2007Aanswer
2007年英语二答案解析
英语试题解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(10 points)1．答案为B。
本题考点为宾结构搭配。
根据上下文，只有B项exerting与后面的pressure 搭配恰当，意为“施加压力”；故选项B为正确答案。
译文：他的妻子一直在给他施压，要他跳槽。
2．答案为A。
本题考点为形容词语义辨析。
extinct意为“灭绝”，其他选项意思不对。
根据题意，A为正确答案。
译文：据估计，目前每年约有50 000个物种灭绝。
3．答案为A。
本题考点为名词的词义辨析。
A项scope意为“(活动)范围，机会，余地”，B项space意为“空间”，c项capacity意为“容量、能力”，D项range意为“范围，射程”。
故选项A符合译文：约翰说他目前的工作不能为他的组织能力提供充分的活动余地。
4．答案为D。
本题考点为名词的词义辨析。
A项意为“可能性”，B项意为“现实”，c项意为“必要性”，D项意为“机会”。
根据上下文，选项D符合题意。
译文：在将来，很多机会将展现在受过大学教育的人的面前。
5．答案为B。
本题考点为几个形近动词的词议辨析。
A项意为“居住”，B项意为“继承”，c项意为“禁止”，D项意为“吸入”。
根据题意，选项B为正确答案。
译文：年轻人在叔父死后继承了漂亮的庄园，从一个穷人变成了有钱的贵族。
6．答案为D。
本题要考的是形容词与名词的搭配。
A项意为“繁荣的”，B项意为“初步的”，c项意为“悲观的”，D项意为“预期的”。
根据题意，选项D为正确答案。
译文：经理正在拜访一个预期的客户，试图说服他签订这项协议。
7．答案为C。
本题考的是名词的词义辨析。
A项意为“复苏”，B项意为“镇压”，c 项意为．“衰退、不景气”，D项意为“恢复”。
根据题意，选项c为正确答案。
译文：1991年，当工业化国家遭遇经济萧条的时候，发展中国家的经济却快速增长。
8．答案为Ｃ。
本题考的是动宾结构的搭配。
A项意为“召集”，B项意为“引诱”，c 项意为“激怒”，D项意为“绊倒”。
2007年高考英语试题及参考答案
2、能够叙述安全气囊系统的种类及特点。
项目十 安全气囊系统
活动二 安全气囊系统的组成及原理
安全气囊（SRS）作为一个电子控制系统，能够在汽车发生正面或
侧面碰撞事故时检测到汽车所受到的冲击力(减速度)强度，经过安全气
囊系统电控单元ECU的判定，若强度超过预先规定的数值，则立刻接通
充气元件中的引爆管电路，点燃引爆管内的点火介质，火焰引燃点火药
此时碰撞传感器向SRS电脑输入一个接通信号。SRS电脑只有收到碰撞
传感器输入的接通信号时，才会去引爆充气元件。
图10-4滚柱卷簧式加速度传感器
项目十 安全气囊系统
活动二 安全气囊系统的组成及原理
4、压电式加速度传感器
压电式加速度传感器如图10-5所示。在发生碰撞时，传感器受到
冲击，质量块的惯性力作用在压电晶体上，压电晶体在力的作用下产生
形块。当发生足够大的碰撞时，钢球在惯性力的作用下向右移动，推动传动杆
向右转动，从而使传动杆的D形块向右转动，以释放点火针。点火针在预紧力
的作用下向右猛烈推进，击中针刺引爆剂，导致引爆剂立即点火，从而使气囊
充气。
图10-2重锤式加速度传感器
项目十 安全气囊系统
活动二 安全气囊系统的组成及原理
2、轨道球式加速度传感器
上的主动安全装置主要有防抱死制动系统(ABS)、牵引力控制系统(TCS)、
电子稳定程序(ESP)等。被动安全是指在万一发生事故的情况下，汽车保
护乘员的能力。汽车上的被动安全装置主要有安全气囊(SRS)、安全带、
安全气垫、防撞式车身等。由于现实的复杂性，有些事故是难以避免的，
因此被动安全性也非常重要。
左前、右前挡泥板各装1个，有的前面保险杠中间还装有1个，有的车内
AP微积分AB 2007 真题解答
AP® Calculus AB2007 Scoring GuidelinesThe College Board: Connecting Students to College SuccessThe College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns.© 2007 The College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation.Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at:/inquiry/cbpermit.html.Visit the College Board on the Web: .AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: .Question 1Let R be the region in the first and second quadrants bounded above by the graph of 2201y x=+ and below by the horizontal line 2.y =(a) Find the area of R .(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the x -axis.(c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, the cross sections perpendicular to thex -axis are semicircles. Find the volume of this solid.Question 2The amount of water in a storage tank, in gallons, is modeled by a continuous function on the time interval 07,t ≤≤ where t is measured in hours. In this model, rates are given as follows:(i) The rate at which water enters the tank is()2100sin f t t = gallons per hour for 07.t ≤≤ (ii) The rate at which water leaves the tank is()250 for 032000 for 37t g t t ≤<⎧=⎨<≤⎩ gallons per hour. The graphs of f and g , which intersect at 1.617t = and 5.076,t = are shown in the figure above. At time 0,t = the amount of water in the tank is 5000 gallons. (a) How many gallons of water enter the tank during the time interval 07?t ≤≤ Round your answer tothe nearest gallon. (b) For 07,t ≤≤ find the time intervals during which the amount of water in the tank is decreasing.Give a reason for each answer. (c) For 07,t ≤≤ at what time t is the amount of water in the tank greatest? To the nearest gallon,compute the amount of water at this time. Justify your answer.(a)()78264f t dt ≈∫ gallons2 :{1 : integral1 : answer(b) The amount of water in the tank is decreasing on theintervals 0 1.617t ≤≤ and 3 5.076t ≤≤ because ()()f t g t < for 0 1.617t ≤< and 3 5.076.t << 2 : {1 : intervals1 : reason(c) Since ()()f t g t − changes sign from positive to negativeonly at 3,t = the candidates for the absolute maximum are at 0,3,t = and 7.t (hours) gallons of water0 50003()()30500025035126.591f t dt +−=∫7 ()()735126.591200044513.807f t dt +−=∫The amount of water in the tank is greatest at 3 hours. At that time, the amount of water in the tank, rounded to the nearest gallon, is 5127 gallons.5 : 1 : identifies 3 as a candidate 1 : integrand 1 : amount of water at 3 1 : amount of water at 7 1 : conclusion t t t =⎧⎪⎪=⎨⎪=⎪⎩Question 3x ()f x ()f x ′()g x ()g x ′16 42 52 9 2 313 10 –4 4 2 4 –136 7The functions f and g are differentiable for all real numbers, and g is strictly increasing. The tableabove gives values of the functions and their first derivatives at selected values of x . The function h is given by ()()() 6.h x f g x =−(a) Explain why there must be a value r for 13r << such that () 5.h r =− (b) Explain why there must be a value c for 13c << such that () 5.h c ′=− (c) Let w be the function given by ()()()1.g x w x f t dt =∫ Find the value of ()3.w ′(d) If 1g − is the inverse function of g , write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of ()1y g x −=at 2.x =Question 4A particle moves along the x -axis with position at time t given by ()sin t x t e t −= for 02.t π≤≤ (a) Find the time t at which the particle is farthest to the left. Justify your answer.(b) Find the value of the constant A for which ()x t satisfies the equation ()()()0Ax t x t x t ′′′++=for 02.t π<<Question 5t (minutes) 0 2 5 7 11 12 ()r t ′(feet per minute)5.7 4.0 2.01.2 0.6 0.5The volume of a spherical hot air balloon expands as the air inside the balloon is heated. The radius of theballoon, in feet, is modeled by a twice-differentiable function r of time t , where t is measured in minutes. For 012,t << the graph of r is concave down. The table above gives selected values of the rate of change, (),r t ′ of the radius of the balloon over the time interval 012.t ≤≤ The radius of the balloon is 30 feet when5.t = (Note: The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by 34.3V r π=)(a) Estimate the radius of the balloon when 5.4t = using the tangent line approximation at 5.t = Is yourestimate greater than or less than the true value? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Find the rate of change of the volume of the balloon with respect to time when 5.t = Indicate units ofmeasure. (c) Use a right Riemann sum with the five subintervals indicated by the data in the table to approximate()12.r t dt ′∫ Using correct units, explain the meaning of()12r t dt ′∫ in terms of the radius of theballoon.(d) Is your approximation in part (c) greater than or less than ()12?r t dt ′∫ Give a reason for your answer.Question 6Let f be the function defined by ()ln f x x =− for 0,x > where k is a positive constant. (a) Find ()f x ′ and ().f x ′′(b) For what value of the constant k does f have a critical point at 1?x = For this value of k , determinewhether f has a relative minimum, relative maximum, or neither at 1.x = Justify your answer. (c) For a certain value of the constant k , the graph of f has a point of inflection on the x -axis. Find thisvalue of k .。
2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案
2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案IntroductionIn this article, we will provide an analysis of the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) paper, commonly referred to as Exam 1, along with the respective answers. The purpose of this article is to help students gain a better understanding of the exam format, content, and potential approach to tackling the questions. Each section will be discussed separately, guiding the readers through the exam paper and highlighting key points for consideration.Section I: Cloze (15 points)The first section of the exam paper focused on a passage with a series of missing words or phrases, requiring candidates to select the best option to complete each gap. This section aimed at assessing candidates' language comprehension and vocabulary usage. The passage for this particular paper revolved around the topic of environmental protection.Section II: Error Correction (10 points)Section II of the exam required candidates to identify and correct grammatical errors in a given passage. It aimed at evaluating candidates' grammatical knowledge, as well as their ability to identify and rectify common errors in sentence structure, word choice, and verb tense agreement.Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)The third section of the exam consisted of four reading passages, with each passage followed by a set of questions. Candidates were required to read the passages carefully and answer the questions based on their comprehension and interpretation of the text. The passages covered a variety of topics, such as literature, history, science, and social issues.Section IV: Translation (15 points)The fourth section tested candidates' translation skills, requiring them to translate a given Chinese text into English. This section aimed at assessing candidates' grasp of both languages and their ability to convey meaning accurately and effectively.Section V: Writing (20 points)The final section of the exam required candidates to write an essay on a given topic within a specified word limit. It tested candidates' ability to formulate and present coherent arguments, as well as their written language proficiency.Exam AnswersUnfortunately, it is not possible to provide the exact questions or answers from the 2007 exam paper due to copyright restrictions. However, we encourage candidates to review the exam paper independently and refer to past papers and study materials to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions that may be asked.ConclusionIn conclusion, the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) Exam 1 covered various aspects of English language proficiency, including vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, translation, and essay writing. Understanding the exam format and content is vital for candidates to effectively prepare and perform well. We hope this article has provided valuable insights and guidance for tackling the exam successfully. Good luck to all candidates!。
2007年英语专四考试真题及答案（3）
2007年英语专四考试真题及答案（3）TEXT B(1) Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business,I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’ master work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought-I know,I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them wahat the state of real hitching is today in Britain.(2)I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.(3)When I was in my teens and 20s ,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport.The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe,North America,Asiaand southern Africa,Some of the lift-givers became friends ,many provided hospitality on the road.(4)Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane ,but there was that lelement of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture.It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?(5)A few years ago ,I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper.Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking .(6)Rural Ireland was recommended as f friendly place for hitching,as was Quebec,Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.(7)But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places ,the general feeling was that throughtout much of thewest it was doomed.(8)With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?(9)In Poland in the 1960s,according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,"the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet.The booklet contained coupons for drivers,so each time a driver picked somebody ,he or she received a coupon.At the end of the season,drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes.Everyone was hitchhiking then”.(10)Surely this is a good idea for society.Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers.It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels.It would also improveeducational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography ,history,politics and sociology.(11)A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’s Guide”,another adventure story writer,Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto:"To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstreched.84. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)85. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.86. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland?A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.87. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPTA. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting enviroment.D. enrich one’s knowledge.88."Either pu t it to the test yourself…”in Paragraph (11) meansA. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’ book.C. to offer someone a lift.TEXT CI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the realiry I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She wasselling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling . In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue ,green, and white. They meminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They ahd designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough mone y.I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time inmonths, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace.I left tears in m y throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.90. Which of the following in NOT corret?A. The writer was not used to bargaining.B. People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C. Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D.The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.91. The writer assumed that the voman accepted the last offer mainly because womanA. thought that the last offer was reasonable.B.thought she could still make much money.C.was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainning.D. was tired of bargainning with the writer any more.92. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A.The skirts were cheap and pretty.B.She liked the patterns on the skirts.C.She wanted to do something as compensation.D.She was fed up with further bargainning with the woman.93.When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not becauseA. she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling.B. she was afraid of crying in public.C.she had learned to face difficulties bravely.D. she had to show in public that she was strong.94. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A.she suddently felt very sad.B.she liked the ribbons so much.C.she was overcome by emotion.D.she felt sorry for the woman.。
2007年考研英语真题(英一二通用)-高清版含答案
2007年考研英语真题（英一二通用）-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)By1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million1of these nations looked2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism,many of the leaders of independence3the ideals of representative government,careers4to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the5to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7set of laws.On the issue of8of religion and the position of the Church,9, there was less agreement10the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the14of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s17colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly 30years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about 200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it mean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional tests are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.41You can start this process when they are 11or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids’Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes ,that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2007年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B 10.C11.A 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.CText 2 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.BText 3 31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.BText 4 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.DPart B41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.EPart C46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007年英语真题+答案解析
河南省2007年普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Word Formation (1×10 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write the right answer in the brackets.1.All the men were under heavy ____ working day and night (press).2.The young industrial engineer did everything in a ____ way (leisure)3.These activities help to greatly ____ the ties among the club members (strong).4.She repeated his name ____, too shocked to say more (help).5.Many foreign words and phrases have_______the English language.(rich).6.Nowadays, we are in a very_______business environment.(competition).7.As a college student, you should aim for an __of knowledge well beyond your area of specialization.(expand)8.In our ____, the laboring people are masters of country (social).9.She is always ____ to help others (will).10.His stories written in her later years were not interesting because of his ____ of imagination(poor).Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences, and then write the choice in the brackets.11.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ____ to its burning temperature.A. is heatedB. will be heatedC. be heatedD. would be heated12.I have to ________ my expenditure to my income.A. transferB. adjustC. directD. add13.If he had been in better health, he ________ more books.A. can writeB. could have writtenC. could writeD. have written14.With the development of industry, this region will surely ________.A. DevelopB. profitC. succeedD. thrive15.I’m going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai, ________ I have relatives.A. WhichB. neverthelessC. whereD. when16. The new campus is ________ as the old one.A.twice as bigB.as twice bigC.twice bigD.big as twice17.If ________ to speak, he has no problem expressing himself.A. AskedB. askingC. askD. to be asked18.Mum is getting old, so her memory is not very ________ these days.A. TrueB. forgettableC. reliableD. credit19.Which door does this key ________to?A. SetB. fitC. becomeD. belong20.Much ________ my regret, I am unable to accept your kind invitation.A. toB. atC. withD. by21.It ought to be you ________ me that signs the letter.A. butB. in spite ofC. ratherD. rather than22.Literature must consist of words, ________ music must consist of sounds.A. even thoughB. so thatC. just asD. ever since23.If the building project ________ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.A. being completedB. is completedC. to be completedD. completed24.I prefer walking ________.A.to driveB.to drivingC.than driveD.than driving25.The committee a conclusion only after days of discussion.A. AchievedB. reachedC. arrivedD. completed is ________ among the seven continents.A. largestB. the largestC. largerD. the larger27. You me because I didn’t say that.A. must understandB. must be understandingC. must have understoodD. had to misunderstand28.Generally speaking, nodding your head is to saying yes.A. contraryB. equivalentC. secondaryD.relevant29.I have been to the West Lake three times 1970.A. sinceB. untilC. fromD. after30. gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems.A. Not onlyB. UnlessC. ExceptD. Besides31.Seldom in such a rude way.A. we have been treatedB. have we been treatedC. we have treatedD. have we treated32. , that step is not safe!A. Look aroundB. Look upC. Look outD. Look down33.He went on to say that it was as important to respect others as ________ by others.A. to be respectedB. to respectC. being respectedD. respected34.I saw a traffic this morning.A. eventB. conflictC. damageD. accident35. you ought to do is to see a doctor.A. HowB. WhatC. WhichD. That36.Every means but without much result.A. have been triedB. has been triedC. have triedD. has tried37.Finding it difficult to to the climate in the city, he decided to move to the north.A. fitB. adoptC. suitD. adapt38.We must begin testing this instrument, no matter difficult it is.A. howeverB. howC. whateverD. what39.He climbed up into the tree and picked all the fruit reach.A. withinB. beyondC. offD. inside40.The man was stolen called the police.A. his walletB. the wallet of hisC. whose walletD. the wallet of whom41.Those opinions are now out of .A. orderB. formC. moodD. fashion42.Neither Mary nor her sister to the party.A. goB. are goingC. have goneD. is going43.Any student in swimming can apply for membership.A. having a keen interestB. with a keen interestingC. who is keenly interestingD. has a keen interest44.Just because he failed once, it does not that he will fail every time.A. followB. happenC. appearD. seem45.He plays not only the piano, the violin.A. and alsoB. but alsoC. but as well asD. but as well46.The population of the world is growing at a dangerous .A. stepB. measureC. rateD. progress47. him do this job by himself ?A. Why don’t letB. Why not lettingC. Why not letD. Why you not to let48.He speaks English ________ better than I.A. veryB. muchC. tooD. so49.There can be no doubt someone had visited the house before they arrived.A. whyB. whetherC. howD. that50.He grew more and more absorbed in his work, he almost forgot his meals.A. that to such an extentB. to an extent such thatC. to such an extentD. such that to an extentPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice, and write it in the brackets.Passage 1Advertising follows us everywhere. Whenever we turn on the television, listen to the radio or open a newspaper or a magazine, we are bombarded with advertisements. They invite us to try a new type of orange juice, wear X brand jeans or watch the latest film. They beg us to notice the difference and discover the advantages. They exist to make us want what they are selling.Strangely, the more we are exposed to advertising, the less we notice it. We get so used to seeing advertisements everywhere that they become largely invisible, as if they were another part of our everyday lives. But does that mean that we are no longer affected by them?One advertising expert believes that the special power of advertising lies in the fact that we do not pay much attention to it. Dr. Krugman, who was head of research for a major advertising company for many years, says that the less we notice ads, the more we are affected by them. Dr. Krugman believes that when we stop noticing advertisements, we lower our defenses, allowing the messages of the advertisements to be taken in and stored, ready to be triggered into action at the right moment. He says that the effects of advertising on the individual are small, but over a period of time they have a powerful effect on the masses.A market analyst says that all advertising, no matter how innocent, is misleading in some way.When asked about the power of advertising in research surveys, most people agree that it works, but not on them. Almost everyone believes that they have complete control over how thousands of ads they see every day affect them.51. Ads exist to make people want________ .A. a new type of orange juiceB. X brand jeansC. to watch the latest filmD. what they advertise52. The more we see ads, the less we .A. pay attention to themB. feel tired of themC. neglect themD. put up with them53. Although we may think we are not affected by them, Dr. Krugman believes that advertisements affect________ .A. all of usB. most of usC. some of usD. a few individuals54. Dr. Krugman believes that when we stop noticing ads, we begin to________ .A. like themB. be on guard against themC. accept themD. dislike them55. When asked about the power of ads, most people agree that ads are ineffective on________ .A. IndividualsB. massesC. OthersD. themPassage 2Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery: giving away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year agoabout delivering a special delivery to your home?” I said yes. “Well, you certainly are g oing to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.”56. From the passage, we understand that________ .A. the author did not understand the importance of giving until he was in late thirtiesB. the author was like most people who were mostly receivers rather than giversC. the author received the same education as most people during his childhoodD. the author liked most people as they looked upon life as a process of getting57. According to the author, ________.A. giving means you will lack moneyB. the excitement of giving can bring you moneyC. you don’t have to be rich in order to giveD. when you give away money, you will be rich58. The author wrote a note of appreciation to the post office because________ .A. he knew what such a note would mean to the post office.B. he had discovered giving away made life all the more exciting.C. he believed he would get something back by doing so.D. the postman delivered an important letter in time.59. When the author needed a post office box, ________.A. he had to put his name on a waiting listB. he wrote the postmaster a note of appreciationC. many people had applied for post office boxes before himD. he asked the postmaster to make one for him60. In reply to the postmaster’s question, the author said ________.A. it was the special deliveryB. it was the post office boxC. it was the note of appreciation he wroteD. it was he who wrote him a letter a year agoPassage 3Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is one of life’s essentials. Eating breakfast at the start of the day, we have all been told, is as necessary as putting gasoline in the family car before starting a trip.But for many people the thought of food first thing in the morning is by no means a pleasure. So despite all the efforts, they still take no breakfast. Between 1977 and 1983, the latest years for which figures are available, the number of people who didn’t have breakfast increased by 33 percent—from 8.8 million to 11.7 million—according to the Chicago based Market Research Corporation of America.For those who feel pain or guilt about not eating breakfast, however, there is some good news. Several studies in the last few years indicate that, for adults especially, there may be nothing wrong with omitting breakfast. “Going without breakfast does not affect performance.” said Arnold E. Bender, the former professor of nutrition at Queen Eli zabeth College in London, “nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.”Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or better performance is surprisingly inadequate, and most of the recent work involves children, not adults. “The literature,” says one researcher, Dr. Ernesto Pollitt at the University of Texas, “is poor”.61. The passage is mainly concerned with________ .A. a study of the Chicago based Market Research CorporationB. one of life’s essentialsC. latest figures of people w ho don’t eat breakfastD. breakfast and human health62. For those who do not take breakfast, the good news is that ________.A. several studies have been done in the past few yearsB. not eating breakfast does no harm to one’s healthC. adults have especially made studies in this fieldD. eating little in the morning may be good for health63. In the third paragraph, “nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.” means________.A. anyone without breakfast does improve his performanceB. not giving people breakfast improves performanceC. people having breakfast do improve their performanceD. having breakfast does not improve performance, either64. The word “literature” in the last sentence refers to________ .A. stories about breakfastB. written works on a particular subjectC. any printed materialsD. the modern novels of American65. What is implied but not stated by the author is that ________.A. not eating breakfast might affect the health of childrenB. breakfast does not affect performanceC. Professor Bender once taught college courses in nutrition in LondonD. People who don’t eat breakfast have increasedPassage 4Each day, computers help millions of people do their jobs more effectively. For example, they can help managers decide on a future course of action, and they can then help with the follow up checks on performance to see if planned goals are being achieved. By using accurate and timely facts supplied by data base management software, a manager can do a better job of identifying problems and opportunities. And managers may not need to spend as much time in controlling when a computer can respond with a triggered report if actual performance varies from what was planned. The time saved in controlling may allow managers to give mor e attention to employees’ concerns, and this, in turn, may result in improved morale (士气).But employment benefits certainly aren’t restricted to managers. Healthcare researchers and other scientists also use computers to conduct research into complex prob lem areas that couldn’t otherwise be studied. Lawyers use online legal data banks to locate precedent (先前的) cases in order to serve clients better. Salespeople can receive more timely information about products in stock, can promise customers that their sales orders will be handled promptly, and can thus improve their sales performance because of the computer system. And the job duties of some office and factory workers have changed from routine, repetitive operations to more varied and appealing tasks through computer usage. For example, office workers who understand textprocessing, computing, and data communication usually have vital roles and are given critical office functions to perform.66. Which of the following examples shows the controlling function of a computer?A. Helping managers decide on a future course of action.B. Helping managers check if planned goals are reached.C. Helping managers save time in writing a report.D. Helping managers design a spreadsheet package.67. Employees may have better morale if________ .A. they have more time to restB. a computer is used in their workC. the manager spends more time with themD. the managers pay more attention to them68. Which of the following is the most essential to a successful businessman?A. He can use computers in his work.B. He can handle orders promptly.C. He can get timely information.D. He can improve his sales performance.69. The office duties used to be ________.A. DifficultB. boringC. HeavyD. appealing70. Which of the following is the best suggested title?A. Computers and ManagementB. Computer FunctionsC. Computer and Work PerformanceD. Employment Benefits by a ComputerPart Ⅳ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and write the corresponding letter in the brackets.We got up early this morning and 71 a long walk after breakfast. We walked 72 the business section of the city. I told you yesterday that the city 73 larger than I thought it would be. Well, the business section is smaller than I thought it would be. I suppose that’s 74 Washington is special kind of city. 75 of the people in Washington work for the government.About 9:30 we went to the White House. It’s 76 the public from 10 77 12, and there was a long line of people 78 to get in. We didn’t have to wait very long, because the line moved pretty quickly.The White House is really white. It 79 every year. And it seems very white, because it’s got beautiful lawns 80 around it, with many trees and shrubs. The grounds 81 about four square blocks. I mean, they’re about two blocks long 82 each side.Of course, we didn’t see the whole bui lding. The part 83 the President lives and works is not open to the public. But the part we saw was beautiful. We went through five of the main rooms. One of 84 was the library, on the ground floor. On the next floor, there are three rooms named 85 the colors that are used in them: the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk 86 . There are 87 old furniture, from the time 88 the White House was 89 built. And everywhere there are paintings and statues of former presidents and 90 famous people from history.71. A. made B. took C. did D. set72. A. among B. through C. between D. upon73. A. was B. is C. has been D. should be74. A. reason B. for C. because D. since75. A. Amounts B. Much C. A great deal D. Most76. A. open to B. opened to C. open for D. opened for77. A. near B. since C. towards D. till78. A. waited B. wait C. waiting D. to wait79. A. was painted B. has painted C. is painted D. paints80. A. all B. whole C. every D. each81. A. cover B. make C. cost D. spend82. A. about B. on C. in D. for83. A. that B. which C. where D. what84. A. that B. theirs C. it D. them85. A. for B. by C. with D. after86. A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dressing87. A. many pieces of B. many bits of C. a great many D. many a88. A. which B. that C. when D. where89. A. firstly B. first C. at first D. early90. A. the other B. other C. others D. anotherPart Ⅴ Translation (2×10 points)Section ADirections: There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English.91.他一直全身心地扑在工作上。
2007年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3
Text 3 During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars，policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind. [421 words] 31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have [A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According go the author， health-savings plans will [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？ [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4 It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance， a new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite： data insecurity. Left， until now， to odd， low-level IT staff to put right， and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel， information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as diverse as Time Warner，the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. “Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the key to market value， which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed， just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （GAAP）. perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices， suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security， redundancy， and recovery is a management issue， not a technical one.” he says. The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust， that most valuable of economic assets， is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty （in America，but not Europe） for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law. American firms did not have to tell anyone， even the victim， when data went astray， I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. [416 words] 36. The statement： “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce [A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations [C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage. 37. According to Paragraph 2， some organizations check their systems to find out [A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen. [C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located. 38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that [A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to. [B] information protection should be given due attention. [C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security. [D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. 39. According to Paragraph 4， what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to [A] see the link between trust and data protection. [B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. [C] realize the high cost of data restoration. [D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that [A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. [B] FTC's decision is essential to data security. [C] California takes the lead in security legislation. [D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.Part BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41——45）。
2007年高考英语试题及参考答案(北京卷)
《穆斯林的葬礼》读后感经济学2班学号：091611088 姓名：马杉杉《穆斯林的葬礼》是回族女作家霍达的长篇小说，曾获第三届茅盾文学奖。
这一次看时因为有了大体模糊的印象所以看的比较快。
作者给全书设置了一个带有神秘色彩的宗教背景。
巧妙地将玉与月作为线索贯穿整部小说，讲述了一个穆斯林家族，六十年间的兴衰。
伊斯兰教和他的信徒穆斯林对大多数的读者来说是一个神秘的事物，所以这也成为吸引我的一个重要因素。
在文中看到了一个个描写细致的宗教场面，了解了有关穆斯林的许多风俗。
作者本人是一个虔诚的穆斯林信徒，但在书中她并没有故意神化宗教，而是用一种清新流畅的笔触缓缓的记叙描绘，让读者在阅读的过程中产生一种十分纯净的感觉。
同时书中的另一个背景是故事发生在一个和玉器有关的家族中。
在中国的传统文化中，玉是风雅高洁的象征，古人多以玉来形容比喻自己的品德、气节。
例如有“君子比德于玉”。
所以全文中隐隐流露出一种雅致宁静，与世无争的气息，但是玉也是一种财富，君子爱其品质，当然也会有人因为其价值而做出令人不齿的事情。
文中作者分别用“月”“玉”为线索，分别描写了民国初期到解放前和文革前到文革结束社会复苏的两个时期跨越六十年的历史。
在这段复杂纷乱的历史中，不管是对两类人物冲突的正面描写还是侧面描写，都流露出作者本人鲜明的爱憎之感，同时这种情绪也深深地影响着读者的情绪。
动荡的社会中容易产生悲剧，六十年中家族兴衰变迁，三代人命运沉浮，最终是一个个令人痛惜的爱情悲剧。
读后会产生一种压抑的情绪，但却触及读者的心灵，令人有荡气回肠的舒畅，同时使人产生对历史对社会深沉的思索。
仅仅是这单薄的一遍已经令我的心绪久久无法得到宁静了。
在这大量文字的背后，更让我看到了知识的可贵，姐妹情深的碧玉两人，皆因为所受的教育不同，对于爱情，对人生竟也产生了天壤之别。
玉儿对爱情的执着，对于自由的渴望，她的大胆，果敢与无畏，正体现了新时期中国青年的新气息！而作为一代妇女的代表，碧儿迂腐和落后，以及对于爱情的盲目和对于生活的依附，又是我不得不为之悲哀……读完这本书感触很深。
2007年英语专业四级听力及其答案
2007年英语专业四级考试全真试卷及其参考答案SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1. Which of the following is NOT needed for the Lost Property Form?(A) Name.(B) Nationality.(C) Address.(D) Phone number.2. From the conversation we know that Mark Adams comes from.(A) Essex.(B) Edinburgh.(C) London.(D) The US.3. What will Mark Adams do the day after tomorrow?(A)To come to the office again.(B) To wait for the phone call.(C) To call the office.(D) To write to the office.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation4. Members of the club are required to.(A) register when they arrive.(B) bring up to three guests.(C) register their guests.(D) show membership cards on arrival5. which of the following details about the changing rooms in NOT correct?(A)There is a charge for the use of the locker.(B) Showers are installed in the changing rooms.(C) Lockers are located in the changing rooms.(D) Lockers are used to store personal belongings.6. According to the club s rules, members can play.(A) for 30 minutes only.(B) for one hour only.(C) within the booked time only.(D) longer than the booked time.7. Which of the following details is NOT correct?(A) Players can eat in the club room.(B) Players have to leave the club by ten o’clock.(C) The courts are closed earlier than the club room.(D) Players can use both the club room and the courts.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation8. At the university Mr. Robinson specialized in.(A) maths.(B) physics.(C) water management.(D) geography.9. Mr. Robinson worked for the Indian Government because of.(A) univers ity links.(B) government agreements.(C) company projects.(D) degree requirements.10. After Mr. Robinson returned from India, he.(A) charged jobs several times.(B) went to live in Manchester.(C) did similar work as in India.(D) became head of a research team.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. According to the talk, the owner of a bike has to.(A)register his bike immediately.(B) put his bike on a list at once.(C) have it stamped with a number.(D) report to the police station.12. The speaker in the talk recommends.(A) two locks for an expensive bike.(B) a good lock for an expensive bike.(C) cheap locks for cheap bikes.(D) good locks for cheap bikes.13. What is the main idea of the talk?(A) How to have the bike stamped.(B) How to protect your bike.(C) How to buy good locks.(D) How to report your lost bike to the police.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passages.14. Which course(s) runs or run for one hour each time?(A) Conversation class.(B) Writing Skills class.(C) Examination Skills class.(D) All of the three courses.15. Which course(s) does or do NOT require enrolment beforehand?(A) Conversation class.(B) Writing Skills class.(C) Examination Skills class.(D) All of the three courses.16. Which course(s) is (are) designed especially for students of economics and social sciences?(A) Conversation class.(B) Writing Skills class.(C) Examination Skills class.(D) All of the three courses.17. Which course(s) are the shortest?(A) Conversation class.(B) Writing Skills class.(C) Examination Skills class.(D) All language courses.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. How old was Leonardo da Vinci when he moved to Milan?(A) 25.(B) 30.(C) 35(D) 4019. Throughout his life, Leonardo daVinci worked as all the following EXCEPT〖CD#15mm〗.(A) a painter.(B) an engineer.(C) an architect.(D) a builder20. Where did Leonardo da Vinci die?(A) In France.(B) In Milan.(C) In Florence.(D) In Tuscany.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. Who had to leave the Gaza Strip and the West Bank?(A) The Israeli army.(B) The Jewish settlers.(C) The Palestinians.(D) The Israeli Prime Minister.22. How many settlements would have to be removed altogether in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank?(A) 2(B) 4(C) 21(D) 25Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now, listen to the news.23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the news?(A) The agreement has to be approved by Romania.(B) The agreement has to be approved by Bulgaria.(C) The agreement has to be approved by some RU states.(D) The agreement has to be approved by all the RU states.24. Romania and Bulgaria cannot join the EU in 2007 unless they carry out reforms in the following areas EXCEPT.(A) manufacturing.(B) border control.(C) administration.(D) justice.Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item you will he given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.25. What is the theme of the forum?(A) Business leadership.(B) Global business community.(C) Economic prospects in China.(D) Business and government in China.26. According to the news, the firs forum was held _.(A) 10 years ago.(B) 3 years ago.(C) in 1999.(D) in 2001.Question 27 and 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.27. About of the 15,000 visitors on the opening day of Hong Kong Disney land came from the mainland.(A) 4000(B) 5000(C) 6000(D) 700028. According to the news, residents in showed least interest in visiting the theme park.(A) Beijing(B) Guangzhou(C) Shanghai(D) Hong KongQuestions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. What is the news mainly about?(A) Religious violence.(B) Refugee issues.(C) A ferry disaster.(D) A rescue operation.30. The ferry boat was designed to carry passengers.(A) 198(B) 200(C) 290(D) 50001-05 BDACA 06-10 DBCAC11-15 CABAC 16-20 BCBDA21-25 BDCAC 26-30 ABACB。
解决office2007word2007关闭提示错误的方法汇总
解决office2007 Word2007关闭提示错误的方法汇总word2007关闭时总是出现错误报告：单纯的卸载、重新安装是无用的！可能的原因：之前安装过office2003、vs2005，vs2005默认安装office组件等等导致的报错；office2007安装过程中由于windows的保护导致的安装不全；office的加载项导致的问题；其它原因……一、建议尝试办法1. 卸载office20072. 手动关闭WINDOWS 文件保护方法：在注册表编辑器中找到HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\Winl ogon将“SFCDisable”的键值修改为“FFFFFF9D” 就可以了。
如果需要重新开启该功能，重新设置为“0”就可以了3. 将Windows安装光盘中i386目录下的FP40EXT.CAB文件解压，复制到”C:\Program Files\COMmon Files\Microsoft Shared\web server extensions\40\bin”，再安装office2007就没有错误了注意1：“将windows安装光盘中的i386目录下的FP40EXT.CAB文件解压”，在这一定要注意你找的xp系统盘一定要和你电脑安装的xp系统的版本一样，否则可能不成功。
注意2：将FP40EXT.CAB文件解压后，会生成一个FP40EXT文件夹，把这个文件夹整个复制到C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\web server extensions\40\bin的目录下是不行的，应该是将FP40EXT文件夹里所包含的文件复制到该目录下，不要复制那个文件夹，只需复制里边包含的文件就行了。
这是FP40EXT.CAB来源之一：4. 重新安装office2007二、其它尝试办法1关闭所有打开的文档，将以下地址复制，%appdata%\microsoft\templates 然后点开始/运行/粘贴上面复制的命令按确定，在打开的目录下，找到并删除Normal.dot，然后重新运行Word试试。
2007年高考英语答案详解
2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语答案详解单项选择：21. A. news是不可数名词，故用it替代22. D. where引导的定语从句23. B. 为…..约定日期24. A. why not do sth.为一固定句形25. C. 当名词前有last、only、虚数词或最高级等词修饰时，通常用不定式做定语26. A. unless表示“除非、如果不是”。
根据意思可得27. C. should在此表“惋惜”的口吻。
此题难度较大，区分度较低。
28. B. if not相当于unless,也是if it is not carefully dealt with省略说法29. A. 宾补结构，sth.与burn是主谓关系，故用smell sth burning30. C前面的语境很重要，说话者认为50元花的不值，所以这里expect表示“期望、指望”，意思是：我期望50元能买到比这好得多的东西。
此题难度较大。
31. D. not…..but结构32. C. 时态判断，后面有表示过去的时间状语several years ago.33. D. 根据语境，是在向别人道歉34. C. 根据意思，她说话时连头都没有抬35. C. 被动语态和时态的结合题，根据前面提示，应该是一般过去时完形填空：36. C 解析:happen 意为“发生”,happen to do sth.意为“碰巧做某事”,根据see的宾语“20eggs laid by a wild goose”可判断出在湖边散步时碰巧看见20个天鹅下的蛋。
manage意为“办理,处置,处理;支配,管理;经营”；manage to do sth.意为“设法做成功某事”；attempt意为“试,企图”；suppose意为“设想,推测;猜想某事(某人)如何”。
37. A 解析:realize 意为“认识到”,表示过了一段时间,这个女孩意识到天鹅妈妈不会回来找它的蛋。
2007年考研大作文真题详细解析及其参考范文
2007考研⼤作⽂真题Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its extended meaning, and then3)support your view with an example/examplesYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points) (图略）⼀、命题解析 07年⼤作⽂题⽬较抽象，很多同学叫苦不迭，估计全国平均分在10-11分左右。
1991－2005的15年来，考研写作⼀般是中性话题，不是当年最热门的话题，也不是冷僻话题。
2006年考查了05年国内最热门的话题：偶像崇拜问题。
07年考研写作命题再次回归中性话题：⾃信与挑战，但是话题中隐含了06年的热门话题：德国世界杯。
2005年养⽼⾜球赛，2006年崇拜⾜球明星“贝克汉姆”，2007年“点球⼤战”，考研写作命题连续三年陷⼊“⾜球怪圈”。
加之2004年图画中跑道上的运动员，考研图画作⽂已经连续四年与体育相关，确实是⼀个有趣的现象。
图画中是⼀幅点球决战的场⾯，使⼈联想起2006年6⽉烽烟四起的德国世界杯战场，⽆数点球⼤赛惊⼼动魄。
⾯对点球这⼀巨⼤的挑战与困难，守门员想到的是球门如此之⼤，⾃⾝如此渺⼩，⾃然悲从中来；⽽球员想到的却是球门如此之⼩，门将如此神武，不免噤若寒蝉。
⾯对挑战，双⽅想到的都是困难重重，缺乏⾃信。
这是⼀幅反⾯现象的图画，考前很多传⾔认为会考正⾯观点的题⽬，谣⾔不攻⾃破。
很多同学害怕⾃⼰因为跑题，导致低分，其实不虑。
考研写作的第⼆⼤黄⾦原则是：语⾔第⼀位、结构第⼆位、内容第三位。
阅卷⽼师最重视的是语⾔功底，⽽⾮逻辑构思；考研写作是语⾔考试，⽽⾮思维考试。
考研英语2007真题答案
考研英语2007真题答案【篇一：【考研】6.2007年考研英语真题及答案完整解析】class=txt>section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b],[c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)by 1830 the former spanish and portuguese colonies had become independent nations. the roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. born in the crisis of the old regime and iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.on the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10 the leadership. roman catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. the defense of the church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.the ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. bolivar had received aid from haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. by 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except spain’s 17 colonies. earl y promises to end indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.2.3.4.5.6.7. [a] natives [b] inhabitants [c] peoples [d] individuals [a] confusedly [b] cheerfully [c] worriedly [d] hopefully [a] shared [b] forgot [c] attained [d] rejected [a] related [b] close [c] open [d] devoted [a] access [b] succession [c] right [d] return [a] presumably [b] incidentally [c] obviously [d] generally [a] unique [b] common [c] particular [d] typical8.9. [a] freedom [b] origin [c] impact [d] reform [a] therefore [b] however [c] indeed [d] moreover10. [a] with [b] about [c] among [d] by11. [a] allowed [b] preached [c] granted [d] funded12. [a] since [b] if [c] unless [d] while13. [a] as [b] for [c] under [d] against14. [a] spread [b] interference [c] exclusion [d] influence15. [a] support [b] cry [c] plea [d] wish16. [a] urged [b] intended [c] expected [d] promised17. [a] controlling [b] former [c] remaining [d] original18. [a] slower [b] faster [c] easier [d] tougher19. [a] created [b] produced [c] contributed [d] preferred20. [a] puzzled by[b] hostile to [c] pessimistic about [d] unprepared forsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b],[c], or [d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points) text 1if you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s world cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. if you then examined the european national youth teams that feed the world cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.what might account for this strange phenomenon? here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.anders ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at florida state university, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” ericsson grew up in sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunityto conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. his first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “with the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” ericsson recalls. “he kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”this success, coupled with later research showing thatmemory itself is not genetically determined, led ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. in other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. and the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. deliberatepractice entails more than simply repeating a task. rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.21. the birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[a] stress the importance of professional training.[b] spotlight the soccer superstars in the world cup.[c] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[d] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. the word “mania” (line 4, paragraph 2) most probably means[a] fun.[b] craze.[c] hysteria.[d] excitement.23. according to ericsson, good memory[a] depends on meaningful processing of information.[b] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[c] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[d] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. ericsson and his colleagues believe that[a] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[b] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[c] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[d] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[a] “faith will move mountains.”[b] “one reaps what one sows.”[c] “practice makes perfect.”[d] “like father, like son.”text 2for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column called “ask marilyn.” people are invited to query marilyn vos savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an iq of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. iq tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. so it is a bit confusing when vos savant fields such queries from the average joe (whose iq is 100) as, what’s the difference between love and fondness? or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? it’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. just what does it mean to be smart? how much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?the defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the iq score, even though iq tests are not given as often as they used to be. the test comes primarily in two forms: thestanford-binet intelligence scale and the wechsler intelligence scales (both come in adult and children’s version). generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the world wide web. superhigh scores like vos savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. other standardized tests, such as the scholastic assessment test (sat) and the graduate record exam (gre), capture the main aspects of iq tests.such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues robert j. sternberg. in his article “how intelligent is intelligence testing?”, sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. moreover, iq tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. research has found that iq predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, iq was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. anyone who has toiled through sat will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s k nowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[a] answering philosophical questions.[b] folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[c] telling the differences between certain concepts.[d] choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. what can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3?[a] people no longer use iq scores as an indicator of intelligence.[b] more versions of iq tests are now available on the internet.[c] the test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[d] scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. people nowadays can no longer achieve iq scores as high as vos savant’s because[a] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[b] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[c] vos savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[d] the defining characteristic of iq tests has changed.29. we can conclude from the last paragraph that[a] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[b] iq scores and sat results are highly correlated.[c] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[d] traditional test are out of date.30. what is the author’s attitude towards iq tests?[a] supportive.[b] skeptical.[c] impartial.[d] biased.text 3during the past generation, the american middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.in just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. as a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback –a back-up earner (usually mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. this “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. but today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.during the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. steelworkers,airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. for much of the past year, president bush campaigned to move social security to asaving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. for younger families, the picture is not any better. both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to wal-mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ futu re healthcare. even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have 【篇二：2007年考研英语试题及答案】directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c, and d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)by 1830 the former spanish and portuguese colonies had become independent nations. the roughly 20 million __1__ of these nations loved __2__ to the future. born in the crisis ofthe old regime and iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence __3__ the ideals of representative government, careers __4__ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the__5__ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. __6__ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a __7__ set of laws.on the issue of __8__ of religion and the position of the church, __9__, there was less agreement __10__ the leadership roman catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __11__ by the spanish crown, __12__ most leaders sought to maintain catholicism __13__ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the __14__ of other faiths. the defense of the church became a rallying __15__ for the conservative forces.the ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. bolivar had received aid from haiti and had __16__ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. by 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except spain’s __17__ colonies. early premise to end indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much __18__ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies __19__ egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __20__ self-rule and democracy.?1.[a] natives[b] inhabitants[c] peoples[d] individuals?2.[a] confusedly[b] cheerfully[c] worriedly[d] hopefully?3.[a] shared[b] forgot[c] attained[d] rejected?4.[a] related[b] close[c] open[d] devoted?5.[a] access[b] succession[c] right[d] return?6.[a] presumable[b] incidentally[c] obviously[d] generally?7.[a] unique[b] common[c] particular[d] typical?8.[a] freedom[b] origin[c] impact[d] reform?9.[a] therefore[b] however[c] indeed[d] moreover?10.[a] with[b] about[c] among[d] by?11.[a] allowed[b] preached[c] granted[d] funded?12.[a] since[b] if[c] unless[d] while?13.[a] as[b] for[c] under[d] against?14.[a] spread[b] interference[c] exclusion[d] influence?15.[a] support[b] cry[c] plea[d] wish?16.[a] urged[b] intended[c] expected[d] promised?17.[a] controlling[b] former[c] remaining[d] original?18.[a] slower[b] faster[c] easier[d] tougher?19.[a] created [b] produced[c] contributed[d] preferred?20.[a] puzzled by [b] hostile to [c] pessimistic about[d] unprepared forsection Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections:?read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)test 1if you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s world cup tourna ment, you would most likelyfind a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. if you then examined the european nationalyouth teams that feed the world cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.what might account for this strange phenomenon? here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.anders ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at florida state uni versity, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” ericsson grew up in sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunityto conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. his first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “with the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” ericsson recalls. “he kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”this success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. in other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. and the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. deliberatepractice entails more than simply repeating a task. rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. they gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. their workmakes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. the birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to?[a] stress the importance of professional training.?[b] spotlight the soccer superstars in the world cup.?[c] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance. ?[d] explain why some soccer teams play better than others. 22. the word “mania” (line 4, paragraph 2) most probably means?[a] fun.?[b] craze.?[c] hysteria.?[d] excitement.23. according to ericsson, good memory?[a] depends on meaningful processing of information.?[b] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.?[c] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.?[d] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. ericsson and his colleagues believe that?[a] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. ?[b] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.?[c] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.?[d] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey??[a] “faith will move mountains.”?[b] “one reaps what one sows.”?[c] “practice makes perfect.”?[d] “i like father like son.”text 2for the past several years, the sunday newspaper supplement parade has featured a column called “ask marilyn.” people are invited to query marilyn vos savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave heran iq of 228-the highest score ever recorded. iq tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. so it is a bit confusing when vos savant fields such queries from the average joe (whose iq is 100) as. what’s the difference between love and fondness? or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? it’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. just what does it mean to be smart? how much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?the defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the iq score, even though iq tests are not given as often as they used to be. the test comes primarily in two forms: the stanford-binet intelligence scale and the wechsler intelligence scales (both come in adult and children’s version).generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the world wide web. superhigh scores like vos savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. other standardized tests, such as the scholastic assessment test (sat) and the graduate record exam (gre), capture the main aspects of iq tests.such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, arguesr obert j. sternberg. in his article “how intelligent is intelligence testing?”, sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. moreover, iq tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. research has found that iq predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions. iq was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. anyone who hastoiled through sat will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. which of the following may be required in an intelligence test??[a] answering philosophical questions.?[b] folding or cutting paper into different shapes.?[c] telling the differences between certain concepts.?[d] choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. what can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3??[a] people no longer use iq scores as an indicator of intelligence.?[b] more versions of iq tests are now available on the internet. ?[c] the test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.?[d] scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. people nowadays can no longer achieve iq scores as high as vos savants because?[a] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.?[b] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now. ?[c] vos savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat. ?[d] the defining characteristic of iq tests has changed.29. we can conclude from the last paragraph that?[a] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability. ?[b] iq scores and sat results are highly correlated.?[c] testing involves a lot of guesswork.?[d] traditional tests are out of date.30. what is the author’s attitude towards iq tests??[a] supportive.?[b] skeptical.?[c] impartial.?[d] biased.text 3during the past generation, the american middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or adisappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.in just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. as a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off on fell sick. this “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. but today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.during the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. steelworkers,airline employees, and now those it the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. for much of the past year, president bush campaigned to move social security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. for younger families, the picture is not any better. both the absolute cost of healthcare and share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to wal-mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new doesof investment risk for families’ future heal thcare. even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.from the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial riskonto their already overburdened shoulders. the financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that?[a] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.?[b] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.?[c] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.?[d] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.?32. as a result of president bush’s reform, retired people may have?[a] a higher sense of security.?[b] less secured payments.?[c] less chance to invest.?[d] a guaranteed future.?33. according to the author, health-savings plans will?[a] help reduce the cost of healthcare.?[b] popularize among the middle class.?[c] compensate for the reduced pensions.?[d] increase the families’ investment risk.?34. it can be inferred from the last paragraph that?[a]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.?[b]the middle class may face greater political challenges.?[c]financial problems may bring about political problems.?[d]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.?35. which of the following is the best title for this text?[a] the middle class on the alert?[b] the middle class on the cliff?[c] the middle class in conflict?[d]the middle class in ruins?text 4?it never rains but is pours. just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in america—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. left, until now, to odd, low-level it staff to put right, and seen as a concern only ofdata-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety.。
英语一2007 -回复
英语一2007 -回复[英语一2007]When I first saw the topic "[英语一2007]," a flood of memories came rushing back to me. It was the year that I took the English exam for the first time, a milestone in my educational journey. It was a challenging and nerve-wracking experience, but also a time of growth and self-discovery. In this article, I will take you through the steps I went through during the exam, sharing my thoughts, strategies, and the lessons I learned along the way.Preparation:To prepare for the [英语一2007] exam, I adopted amulti-faceted approach. Firstly, I started by reviewing the main topics and concepts covered in the English curriculum. This step allowed me to refresh my understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills. Additionally, I practiced my writing skills by completing sample essay questions and analyzing model answers.During the Exam:On the day of the exam, I walked into the examination hall with a mix of excitement and anxiety. As I received my exam paper, I carefully read through the instructions and familiarized myself with the question types. Time management became crucial. I allocatedcertain time slots for each section, ensuring that I could complete the entire exam within the given time frame.In the listening section, I listened attentively to each audio passage, focusing on key details and taking notes. This allowed me to confidently answer multiple-choice and short-answer questions. To tackle the reading comprehension section effectively, I quickly skimmed through the texts, noting down the main ideas of each paragraph. This helped me answer the detailed questions more efficiently.The writing section required me to compose an essay based on a given prompt. To maximize my score, I structured my essay into an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. I crafted a clear thesis statement in the introduction and then provided supporting evidence in each body paragraph. I made sure to use a variety of vocabulary and sentence structures to showcase my language proficiency.Key Learnings:Taking the [英语一2007] exam was a transformative experience for me. It taught me the importance of thorough preparation and effective time management. I realized that in order to achieve success, I needed to approach each section strategically. Allocating time wisely, carefully reading instructions, and taking concise noteswere essential tactics that allowed me to excel in the exam.Furthermore, I discovered the significance of practice and consistency. Regularly completing practice questions and analyzing model answers helped me understand the expectations of the examiners. I also realized the need to work on my listening skills, as it was a section where I faced some difficulties. Through consistent practice and listening to English audio materials, I gradually improved my listening comprehension abilities.In conclusion, the [英语一2007] exam was a memorable and transformative experience that propelled my English language skills to new heights. From the preparation stage to the exam itself, I developed crucial strategies that led to success. I learned the importance of thorough preparation, effective time management, and consistent practice. Today, as I reflect on that journey, I am grateful for the lessons learned and the growth I experienced during that pivotal year.。
2007年高考英语答案
2007 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语参考答案选择题答案（1-75）1~10.BABAC CACBB11~20.ACABB CABCC21~30.ADBAC ACBAB31~40.DCDBC CABAC41~50.DCDBA DACBC51~60.BADDB DDBDC61~70.AADBB DCCAB71~75.CDBAA76.that→when77.me→mine78.ask→asked79.much→many80.正确81.So→Then/And82.Each→Each of83.hands→hand84.what→why85.去掉the五、One Possible V ersionDear Peter,I am writing to ask whether you are able to do me a favor.I want to have a pen friend, hopefully a girl in her early twenties, and with interests similar to mine. In my mind, she is someone who is interested in traveling, swimming, and playing table tennis. Besides, it would be better for her to have a pet dog as I have kept one at home for some time. With such a pen friend, I hope I can share with her our experience in traveling, taking care of pets or whatever we have in common. And I believe I will improve my English by doing so and learn more about her country.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Best regardsLi Hua第I卷注意事项：1 ．答题前．考生在答题卡上务必用直径0 . 5 毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，井贴好条形码．请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
反垄断法2007版
反垄断法2007版English Answer:The Competition Act, 2007 is a comprehensivelegislation that seeks to prevent anti-competitivepractices and promote a healthy competitive environment in India. The Act provides a framework for the regulation of anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position,and mergers and acquisitions.One of the key features of the Competition Act is its prohibition on anti-competitive agreements. This includes agreements between enterprises that fix prices, restrict output, or allocate markets. The Act also prohibits cartels, which are agreements between competitors to act in a coordinated manner to restrict competition.Another important provision of the Competition Act isits prohibition on abuse of dominant position. A dominant enterprise is one that has a significant market share andthe ability to control prices or exclude competitors. The Act prohibits such enterprises from engaging in practices that are likely to harm competition, such as predatory pricing or exclusive dealing.The Competition Act also provides a framework for the regulation of mergers and acquisitions. The Act requires certain mergers and acquisitions to be notified to the Competition Commission of India (CCI). The CCI reviews these transactions to ensure that they do not substantially lessen competition in the relevant market.The Competition Act has been instrumental in promoting a more competitive environment in India. The Act has led to the break-up of several cartels and the imposition of penalties on enterprises that have engaged in anti-competitive practices. The Act has also helped to create a more level playing field for small and medium-sized enterprises.中文回答：2007年反垄断法是一项综合性立法，旨在防止反竞争行为、促进印度的健康竞争环境。
2007考研英语二答案
2007考研英语二答案【篇一：2009年考研英语二真题及答案】t>section ii close(10%)directions: for each numbered blank in the followingpassage ,there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. choose thebest one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 with a pencil. (10 points)in1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. by 2008, it had(21)the $100 a barrel mark. the reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and india to widespread(23) in oil-producing regions, including iraq and nigerias delta region. triple-digit oil prices have(24)the economic and political map of the world,(25) some old notions of power. oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities,(26)major importers—including chinaand india, home to a third of the worlds population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central(28)of global politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. and oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,(32)some in the west see as a new threat.countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. consider germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east. german exports to russia(36)128 percent from 2001 to 2006.in the united states, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with senators mccain and obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began to (39),as sales of smallcars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. a. comeb. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensityb. infinity c. insecurity d.instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threateninh27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matterd. event29. a. look forb. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. deprivingc. destroying d. eliminating32. a. whatb. that c. which d. whom33. a. interestsb. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far asd. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplie37. a. evenb. still c. ratherd. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40.a. for b. from c. acrossd. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporate diversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? .a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to??????????? .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be???????? .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norwaypassage2while theres never a good age to get cancer, people in their20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. the average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.in her new book crazy sexy cancer tips, writer kris carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as shes discovering life. ms. carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.ms. carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. she called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a full-time healing addict. then shepicked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. the result was her own personal cancer posse: a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a mtv celebrity, to name a few. this club of? cancer babes offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. ms. carr put her cancer experience in a recent learning channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. cancer isnt funny, but ms. carr often is. she swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( dr. fabulous and dr. guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (cancer road trips, she calls them).she leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. i refused to let cancer ruin my party, she writes. there are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for. ms. carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so youre not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing gloria gaynors i will survive so loud you neighbors call the police. ms. carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle, she writes.while her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?a. children.b. people in their 20s and 30s.c. young adults.d. elderly people.47. all of the following statements are true except _______.a. kris carr is a female writerb. kris carr is more than 31-year-old.c. kris carr works in a cancer center.d. kris carr is very optimistic.48. the phrase cancer posse (line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________a. a cancer research organizationb. a group of people who suffer from cancerc. people who have recovered from cancerd. people who cope with cancer49. kris carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________a. she is depressed and likes swearingb. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorc. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctord. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. from kris carrs cancer tips we may infer that ________a. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerb. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerc. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsd. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientspassage3questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:should a leader strive to be loved or feared?thisquestion,famously posed by machiavelli,lies at the heart of joseph nyes new book.mr.nye,a former dean of the kennedy school of govemment at harvard and one-time chairman of americas national intelligence council,is best known for promoting the idea of soft power,based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to hard power,based oncoercion(强迫) and force.having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,mr.nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.machiavelli,he notes,concluded that one ought to be both feared andloved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved.in short,hard power is preferable to soft power.but modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.the context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.inmodem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.but that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.mr.nye argues.instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.the conclusion of the powers to lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.the dominant theoretical model of leadership at the momentis ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but mr,nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.he examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.there are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical andcontemporary,political and corporate.alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even mr.nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.he is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of hisconclusions.a recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.from the first two paragraphs we may learn thanmr.machiavellis idea of hard power is ______.a.well accepted by joseph nyeb.very influential till nowadaysc.based on sound theoriesd.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.which of the following makes soft power more important today according to mr.nye?a.coercion is widespread.b.morality is devalued.c.power is no longer concentrated.d.traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.in his book the powers to lead,mr.nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership except_____.a.authorityb.contextc.approachesd.morality54.mr.nyes book is particularly valuable in that it _____.a.makes little use of management termsb.summarizes various studies conciselyc.serves as an exit for leadership researchersd.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.according to the author,the most interesting part ofmr.nyes book lies in his _____.a.view of changeable leadershipb.definition of good leadershipc.summary of leadership historyd.discussion of moral leadershippassage4questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:americans dont like to lose wars. of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. there are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the u.s excels. but other struggles test those qualities too. what else was the great depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? if american indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.now there is a similar challenge. global warming. the steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the u.s. produces nearly a quarter of the worlds greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesnt intend to do a whole lot about it. although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the u.s. walked away from them. there are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. but for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the u.s. is taking a pass on what mightbe the most patriotic struggle of all. its hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a countrys coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.the rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, theres far less agreement on how to fix it. industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. environmentalists【篇二：2007年考研英语完形真题及答案解析(二)】ss=txt>（二）1. 【解析】[b] 词汇辨析题。
2007广东高考英语-答案详解(含范文)
2007广东高考答案详解（含范文）本文介绍了计算机中一种可以代替密码记忆的面部识别技术。
本文原文可在http://bbs. 中找到。
完形21. 答案：A 点拨：由前文“不必记密码”和后文的“面部识别技术”可知，是“自动登录”。
22. 答案：B点拨：因“用脸部识别技术来帮你登陆”了，所以“不需要用密码”。
23. 答案：A点拨：“只要有一个摄象头，一张漂亮的脸蛋”，就可以“访问”你的个人电脑了。
access的意思是“存取(信息) [get information from or put information into (a comput er file)]”。
24. 答案：B点拨：由confusing(令人糊涂的)可知，与之一起修饰password的应为complica ted(复杂的)。
25. 答案：B点拨：作者“作小调查研究”，就是为了搞清面部识别这种“技术”。
26. 答案：C点拨：消费者获得到这种技术，是要通过FaceCode这种软件，而根据常识，要得到软件就得购买，要购买就涉及到价钱，因此application(应用软件)的修饰语，应为“相对便宜的”。
另外，其它词与语境相差太远：independent独立的，infrequent稀少的，instant 立即的。
27. 答案：D点拨：由与前句的承接可知答案。
software与前文application同义，都指“软件”。
句意是：“该软件需用到一个摄像头来识别，并帮助计算机用户登陆到他们的系统当中。
”28. 答案：A点拨：由前句中的users的提示，以及本句后面的they each have a Windows account(他们有一个Windows帐户)可知，有账户的应当是“用户”。
29. 答案：C点拨：由下文“调出窗口用户名和密码”可知，是“系统不能识别你的脸”时候。
30. 答案：D 点拨：由上文的face recognition及全文可知，本题应填face。
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A卷江苏大学试题标准答案课程名称食品加工机械与设备考试日期2007/6专业、班级学号姓名第2页1）请扼要叙述双单元同时遮光式光电尺寸分选的基本原理。
a23摆动筛的特点是人为地用机械的方法带动微振动，使物料在振动中移动和分级。
但振动带来了噪音以及影响零部件的寿命，则必须控制。
这就是摆动筛中振动和平衡一对矛盾。
为了防止发生剧烈的振动，除了在制造、安装中保证其精度外，设计上还必须采取措施，通常的方法是采取平衡重平衡，即在偏心装置上加设平衡重物，或对称平衡，即采取双筛体的方法平衡。
a. 平衡重平衡该方法是以平衡轮来平衡单筛体惯性力的方法。
图4-16为平衡重平衡作用的示意图。
平衡重装置的方位应与筛体运动方向相平行，当曲柄连杆机构转到水平位置时，平衡重所产生的离心惯性力恰好与筛体产生的惯性力方向相反而起平衡作用，如图4-16（a ）所示。
但是，当转到垂直方向，如图4-16（b ）所示的位置，反而会产生不平衡的惯性力。
采用平衡重平衡，需要确定平衡重物的重量和相位。
b. 对称平衡法该法是在偏心轴上装置两个偏心轮，用两个连杆带动上下筛体运动。
同向双筛体一上一下，如图4-18所示。
由于上下两个偏心轮的偏心方向相反，则上下两筛体的运动方向也相反，使筛体水平方向的惯性力得以抵消而平衡。
垂直方向的不平衡则不能避免。
（3）均质阀是均质机的关键部件，由高压泵送来的高压液体，在通过均质阀时完成均质，请简要叙述均质阀的工作原理。
均质机工作时，脂肪球或带有细小颗粒的物料，经高压泵的排料阀被压入均质阀阀座入口处。
在压力作用下，阀芯被顶起，阀芯与阀座之间形成了极小的环形间隙（一般小于0.lmm ）,当物料在高压下流过此极小的间隙时，受到两侧压力作用，速度增大，在缝隙中心处速度最大，而附在阀座与阀芯表面上的物料速度最小，形成了急剧的速度梯度。
由于速度梯度引起的剪切力，物料流过均质阀时的高速（200～300m/s ）撞击，以及高速液料在通过均质阀缝隙时由于压力剧变引起迅速交替的压缩与膨胀作用在瞬间产生的空穴现象，这样物料中脂肪球或软性、半软微粒就在空穴、撞击和剪切力的作用下被粉碎得更小，达到均质目的。
图4-18 同向双筛体平衡 图4-16 平衡重的平衡作用（a ）平衡重在水平位置时；（b ）平衡重在垂直位置时图4-17 平衡轮(a)(b)4(4) 请扼要叙述图1中蘑菇定向切片机的工作原理；蘑菇进入料斗后，受上压板的控制，定量进入弧形槽滑料板。
滑料板有一定倾角并因偏心轴的传动而轻微振动，加上水流的作用蘑菇自动下滑。
由于菇盖的体积和重量都比菇柄大，在水力作用和轻微振动情况下，下滑过程中，形成菇盖向下或向前实现定向进入切片区。
几十片圆形切刀装在一个旋转轴上，圆刀的间距可以调节，两片圆刀之间有固定不动的挡梳板。
刀片则嵌入垫辊之间。
圆刀和垫辊转动，对蘑菇切片，切下的菇片由挡梳板挡出，正片和边片分别落入料斗。
（5）请扼要叙述搅拌罐中档板的作用。
低粘度液体搅拌时，叶片造成的液流有三个分速度，即轴向速度、径向速度和切向速度。
其中轴向速度和径向速度对液体的搅拌混合起着主要作用。
在搅拌过程中，所有叶片都存在切向速度，无论是桨式、涡轮式或是推进式叶轮，只要是安装在容器中心位置上，而叶轮的旋转速度又足够高，那么，叶片所产生的切线速度会促使液体围绕搅拌轴以圆形轨迹回转，形成不同的液流层，同时产生液面下陷的漩涡。
叶片转速愈高，漩涡愈深，这对搅拌多相系物料的结果不是混合而是分层离散。
当漩涡深度随转速增加到一定值后，还会在液体表面吸气，引起其密度变化和搅拌机振动等现象。
为了减少打旋现象，最常用的方法就是在容器壁内加设挡板。
挡板有两个作用，一是改变切向流动，二是增大被搅拌液体的湍动程度，从而改善湍动效果。
对低粘度液体的搅拌，挡板垂直纵向安装在容器内壁上；对中粘度液体的搅拌，挡板离开壁面安装，以阻止在挡板背后形成停滞区，防止固体在挡板后聚积，挡板与容器壁的间距约为挡板宽度的0.1～0.5倍；对粘度大于12Pa ﹒s 的物料，流体的粘度足以抑制打漩，无需安装挡板。
（6）请扼要叙述图2中卧式螺旋离心机工作原理，并指出图中1、2、3、4、5各代表什么？图1 磨菇定向切片机1—支架；2—边片出料斗；3—正片出料斗；4—护罩；5—挡梳轴座；6—下压板；7—铰杆；8—定向滑料板；9—上压板；10—铰销；11—进料斗；12—进料斗架；13—偏摆轴；14—供水管；15—电动机；16—垫辊轴承图2卧式螺旋离心机工作原理图1．浆液提供，2、清洗液提供3、固体渣4、洗净排液5、分离液卧式螺旋离心机的工作原理：整个设备可视作为由固定部分和运转部分两大部分组成，机座、机壳、进料管与安装在机座上的左右轴承和转鼓上的溢流孔、排渣孔起到限定、支承、进出料的作用，而通过三角皮带轮、螺旋输送器、转鼓、行星差速器的运转起到物料分离的作用。
整个动力装置由电动机提供，在机壳内有两个同心装在左右轴承上的回转部件，外边的是无孔的不锈钢转鼓，里面是带有螺旋叶片的螺旋输送器。
电动机通过三角皮带轮带动转鼓旋转，行星差速器的输出轴带动螺旋输送器与转鼓作同向转动，但转速不同，其转差率一般为转鼓转速的0.2%～3%。
悬浮液从右端的中心加料管连续送入机内，经过螺旋输送器内筒加料隔仓的进料孔进到转鼓内与螺旋叶片输送器的分隔区间。
由于螺旋叶片的旋转，物料受到离心力的作用，因此，在转鼓内的内壁面上形成一个液环，根据斯托克斯定律，密度较大的固体颗粒物料将沉降到转鼓的内壁表面而形成沉渣，由于差速器的调节，螺旋叶片与转鼓存在着一个同向的差速相对运动，沉渣被螺旋叶片送到转鼓右边小端的干燥区，从排渣孔甩出。
而在转鼓左侧的大端盖上，开设有若干溢流孔，澄清液（分离液）从此处流出，经机壳的排液室排出。
调节溢流档板溢流口位置、机器的转速、转鼓与螺旋输送器的转速差和进料速度，就可以改变沉淀的含湿量和澄清液的固形物含量。
（7）请指出真空干燥与真空浓缩有那些不同。
真空干燥：由于气压愈低，水的沸点也愈低，因此，只有在低气压条件下才有可能用较低的温度来干燥物料，当压力低至（2～0.1）mmHg(或266～13Pa)的高真空度时，物体内的水分以冰晶体状态直接升华干燥，这就是冷冻干燥，由于高真空干燥装置的设备造价高，操作费用大，我们称之为真空干燥实际上是在非常稀薄的空气（低压）中进行，真空干燥时的干燥速度取决于真空度和物料受热强度。
真空干燥室内热量通常借助传导或辐射向物料传递。
真空干燥具有以下特点：①物料在干燥过程中的温度低，避免过热。
水分容易蒸发，干燥时间短，同时可使用物料形成多孔状组织，产品的溶解性，复水性，色泽和口感较好。
5②能将物料干燥到很低的水分。
③可用较少的热能，得到较高的干燥速率，热量利用经济。
④适用性强，对不同性质，不同状态的物料，均能适应。
⑤与热风干燥相比，真空干燥的控制能达到较高的精确要求，然而设备投资和动力消耗较大，产量较低。
真空浓缩：溶液受热时，溶剂分子获得动能，当某些溶剂分子获得的能量足以克服分子间的吸引力时，溶剂分子就会逸出液面进入上部空间，成为蒸汽分子。
如果热能不断地供给，生成的蒸汽被不断地排除，则可打破溶剂气相与液相之间化学势的平衡，溶剂的气化将持续地进行。
工程上为了提高这种气化速度，大多采用在沸腾状态下的气化过程，这种将溶液加热至沸腾，使溶液中部分溶剂气化并排除的过程就是蒸发。
食品产品的浓缩，大多是采用蒸发的方法进行的。
真空浓缩具有以下特点：①成分复杂的食品原料大多具有热敏性，以及质量上对产品色、香、味的要求，使得食品的浓缩力求“低温短时”，由于料液的沸点与外压有关，低压相对应于低温，真空浓缩对产品的质量有保障。
②真空浓缩排除了溶解在料液中的空气、氧气，由于蒸发空间无氧，对易氧化物料的加工品质有利。
③蒸发速度快，比常压浓缩省时。
④起到预杀菌或部分杀菌的作用。
⑤操作空间密闭，有助于减少微生物对物料的污染。
（8）将料液雾化所采用的雾化器是喷雾干燥设备的关键组件。
用于食品工业的雾化器主要有哪三类？他们各自的主要原理是什么？用于食品工业的雾化器主要有三类，即压力式雾化器、离心式雾化器和气流式雾化器，另外还有声波和超声波雾化器。
压力式雾化器的雾化机理是：利用高压泵，使料液获得很高的压力（2～20MPa），从直径为0.5～6mm的喷嘴中喷出，由于压力大，喷嘴小，料液瞬时雾化成直径很微小的雾滴。
料液的分散度取决于喷嘴的结构，料液的流出速度和压力，料液的物理性质（表面张力、粘度、密度等）。
离心式雾化器的雾化机理是借助高速转盘产生离心力，将料液高速甩出成薄膜、细丝，并受到腔体空气的摩擦和撕裂作用而雾化，喷雾的均匀性，随着圆盘转速的增加而提高。
气流式雾化器的雾化机理是利用料液在喷嘴出口处与高速运动（一般为200～300m/s）的蒸汽或压缩空气相遇，由于料液速度小，而气流速度大，两者存在相当高的相对速度，液膜被拉成丝状，然后分裂成细小的雾滴，雾滴大小取决于相对速度和料液的粘度，相对速度越高，粘度越小，雾滴越细；料液的分散度取决于气体的喷射速度，料液和气体的物理性质，雾化器的几何尺寸以及气流量之比。
四、分析题（24）1. 生产中为了要将各种粒度的混合物通过筛分分成若干个粒级，或提高总的筛分效率，须将若干层不同筛面组合使用。
通常有三种组合方式，如图2所示，请对图说明a,b,c各为何种筛面组合，并说出各自特点(8分)67图2 筛面的组合(a)(b)(c)（a）为筛余物法。
将前道筛面的筛余物送至后道筛面再筛，图中所示筛分产品从 I 到IV以次渐粗，这种筛面组合的特点是先提细粒后提粗粒。
它的优点是粗粒料的筛分路线长，筛面的检查、清理、维护方便。
缺点是所有大粒物料要从每层筛面流过，不但筛面易磨损，而且多数粗物料阻碍细粒料接触筛孔，降低筛分效率。
（b）为筛过物法。
将前道筛面的筛过物送至下道筛面再筛。
筛分产品从 I 到IV以次渐细，先提粗粒后提细粒。
它的优点是使筛面的负荷减轻，有助于提高筛分效率，同时筛面配置空间较紧凑。
（c）为混合法。
这种方法综合了前二种方法的优点，因此流程可以灵活多变。
不同的筛分物料，都要根据其物料的具体特点，粗细粒的含量以及筛分的要求，来确定筛面的组合方式。
2. 图3为HTST 板式杀菌装置的流程图，HTST 板式杀菌装置适用于各种食品、乳品和饮料的杀菌。
（1）HTST 板式杀菌装置的结构由哪几部分组成？（2）并请以牛奶为例介绍高温短时(HTST)板式杀菌装置的工艺流程。
（8分）图3高温短时板式杀菌装置系统图（1）热交换部 用作液料与液体制品之间的热交换，如图中R段；（2）加热部 用热水或蒸汽加热杀菌。
图中H1为预热段，H2为杀菌段；（3）冷却部 用水或冷水冷却成品，图中C段；（4）保持槽 保持槽的型式有多种，槽内有特殊装置。