第三讲 英语句子的功能分类 (1).

第三讲英语句子的功能分类

按照交际功能 1,英语句子大致可以分为四类:陈述句(declarative sentences 、疑问句 (interrogative sentences 、祈使句 (imperative sentences 和感叹句 (exclamatory sentences 。这一讲我们将主要复习这些句子类型的结构特点及其使用语境。 (第23页

一、英语中的陈述句

顾名思义,陈述句主要是用来陈述事实,传递信息,提供情况。 (23页

3.1:Declarative sentences are used to describe some state of affairs, to introduce some properties or features, or to portray some action.陈述句可以有肯定和否定两种形式。如:

23页:(一 Jack is in school.

Grammar can be interesting.

We ’ re having grammar class.

(二I didn’ t tell him anything.

He never smokes cigarette.

I hardly know the people there.

She scarcely spoke to him.

No students will take the course.

Nobody will agree to this project.

I can do nothing about it.

(三 That will be, I think, too much for him.

You ’ ll be caught in the rain, I’ m af raid.

I ’ ll have another cup, if you please.

If you don’ t mind, I’ d like to think about it for a minute.

He might be right.

She seems to be unhappy.

He appears to have many friends here.

二、英语中的疑问句

疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题和询问情况,分为一般疑问句(simple questions 、特殊疑问句 (Wh-questions 、选择疑问句 (alternative questions 、反意疑问句 (tag questions 。 (一一般疑问句

又叫作是非问句 (Yes-No questions , 通常用来询问求实某事 (如 24页:Is Jack at home now? 或者提出某种请求以实现某种行为(如 24页:Can you open the window, Jack? 。请看下列例句,试转换为陈述句,体会一般疑问句的基本结构:

Is his father an English teacher?

Are those cats crying?

Can they swim?

Do you go to school on foot?

1功能指事物或方法所发挥的有利的作用。

Does he like English?

Is anybody in the classroom?

Does the boy do some housework at home?

Did the children have a good time in the park?

Does Jim have any story-books?

(二特殊疑问句

用来获得具体信息。常见的疑问词有:who, whom, what, which, when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how long, how old, how far, how big等。请看下列例句,

Who would like to go out for a walk?

Which is mine?

Which book is yours?

Which one is suited for teaching?

What do you read?

Which book do you want?

How did you get here?

When did you arrive?

Why did you do that?

(实际提问

(三选择疑问句

提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。例如:

Do you like to play football or basketball?2

Shall we walk, or shall we go by bus?

2like doing sth:like to do sth

1.这两个短语动词的意境色彩稍有不同:like doing sth表达经常的爱好,相当于enjoy 的意思(注:美国英语使用 like to do sth也能表达这个意思 ; like to do sth是表达一时的喜爱, 相当于 choose to或 think it right 的意思。如果加用了 would 或should ,后者的意义便更接近 wish 和 want 的意思了。

例如:The Spartans knew how to fight, and they liked fighting.

斯巴达人懂得如何战斗,也喜爱战斗。 (说明他们习性如此

The Spartans knew how to fight, and they liked to fight whenever occasion required.

斯巴达人懂得如何战斗,而在必要时他们就挺身而出投入到战斗中去。 (表达一时的勇气

比较:Do you like swimming?你是否爱好游泳?(是问爱好

Would you like to go for a swimming this afternoon?今天下午你喜不喜欢出去游泳。 (是问一时的兴头

I like taking a nap after lunch.午饭后我喜欢打个盹儿。 (似乎已成习惯。

I like to take a nap this afternoon.今天下午我想打个盹。 (是偶然一次。

2a .其次, like doing所表达的喜爱或爱好是他动的,而 like to do sth则是主动的。

比较:I like singing.我爱听唱歌。 (是别人唱。 I like to sing that song.我爱唱那首歌。 (是我自己唱 2b .如果用于否定结构,两者就没有主动和他动的区别了。