
杨瑞芳很困惑,她无法理解凯西的态度,不知问题出在哪里。
【分析】为什么杨瑞芳很困惑? 问题到底出在哪里?5、中国一行二人，一位男士和一位女士去朝鲜参加一次商务谈判。
男士身着西服、领带，女士穿长裤和正式的上衣。
令中国谈判人员感到奇怪的是，朝方在向中方人员表示礼节性欢迎时，目光不屑一顾地打量中国女士的穿着。
中方女士察觉到不对头，但不知穿着出了什么差错。
【分析】中方女士穿着出了什么差错？在朝鲜正式场合女性穿着要注意什么？6、王总到英国与合作公司老板马丽进行商业合作谈判，马丽邀请王总到她家做客。
王总为了穿得正式一点，系了一条带有条纹的领带。
王总到了马丽家后，主动与马丽握手，这令马丽的老公感到很诧异；进餐时王总高声谈论英国皇家的逸闻趣事，饭后喝茶时，王总先取完茶接着向茶杯里倒了一点冷牛奶，王总的举动让坐在一旁的马丽十分尴尬。
跨文化交际案例case study 2
Chapter 2 Staying with a FamilyCase 1Erica: Hello! Thank for coming. Here, let me take your coat.Lin: Hello. Thanks. Here’s some wine for you.Erica: That’s lovely. You really shouldn’t have, Lin. Thank you. Let’s go in and meet the others.分析：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。
无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。
有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。
呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。
上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。
Case 2Erica: Lin, do have some more dessert.Lin: Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve had enough. It’s wonderful.分析：同世界上其他国家的人一样，西方人也很好客。
他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。
所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。
Case 3After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?Helen: Nothing. It’s fine. I’ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It’ll only take a minute.Liu: Does the family usually help?Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he’s really tired tonight.Liu: Let me do it for you.Helen: No truly, it’s okay.Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You’re really kind, Huang.分析：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。
实用阶梯英语跨文化交际 (2)
Dear David, I graduated from university several years ago and now I am a university English teacher.
Last week my department sent me to the airport to meet a visiting British professor. When I met him at the airport he had two heavy suitcases and some smaller bags. He was an older man, in his sixties I think, and we couldn’t find a luggage cart, so I wanted to help him with his luggage. Several times I offered to take one of the heavy suitcases from him, and each time he insisted that he could carry the suitcases himself. However, he seemed to be having some difficulty moving both of the suitcases, so at one point when we stopped and he put the suitcases down, I just picked one up. When I picked up the suitcase he said “I can handle this myself,” but I thought he was just being polite so I went off toward the van with the suitcase. However, when we got to the van he seemed annoyed with me, and he hardly spoke at all to me the whole way to our school.
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter2
Chapter 2 Communication and InterculturalCommunicationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. know different definitions of communication.2. identify nine components of communication.3. identify the characteristics of communication.4. know the relationship between culture and communication.5. know the definition of intercultural communication.6. identify the 4 forms of intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
跨文化交际Unit 2第二讲
Chapter 2
Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
1
Letter to Fran
• 1. Read the Letter to Fran quickly and finish the following tasks: • (1) Retell the story in your group. • (2) Why do you think the professor became annoyed? Use the “possibility” words of “very likely”, “likely”, “almost certainly”, “virtually certain”, “possible” and “may” etc. in your expression.
Chapter 2
Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
7
(3) What conflicts does this case show? • This case shows the conflicts of Host Guest
Man
Yong Chinese
https:///wiki/Geert_ Hofstede
• G· 霍夫斯坦德教授，是社会人文学博士，曾主管过IBM 欧洲分公司的人事调查工作，荷兰马城（Maastricht） 大学国际管理系名誉教授,在欧洲多所大学任教，并担任 香港大学荣誉教授，从事组织机构人类学和国际管理 (Organizational Anthropology and Internataional Management)。
跨文化交际案例二
跨文化交际案例二资料来源：电视剧《涉外保姆》讲述的是在上海，有一群下岗女工，经过一些涉外家政服务公司的培训，去到外国人家庭做保姆的故事。
里面详细描述她们的工作以及生活情况，同时也有中西方文化碰撞的火花，下面试举其中一个情节。
金巧云（三个女主角之一）因为单位改制，下岗在家待业两年。
为了能够赚钱养活自己年迈的婆婆和上初中的儿子，她来到一家涉外家政服务公司，经过一系列的保姆课程以及英语培训后，她被安排到莫尔夫妇家做住家保姆，负责家里的一切家务和照顾两个孩子。
莫尔先生是一家著名的外资企业的亚太区总裁，莫尔太太也是一家外资企业的高管，两人工作非常忙碌，所以只好请保姆照顾他们五岁的大儿子弗兰克和几个月的小儿子米尼。
莫尔夫妇给金巧云取了个英文名字叫简。
这个名字并没有经过金巧云的本人的同意，而是巧云一来到他们家，他们就这样称呼她。
弗兰克和莫尔先生不太满意巧云，特别是弗兰克，因为他喜欢把他从小带到大的保姆阿玛尼，所以他非常排斥简。
简刚来到莫尔夫妇家，显得十分拘束和不适应。
到了中午，她没饭吃，于是就不停地喝水，后来她想起儿子送给自己的一块巧克力，便拿出来吃。
这一幕被莫尔的儿子看到了，他告诉了自己的母亲。
于是莫尔太太从楼上下来问简：“你的午餐就是一块巧克力和水吗？”简支支吾吾回答不出来，这时莫尔太太恍然大悟地说：“噢，我知道了，你在健美瘦身。
”简不好意思地低下了头，莫尔太太以为她真的在减肥，于是就上楼了。
后面简继续她的工作，她抱着一堆衣服准备放到楼上的柜子里，这时弗兰克在二楼的楼梯口，将一个篮球扔向简。
简并没有生气，而是很客气地并用手召唤地说：“弗兰克，来，下来啊”这时，站在楼上的弗兰克非常气愤，“I am not the dog,you are awful!(我不是小狗，你非常讨厌！)”弗兰克跑回房间打电话给爸爸，说他讨厌那个中国女人，她侵犯了自己的权利，她像小狗一样叫他。
他只想让简走。
晚上，莫尔太太邀请简跟她们一块儿吃饭。
跨文化交际2
言语、宗教、科学和艺术、发明与发现、农业与畜牧、衣服与装饰、习惯、家庭 与社会风俗、国家
文化的显性与隐性
小群体文化 亚文化 主流文化
文化分层
交 际
1
文化
2
交际
3
跨文化
4
跨文化交际
交际的过程 交际的渠道
编码
输出
交际的语境 交际的干扰
反馈
解码
接收
交际与传播 内向传播（I to me） 人际传播 组织传播 大众传播
家庭
中国的社会关系是扩大了的家庭 中国人使用亲属的称呼作为称呼语，如 大爷，奶奶，叔叔，阿姨，大姐，兄 弟等等 对于中国人，交朋友讲究时间越长越好，承担的义务越多越好。理想的境界是 为朋友两肋插刀，赴汤蹈火在所不辞。借钱绝对不能开条子 “够朋友” 同乡概念是中国文化的一大特点
单位——中国文化的另一大特点
非语言交际的界定
白人、阿拉伯人——亚洲人 直视与否
女性比男性更多地注视对方
喜爱与否看对方的次数有关 话轮转换前注视、点头更加频繁
对陌生人的注视与掩饰
眼神
重复
否定
代替
补充
强调
调节
非语言交际的作用
体态语
眼神、手势、 面部表情 体距、体触
非语言交际 副语言
音质、音幅、 音量、语速 非语言声音
时间和空间
邀请
语法规则
语用规则
打电话
购物 解释与道歉
语用规则与文化
低语境国家与高语境国家 打断、接茬与沉默 归纳与演绎 主述结构与主谓结构 主题的提出
交际风格与文化
In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc. In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.
跨文化交际_第二章_第二节_心理因素
中西方思维差异在文字中的体现
西方：表音文字，拼音字母与语言中的声 音单位（音素或音节）相联系，以形标 音，是线性文字。
中国：表义文字，字形与语言中的意义单 位（语素）相联系，以形写意，形、音、 义三位一体，是平面型文字。
二、态度
1、定义：
对人、对事的一种心理倾向，它决定人们是 积极地、肯定地还是消极地、否定地对待某人、 某事、或某种行为。
定势的特征：
（1）不加鉴别地简单化 把具有某些特征的一组事物或一群人定格为一定的形 象,群体内的特别特征不予考虑; （2）强大的感染力 人类认识事物的局限性加上强大的从众心理,使得定 格的形象极具感染力,“说服”他人未经深思而接受; （3）稳定性和变化性 现有研究表明，文化定势有某种跨时间和地区的稳定 性，有些文化群体在世界上不同地区和不同历史时期有着 十分相似的定型。但是另一方面，它又容易受到国际政治 关系等社会因素的影响而产生变化。
• 整体性：习惯于把事物分为对立的两个方面，两方面是一 个不可分割的整体，他们互相制约，互相依存。 • 直接性：重视直觉，通过下意识或潜意识而直接把握事物。 • 从整体到局部，由大到小的考虑方式。 直觉的整体性：整体地去认识自然并改造自然，认识世界并 改造世界。 与自然的关系：天人合一，人和自然的关系处于统一的结构 之中。 与社会的关系：把个人放在整个人际关系中去把握。 在处事方面：重视直觉：通过下意识或潜意识活动而直接把 握事物。
汉语重语义，英语重结构； 汉语形象化、隐喻性较强， 英语抽象化、逻辑性较强。
英语注重“形和”，就是注重运用各种具体的连 接手段以达到语法形式的完整。汉语注重“意 和”，虽然也有关联词语，但是远不如英语的多。 If winter comes,can spring be far behind？ “打得赢就打，打不赢就跑，还怕没办法？”
《跨文化交际》学习心得体会范文(二篇)
《跨文化交际》学习心得体会范文在跨文化交际这门课程中，我学到了很多有关不同文化间交流的知识和技巧，并且对自己的跨文化意识有了进一步的认识。
通过这门课的学习，我深刻体会到了跨文化交际的重要性，也意识到了自己在这方面还有很大的提升空间。
首先，在交流中我学会了尊重和包容不同文化的观点和习惯。
我们每个人都是在不同的文化背景下长大的，因此我们对事物的看法和态度都可能存在差异。
在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们要学会尊重他们的观点和习惯，并尽可能地理解他们的价值观和行为模式。
这样才能在跨文化交际中避免冲突和误解，建立良好的人际关系。
其次，在课堂上我学会了如何适应不同的沟通方式和风格。
不同文化间的人们在交流时可能会使用不同的语言、语气和表达方式。
我们要学会适应和理解这些不同的沟通方式和风格，减少交流中可能出现的障碍。
同时，我也通过课堂上的练习和案例分析，锻炼了自己的跨文化交际能力，提高了自己的沟通技巧和语言表达能力。
除此之外，课程还教会了我如何应对跨文化交际中可能遇到的问题和挑战。
在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们可能会遇到语言障碍、文化差异、价值观冲突等问题。
我学会了如何通过灵活运用语言、体谅和尊重对方的文化差异、寻求共同点等方式来解决这些问题。
这些方法对我来说非常实用，帮助我更好地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作。
最后，在课程中我也学到了一些跨文化交际的时间和空间观念。
不同文化的人们对时间和空间的理解和利用方式可能存在差异。
例如，一些文化的人们对时间的概念比较强烈，注重按时完成任务和遵守约定；而另一些文化的人们则对时间相对较为灵活，注重人与人之间的关系。
了解和理解这些差异，有助于我们在跨文化交际中更好地把握时机和节奏，避免误解和冲突的发生。
总的来说，通过这门课程的学习，我对跨文化交际有了更深入的了解，并且提高了自己的跨文化交际能力。
我意识到在全球化背景下，跨文化交际是非常重要的，也是一种必备的技能。
我会继续努力学习和提升自己的跨文化交际能力，以适应和应对不同文化间的交流和合作。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Communication
1. Defining Communication 2. Characteristics of Communication
Defining Communication
It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication. Dance and Larson: 126.
Some cultures believe that they share a common pool of history and many similar experiences, they do indeed know what their partners are feeling and thinking. Yet in Western cultures, the lack of direct access to another’s mind places great demands on such communication behaviors as asking questions, engaging in self-disclosure, and over-verbalizing.
1. No direct mind-to-mind contact
The earth is a beehive; we all enter by the same door but live in a different cells. --------African proverb
Although the inability to have mind-to-mind contact is universal, the methods used to adjust to this limitation are culturally based.
Chapter 3 Communication
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to anther person.
2. Intentional and unintentional behavior
Two schools of thought
The first one describes communication as the process whereby one person deliberately attempts to convey meaning to another. Communication is systematic and planed. The second one believes communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. We claim that when you engage in intercultural
Chapter 3 Communication
Source
Encoding
Channel Message
Decoding
Receiver
F
ba eed
context
Resp onse
ck
Noise
Chapter 3 Communication
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Characteristics of Communication
be retracted.
Third, the word dynamic also testifies to the idea that all the elements of communication constantly interact with each other. Fourth, because inattention pervades communication behavior.
猫（mao）(Chinese) Neiko (Japanese) Koska (Russian) Gato (Spanish) Katze (German) Chat (French)
Although all cultures use symbols, they usually assign their own meanings for symbols. Culture also uses these symbols for different purposes.
Location (or place)——Church
墨西哥圣胡安大教堂
吉奥瓦尼· 多斯· 桑托斯· 拉米雷斯
伊朗伊玛目清真寺
Occasion——wedding
Time
Numbers of participants( or people)
Attribution of Meaning
The novelist Paves wrote, “We do not remember days, we remember moments.” In this sense, meaning is relative to each of us because we all have had unique moments. Communication happens whenever meaning is attributed to behavior. When someone observes the behavior and gives meaning to it, communication has taken place.
Communication becomes even more complex when we add cultural dimensions.
Most scholars concentrate on those aspects that are germane to their special interests. Our views and descriptions are concerned primarily with those elements that most influence communication when members of two different cultures come together in an interpersonal setting.
Communication is a dynamic process.
First, and perhaps most important, it means that communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. Second, because once a word or action is employed, it cannot
communication, it is important to know your actions have the potential to convey many meanings.
Components of communication
Definition: Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.
Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际
Chapter 1
Communication and culture
Communication
Some anthropologists (as well as the authors of this book) believe communication and culture are virtually synonymous.
The human are symbol-making creatures. We employ symbols to share our internal states, but none of other animals has our unique communication capabilities.
We separate them here for purposes of our discussion.
We begin by examining communication because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process. Later, we discuss culture. We open our study of intercultural communication with an analysis of human communication so that you will be better able to improve your own communication behavior and more fully appreciate that of others.