语言学名词解释

1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic stud y of language

2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics commu nication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants

3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allop hone.

4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher.

5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”

6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. Fo r example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worrie d.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.

7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragma tics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.

8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variat ion in language.

9 Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.

10 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communi cation is called phonetics.

12 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in co mmunication is called phonology.

13 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use whe n speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It doe s not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.

14 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which disti nguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

15 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in d ifferent phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phone me.

16 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phone me are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.

17 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the s tings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

18 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means th

at the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.

19 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the differen

t rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can disting uish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemen tal feature.

20 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the se ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known

as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meani ng in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$is best}

21 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the in ternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

22 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the infle ctions of word-formation.

23 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of w ord-formation.

24 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

25 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independe

nt units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in co mbination with other morphemes.

26 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, eith

er free or bound, to form a word.

27 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand b

y itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combine

d with another root or an affix to form a word.

28 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.

29 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

30 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify th

e meaning o

f the original word and in many cases change its part of s peech.

31 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to cr eat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem

to form nes words.