中国长城英文介绍中英文对照

The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originall y to protect the northern borders of the Chinese E mpire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century B C that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the mo st famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of t hat wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
Later, the Han, Sui and Jin dynasties all repaired, r ebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. T owards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall hel ped defend the empire against the u invasions. However, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu Sangui, the Manchus quickly seized Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty. Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs o n the Great Wall were discontinued.
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniq ues of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autu mn Period. During the Warring States Period from the 5 th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi and Yan all constructed extensive fortifications to d efend their own borders. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establish ing the Qin Dynasty. To protect the empire against intr usions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he order ed the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's new northern frontier. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the c enturies, and very few sections remain today.
The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in t he east, to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that ro ughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongoli a. The most comprehensive archaeological survey has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall, w ith all of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km. Thi s is made up of 6,259.6 km sections of actual wall, 359.7 km of trenches and 2,232.5 km of natural def ensive barriers such as hills and rivers.
从春秋时代开始，我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。 在从公元前5世纪至公元前221年的战国时期，秦、魏、赵、 齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元 前221年，秦始皇征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国，建立 秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵，他下沿着整个国家的北部 边界建立新的城墙，以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部 分已侵蚀了数百年，只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长 城由汉，隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理，改建或是扩建长 城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在15世纪40-60年代，明朝 修建了所谓的“辽东长城”。明朝末年，长城抵御了满清 帝国入侵。然而，当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后，满族人 迅速占领了北京，建立了清朝。在清朝统治下，中国的边 界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古，所以建造和维修长城的工 事被停止。