考研经典合成题第2套带答案

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2015年中国科学院有机化学考研历年真题试题及答案2(2000-2009)共10套经典

2015年中国科学院有机化学考研
历年真题试题2（2000-2009）
（共10套）
目录
2000年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (2)
2001年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (5)
2002年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (9)
2003年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (17)
2004年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (27)
2005年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (33)
2006年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (37)
2007年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (45)
2008年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (57)
2009年中国科学院有机化学考研真题 (61)
2000年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2001年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2002年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2003年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2004年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2005年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2006年中国科学院有机化学考研真题
2007年中国科学院有机化学考研真题。

GREpp2单题全解答

题号与庄版解密对应 1.PAC⽬的是获得竞选资⾦。

结论PAC通过发展募捐⼈数⽬使越来越多的⼈对政治感兴趣。

(最后⼀句?那些不相信这种说法的⼈只要在下次去看赛马时赌上50块钱，他们就会发现⾃⼰⽐起没有押钱时增加了多少兴趣。

赛马的类⽐看出：⼈若投了钱就会有更多的关注) 问：假设。

答：募捐⼈在未募捐之前对政治不感兴趣。

2.某书称：1/3的⽼美读不懂该书。

即有60m的⽼美不懂。

其中25m的⽼美的阅读⽔平低于5年级，35m的⽼美介于5到8年级。

问：结论。

答：读懂此天书⾮九年级不⾏。

3.做义⼯对志愿者有好处，如：略。

还有意想不到的好处：赋职在家的manager中，参与义⼯的⼈相对早找到⼯作。

问：驳斥。

答：性格好(易接受)manager志愿做义⼯才是容易找到⼯作的⼈。

(即并不是所有作义⼯的⼈都早找到⼯作) 4.由书翻拍电影，报纸影评关注其忠于原著的程度。

观众希望电影忠于原著。

但忠于原著与电影艺术价值⽆关，报纸影评做了⽆⽤功。

问：驳斥。

答：报纸影评的⽬的只是使观众找出他们是否喜欢看这部电影。

(即没做⽆⽤功) 5.easy.S的卫星T的轨道是椭圆⽽不是圆。

如S有海洋，轨道就是圆；同时有⼤陆，也导致轨道是圆(潮汐作⽤)。

问：结论。

答：S上即没海洋也没⼤陆。

6.easy.海豹由于吃了感染有毒物质的鱼，死了！⼈吃了这些鱼，活着！问：原因。

答：海豹吃了鱼的有毒部位，⼈没吃(太精了！)。

7.easy.去年⽤杀⾍剂的草莓农发现：⽥⾥颗粒⽆收。

但邻近的⽥（未撒杀⾍剂）倒也没有草莓。

结论跟杀⾍剂使⽤⽆关。

问：驳斥。

答：杀⾍剂从撒了药的⽥⾥感染到了未撒药的⽥⾥。

8.JS是秘密社团成员，其成员不愿暴露⾝份。

如雇佣这种成员，竞争公司以揭露⾝份要挟该成员，要该成员伤害本公司利益。

为安全不能雇佣JS。

问：假设。

答：JS不愿暴露⾝份。

9.接上题。

问：推理策略。

答：从⼀般到特殊。

（即多数成员不愿暴露⾝份，JS也不愿）。

考研英语(二)答案(版)

考研英语(二)答案（版）
经济类联考数学全程规划班
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心理学考研海文内部模拟题第二套

2007心理学研究生入学考试模拟题（二）一、单项选择题：1～65小题，每小题2分，共130分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。

1.认知过程是个体认知活动信息加工的过程。

认知心理学将认知过程看成由一系列连续的认知操作阶段组成的按一定程序进行信息加工的系统。

下列哪一项不是认知操作？（）A.获得B.编码C.选择D.提取和使用2.在现代心理学流派中，主张采用内省方法研究人们的直接经验即意识的是( ).A.构造主义B.机能主义C.行为主义D.格式塔心理学3. 大脑内信息处理的基本单元是（）。

A.神经元B.突触C.神经回路D.神经系统4. 大脑皮层是指（）。

A.大脑半球内而由大量神经纤维的髓质组成的白质B.大脑半球表面由大量神经细胞和无髓鞘神经纤维组成的灰质C.灰质与白质的总和D.灰质与部分白质的和5. 在斯蒂文斯的幂定律中，心理量与物理量之间是( ).A.反比关系B.等比关系C.对数关系D.乘方正比关系6. 当声音频率大于5000赫兹时,（）是唯一可行的理论解释。

A.频率理论B.共鸣理论C.行波理论D.神经齐射理论7. 马赫带可以用（）来解释。

A.明暗对比B.侧抑制C.视觉感受野D.视敏度8. 人们在对整体的知觉和对个别成分的知觉上，下列说法正确的是（）。

A.前者优于后者B.前者劣于后者C.两者没有差别D.两者相辅相成9. 在知觉物体的距离和深度时，如果物体的视像落在两眼网膜的对应部分，那么看到（）。

A.深度和距离B.单一的物体C.双像D.无法判断距离10. 在知觉世界时，人们总是把少数事物当成知觉的对象，把其它事物当成知觉的背景，这是（）。

A.知觉的意义性B.知觉的整体性C.知觉的理解性D.知觉的恒常性11. 研究表明，梦主要出现在（）。

A.快动眼睡眠B.非快动眼睡眠C.快波睡眠D.慢波睡眠12. 在嘈杂的环境中即使我们的名字被很小声地提及，仍热能被我们接收到，（）对此做出了很好的解释。

21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版

Ⅰ. Background information (3)Ⅱ. Language points (4)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (6)Unit 2 (10)Ⅰ. Background information (10)Ⅱ. Language points (12)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (15)Unit 3 (19)Ⅰ. Background information (19)Ⅱ. Language points (20)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (22)unit 4 (26)Ⅰ. Background information (26)Ⅱ. Language points (32)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (33)Unit 5 (36)Ⅰ. Background information (36)Ⅱ. Language points (39)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (41)Unit 6 (44)Ⅰ. Background information (44)Ⅱ. Language points (50)Ⅲ. Reference materials (51)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (54)Unit 7 (59)Ⅰ. Background information (59)Ⅱ. Language points (60)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (61)Unit 8 (63)Ⅰ. Background information (63)Ⅱ. Language points (67)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (68)Unit 9 (71)Ⅰ. Background information (71)Ⅱ. Language points (74)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (75)Unit 10 (78)Ⅰ. Language points (78)Ⅱ. Key to the exercises (79)Unit 11 (83)Ⅰ. Background information (83)Ⅱ. Language points (85)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (87)I. Background information (91)Ⅱ. Language points (91)Ⅲ. Key to the exercises (94)Unit 1Text A Putting in a Good Word for GuiltⅠ. Background information1．Ellen Goodman A syndicated columnist whose writing appears in over four hundred newspapers, Ellen Goodman began her working career in 1963. Goodman began newspaper writing at the Detroit Free Press, where she worked as a general reporter and news feature writer on the city desk.In 1980, Goodman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Distinguished Commentary. Goodman‟s work has won many other awards, including the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award in 1980. She received the Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1988. In 1993, at its Seventh Annual Exceptional Merit Media Award Ceremony, the National Women‟s Political Caucus gave her the President‟s Award. In 1994, the Women‟s Research & Education Institute presented her with their American Woman Award.2．Freud Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations, and qualifications of Freud‟s work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American sociologist Philip Rieff once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier notions as political, religious, or economic man as the 20th century‟s dominant self image, it is in no small measure due to the power of Freud‟s vision and the seeming inexhaustibility of the intel lectual legacy he left behind.3．Karl Menninger (1893 1990) founder of the Menninger Foundation for Psychiatric Education and Research. As director of education of the foundation, besides training other theapists, he wrote many works, among which are The Human Mind (1930), Man Against Himself (1938), and Whatever Became Of Sin? (1973)4．Reverend TillotsonJohn Tillotson (1630 1694), chaplain to Charles Ⅱand a prominant preacher of his age. He supported the Revolution of 1688 and was apointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691.5．David Riesman American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, 1950), a work dealing primarily with the social character of the urban middle class. “The lonely crowd” became a catchphrase denoting modern urban society in which the individual feels alienated. Also entering common speech were the labels he applied to two of the three character types that he identified in the book: “inner directed” and “other directed.”Ac cording to Riesman‟s theory, in preindustrial societies having a high potential for population growth (e.g., medieval Europe), the typical individual is “tradition directed,” his personal valuesbeing determined by the traditions of a highly structured society or by power relations within its major divisions, such as classes, professions, castes, or clans. These values are characteristically passed intact from one generation to another. When the population is growing but has not reached the stage of crowding (e.g., western Europe from the Renaissance to the early 20th century), the “inner directed” individual predominates. His personal values are determined early by his immediate family, are not necessarily related to any wider social forces, and are also likely to remain unchanged. In heavily industrialized societies, where the population is dense and perhaps beginning to decline, the “other directed” individual emerges. His life is in large part shaped by “peer groups” of persons whom he resembles in age, s ocial class, or otherwise, and he adjusts his values to conform to those of his group in a constant process of change.Ⅱ. Language points1. Feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about. (para.1) You don‟t have to be consciously uncomfortable if you have the sense of guilt.2. Yes, guilt can be the excess baggage that keeps us paralyzed unless we dump it. (para.1)Sure, guilt can be the over loaded burden that tortures us if we don‟t get rid of it.paralyze v. to make unable to move or acte.g. The child was paralyzed by fear when the thunder came.打雷的时候，这孩子被吓得不能动弹。

2010-2019(10套)考研数学二真题和答案详细解析--答案直接附在每年题后面方便查阅

1 1 0 （Ⅱ） β1 = 1 ， β 2 = 2 ， β3 = 3 ，若向量组（Ⅰ）和向量组（Ⅱ）等 2 + 3 a + 3 1 − a a
价，求 a 的取值，并将 β 用 α1 , α 2 , α 3 线性表示.
2 . ，使得 P AP 所以存在 P −1 1 = (α1 ,α 2 ,α 3 ) 1 =Λ = 2 −
（1）当 a 2 − 1 ≠ 0 ，即 a ≠ ±1 时， r (α1 , α 2 , α 3 ) 3, r ( β1 , β 2 , β3 ) 3 ，此时两个向 = = 量组必然等价，且 β3 =α1 − α 2 +α 3 .
1 1 1 1 0 1 （2）当 a =1时， (α1 , α 2 , α 3 , β1 , β 2 , β3 ) → 0 −1 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
6
17.
18.
I = ∫π dθ ∫
4 3 π 4 sin 2 θ 0
π π r sin θ 1 3 1 3 5 4 rdr = ∫π sin θ dθ = − ∫π4 sin 4 θ d cos θ r 2 4 2 4
2 1 3π 1 3π = − ∫π4 (1 − cos 2 θ ) d cos θ = − ∫π4 (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ ) d cos θ 2 4 2 4
x2 2
{ x , y） =（ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 ,0 ≤ y ≤ y( x )}，求 D 绕x 轴旋转一
周所得旋转体的体积. 18.（本题满分 10 分）已知平面区域 D 满足
{(x , y ) | (x

精讲两天练习答案及解析

精讲第一天
1. 【答案】C 【解析】从“如果他们使用的是字母文字……就分裂成像意大利……”可以得知，字母文字不利于多民族国家的形成和发展，而统一的文字却可以对其起到促进作用。由材料可知，使用字母文字是欧洲分裂成许多小国家的原因之一，A 选项增加“主要”，改变了原文的意思；B、D 选项的“艺术性”材料并未提及。 2. 【答案】A 【解析】总分行文脉络，“城市地标要有个文化底色和基调”。 3. 【答案】A 【解析】文段主要论述了允许冲突存在所带来的好处，即“有助于通过互相抵消而把‘社会体系缝合起来’，这样就阻止了沿着一条主要分裂线的崩溃”，也就是避免社会体系分裂，维护社会稳定，A 选项符合题意。 4. 【答案】C 【解析】分总结构，主旨句为转折关联词引导，“但从长远来看，正是这种物质享受的后果导致了很多传统文化的衰落与沉没”。 5. 【答案】D 【解析】递进关联词引导主旨句“而且会促进家庭成员文明水准的提高。” 6. 【答案】A 【解析】分分结构，共同表述的观点为老字号对市民的意义。 7. 【答案】A 【解析】首句提出整形手术最大的危险在于麻醉，第二句通过“事实上”这一转折引出重点，很多整形外科贪图方便，将麻醉简化，相当危险。A 项是主旨句的同义替换。
8. 【答案】B 【解析】分总结构，主旨由递进关系关联词引导“它对整个社会的存在和发展，同样有着巨大的能动作用。” 9. 【答案】C 【解析】文段尾句阐述了由于宪法实施的不重视和师资水平的不足，对我国法制建设的不利影响，C 为引申的对策。 10. 【答案】D 【解析】尾句为主旨句。 11. 【答案】D 【解析】分总结构，主旨句为“通过今人的自觉，从深厚的中国文化土壤中生长出“中国新思想”，是根本之道。”强调依靠中国本土思想解决不利局面的重要性。 12. 【答案】A 【解析】总分结构，BCD 选项均为非重点内容。 13. 【答案】D 【解析】对于山区房屋建筑，作者认为“山坡的倾斜度那么大，稍微有摇晃，就会塌下来。”显然这样的房屋是不安全，因此 D 为引申的对策。 14. 【答案】A 【解析】文段主要论述了儒家和道家思想对于中国传统文化的重要价值。儒家和道家是中国传统文化的两条主线，要弘扬中国的传统文化，首先就要读懂《论语》和《老子》。A 项符合文意，因此，本题选择 A 选项 15. 【答案】C

2018考研英语二真题及答案及解析

2018年考研英语二真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painfulBecause humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twistHalf of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twe nty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock th em clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect wit h other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and pho tographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the ba sic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the Universityof Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can in sight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound curiosity is possible to 15 ,however. In a final experiment,particip ants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one's curiosi ty ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. T hinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity."Hsee other words,don't read online comments.1.8.9. than as of to10. B. forgive11.with on from to. withdrawal B. inquiry C .persistenceself-evident18.. whether20.1. 【答案】A【解析】句首作者提出疑问，“为什么人们会读互联网的负面评论和明显很让人伤心的其它事情呢”随后作者给出答案，“因为人们都有___不确定性的内在需求”。

xx考研英语二真题答案解析(文字完整版)

xx考研英语二真题答案分析（文字完好版）出 guo 考研网你采集来： xx 考研英二真答案分析（文字完好版）。

xx 年英考研二已束了，考生能够看一看答案，比一下自己的哦，估下自己的考成吧。

情以下。

Section I Use of English1、【答案】 C how【分析】依据空格所在句子能够看出，空格是一个引从句的附属，做influence的。

四个的意思中，只有 C. how 引后边的内容做influence的，前后意思合理。

2 、【答案】 B In particular【分析】空格的前一句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的企业投更多的。

空格所在句的内容是：坐落在幸福人群所在地的企业在⋯方面投入更多的。

很然，前后句子是分关系。

中，只有 B 能够体分关系。

3 、【答案】 D necessary【分析】依据空格前后的内容，_____ for making investments for the future是做后置定修longer-term thinking 和 happiness 。

幸福，种长久的思模式于将来行投 _______，四个中只有 D. necessary做后置定切合前后内容。

其余与原文内容不符。

4 、【答案】 C optimism【分析】空格处的内容与inclination for risk-taking由and 连结，组成并列关系，后边that e with happiness定语从句既修饰空格处的内容，也修饰inclination for risk-taking，所以选项中optimism。

能够由that e with happiness修饰的只有C选项5、【答案】 D change【分析】空格处的内容和the way panies invested组成动宾搭配。

选项中 A. echo回声 B. miss想念 C. spoil宠爱 D. change 改变，所以只有 D 选项能够和 the way panies invested组成通畅语义。

西安交通大学研究生综合英语ii课后习题答案.doc

Unit 1 Putting in a Good Word for Guilt2. Vocabulary:(1) An increasing number of children’s books attempt to portray life as it is for members of disadvantaged and minority groups. This year saw the publication of a rich [assortment] of realistic fictions for children aged 8-12 and older. [assortment] n. A collection of various kinds; a variety多种多样;一批品种多样的收藏；多种多样(2) People with [narcissistic] personality disorder have a great sense of self-importance. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or power.[narcissistic] adj.自恋的,自我陶醉的narcissist n.自我陶醉者narcissistically adv.(3) Studies on film consumers had indicated teenage audience as s a prime market, with the result that Hollywood filmmakers [obsessively] catered to that market, sometimes at the expense of adult fare.[obsessively] adv.强迫性地, 着迷似地obsessive adj.[1] Of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession着迷,与着迷有关的或具有着迷特征的obsessive gambling着迷于赌博[2] Excessive in degree or nature急迫的,在程度或性质上过分的an obsessive need to win急迫的想赢的欲望obsessiveness n.（名词）obsess vt.(魔鬼、妄想等)缠住; 迷住[常用被动结构]使窘困; 使烦扰be obsessed by [with] 被...附上[缠住, 迷住心窍]obsessor n.使人烦扰的人或事(4) Robinson found many savages on this island. They were seen warring, [slaying] and eating each other, and sacrificing one another by thousands to their gods. [slaying ] <= slay v.tr.（及物动词）[动词各种形态：slew,slain, slaying，slays][1] To kill violently凶狠地杀死The soldiers slain in the battle were burried that night.在那天夜晚，埋葬了在战斗中牺牲了的战士。

2023年江南大学食品生工考研的801生物化学三套卷(二)真题及参考答案

801生物化学（含实验）密押三套卷（二）一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）Isoelectric pointEmbden-meyerhof pathwayRespiratory chainEssential amino acidsOkazaki fragmentsProsthetic groupSubunitLipid mobilization参考答案答：等电点：指氨基酸的正离子浓度和负离子浓度相等时的 pH 值，即分子表面净电荷为0的pH值，用符号 pI 表示答：糖酵解：葡萄糖或糖原经过一系列酶促反应生成丙酮酸，同时生成少量ATP的过程。

在无氧或缺氧条件下，丙酮酸会还原生成乳酸。

答：呼吸链：是由一系列的递氢体和递电子体按照一定的顺序排列所组成的连续反应体系，它将代谢物（NADH、FADH2）脱下的氢交给氧生成水，氧化释放的自由能供给ATP的合成。

生物体内有两条呼吸链，一条是NADH氧化呼吸链，一条是FADH2氧化呼吸链。

答：必需氨基酸：指人体自身不能合成或者合成速度不能满足人体需要，必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸。

必需氨基酸对成人来说有8种，婴儿有九种。

答：冈崎片段： DNA复制过程中，DNA聚合酶只能以5＇→3＇方向聚合子代DNA链，以5＇→3＇方向的亲代DNA链作为模板复制时则不连续，合成的子链称为随从链，亲代DNA链在复制时逐步解开，因此随从链的合成也是一段一段的。

DNA在复制时，由随从链所形成的一些子代DNA短链称为冈崎片段。

答：辅基：辅基是指以共价键和酶蛋白结合的小分子有机物质，不能通过透析或超滤的方法除去。

答：亚基：亚基：通常由一条多肽链盘曲折叠形成的三维结构实体，单独存在时没有活性，数个亚基以非共价力缔和时形成四级结构，才具有生物学活性。

答：脂肪动员：储存在脂肪细胞中的脂肪，被脂肪酶逐步水解为游离脂酸及甘油并释放入血以供其他组织氧化利用的过程。

二、判断正误并改错（每题3分，共30分）1、纤维素是结构同多糖，而几丁质是结构杂多糖。

英语2考研题目及答案详解

英语2考研题目及答案详解### 考研英语二阅读理解题（模拟）#### 题目一：The Impact of Technology on EducationPassage:In recent years, the integration of technology into the educational system has been a topic of great debate. While some argue that technology enhances learning experiences, others contend that it can lead to a decrease in critical thinking skills. This passage will explore both perspectives and provide evidence from recent studies.Questions:1. What is the main concern regarding the use of technology in education?2. What benefits does technology bring to the educational process?3. How do critics view the impact of technology on critical thinking skills?Answers:1. The main concern is that while technology can improve the learning experience, it may also lead to a reduction in critical thinking skills among students.2. Technology brings benefits such as increased access to information, interactive learning tools, and personalized learning experiences.3. Critics argue that an over-reliance on technology may diminish students' ability to think critically and solve problems independently.#### 题目二：The Role of Social Media in Modern SocietyPassage:Social media has become an integral part of modern society, connecting people across the globe and providing a platform for the exchange of ideas and information. However, it also raises issues related to privacy, mental health, and the spread of misinformation.Questions:1. What are the primary functions of social media in society?2. What are some of the issues associated with the use of social media?3. How can the negative effects of social media be mitigated?Answers:1. The primary functions of social media include connecting people, sharing information, and facilitating the exchange of ideas.2. Issues associated with social media include privacy concerns, negative impacts on mental health, and thedissemination of false information.3. Negative effects can be mitigated through education on responsible social media use, stronger privacy laws, and the promotion of digital literacy.#### 题目三：Environmental Protection and Sustainable DevelopmentPassage:The concept of sustainable development has gained significant traction in recent years, with a focus on balancing economic growth with environmental protection. This passage will discuss the importance of sustainable practices and the challenges faced in achieving this balance.Questions:1. What is the core principle of sustainable development?2. How does sustainable development differ from traditional economic growth models?3. What are some of the challenges in implementing sustainable development practices?Answers:1. The core principle of sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.2. Sustainable development differs from traditional economic growth models by incorporating environmental and socialconsiderations alongside economic factors.3. Challenges in implementing sustainable practices include technological limitations, financial constraints, and theneed for international cooperation.#### 题目四：The Importance of Cultural DiversityPassage:Cultural diversity is a rich tapestry that enriches societies and fosters creativity and innovation. This passage will examine the benefits of cultural diversity and the importance of promoting inclusivity and tolerance.Questions:1. What are the advantages of cultural diversity for a society?2. How can cultural diversity contribute to innovation and creativity?3. What measures can be taken to promote cultural diversity and inclusivity?Answers:1. Advantages of cultural diversity include fostering a broader understanding of different perspectives, promoting tolerance and inclusivity, and enriching cultural experiences.2. Cultural diversity can contribute to innovation and creativity by providing a variety of ideas and approaches to problem-solving.3. Measures to promote cultural diversity include education programs, cultural exchange initiatives, and the celebration of multicultural events.#### 题目五：The Challenges of Aging PopulationsPassage:As life expectancy increases, many countries are facing the challenge of an aging population. This demographic shift brings with it a range of social, economic, and health-related issues that need to be addressed.Questions:1. What is the primary demographic trend that is leading to the challenges of an aging population?2. What are some of the social and economic implications of an aging population?3. How can governments and societies address the challenges posed by an aging population?Answers:1. The primary demographic trend is the increase in life expectancy and the decline in birth rates, leading to a higher proportion of older individuals in the population.2. Social and economic implications include increased healthcare costs, the need for age-appropriate housing and services, and potential labor shortages.3. Governments and societies can address these challengesthrough policies that support elderly care, encourage healthy aging, and promote intergenerational cooperation.。

《新融合大学英语综合教程》2 答案 Unit 8 Key

Key to Unit 8Part I Pre-readingSection B Listening Practice1. recipe2. combination3. positive4. attitude5. additional6. foundationalTask OneChoose the best answer for the following questions or incomplete statements.1. B2. D3. B4. C5. APart III Language FocusTask OneFill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words more than once.1. inhale2. surreptitiously3. blissful4. cuddled5. manure6. backdrop7. winds8.emerged9. memoir 10.progressive Task TwoTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases in the brackets.1. Studies show that boys are more likely to drop out of high school than girls.2. We must figure out how to solve this difficult problem, otherwise the whole project would be endangered.3. He was the only person who was aware of the issues on the horizon, and developed a series of constructive scenarios.4. Useem picked up Lizzy in the airport, drove her to the hotel, and had a hearty dinner together.5. In these gloomy and cold days, we could only huddle ourselves up by the fire, unanimated.6. I did a double-take when I saw her dressed in her sister’s clothing.Part IV Chinese & Foreign Culture IntroductionTask OneTranslate the following passage into English.Stealing the Light for Study by Making a Small HoleSecretly from Neighbor’s WallIn the Western Han Dynasty there was a Chinese man named Kuang Heng. Kuang Heng was born in a poor family, but he was diligent in his study. As his family was too poor to afford to buy a candle for him, he often felt sad when evening came. Every evening he could see the candle-light from his neighbor, but the light could not reach his home. Later, an idea came to him - to secretly make a small hole in the wall and let a glimmer of light come in through the hole. This stealing light allowed him to study until late at night. When he grew up he becamea very famous scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. The original meaning of this idiom is to make a hole in the wall and read a book by stealing the light from a neighbor. Later it came to refer to insisting on studying under very hard conditions and achieving success finally.Task TwoTranslate the following passage into Chinese.美国梦美国梦这个词最早出现在詹姆斯•亚当斯1931年写的?美国史诗?这本书中。

【英语二】2021考研-全真模拟题2套试卷及答案解析

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）模拟试题2Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The beauty of poker is that on the surface it is a game of utter simplicity, yet beneath the surface it is profound, rich and full of subtlety. Children can learn the 1 in just a few open hands—that is, rounds played with all cards visible and all the principles 2 . The lessons they gather will last a lifetime.To sceptics, poker 3 them of images of casinos, late nights and smoky back rooms—all places 4 for kids. And, yes, poker is a form of gambling, 5 it is primarily a game of skill and nerve.6 plays a larger role than in purely skill-driven games such as chess, but that is what makes poker so appealing for oppressed parents: you will be a better player than your children, but the children will still7 often enough to keep them interested.Just as a parent is excited to see their offspring reading, even if what the child chooses to read is not what the adult would, a poker-enthusiast parent will 8 play Five-card Draw with his child. The 9 is always straightforward: collect a better five-card hand than your opponents. But the paths to success are many and 10 . Sometimes it involves deceiving, a practice that, initially, children embrace with reckless 11 . However, 12 they will learn that they cannot always 13 their way to victory. They will also learn the lesson: sometimes deceiving works.Soon they will figure out how to read their opponents— 14 that arrogance can be a cover for 15 , and silence a maneuver to 16 others into overconfidence. They will see that a lost hand is not a lost game, and a lost game today does not signal the same tomorrow.1But the only way they will learn any of these lessons is if these lessons can hurt them. 117 a few practice rounds, the stakes must be actual money—and adults must keep it when they win. But this may be 18 : children come into the world lovable but penniless, and no parent wants to make their own children further 19 . On the other hand, raising children is 20 . Consider any victory a partial repayment for their upbringing.1.[A] results[B]letters[C]pictures[D]rules2.[A] rewarded[B]counted[C]explained[D]watched3.[A] reminds[B]deprives[C]accuses[D]convicts4.[A] unnecessary[B]inappropriate[C]unavoidable[D]invariable5.[A] and[B]but[C]or[D]so6.[A] Temper[B]Luck[C]Analysis[D]Proficiency7.[A] win[B]pause[C]exit[D]calculate8.[A] intentionally[B]gradually[C]happily[D]irregularly9.[A] notice[B]trial[C]goal[D]concept10.[A] direct[B]controversial[C]exclusive[D]diverse11.[A] caution[B]generosity[C]patience[D]enthusiasm12.[A] immediately[B]eventually[C]conversely[D]similarly13.[A] battle[B]cheer[C]lie[D]innovate14.[A] observing[B]mentioning[C]promising[D]determining15.[A] weakness[B]suspicion[C]illusion[D]indifference16.[A] turn[B]persuade[C]tempt[D]force17.[A] Below[B]After[C]Above[D]Before18.[A] necessary[B]interesting[C]promising[D]difficult19.[A] sillier[B]lazier[C]fatter[D]poorer20.[A] expensive[B]perplexing[C]enlightening[D]accessibleSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A2Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Two decades ago Microsoft was a technological walled garden. One of its bosses called free open-source programs a “cancer”. That was then. On April 21st the tech firm joined a movement to liberate data. The company plans to launch 20 data-sharing groups by 2022 and give away some of its digital information.Microsoft is not alone in its recent fondness for sharing. Mark Zuckerberg, the boss of Facebook, regarded the ability to share data as a superpower in the face of crisis. Despite the EU’s strict privacy rules, some Eurocrats now argue for data-sharing, too.The benefits of data-sharing have been confirmed by many individuals and organizations. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reckons that if data were more widely exchanged, many states could enjoy gains worth 1–2.5% of GDP. Economists agree that readier access to data is generally beneficial, because data are “non-rivalrous”: unlike oil, say, they can be used and re-used without being used up.Many governments have recognized the potential. Cities from Berlin to San Francisco have “open data” initiatives. Companies have been more cautious. Firms fear losing intellectual property, endangering users’ privacy and hitting technical obstacles. Less than half of “data collaboratives” involve corporations. Those that do have been small or limited in scope.Microsoft’s campaign is the most consequential by far. Besides encouraging non-commercial sharing, the firm is developing software, licences and rules frameworks to let firms trade data or provide access without losing control. Optimists believe that the foresight behind the giant’s move is novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.Brad Smith, Microsoft’s president, notes that fewer than 100 firms collect more than half of all data generated online. More sharing would counteract the concentration of economic—and political—power. Bridging the “data divide” won’t be easy. People in charge of data often come from different industries without a common vocabulary.Indeed, Microsoft has reasons other than unselfishness to support open data. It makes3most of its money not by extracting value from data through targeted advertising, like Facebook, but by selling services and software to help others process digital information. The more data that are shared, the better for Microsoft. Mr. Smith argues that this makes his firm the perfect campaigner for open data.That may be so. But this also points to a bigger obstacle. Even if technical and legal barriers to sharing could be removed, many data-rich firms will be reluctant to loosen their lucrative grip on user information. Despite Mr. Zuckerberg’s declarations, don’t expect Facebook to follow Microsoft’s lead any time soon.21.What does Microsoft plan to do according to the first paragraph?[A]To upgrade environmental technology.[B]To provide a health care program.[C]To lead a movement to analyze data.[D]To share some digital information for free.22.According to Paragraph 4, companies have been more cautious about “open data” becausethey are fearful of ______.[A]being cheated by governments[B]breaking the intellectual property law[C]violating their users’ privacy[D]competing with other corporations23.Brad Smith believes that bridging the “data divide” won’t be easy because ______.[A]data generated online are hard to collect and manage[B]the movement may be hindered by economic power[C]people from different industries have conflicting interests[D]data holders have difficulty communicating with each other24.In addition to unselfishness, what motivates Microsoft to support open data?[A]Economic benefit[B]Moral concern4[C]Legal obligation[D]Prior commitment25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Microsoft Allies With Facebook[B]Microsoft Embraces Big Data[C]Microsoft: A Technological Walled Garden[D]Microsoft: A New Business Model PromoterText 2Interruptions have always been a reality of work, as meetings, text or chat messages, emails, and conversations with coworkers endlessly fragment our time and thus our attention. Research across several surveys suggest that employees—from IT professionals to health care providers—are interrupted every six to 12 minutes.Earlier research by Sophie Leroy, a professor at the University of Washington Bothell, has shown that our brains find it difficult to switch attention between tasks. More often than not, part of our attention stays focused on the interrupted task and does not fully switch to the interrupting demand—a term she coined attention residue. This happens because we have a fundamental need for completion that makes switching our attention quite difficult for the brain to execute; we hold on to incomplete work instead of putting it aside even when a switch of focus is necessary.Leroy proposes the “Ready-to-Resume Plan” as a way to manage interruptions, prevent attention residue, and perform at full capacity on interrupting tasks. The premise of the plan is that if we can put the brain at ease about our ability to complete the interrupted task upon return, we would be able to switch our attention more effectively.To test this idea, Leroy and her team ran a series of lab experiments. Participants started working on Task A and were interrupted to switch to another task, Task B. In the control group, participants immediately switched to the interrupting task, Task B, following the interruption. In the treatment group, the researchers asked participants to take a few minutes before switching to create a “Ready-to-Resume” plan; essentially, to take a minute to note where they5were on the interrupted task, Task A, and what they wanted to do and focus on upon return. Then they switched to Task B.The researchers have found that those who engaged in the Ready-to-Resume plan were 79% more likely to choose an optimal candidate when Task B asked them to evaluate profiles for a job position, revealing better decision making when dealing with complex information. The Ready-to-Resume plan took participants less than a minute and yet it yielded significant benefits. This simple and brief practice of taking stock of where one stands on an interrupted task and briefly planning one’s return helps the brain feel more at ease with putting it aside and switching attention to an interrupting demand.It’s shown that we don’t have to passively succumb to the negative effects of inevitable interruptions. The Ready-to-Resume plan provides the brain the cognitive closure it needs to reduce attention residue so that we can be more present and perform at our full capacity. Yes, interruptions at work may be a fact of organizational life; but with the Ready-to-Resume Plan, we can mitigate their effects.26.According to Paragraph 1, findings of the surveys are used to show that interruptions______.[A]are unnecessary[B]are unavoidable[C]can worsen job performance[D]will increase our time pressure27.The word “residue” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _______.[A]remainder[B]deficit[C]control[D]span28.The premise for the plan proposed by Leroy is ______.[A]preparing to get back to the task interrupted[B]reducing our exposure to interruptions6[C]completing the current task immediately[D]communicating the priority of the urgent task29.What did the participants in the treatment group do during the experiment?[A]They wrote a plan for how to complete Task B.[B]They noted down their progress of Task A.[C]They consulted with researchers on the plan.[D]They diverted their attention to Task B instantly.30.According to Paragraph 6, the Ready-to-Resume plan ______.[A]reduces disruptive interruptions effectively[B]helps us be mentally engaged in the present[C]optimizes the benefits of organizational life[D]leaves little cognitive capacity for multi-tasksText 3At 2018’s awards, Caltech’s Frances Arnold became only the fifth female Nobel chemistry laureate since the prize was first given in 1901, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third female recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in its 118-year history.For too long, women have been marginalized by the profession. Of nearly 18 million scientists and engineers in the EU, 41 percent are women. However, just in 2018, a leading professor declared that “physics was invented and built by men, it’s not by invitation.” The almost laughable irony is that he said this at an event convened to explore the discrepancy between gender and science by CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.This mindset is also reflected in the findings of a 2017 report by Elsevier that looked at the authorship of more than 62 million peer-reviewed papers published over the previous two decades. The analysis found that in 8 of 11 countries studied, the share of women authors grew from about 30 percent in the late 1990s to about 40 percent in recent years. However, female authors were more likely to be represented in health-care-related fields such as nursing and7psychology than in the “hard” sciences. This may be due to gender bias in peer review: a self-assessment by the journal eLife found that men had greater chances of getting published than women when facing all-male review panels.While scientists might measure their achievements in publications and citations, the rest of the world is more likely to appreciate their accomplishments from the media coverage surrounding major scientific awards. Despite the triumphs of Arnold and Strickland at last year’s Nobel Prizes, here, too, there has been a distinct gender bias. Since the Nobel Prize was established, 97 percent of science prize winners have been men.The fact remains that women in general are still overlooked by research prize–awarding committees. Earlier this year, a study by Brian Uzzi and Teresa Woodruff of Northwestern University found that while that’s changing—women awardees are up from 5 percent between 1968 and 1977 to 27 percent in the last decade—women earn 64 cents of prize money for every dollar a man receives.Of course, there should not be positive discrimination; female scientists should win awards on merit alone. But there are certainly candidates who are overlooked by nominators and evaluators because of gender biases in the sciences. Only by redressing the balance of work and gender can we ever hope the day when a woman receiving a prestigious award in science is newsworthy only for her work and not for her gender will come.31.According to Paragraph 2, CERN summoned the convention to discuss ______.[A]the gender gap in science[B]the drop of women researchers[C]the rise of women’s publishing[D]the gender bias in peer review32.The result of the self-assessment reflected that women have ______.[A]suffered unfair treatment[B]broken gender stereotypes[C]gained health coverage[D]experienced peer pressure833.For the public, a scientist’s accomplishment is recognized mainly through ______.[A]academic conferences[B]enormous published papers[C]press reports on scientific prizes[D]international publication websites34.According to the author, the key for women scientists to win more prestigious awards is to______.[A]offer them guidance on academic publishing[B]drive gender balance in academic publishing[C]improve the media coverage of their work[D]raise the standards for reviewing papers35.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]Prestigious Science Awards: An Opportunity to Prevent Inequality[B]Prestigious Science Awards: A Path to Financial Freedom[C]Prestigious Science Awards: A Ladder to Career Progression[D]Prestigious Science Awards: A Glass Ceiling for Women to BreakText 4Perfect fluency in a second language can make someone seem so worldly and intelligent. But does knowing more than one language really make a person smarter?The answer is a matter of debate, and the pendulum has swung back and forth. In the first half of the 20th century, hearing two languages at the same time was considered to be a confusing experience for small children. But in the late 1970s, a turnaround was under way. Early exposure to two languages was considered not a handicap but a cognitive advantage.Now the consensus is changing again. A vast online study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests that bilingualism can be handy but doesn’t make people more intelligent.Emily Nichols, the lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Western9Ontario, noted that the study enlisted 11,000 people to complete 12 online cognitive tests. Participants included “people who hadn’t finished high school and others with professional degrees.” The researchers then selected 372 pairs comprising one bilingual and one monolingual subject, matching people who were equivalent in age, education, income and gender. Satisfied that they had controlled for these confounding factors, the researchers compared the performance of the pair in online tests of their intelligence.The study found almost no cognitive differences between people who speak just one language and those who said they speak at least two. Bilinguals had a slight leg up on Digit Span, a task that requires a person to remember increasingly long strings of numbers by heart. Otherwise, the performance of the two groups was a wash.That “no difference” finding might be partly explained by the fact that the study “treated all bilinguals as a single group,” said Prof. Genesee. In a 2015 study, he and his colleagues looked at neural differences between children who learned two languages simultaneously in infancy and those who learned a second language later. The very early learners, Prof. Genesee said, “engaged neural areas related to language but also areas of executive control,” such as planning and problem solving.The degree of mastery of a second language also matters, said Richard Haier, author of “The Neuroscience of Intelligence”. “Proficiency can range from barely adequate to excellent; lumping everyone into the same group obscures effects.”Absence of evidence isn’t evidence of absence, as the saying goes. We don’t know all the details about this new study’s participants, so we can’t yet close the book on whether their bilingualism boosts their smarts. But there are clearly other benefits, said Prof. Owen: “You can speak to more people, qualify for more jobs and fall in love with more people.” And for most of us, that’s enough.36.By saying “the pendulum has swung back and forth” (Para. 2), the author means that______.[A]people are prone to be confused by bilingualism[B]early access to bilingualism is detrimental to people[C]no relationship exists between bilingualism and cognitive development[D]whether bilingualism makes people more intelligent is controversial10版权所有翻版必究37.According to Paragraph 5, the online study showed that bilinguals ______.[A]were equipped with higher degree[B]didn’t have cognitive advantages[C]failed to remember long numbers[D]performed worse than monolinguals38.An additional study conducted by Prof. Genesee and his colleagues took into account______.[A]neural differences between infants and adults[B]the age children start to study a second tongue[C]obstacles in second language acquisition[D]impacts of executive control capability39.The quotation of Richard Haier emphasized the importance of ______.[A]language certificates[B]effects of neuroscience[C]second language proficiency[D]problems of language learning40.Bilingualism is beneficial because it can.[A]make brain smarter and more flexible[B]guarantee a promising future[C]delay the onset of disease[D]develop interpersonal relationshipsPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)11版权所有翻版必究Water companies in England discharged raw sewage (wastewater) into rivers on more than 200,000 occasions last year, according to data obtained by the Guardian.Luke Pollard, the shadow environment secretary, said: “Sewage discharges should take place only in the most extreme of circumstances. Regulation needs to be tightened to stop water companies using discharges as a day-to-day measure.”“Customers will rightly be shocked at the frequency of sewage discharges and the damage it does to some of our country’s most precious and valuable river habitats.”The Environment Agency issues permits to allow water companies to release untreated human waste, which includes excrement, condoms and toilet paper, from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) after extreme weather events, such as torrential rain, to stop water backing up and flooding homes.Ashley Smith of the campaign group Windrush against Sewage Pollution said the system was little more than a “licence to pollute”. Smith, who monitors sewage spills on the River Windrush in Oxfordshire, said discharges happened after just a rain shower.He said: “The industry has been given a way to prop up failed infrastructure and it has exploited this enthusiastically. The inability of the Environment Agency to prosecute or even drive improvement has led us to where we are today—in a complete shambles with pollution rife and unchecked.”Michelle Walker of the Rivers Trust described the data as “very alarming”. The environmental charity worked with the Guardian’s data to create an interactive map where you can search for river discharges by area. She said: “When you look at the detail, you see that some of these locations are releasing untreated sewage hundreds of times a year, so they are not just operating during extreme rainstorms.”Walker said: “People think our rivers should be fit to swim in but they don’t realise it is legal to discharge untreated raw sewage into our rivers.”Dr Andrew Singer, a senior scientist at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, said the pollution impact of CSO discharge was a risk to ecological and human health.“English rivers, even the Thames and the Severn, are relatively small, so the contribution of CSOs to many of our rivers can be extremely significant,” he said. “Rivers are much more likely to be impacted now by CSOs because of the increase in population density and the fact that the sewage system has not expanded to meet it.”12版权所有翻版必究A spokesperson for Wessex Water said: “In an ideal world there would not be a combined sewerage system, but many sewers were laid at a time when only one drain served a property —carrying both rainwater and sewage … Since 2000 we have invested £181m to upgrade more than 582 CSOs, and there are plans to improve more over the next five years.” A spokesperson for the industry body Water UK, said: “The water industry is committed to the very highest environmental standards … Although there is currently no simple and effective alternative to overflows, there are some innovative solutions being used, such as sustainable drainage systems, which are natural features that help keep rainwater out of the sewer. In new housing developments, these can help to take some of the pressure off the sewer network.”13版权所有翻版必究Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Historically, there’s been no way for third parties to directly gather data on the greenhouse gas emissions of both public and private entities. So any concerted effort to reduce emissions has required trusting companies and governments to tell the truth about how much they’re polluting.Now, a new coalition of nine climate and technology organizations calling themselves Climate Trace say they have used satellite data, artificial intelligence and other technology to track greenhouse-gas emissions from across the globe remotely. At the micro level, the platform allows users to track emissions down to the level of individual factories, ships and power plants. In general, the platform will allow for a collective accounting of how the world is doing in the effort to reduce emissions. If a given country claims to have reduced, say power-plant emissions, other countries will soon be able to immediately tap into Climate Trace and get data to verify the claim.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your university is to hold an award event for the best ten clubs. Write an email on behalf of your book club to1)apply to participate in the selection, and2)briefly introduce your club.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:14版权所有翻版必究Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)15版权所有翻版必究16内部资料免费交流2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）模拟试题2参考答案及详解Section I Use of English1.答案：【D】rules【解析】逻辑关系题。

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2 CH 3
O C CH3
(1). NaOH (2). MeI
OCH 3
考点：1. 由醇制备烯烃；2. 由格氏试剂和酮制备醇；3. 片呐醇重排； 4. 氯甲基化反应；5. 邻二醇合成；6. Williamson 法醚的合成。
11
7. 由C4 以内有机原料
Me Me3CC CH(CH2)4CH3
Me Me3CC CH(CH2 )4CH3
15
15.
HO O 用 ≤C5 原料 HO O O
_ H 2O
O HO O α OH (1). HCN OH (2). H3O CO 2Et
NaOEt BrCH2CH2Br
CHO CHO β OH
HCHO OH CrO3 . Py2
CH 2(CO2Et)2
CO2H
LiAlH4
CO2Et (1). OH , H_ 2O (2). H+, , CO2
Br N N NMe2
33.
OH H3CO OCH3
34.
NO2 Br Br
Br
Br
35.
5
H 3C
由不超过3个碳原子的有机原料及必要的无机试剂合成 H3C
CH CHCO2H
36.
O O O O HOCH 2 CH 2CH2OH
O
37. 用指定的原料和其它必要的试剂合成目标化合物
CH3 CH3 OH
HO 由苯和不超过C2的有机原料及必要的无机试剂合成
O HO +
(2)H3O or (1)SOCl2 (2)AlCl3
MgBr
Br
Mg, Et2O
Br2/FeBr3
PPA
O HO
O HO &#l3
O CH2=CH2
Br2/CCl4
,
H3O
H2O
BrCH2CH2Br
CO2Et CO2 Et
Br
2CH2(CO2Et)2 Br NaOEt
Br Br
PBr3
CH3CHO
3HCHO 浓OH
HOCH2
CH2OH C CHO CH2OH
HO
HCHO 浓OH
OH OH
HO
考点：1. 利用 CH2(CO2Et)2 合成环状化合物 2. “交错”的羟醛缩合反应； 3. “交错”的 Cannizazro 反应。
Cl Cl
Cl
KI,
Cl Cl
Cl (1). Fe/HCl
(2). NaNO2, HCl 0~5℃
Cl Cl
Cl Cl2,Fe Cl Cl
混酸
Cl2,Fe
13
考点：重氮化反应及各种官能团的相互转化。
11.
CH3 CH3 CN O2N
C 2以下
CH3 CN O2N
1)NaNO2+ HCl O N 2 2)CuCN +KCN
Na
CH3 CH3CH2CH2Br CH3CH2CH2MgBr CH3CH2CH2 C OH Mg,Et2 O CH3 (1). CH3COCH3 HBr
过氧化物 (2). H3O
H2C CHCH3
考点：1. 格氏试剂制备 2. 由格氏试剂制备醇 3. Williamson 反应、NBS 溴代
9
3.
NaNO2 + HCl
CH3 NH2 0-5℃ CH3 Br
Br2水
CH3
Br
CH3
Br
CH3
CH3 NO2
CH3 NH2
Fe, HCl
CH3
HNO3+H2SO4
CH3
CH3
考点：重氮化反应及各种官能团的相互转化
14. 由 C3 以下化合物合成
HOOC CO2H EtO2 C
(1)OH , H2O EtO2 C (2)H , _ CO2 (3) β α
Me Me3CC CH 2 OH
OCH3
OCH 3
H2SO4 _ , H 2O
OCH 3
(2). H3O
CH2MgCl CH3 CH3 CH3 C C CH3 OH OH O Me3C C Me + H OCH 3 OH
(1).CH2O + HCl ZnCl2 (2). Mg, Et2O
(1). Mg-Hg/C6H6 (2). H 2O
O
(1). Br2/FeBr3 (2). Mg, Et2O
考点：1. 格氏试剂制备； 2. 由格氏试剂制备醇； 3. 烯烃的制备与性质。
2.
CH3 用四个碳或四个碳以下的有机原料合成 H2C CHCH2 O CCH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 H2C CHCH2Br + NaO CCH2CH2CH3 H2C CHCH2 O CCH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 NBS H2C CHCH3
Cl
OH Cl
H3 O ,
Cl
N2SO4H Cl
Cl
NO2
(1). Fe/HCl (2). NaNO2 + H2SO4 0~5℃
Cl
CHCl3 KOH
Cl
混酸
考点：1. 卡宾的制备及应用（烯烃的环丙烷化）；2. 重氮盐的性质；
14
13.
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
Br
CH3
H3PO2 +H 2O
CH3 N2Cl
51.
O O , CH2=CHCCH3 CO2Et O
52.
由苯酚及不超过 4 个碳原子的有机原料和其他必要试剂合成
O O O NH 2 N
8
考研经典合成题第二套答案及考点分析
1.
O , O H O
(1). O 3 (2). Zn/H 2o H 3PO 4
O H O HO
MgBr
(1). (2). H 3 O
CH3
NH2
H 3O
CH3
NHCOCH3
O2 N
混酸
CH3
CH3
NO2
Fe+HCl
CH3
NH2
CH3COCl
CH3
NHCOCH3
SO3H
(1)硝化 (2)H 2O,
CH3
H2SO4 100℃
考点：①位阻导向基团的应用，磺化占位 ②氨基保护 ③重氮化反应及各种官能团的相互转化
12.
Cl Cl OH
Cl
NaCN
NCCH2CH2CN
CO2H CO2H
考点：1. 利用格氏试剂制备醇 2. Friedel-Crafts 酰基化反应 3. Clemmensen 还原反应
4. 二元酸的性质
4.
CH 3 O OH
NO2
O
OH O O O
CH2MgBr O
Mg, Et2O
O CH2Br
(1). NO2
(2). H3O
O CH3 +
(1). CH3I (2). H3O
N CH3 CH3 NH2
N CH2 O N
CH3
(1).混酸 (2). H3O
CH3 + N H
p-CH3C6H4SO3H C6H6
浓H2SO4
SO3H
考点：1. 烯胺的制备与应用；2. 硝化，磺化，还原，亲核加成等。
考研经典合成题第二套
1.
O , O H O
2.
用四个碳或四个碳以下的有机原料合成 H2C CHCH 2 CH 3 O CCH 2CH 2CH3 CH 3
3.
HO 由苯和不超过C2的有机原料及必要的无机试剂合成
4.
CH 3 O OH
NO2
5.
CH3 (CH2)4CH2OH CH3(CH2)5CHO
6.
SO3H
混酸
浓 H2SO4 100℃
Br2, FeBr3
SO3H
SO3H
考点：苯的亲电取代，硝基、磺化、卤代及氧化
12
9.
HO N N CN CN Br OH CN
弱碱
N2Cl + CN CN Br NaNO2+HCl
0~5℃
NH2
HO
N N CN Br
Br CN
(1). H3O (2). OH
NHCOCH3
CH 2OH
考点：1. 丙二酸二乙酯的烷基化； 2. 交叉羟醛缩合； 3. 羰基的亲核加成（加 HCN）。
16.
O , CH2(CO2Et)2
O CO2H
(1). SOCl2 (2). Me2CuLi (1). OH , H2O _ (2). H +, , CO2
CO2Et CO2Et
Br
NBS
CH2(CO 2Et)2 NaOEt
混酸
NHCOCH3
NHCOCH3
KCN
NHCOCH3
Br
CH3COCl
Br (2). NaNO +HCl 2 NO2 NO2
0~5℃
(1). Fe/HCl
Br CuCN N2 CN
Br
NH2
Fe/HCl
NO2
混酸
Br OH N2Cl
Br
Br2,FeBr3
NO2
NO2
CN
H2O,H2SO 4
CN (1). Fe/HCl
CH3
CH3
Br
14. 由 C3 以下化合物合成
HOOC CO2 H
2
15.
HO O 用 ≤C5 原料 O
16.
O , CH2(CO2Et)2
17.
O , CH 3 CH 3 N CH 3
18. 用 CH2(CO2Et)2 和 C4 以下化合物为原料合成目标化合物

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