中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)【圣才出品】

11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。

4. tree diagram【答案】In a theory of syntax, we often uses tree diagrams (phrase markers) to represent s yntactic structure. For example, “The old tree swayed in the wind” can be illustrated as the following.5. sense relations【答案】Words are often in different sense relations with each other. It may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. It is concerned with the intralinguistic relations. It includes three types of relations. Synonymy is the technical name for。